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Table of Contents
Table of Contents.....................................................................................................................1
Introduction..............................................................................................................................2
Overview of the Current System...............................................................................................3
Problems...................................................................................................................................4
Opportunities...........................................................................................................................5
Objectives.................................................................................................................................6
Fact-findings.............................................................................................................................7
Questionnaires.....................................................................................................................7
Interviews.............................................................................................................................7
Feasibility Report......................................................................................................................8
Technical Feasibility..............................................................................................................8
Economic Feasibility...........................................................................................................10
Operational Feasibility........................................................................................................13
Schedule Feasibility............................................................................................................16
Selection of methodologies....................................................................................................17
SSADM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method)................................................17
RAD (Rapid Application Development)...............................................................................19
OOP (Object Oriented Programming).................................................................................21
Choosing SSADM.................................................................................................................22
Logical Design.........................................................................................................................23
Context Diagram.................................................................................................................23
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)....................................................................................................25
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)......................................................................................28
Entity Life History................................................................................................................29
Use Case Diagram...............................................................................................................31
Class Diagram.....................................................................................................................33
References..............................................................................................................................36
Appendices.............................................................................................................................37
Appendix 1:.........................................................................................................................37
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Introduction

Through the years, technology has grown to become a very vital aspect in our
lives. Almost every task in our everyday routines involves the assistance of
technology’s innovations. This includes us being able to acquire our everyday needs
with most ease and convenience. Among these needs include food. More and more
restaurants have developed strategic systems and services to enable their hungry
customers to obtain the food they desire within a shorter period of time. These
services include doorstep food delivery, catering services and online ordering.

Apart from all those services, Sue and Tom Bickford have managed to come
up with a very convenient restaurant meal-delivery service. Patrons of a variety of
restaurants are able to order their desired food via a simple phone call without having
to leave their homes. This brainchild of theirs has been branded Waiters on Wheels, or
simply dubbed as WOW. The main objective of WOW is to increase convenience and
reduce time consumption for people when it comes to getting their meals.
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Overview of the Current System

Waiters On Wheels have only been dealing with two restaurants initially and
one driver to deliver the meals to their customers during the dinner shift. However,
WOW has been expanding and the numbers of restaurants they are contracting with
have been increasing as well.

Besides that, WOW does not utilize computers in their daily transactions. The
current system of WOW is using only telephone services to obtain orders from
customers. WOW has a limit of 10 lines available for this service. Moreover, WOW is
currently using the “paper-and-pen” method when taking orders from customers. The
staff will note all the orders placed by the customers, and sequentially sends the
details to the delivery man. The delivery man will then head to the location based on
the project.

Publicity of WOW is not much of a widespread. Their funds are to support

advertising as well. Flyers printed are simple, only in black and white and are given
throughout the most common places in the Klang Valley such as the Bukit Bintang
area, Petaling Jaya area, and Titiwangsa area.
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Problems

With reference to the overview of the current system, a number of problems

faced by Waiters On Wheels has been identified. First of all, the system currently
being implemented for WOW’s transactions is not effective. It may suffice for their
previous operations which only involved two restaurants. However, presently they
have been expanding in terms of the number of restaurants as well as customers.

WOW’s current system lacks the ability to keep track of all the customer
orders and other details in association with their daily transactions, such as customer
details as well as sales reports. This is due to the fact that there hasn’t been any usage
of computers in their operations. With a computerized system, WOW will be able to
swiftly get their hands back on a specific order and update the details with the
restaurant selected in case of amendments done by the customer. This can help make
transactions by the employees faster and easier. According to the current system, vital
data can’t be stored effectively with easy access to them later on. This causes
difficulties when the customer calls again wishing to change their order and also
wastes the employees’ precious duty time.

The current system in WOW is only using telephone services to customers.

WOW only has 10 lines available for this service. This will become a huge bottleneck
when peak hours come; of the customers during lunch breaks and dinner times. As a
result, the customers will have a hard time trying to call WOW for food reservations.
This may lead WOW losing several customers as their service does not meet
expectations.
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Opportunities

By using the new system, the effectiveness of WOW can be improved

radically. Firstly, the installation of computerized systems to completely replace their
conventional “paper-and-pen” way of dealing with customers and their orders needs
to be implemented. The company should purchase more than two computers to enable
and effective backup system in terms of safe-keeping all vital information as well as
having a preparative for the service in the event of computer breakdowns.

According to the current systems, WOW only does their business in certain
areas; the company covers very little area. To earn more business and increase the
popularity, WOW will expand the range of their coverage. Hence, it is best they open
more branches of the WOW organization to increase efficiency of their services.

With the practical software inside the new computer, WOW can run their
business easily and more effective. As mention before, the current system of WOW is
using the ‘paper-and-pen’ method to take down the order from customer. With the
new system, the whole menu will be listed and saved in the customized software used.
Therefore, when a customer calls to make an order, besides the customer detail, the
staffs of WOW just need to note down what order that customer require by clicking
the list of menu that display on screen. Then again, the menu need to be categorized
and arranged appropriately to avoid confusion among the staffs. For example, in Pizza
Hut restaurant, types and sizes of pizza that offered are categorized accordingly in
their menu. Moreover, 10 phone lines for the service is not enough, especially during
increase during peak hours.

The drivers on the other hand are best contacted through the simple ‘walkie-
talkie’ devices. These devices can cut cost, as well as transfer information regarding
pending orders to all the drivers at once and receive confirmation of order collection
immediately from specific drivers. When a driver agrees to collect an order and
speaks it through his walkie-talkie, the operator as well as the other drivers receives
this information. Besides that, information can be transferred at a higher speed, if
compared to the conventional telephone calls.
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Objectives

The owners, Tom and Sue had set several goals to be accomplished since 5
years ago. This system is to expand their service vicinity as far as possible. More parts
were covered from time to time by opening new branches. Besides that, as the
establishment goes, the customers’ service time is reduced. When this is implemented,
the customers will tend to make more orders with WOW next time.

Other than that, the objective of WOW is to ensure the people will easily be
able to get their food by us sending to them instead of them driving to the restaurant.
WOW is meant to reduce the hassle of the people to go out to buy food since
nowadays the petrol prices which are hiking up discourages people to drive out. With
the existence of WOW, people will think that this service is convenient, resulting
WOW to have new customers.
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Fact-findings

The techniques that we used to perform fact-finding is through questionnaires

and interviews. These techniques enable us to get feedback from the public from
questionnaires and the interviewee from interviews.

Questionnaires
From the response of the questionnaires, a number of 150 people were chosen
randomly at Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur without taking into account about their
physical looks and their religions. 81.3% of the total number was locals while the
remaining 18.7% was foreigners. As of the locals, 48.4% was Malays, 35.2% was
Chinese, 13.1% was Indians, and 3.3% was other races.

76.7% of the public has ordered through food delivery. Majority of them used
this service from the main fast food outlets such as McDonalds and Pizza Hut. On the
whole, they made the order approximately once to twice a month and usually on
weekdays. Most of the time, their total cost of their delivery is around RM20-RM35.

While making their orders, they mostly make their delivery through telephone
calls. This is because they did not want to drive as the petrol prices are high
nowadays. Furthermore, online services were not as well known compared to
telephone services. Generally, the time taken to collect their delivery is about 30 to 45
minutes.

Interviews
To extend our research, we did an interview with the manager of Dominos
about their delivery service. We asked the manager about how their delivery process
works and how they cope with their problems faced.
 Page |8

Feasibility Report

Waiters On Wheels have evolved rapidly from a simple restaurant delivery

system which initially only deals with a choice of two restaurants, to one that has
begun dealing with a wider range of restaurants. The current system utilized is not at
all suitable for their expanded business operations. Therefore, WOW has requested a
computerized system which will be able to perform the following tasks effectively:-
1. To acquire orders from customers either via telephone or the company
website.
2. To enable customers to choose from a wide range of restaurants listed.
3. To allow their drivers to notify WOW’s centre when they are finished with
a delivery.
4. To record when each driver reports for work.
5. To generate fundamental reports such as:
(a) End-of-day deposit slips
(b) End-of-week restaurant payments
(c) Weekly sales reports

Technical Feasibility
With the current system that WOW has, the equipment that they have now
would not be sufficient for this system to work well. The new equipment which is
about to be used will put an impact on the flexibility by improving it. The process of
buying these equipments is not too much of a challenge for the company. All that is
needed is a person with much required technical expertise to be able to identify and
only install what is needed without wastage of any resources. Although the initial cost
for the technical upgrades of the current system may be high, the costs are well worth
it for a long-term usage. Judging by the rapid expansion of WOW’s business, it is safe
to view these technical costs in a long-term basis.

There are a number of individuals who play vital roles in order to build a
technically appropriate system. First of all, the project manager is obligated to ensure
the smooth development of the project. The manager must only carry out important
 Page |9

decisions after much consideration in terms of costs, time consumption, as well as

delegation of tasks to his team members.

Other than that, the project manager must also choose the best technicians to
deal with technical issues. These issues include, building an effective network,
installing fundamental software as well as the hardware required for this system.

Besides, a good system designer is also required to plan and construct a proper
system for WOW to utilize in its transactions. The system designer must include all
the requested features into the system, as well as produce a user-friendly interface for
the system.

Among the additional features which would be required for higher efficiency
of the company’s activities does not only incorporate hardware, but also softwares.
These features include:-

- Hardware - Software
Desktops Custom-made WOW System
Servers Microsoft Office 2007
Cables Kaspersky Anti-Virus
Modem & Wireless Router Microsoft Windows Server
Telephone 2003
Mobile phones Microsoft SQL
Walkie-Talkies
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Economic Feasibility
With the new system that mention above, Waiters On Wheels are able to
attract customer easily, as it service are very convenient and customer gain a lot of
benefit through it. If more customers choose to order through Waiter on Wheels, this
can help the organization to gain more profit and also attract other restaurant that
wanted to form a partnership with WOW. Below are the estimated prices for the
whole system.

