GATT

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON
TARRIFFS AND TRADE
PRE GATT POSITION 30S-40S
TARRIFF BARRIERS
NON TARRIFF BARRIERS
DISCRIMINATIONS
BILATERAL TRADE
BALANCE OF PAYMENT/EXCHANGE
CRISIS
ATTITUDE TOWARDS SELF
SUSTAINABILITY
 GATT ACTIVITIES
TARRIFF NEGOTIATIONS
BARGAINING ON NON TARRIFF
BARRIERS
ELIMINATION OF QUANTITATIVE
RESTRICTIONS
SETTELMENT OF DISPUTES
 GATT PRINCIPLES
(I)NON DISCRIMINATION
MOST FAVOURED NATION TREATMENT(ARTICLE I)FOR
EACH MEMBER COUNTRY(EXCEPTING SPECIAL CASES)
NATIONAL TREATMENT(ARTICLE III) FOR GOODS
IMPORTED FROM MEMBER COUNTRIES
(2)RACIPROCITY
EXCHANGE OF SIMILAR CONCESSIONS(TARRIFF AGAINST
TARRIFF)
EXCHANGE OF DISSIMILAR CONCESSONS (TARRIFF
AGAINST QUOTAS)
(3)MARKET ACCESS
OPEN TRADING SYSTEM & COMPETITION AMONGST
ENTERPRISES FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
BIND THE TARRIFFS(TARRIFF BINDINGS)
(4)TRANSPERANCY
PROMOTION OF FAIR COMPETITION
TRANSPERANCY IN TRADE POLICIES AND PROCEDURE
MAJOR PROVISIONS IN GATT
ARTICLES
NON DISCRIMINATION
MOST FAVOURED NATION TREATMENT (ARTICLE I)
FOR EACH MEMBER COUNTRY(EXCEPTING
SPECIAL CASES)
“SCHEDULE OF CONCESSIONS” (ARTICLE-II)
COMMITMENTS ON TARRIFF NEGOTIATIONS
NATIONAL TREATMENT (ARTICLE III) FOR GOODS
IMPORTED FROM MEMBER COUNTRIES
PROHIBITIONS AGAINST QUANTITATIVE
RESTRICTIONS
FREEER TRADE (THROUGH NEGOTIATIONS)
PREDICTABILITY:
SPECIAL PROVISIONS TO PROMOTE TRADE IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
 GATT ROUNDS
YEAR PLACE/NAME SUBJECTS COVERED COUNTRIE
S
1947 GENEVA TARIFFS(45, 000 CONCESSIONS 23
HALF OF WORLD TRADE)
1949 ANNENCY(FRANCE) TARIFFS 13

1951 TORQUAY(UK) TARIFFS(25% REDUCTION TO 38

1948 LEVEL)
1956 GENEVA TARIFFS 26

1960-1961 GENEVA(DILLON ROUND) TARIFFS 26

1964- 1967 GENEVA(KENNEDY ROUND) TARIFFS AND ANTIDUMPING 62

MEASURES

1973- 1979 GENEVA(TOKYO ROUND) TARIFFS, NON TARIFF 102

1986- 1994 GENEVA(URUGUY ROUND)
MEASURES, “FRAMEWORK”
AGREEMENTS
TARIFFS, NON TARIFF 123
MEASURES, RULES, SERVICES,
INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY,DISPUTE
SETTLEMENT, TEXTILES,
AGRICULTURE, CREATION OF
WTO
 RESULTS
RESULTS OF TARRIFF NEGOTIATIONS AT EACH
CONFERENCE ARE FINALIZED ONLY AFTER ALL OF
THEM ARE GATHERED INTO A SINGLE MASTER
AGREEMENT SIGNED BY THE PARTICIPATING
COUNTRIES

IN THIS WAY EACH MEMBER BECOMES A PARTY

TO EACH AREEMENT

ONE SET OF RULES APPLIES TO EACH TARRIFF

CONCESSION WHICH IS MORE COMPREHENSIVE IN
SCOPE THAN BILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS
 TOKYO ROUND (SYSTEM
REFORMS)
SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES
TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE(STANDARD
CODE)
IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURES
CUSTOMS VALUATION
REVISION OF KENNEDY ROUND ANTI DUMPING
CODE
PLURILATERALS
BOVINE MEAT ARRANGEMENT
INTERNATIONAL DIARY ARRANGEMENTS
TRADE IN CIVIL AIRCRAFT
GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT
 ACHIEVEMENTS
TARRIFF BINDINGS TARRIFF BINDINGS
NEGOTIATING ON PERCENTAGE OF TARRIFFS BOUND
BEFORE & AFTER URUGUAY ROUND
NON TARRIFF TALKS
BARRIERS BEFORE AFTER
ELIMINATION OF DEVELOPED ECONOMIES 78 99
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES 21 73
QUANTITATIVE TRANSITION ECONOMIES 73 98
RESTRICTIONS
DISPUTE
SETTLEMENTS
 CHALLENGES
GLOBALIZATION
CHANGING STRATEGIES OF GOVTS TO
DEVICE OTHER FORMS OF PROTECTION
EXPANSION OF GLOBAL TRADE IN
SERVICES
GLOBAL EXPANSION OF INVESTMENTS
EXPLOITATION OF LOOPHOLES IN
MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM
PROBLEMS IN DISPUTE SETELLMENT
URUGUAY ROUND CONFERENCES
SEPT.86 PUNTA DEL ESTE.; LUNCH
DEC.88 MONTREAL; MINISTERIAL REVIEW
APR.89 GENEVA; MIDTERM REVIEW
COMPLETED
DEC90 BRUSSELS; “CLOSING” MINISTERIAL
MEETING ENDS IN DEADLOCK
DEC.91 GENEVA; IST DRAFT OF FINAL ACT
COMPLETED
JULY93 TOKYO; ACHIEVE MARKET ACCESS
BREAKTHROUHG AT G7 SUMMIT
DEC.93 GENEVA; MOST NEGOTIATIONS END
APR.94 MARRAKESH; AGREEMENR SIGNED
JAN95 GENEVA; WTO CREATED
 URUGUAY ROUND
AGREEMENT ON FORMATION OF WTO
AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE
SANITARY & PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES
TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE
TRADE RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES
ANTI DUMPING
CUSTOMS VALUATIONS
PRESHIPMENT INSPECTION
RULES OF ORIGIN
IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURE
SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES
SAFEGUARDS
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES
TRADE RELATED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
TRADE POLICY REVIEW MECHANISM
PLURILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS