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x, y ∈ R: x + y ∈ R, xy ∈ R.
1. ∀x, y ∈ R, x + y = y + x ; xy = yx
2. ∀x, y , z ∈ R, x + ( y + z ) = ( x + y ) + z y x ⋅ ( y ⋅ z ) = ( x ⋅ y ) ⋅ z
3. ∃0 ∈ R, ∀x ∈ R, x + 0 = 0 + x = x , y ∃1 ∈ R, 1 ≠ 0 , ∀x ∈ R, x ⋅ 1 = 1 ⋅ x = x
4. ∀x ∈ R, ∃ − x ∈ R, x + ( − x ) = 0 y ∀x ∈ R*, ∃x −1 ∈ R, x ⋅ x −1 = 1 . Estos son
llamados opuesto e inverso respectivamente.
5. ∀x, y , z ∈ R, x( y + z ) = xy + xz
Demostración:
Supongamos que existen dos elementos 0 y 0’, con 0 ≠ 0' tales que:
∀x ∈ R, x + 0 = x y,
∀x ∈ R, x + 0' = x
0 = 0'
Pero por hipótesis teníamos que 0 ≠ 0' , por lo tanto lo que supusimos es incorrecto y en
consecuencia el este 0 es único.
Teorema 2: El opuesto y el inverso son únicos (Unicidad del opuesto y del inverso).
Demostración:
Supongamos que existen dos elementos x ' y x '' , con x ' ≠ x '' , tal que:
∀x ∈ R, x + x ' = 0 y,
∀x ∈ R, x + x '' = 0
x' = x' + 0
(
= x ' + x + x '' )
(
= x ' + x + x '' )
= 0 + x'
Pero por hipótesis teníamos que x ' ≠ x '' , por lo tanto lo que supusimos es incorrecto y
en consecuencia el opuesto es único.
i. a+c =b+c⇒a =b
Demostración:
( a + c) = ( b + c)
( a + c) + ( − c) = ( b + c) + ( − c)
a + [c + ( − c)] = b + [c + ( − c)]
a+0=b+0
a=b
ii. 0 ⋅ a = 0 , ∀a ∈ R
Demostración:
0 ⋅ a = ( 0 + 0) ⋅ a
0⋅a = 0⋅a + 0⋅a
0⋅a + 0 = 0⋅a + 0⋅a
0 = 0⋅a
iii. a ⋅b = 0 ⇒ a = 0 ∨ b = 0
Demostración:
a ⋅b = 0
(a ⋅ a ) ⋅ b = a
−1 −1
0
(a a) ⋅ b = 0
−1
1⋅ b = 0
b=0
iv. a ⋅ c = b ⋅ c ⇒ a = b , con c ≠ 0
a⋅c = b⋅c
c −1 ⋅ ( a ⋅ c ) = c −1 ⋅ ( b ⋅ c )
(c −1
) (
⋅ c ⋅ a = c −1 ⋅ c ⋅ b )
1⋅ a = 1⋅ b
a=b
i. − ( − a ) = a y a −1 ( ) −1
=a
Demostración:
a + ( − a) = 0 y,
( − a) + [− ( − a)] = 0
De igual forma,
a ⋅ a −1 = 1 y,
(a ) ⋅ (a )
−1 −1 −1
=1
ii. ( − a ) ⋅ b = a ⋅ ( − b ) = −a ⋅ b
Demostración:
En efecto:
( − a ) ⋅ b + ( a ⋅ b) = b ⋅ [ ( − a ) + a] (Por axioma 5)
= b⋅0
=0
iii. ( − a ) ⋅ ( − b) = a ⋅ b
Demostración:
iv. − ( a + b) = −a − b
Demostración:
( a + b) + ( − a − b) = ( a + b) + [ ( − a ) + ( − b) ]
= [ a + ( − a ) ] + [b + ( − b) ] (Por axiomas 1 y 2)
= 0+0
=0
Demostración:
Sabemos que ( a ⋅ b ) ⋅ ( a ⋅ b ) −1 = 1 .
( a ⋅ b ) ⋅ ( a −1 ⋅ b −1 ) = a ⋅ ( b ⋅ b −1 ) ⋅ a −1 (Por axiomas 1 y 2)
−1
= a ⋅1⋅ a
= a ⋅ a −1
=1
a c ad + bc
i. + = , con b ≠ 0 y d ≠ 0
b d bd
Demostración:
a c
+ = a ⋅ b −1 + c ⋅ d −1
b d
(
= a ⋅ b −1 + c ⋅ d −1 ⋅ 1 )
= ( a ⋅ b )( c ⋅ d ) ⋅ [( b ⋅ d ) ⋅ ( b ⋅ d ) ]
−1 −1 −1
= [( a ⋅ b ) ⋅ ( b ⋅ d ) + ( c ⋅ d ) ( b ⋅ d ) ] ⋅ ( b ⋅ d )
−1 −1 −1
(Por Axioma 5)
= {[ a ⋅ ( b ⋅ b ) ⋅ d ] + [c ⋅ ( d ⋅ d ) ⋅ b ]} ⋅ ( b ⋅ d )
−1 −1 −1
(Por Axiomas 1 y 2)
= ( a ⋅ b + c ⋅ b) ⋅ ( b ⋅ d )
−1
a ⋅b + c ⋅b
=
b⋅d
a −a a
ii. − = =
b b −b
Demostración:
−
a
b
(
= − a ⋅ b −1 )
( )
= ( − a ) ⋅ b −1
−a
=
b
(
= a ⋅ − b −1 )
a
=
− b −1
a c ad − bc
iii. − = , con b ≠ 0 y d ≠ 0
b d bd
Demostración:
a c a −c
− = + (Por parte ii)
b d b d
a ⋅ b + b( − c )
= (Por parte i)
bd
ad − bc
=
bd
a c a⋅c
iv. ⋅ = , con b ≠ 0 y d ≠ 0
b d b⋅d
Demostración:
a c
(
⋅ = a ⋅ b −1 ⋅ c ⋅ d −1
b d
)( )
(
= ( a ⋅ c ) ⋅ b −1 ⋅ d −1 ) (Por Axiomas 1 y 2)
= ( a ⋅ c) ⋅ ( b ⋅ d )
−1
(Por parte v del teorema anterior)
a⋅c
=
b⋅d
a
a c b a⋅d
v. ÷ = = , con b ≠ 0 , c ≠ 0 y d ≠ 0
b d c b⋅c
d
Demostración:
−1
a c a c
÷ = ⋅
b d b d
( )(
= a ⋅ b −1 ⋅ c ⋅ d −1 ) −1
( )[
= a ⋅ b −1 ⋅ c −1 ⋅ d −1 ( ) −1
] (Por parte v del Teorema anterior)
( )(
= a ⋅ b −1 ⋅ c −1 ⋅ d ) (Por parte i del Teorema 4)
(
= ( a ⋅ d ) ⋅ b −1c −1 ) (Por Axiomas 1 y 2)
= ( a ⋅ d )( b ⋅ c )
−1
(Por parte x del Teorema anterior)
a⋅d
=
b⋅c