Development Cost
Items Quantit Cost per Total
y Item (RM) Cost
(RM)
HP ProLiant ML150 G5 Server series 2 5500 11000

HP Compaq dc7800 Ultra Slim Desktop PC 6 2700 16200

(GC762AV)

HP VS19e 19 inch LCD Monitor 6 630 3780

Belkin N Wireless Router - Wireless router + 4-port 3 380 1140

switch

HP Deskjet F4200 All-in-One Printer series 1 290 290

LAN Cable (100 Meters) 6 30 180

Avaya 4620 IP Telephone 5 3500 17500
Microsoft® Office 2007 Professional OEM Addition 1 1,090 1,090
Kaspersky Anti-virus 6 23 138
Project Manager (3 Months) 1 700 21000
0
System Analyst (3 Months) 2 5000 30000
System Designer (3 Months) 1 4,000 12,000
Walkie-talkie 12 200 2400
Webhosting (Setup Fee + Domain Name Fee) 1 64.62 64.62

Telekom Business Line 1 470 470

TM Net Streamyx 4Mbps 1 163 163
Transportation (van, motorbike) (2,10)
Drivers 10 1500 15000
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Annual Operating Cost

Items Total Cost

(RM)
Maintenance Fee 6000

Petrol (2 Van + 10 Motorbike) 10800

Operators (6 Operators) 78,000
Drivers Salary (12 Drivers) 108,000
Telekom Rental Charges 3600
Printer Toner 7200
TM Net Streamyx 5000
Total Operating Cost (RM) 218600

Annual Benefits

Benefits Total Cost (RM)

Delivery Benefits (RM 5* 200 order per day) 365,000

Return on Investment (ROI), Net Value & Payback Period

Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Entity
Value of 0.00 365000.00 428000.00 527000.00 637000.00 738000.00
Benefits
Discount 1.00 0.90 0.81 0.73 0.66 0.59
Factor (10%)
Present 0.00 328500.00 346680.00 384710.00 420420.00 435420.00
Value of
Benefits
Cumulative 0.00 328500.00 675180.00 1059890.00 1480310.00 1915730.00
Present
Value of
Benefits

Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Entity
Development 333015.62 - - - - -
Cost
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On Going 0.00 246100.00 246100.00 246100.00 246100.00 246100.00

Cost
Discount 1.00 0.90 0.81 0.73 0.66 0.59
Factor (10%)
Present 0.00 221490.00 199341.00 179653.00 162426.00 145199.00
Value of On
Going Cost
Cumulative 333015.62 554505.62 753846.62 933499.62 1095925.62 1241124.62
Present
Value of
Cost
Year 0 1 2 3 4 5
Entity
Cumulative 0.00 262,800.00 558,450.00 891,056.00 1,265,238.28 1,686,193.07
Present
Value of
Benefits
Cumulative 333015.62 554505.62 753846.62 933499.62 1095925.62 1241124.62
Present
Value of
Cost
Cumulative -333015.62 -291705.62 -195396.62 -42443.62 169312.66 445068.45
Present Net
Value

Payback Duration = 1*365+(1– (195396.62/(195396.62+291705.62)))*365

= 583Days / 1 Year 218 Days

Return on Investment = (1,686,193.07-1241124.62) / 1241124.62

= 35.86%

ROI = [(Payback - Investment)/Investment)]*100

Payback period = (cost of project/investment) * (%annual cash flow)

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Operational Feasibility
In the functional side, the system has to take into consideration whether it can
fully support the business’ aims. With the existence of this system, it should be able to
help the business by solving any problem that occurs as well as taking advantage of
any opportunities that can help the business to be considered successful or useful by
the company. On the whole, the PIECES framework can be used to work out any
operational problems that take place. PIECES signifies; Performance, Information,
Economy, Control, Efficiency, and Services. Those are the different types of features
that the system will look into in order to solve the problem.

Performance
Performance is the capability of the system to fulfil business needs like such
as whether it provides real time responses and throughput. When a customer calls the
operator to place his or her orders, the built system must be able to have a response
immediately. This is to ensure the operator can keep up with the information being
received from the customer. It benefits the most especially during peak hours so that
other customers whom are waiting for queue would not need to wait for so long.
Moreover, when a regular customer calls the operator, the system also needs to be
able to retrieve the customer details from the database to prevent the case of
redundancy.

Information
Another part to be concerned with is the information produced so that it is
precise and helpful information to the operators. All the information entered needs to
be stored in the database in an appropriate format. This will result with more accurate
information which is easily loaded from the records. Furthermore, when there are any
changes of information being stated by the customer, action will be taken
immediately. The customers’ details will be updated automatically by the system. On
top of that, the information in the database can be used to produce reports for the
managers to keep as their record and also to view at a more presentable form.
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Economy
For the economy part, it explains about how the system is cost affordable. It
also determines whether the funds used are fully utilized to prevent excess. When the
system is under development, its cost is high. Nevertheless, after some time, the initial
development cost can be settled after several months. With the fact that computers
will be the key for this system, human labour can be used more often as a temporary
alternative to save costs. After awhile, when the efficiency of the system improves,
customers will be more attracted to the services provided which will result to increase
in profits.

Control
When the system is used, it must have protection against frauds which
guarantees security as well as accuracy of data and etc. With the help of protection
software such as Kaspersky Anti-Virus, these problems are easily dealt with.
Furthermore, hackers, viruses, spywares and malware will be blocked or deleted by
this protection software from attacking the system. Critical information such as
customer information will be set privileges so that only certain individuals can gain
access to it. This is to prevent this information to be stolen by other people.

Efficiency
In efficiency, the ability of the system is to make full use of the current
resources available for the business to run smoothly. This is also one of the aspects
that will lead to the achievement of the business. Besides that, records must be easily
opened to save time. Along with that, the system has to be accessible for the operators
so that they will be able to perform their task without any difficulty to boost the
productivity rate.

Services
Services are the capability of the system to offer quality and reliable services
and whether it can adjust to the environmental changes. If a company does not adapt
to the environmental changes it will certainly miss an opportunity to other companies.
In view of the fact that the system is simple to use, operators will not have much
problem to understand how the system works. Nonetheless, training is provided to
those who are computer illiterates or if there are changes made to the system that
 P a g e | 15

some operators cannot handle. Technicians are also recruited to keep up the operation
of the system so that it does not fail in peak hours.
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Schedule Feasibility
The objective of schedule feasibility is to divide the tasks and time in a proper
way, then implement and terminate it effectively. The design of the system needs to
combine some particular area in order to complete the whole system. The Gantt chart
and Pert Chart are placed in Appendix which illustrates the areas, progresses and time
divisions of the system. By following the time that has already been distributed in the
charts, we not just can accomplish the entire system, thus also can avoid misuse and
exceed the appointed time. In addition to that, the workload matrix attached in
Appendix is also an important material in the process. It divides the tasks for each
member to take charge to avoid unfair circumstances occur.
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Selection of methodologies

SSADM (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method)

SSADM is a methodology developed originally by UK consultants Learmonth

and Burchett Management System (LBMS) and the Central Computing and
Telecommunication Agency (CCTA), which is responsible for computer training and
some procurement for the UK Civil Service (Avison & Fitzgerald, 2006, p. 419). The
main reason of this was to improve government service to public.

The main target for SSADM is produced computer system that fit the acquired
purpose, by putting framework, carry out given task and also support organization IT
strategy according to the timeline given.

SSADM is a data-driven method. Besides that, it also can consider as basic

assumption that systems have a fundamental, generic, data structure which make no
changes, even know processing condition may change. Within SSADM, this
underlying data structure is modelled from early stage. The structured of techniques
of SSADM fit into the framework of steps and stages, each will defined with input
and output.

If the task that had been assigned cannot be fully completed on time, no
further steps can be taken. To prevent this for happening, one should plan in details all
the works so that it can be done before dateline.

Everything also should have it advantages and also disadvantages, below are
all the advantages and disadvantages of SSADM:
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Advantages:
1. Planning is easier with structure framework
2. Stages can be break down as it is useful for teamwork
3. This method is suitable for big project
4. Allow delegations of simpler tasks to junior personnel
5. Free for usage

Disadvantages:
1. Too much documentation
2. Not suitable for small projects
3. Can be very complex, as the documentation had a lot of stages
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RAD (Rapid Application Development)

RAD is a term which has been introduced by James Martin from the year
1991. The goal of RAD is to speed up the development process that has been on the
agenda of both general management and information systems for a long period
(Avison & Fitzgerald, 2006, p. 128). Furthermore, RAD also promises better and
cheaper deployment when the system developers and end users work together to
develop this system.

RAD is used in order to speed up the development of the project by using

computer-based tools to work as a key to overcome problems which might interrupt
the delivery of the system. Apart from that, RAD divides the process of carrying out a
system while working in a parallel to decrease time and efforts consumed by limiting
development cycles.

There are a few RAD phases which come together in order to be more focused
to the systems’ efficiency and user interface requirement, while other stages like the
duration of development and design has been reduced. However, the system can be
reverted to the planning phase, as it is possible to go back to development from the
cutover phase.

If this company wants to use RAD as the methodology to perform this project,
the users have to be involved in this project. This is due to the fact that they will affect
the progress of the system overall, as the users will be the ones who will use it. As a
result, the task implementation during the cutover phase is easy, because it meets
users’ requirements as it was designed by them with guidance from the system
analyst.

Traditional development RAD development

Functionality Time Resources

Time Resources Functionality

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The diagram shows about the differences of traditional development when compared
to RAD development (Avison & Fitzgerald, 2006, p. 129).

RAD benefits:
 Time needed to develop a system is lesser.
 Development cycles are shorter which will result in a cheaper system.
 User involvement is broader.

RAD detriments:
 Planning is not a main concern.
 It mainly focuses on resources and time as its functionality reduces (Avison &
Fitzgerald, 2006, p. 129).
 Elements and prototypes which are reused again may cause irregularity in the
designs.
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OOP (Object Oriented Programming)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model

structured that surround by objects and data rather than actions and also logic. Here
are the method of how input are produce and become output, as one specified
program will been viewed as logical procedure that takes input data, process it and the
final results will known as output data.

Besides that, it can also use simple objects and produce it to simple design
application and also computer programs as this can improve the software
construction. Here are a few steps that have to take to convert input data to output
data:
I. Identify all the objects you want to manipulate
II. Relationship between all the objects that you had identify (data
modeling)
III. Generalize it as class of objects using Plato concept
IV. Define kinds of data and also logic sequences that can manipulate

(Toodarkpark.net, 2000)

Each distinct logic sequence is known as method. What you run in computer is
known as object or class instance, besides that it also provide computer instruction
and class object characteristics which provide relevant data in the end of the day.
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Choosing SSADM

There are 3 types of methodology had been mention above, which include
SSADM, RAD and also object-oriented. After making comparison among the three,
our group had decided and also come out with a conclusion that we will be choosing
SSADM.

Based on the research that has been done so far, they had come out a
conclusion that SSADM had considered the most matured types of method in UK.
Besides that, after a few years it was introduced, government had included it into the
consideration of main method as they wanted to ensure its usability and practically.

One of the main advantages is that SSADM builds up several unusual views of
the system which are used to cross-check one another. Take building as an example,
to help the customer to gain a deeper understanding on the structure of the building,
the architect drew several different type of diagram and also explain to customer in
details about the building structure. This probably helped the architect to validate the
plans as he made sure that each view was consistent with the others. In SSADM, three
different views of the system are developed in analysis. These views are closely
related to one another and are cross-checked extensively for consistency and
completeness.

SSADM are divided into 3 views:

a. The underlying structure of the system’s data (the Logical Data Structure)
b. How data flows into and out of the system and is transformed within the
system (Data Flow Diagram)
c. How the system data are changed by events over time (Entity Life Histories)

(Ashworth & Goodland, 1990, p. 7)

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Logical Design

Context Diagram

The context diagram is an ‘overview of an organizational system that shows

the system boundaries, external entities that interact with the system, and the major
information flows between the entities and the system.’ It is a highest view of the
system. Besides, the context diagram does not include data store, holds one process,
and few data flow and source/sinks (Hoffer et al, 2002). Context diagram is just a
simple process or known as a beginning process of the system. It is easy to
comprehend and not very complicated.
 P a g e | 24

The entities of the WOW Food Delivery System basically consist of customer,
restaurant, driver, and accounting apartment. First, customer calls in to make food
ordering, tell their own information, and make payment when they get the food. On
the other hand, the system will generate a receipt for customer in return. Second, the
restaurant receives the food order list from the system and informs the food amount to
the system. The system makes payment to the restaurant at the end of the week. Third,
the driver report in to the system and get the information to make food delivery.
Lastly, the accounting department receives the deposit slip and weekly sales reports
from the system.
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Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Data Flow Diagram Level 0
 P a g e | 26

Data Flow Diagram Level 1

Data Flow Diagram (DFD) describe as the movement of the data between
external entities and the processes and data store within a system, and can use to
represent both the logical and physical information systems (Hoffer et al, 2002).
Basically, the DFD shows the relationship between the inputs, output, and process
that occurs in the system and how they connect to each other.

Data Flow Diagram encompasses Level 0 and Level 1. The DFD level 0
shows the main processes of the system, data flows, and data store a high level of
 P a g e | 27

detail. Moreover, the DFD level 1 is explained more detail about the sub processes
from the particular process on the DFD level 0.

In DFD level 0, the customer start informing their own customer ID by calling
in thru telephone. The operator will key in the customer ID to find and check the
account inside the customer database. If is a new customer, then have to make new
registration to create a new account. Generate order begin which is process 3 when
customer wants to make order. The operator will update the order information that
require by customer to the customer database. Process 4 begin when the system send
the customer order list to particular restaurant. After that, the driver from WOW
Company will be informed to go to pick the order from the restaurant; this stage goes
in under process 5. Later on, in process 6, the driver will start deliver the food to the
customer. Customer will pay the customer charges for the order. Customer database
will update the customer payment in process 7. At the same time, reports will generate
deposit slip and weekly sales report to send to the accounting department.

DFD level 1 is the sub part of the level 0. Process 3 from DFD level 0 had
been explored in detail. In process 3.2, if the customer wants to make changes of the
order, WOW Company will update the previous order. Afterwards in process 3.3,
total price of order will be calculated and update order to the customer database, also
inform the new total amount to the customer, new order list will be produced after
this.

Driver makes food delivery in DFD level 0 process 4. Before that, in process
4.1, the WOW Company will identify who is free at the time and the free driver will
report back. In process 4.2 and 4.3, the driver will receive the order detail and identify
the restaurant location.

Process 5.1 and 5.2 shows the driver go collect the food from the restaurant,
then start deliver food to the customer. In process 5.3, driver will give receipt to the
customer and get the payment. Customer database for payment will be updated and
calculate the total for one day simultaneously.
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Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

The Entity Relationship Diagram is a model that shows the logical

relationships and interaction among system entities according to Shelly Cashman
Rosenblatt (2008). The ERD represent the entities as rectangles and relationship as
diamond shapes. The data flow from top-to-bottom and left-to-right. The diagram can
describe the relationship in further aspects by using methods call cardinality. ERD use
a common method of cardinality which called crow’s foot notation to represent the
relationship by using some special symbol.

The crow’s foot notation ERD shows above. As illustrate from the ERD, one
customer places many order at the time and many order can be placed by one
customer. Another example of connection that has is between restaurant and food.
One restaurant produces many foods and many food produce by one restaurant.
Another connection includes is between customer and receipt. One customer can
accept only one receipt and one receipt accepts by one customer.
 P a g e | 29

Entity Life History

Entity Life History is to define the rules and regulations required for the
actions with entities such as insert, update, and delete (Webmaster, 2002). This
diagram attaches two basics diagram together, which is the Data Flow Diagram
 P a g e | 30

(DFD) and Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). This diagram represents three types
of entities which are the sequence, iteration and selection (Skidmore and Wroe, 1992).
For the sequence type, there are no marked indicated and the event read from left to
right. On the other hand, the iteration type will mark an asterisk (*) symbol and the
selection type is indicated by marking with a small circle. Mark of both iteration and
selection types are stated in the upper right hand corner.

As shows on the Entity Life History, customer is the first entity involved and
the event contains new registration, telephone call in, account management, order, and
order completed. Customer can edit their account by make changes and update their
detail, and also can make changes of the order.

Second entity is the restaurant. The event involved is following the sequence
type of entity. Firstly, receive order, then prepare food, generate bills, and lastly send
out the food.

Driver is the third entity. The event involved is receive work and delivery
order. Before deliver the food to the customer, the driver receives customer order,
customer detail, and restaurant detail. When comes to delivery part, driver go pick the
food and then deliver to the customer and receive payment from customer.
 P a g e | 31

Use Case Diagram

Use Case Diagram defined as depicts the use cases and actors for a system
(Hoffer et al, 2002). This diagram help classify the objects and the high-level
relationships and responsibilities. To set up a Use Case Diagram, need to categorize
the primary elements which are the ‘actors’ and ‘Use Cases’ first. Firstly, the actor
uses a stickman as the symbol and indicates its name below. Secondly, the use cases
use an oval shape as the symbol and indicate its name underneath.

The actors that have in the diagram are Customer, Restaurant, Driver, WOW
system, and Accounting Department. The customer calls in thru telephone to make
order with the WOW system. The system then informs the order list to the restaurant.
The driver will be told and go pick up the order from the restaurant. The driver
 P a g e | 32

delivers the food to the customer and collects the payment from the customer. The
system will generate report to the accounting department of the company.
 P a g e | 33

Class Diagram

As mentioned from Shelly Cashman Rosenblatt (2008), a class diagram stands

for a detailed view of a single use case, shows the classes that participate in the use
case, and documents the relationship among classes. Class diagram converts the
entities, data stores, and processes to data structures and program code. In class
diagram, contains the class name at the top, and then followed by the attributes and
methods. Besides, the lines that link shows the relation between the classes. The class
diagram use UML notation symbol to identify the relationship between classes.
 P a g e | 34

The UML notation symbol shows in below:

UML Nature of the

Notation Relationship
0..* Zero or many
0..1 Zero or one
1 One and only one
1..* One or many

As demonstrated from the class diagram above, one customer can have
anywhere from zero to many orders. One restaurant can have one to many orders, at
the same time; each order can have anywhere one or many food items.
P a g e | 35
 P a g e | 36

References

1. Avison, D., & Fitzgerald, G., 2006, Information Systems Development, 4th edn,
McGraw Hill, Singapore.

2. Ashworth, C. & Goodland, M., 1996, SSADM, McGraw Hill, UK

3. Techtarget.com, definition for object-oriented programming, 2008, [online]

Available from:
http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212681,00.html
[Accessed on 19th August 2008]

4. Toodarkpark.net, object-oriented programming, 2000, [online]

Available from:
http://objc.toodarkpark.net/oop.html
[Accessed on 2nd August 2008]

5. Anon, SSADM, 2008, [online]

Available from:
http://gawain.soc.staffs.ac.uk/modules/levelm/ce00218-
m/slides/ssadm/ssadm1v2.ppt
[Accessed on 4th August 2008]

6.
 P a g e | 37

Appendices

Appendix 1:

1. HP ProLiant ML150 G5 Server series

Processor, operating system and memory

Processor type 450164-371: Intel® Xeon® E5410 Quad Core Processor 2.33
GHz
Processor speed 450164-371: 2.33 GHz
Number of 1 processor
processors
Processor upgrade Upgradeable to dual processor
Processor core 450164-371 / 450162-371 / 450163-371: Quad
available
Internal cache 450164-371 / 450162-371 / 450163-371: Integrated 2 x 6 MB
Level 2 cache
System bus 450164-371 / 450162-371 / 450163-371: 1333 MHz Front
Side Bus
Standard memory 450164-371 / 450163-371: 2 GB Standard Memory
Maximum memory 16 GB
Memory type PC2-5300 Registered Buffered DIMMs (DDR2-667)
Memory slots 6 DIMM slots
Internal drives
Internal hard disk 450164-371 / 450163-371: No hard disk drive in standard
drive configuration
 P a g e | 38

Hard disk drive 450164-371 / 450163-371: Not applicable

speed
Hard disk controller 450164-371: HP E200 8 Internal Port Smart Array
SAS/SATA Controller
Internal drive bays 450164-371 / 450163-371: Four/Eight Hot Plug SAS/SATA
Optical drives 16x SATA DVD-ROM
System features
Chassis type 5U Tower
Chipset Intel® 5100 Chipset
Network interface Embedded HP NC105i PCI Express Gigabit Server Adapter
10/100/1000 WOL (Wake on LAN)
External I/O ports Parallel - 0; Serial - 1; Pointing Device (Mouse, PS2) - 1;
Graphics - 1; Keyboard (PS2) - 1; USB 2.0 Ports Dedicated
USB - 8 total (4 rear, 2 front panel, 2 internal), 1 (available for
USB Tape connectivity); Network RJ-45 (Ethernet) - 1
(10/100/1000 Gbits/s); Remote Management: 1 (10/100) via
optional HP ProLiant 100 G5 Lights-Out 100c Remote
Management Card
Expansion slots Six expansion slots: Two (2) PCI-Express x8, Three (3) PCI-
Express x4(x8 connector) and One (1) PCI (32-bit/33MHz).
One slot designated for optional HP ProLiant 100 G5 Lights-
Out 100c Remote Management Card
Power supply type One 650W Non-Redundant Power Supply, Non-hot plug;
750W Redundant Power Supply option kit, Non-hot plug
Power requirements load 11.6A: 100 to 127 VAC; load: 5.5A at 200 to 240 VAC,
47 to 66 Hz
Compatible Microsoft® Windows® 2003 R2 Web edition; Microsoft®
operating systems Windows® 2003 R2 Small Business edition; Microsoft®
Windows® 2003 R2 Standard Edition (x86 and x64);
Microsoft® Windows® 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition (x86 and
x64); Microsoft® Windows® 2008 Longhorn Standard
Edition (x86 and x64); Microsoft® Windows® 2008
Longhorn Enterprise Edition (x86 and x64); Red Hat EL 5/4
(x86 and x64); SLES 10/9 (x86 and x64); Netware 6.5; SCO
OpenServer Legend 6.0.1; SCO UnixWare 7.1.4
Dimensions (W x D 42.40 x 61.68 x 20.00 cm
x H)
Weight 18.55 kg
Compliance ACPI V2.0 compliant; PCI 2.3 compliant; PXE Support;
industry standards WOL Support; Microsoft® Logo certifications
Security Power-on password; Setup password; Diskette boot control
management
 P a g e | 39

Serviceability Easy chassis entry and component access

Manageability Optional HP ProLiant 100 G5 Lights-Out 100c Remote
features Management Card; Embedded IPMI standard reporting
Warranty standard 1 year Parts, 1 year Labor, 1-year on-site support
statement

Source: http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/my/en/sm/WF06a/15351-15351-241434-
3328424-3328424-3580609.html
 P a g e | 40

2. HP Compaq dc7800 Ultra Slim

Desktop PC (GC762AV)

Fast facts
Processor type Processor Socket T -
LGA775 , 800 MHz or 1066
MHz
Compatible Genuine Windows XP
operating Professional, Genuine
systems Windows Vista® Business,
Genuine Windows Vista®
Home Basic, FreeDOS
Chipset Intel® Q35 Express
Maximum 4 GB DDR2-Synch DRAM
memory
Memory type PC2-5300 DDR2 667 SDRAM
or PC2-6400 DDR2 800
SDRAM
Memory slots 2 SODIMM
Memory Expandable to 4 GB through
upgrade two industry-standard
SODIMM slots
Internal drives
Internal hard disk 80 to 160 GB
drive
Hard disk drive 5400 rpm or 7200 rpm
speed
External drive bays 1 Slimline Drive Bay
Internal drive bays 1 internal 2.5 inch
Hard disk controller SATA 1.5 Gb/s
Flexible disk drive Optional 1.44 MB Diskette Drive
System features
Chassis type Ultra-slim desktop
Graphic subsystem Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator 3100
name
Video adapter 3D/2D Controller: support is fully compliant with Microsoft®
features standard API such as Microsoft DirectX®9, DirectXVA®,
 P a g e | 41

VMR9, GDI/GDI+; OpenGL® 1.4.; Integrated VGA

Controller; integrated 400 MHz RAMDAC; 400 MHz
Controller Clock Speed; Overlay Planes: Single overlay
support with 5x3 filtering; Maximum Color Depth: 32
bits/pixel; Multi-display Support: 2 displays can be supported
via the motherboard's VGA connectors and DVI ADD2 card
Graphic subsystem Graphics memory is shared with system memory. Graphics
video card memory memory usage can vary from 8 to 256 MB depending on the
amount of system memory installed and system load
Audio Integrated High Definition audio with ADI1884 codec, 3D
audio compliant with AC'97 Rev. 2.3, internal PC speaker
Network interface Integrated Intel® 82566DM Gigabit Network Connection
Network cards Optional Intel® Pro 1000 PT PCIe Gigabit NIC
Available LAN Microsoft® Windows® Vista®, Microsoft® Windows® XP,
drivers Microsoft® Windows® 2000
External I/O ports Rear: 6 USB 2.0, 1 DVI-D graphics port, 2 PS/2, 1 RJ-45, 1
VGA, audio in/out; Front: 2 USB 2.0, audio ports
Security Integrated 1.2 TPM Embedded Security Chip (except for
management Russia), Kensington Lock Support, HP Business PC Security
Lock, HP USB Biometric Fingerprint Reader, HP Rear Port
Controller Cover
Physical security Kensington Lock, Hood Removal Sensor
Dimensions (W x D 25.1 x 25.4 x 6.6 cm
x H)
Weight 3.1 kg
Power features Operating Voltage Range: 90 – 264 VAC; Rated Voltage
Range: 100 – 240 VAC; Rated Line Frequency: 50/60 Hz;
Operating Line Frequency Range: 47 – 63 Hz; Rated Input
Current 80 Plus: 1.5 A; Current Leakage (NFPA 99): < 275
µA; System Heat Dissipation 80 Plus: Typical 133 btu/hr
(33.5 kg-cal/hr), Maximum 549 btu/hr (132 kg-cal/hr; Power
Supply Fan: None, Power Consumption in ES Mode –
Suspend to RAM (S3) (Instantly Available PC): <2.7 W
Power consumption 135 watts maximum
Power requirements Input voltage 90 – 264 / 100 – 240 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 47 – 63
Hz, active PFC standard (External 80% High Efficiency)
Operating 10° to 35° C
temperature range
Storage temperature -30 to 60° C
range (Celsius)
Operating humidity 10 to 90% RH
range
 P a g e | 42

Non-operating 5 to 95% RH
humidity
Operating altitude 3,048 m
Non-operating 9,144 m
altitude

Source: http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/my/en/sm/WF06b/12454-12454-64287-
3328898-3328898-3459242-3560405.html?jumpid=reg_R1002_MYEN
 P a g e | 43

3. HP Pavilion vs19e Monitor

LCD feature Specification

Display size 19-inch (43.3 cm) diagonal and viewable image
Display type TFT liquid crystal
Interface Input connector:

1 VGA 15-pin D-type connector (analog cable included)

Scanning frequency Horizontal 30-81 Hz

Vertical 56-76 Hz
Recommended 1280 x 1024 @ 60 Hz
resolution (H x V)
Power source - Input rating: 100-240 V
AC/DC adapter
Output rating: 12 V, 3.75 A

Frequency: 50/60 Hz

Power consumption: 40 W in operating mode, 2 W in sleep

mode
Operating Temperature: 10 degrees C to 35 degrees C (50 to 95 degrees
environment F)

Humidity: 20% RH through 80% RH (without condensation)

Storage environment Temperature: -20 degrees C to 60 degrees C (-4 degrees F to
140 degrees F)
Dimensions HxWxD

Including base: 424 x 426 x 204 mm (16.7 x 16.8 x 8.1

inches)
Weight Unpacked: 6.8 Kg (15 pounds)
 P a g e | 44

Tilt stand Maximum tilt angle range: -5 degrees to +30 degrees (tilt
range may vary depending on the height adjustment)
EMI standard FCC Class B
EPA Energy Star As an Energy Star Partner, Hewlett-Packard has determined
that this product meets the Energy Star guidelines for energy
efficiency.

Source: http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?
cc=my&docname=c00603955&dlc=en&lc=en&jumpid=reg_R1002_MYEN
 P a g e | 45

4. Belkin N Wireless Router - Wireless router +

4-port switch

Feature Description
Expansion / Connectivity
4 x network - Ethernet 10Base-T/100Base-TX - RJ-45
Interfaces 1 x network - Radio-Ethernet
1 x network - Ethernet 10Base-T/100Base-TX - RJ-45 ( WAN )
Networking
Connectivity
Wireless, wired
Technology
Integrated Switch 4-port switch
Data Transfer Rate 300 Mbps
Frequency Band 2.4 GHz
Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE
Data Link Protocol
802.11n (draft)
Spread Spectrum
OFDM, DSSS
Method
Switching Protocol Ethernet
Remote
Management HTTP
Protocol
Status Indicators Port status, power
Firewall protection, dynamic IP address assignment , DHCP
Features support, NAT support, Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI), MAC
address filtering, VPN passthrough, MIMO technology
Compliant
IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n (draft)
Standards
Antenna
Antenna Qty 2
Directivity Omni-directional
Miscellaneous
Cables (Details) 1 x network cable
Encryption
128-bit WEP, 64-bit WEP, WPA, WPA2
Algorithm
General
Device Type Wireless router
Form Factor External
 P a g e | 46

Feature Description
Power
Power Device Power adapter – external

Source: http://www.softchoice.com/catalog/product.aspx?SCCPartNo=U84635
 P a g e | 47

5. HP Deskjet F4200 All-in-One Printer series

The HP Deskjet F4200 All-in-One series is designed for cost-conscious consumer

who requires print, copy and scan features. Affordable and easy-to-use, it is designed
to be compact with a concise front panel.

Features

• Efficiently print, scan and copy for high-quality, everyday projects and use optional
high-capacity ink cartridges to get 3 times more black printed pages and 2 times
more color printed pages1.
• Enjoy fast print speeds of up to 26 ppm black and 20 ppm colour.
• HP Smart Web Printing2 easily combines parts of web pages into a single page for
smarter printing.

Source: http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/my/en/ho/WF05a/18972-18972-238444-
410635-410635-3390945.html
 P a g e | 48

6.

Source: http://sholl.com.au/dbimages/avaya_4620_ip_screen_phone.jpg
 P a g e | 49

Appendix 2