Grape

Export Of Grapes From India To UK
1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMWORK
1.1 INTRO DUCTION
Today India is the second largest producer of the fruits (45.5 Million tons) and Vegetables (90.8
Million tons ) in the world ,contributing 10.23%and 14.45%of the total world production of fruits
and vegetables respectively .India has made a fairly good progress on horticulture Map of world
with total annual production of The horticulture crops touching over 149 million tons India has
been bestowed with wide range of climate and physio-geographical conditions and as such is most
suitable for growing various kinds of horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, flowers , nuts ,
spices and plantation crops.
With the focused attention given to horticulture, there has been spectacular change in terms of
adoption of new technologies, production and availability of horticulture products. Fruits and
vegetables constitute around 10 per cent of the total agriculture production of the country. This
sector offers enormous potential for export.
According to FAO, the export of fruits from India in 2003-04 US $166 million and that of
vegetables US $ 205 million .India’s export of fruits and vegetables is more concentrated towards
Asian region. Asian region accounted for 75% of total fruits and vegetable export 2003-04.The
export to European and American market is very less due to imposition of stringent quality
measures. But in the last 3-4 year the export of fruits and vegetable Europe has been increasing
with the adoption of Good Agriculture practices (GAP) by Indian farmer. Also the APEADA is
taking active role in establishing many quality testing laboratories and adequate documentation
protocol across the country to boost the export of perishables.
Maharashtra is the one of the largest state in the production of fruits and vegetable contributing
nineteen percent of the total fruit production in the country. The state produces around nine million
tones of fruits having productivity of 16 MT per hectare of, which is fairly good when compared to
country’s average Of 12 MT. it grows commodities like grapes, pomegranate, mango, sapota ,
oranges, lime, strawberry, jackfruits etc in large quantity .The state holds prestigious position in
vegetable production contributing 5% of the production and stands 7 in the country. Total
production of vegetables in Maharashtra is approximately 5 million tones. Because of close
proximity to Mumbai port and metropolitan market .the state enjoys the comparative advantage in
export as well as long distance
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

A.B. ROAD,PIGDAMBER,NEAR RAU,DISTRICT –INDORE,(M.P.) Tel- 0731- 4072636, Fax -0731- 4064557
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In certain commodities the state has occupied unique and prestigious position , e.g. mango
,pomegranate, grapes , onion.
Highly perishable nature of his fruits and vegetable make their marketing system more costly and
complex. Timely and procurement of fruits and vegetable in bulk is of immense importance for
exporters. Transportation plays an important role in fruits and vegetable marketing.
The exporter has to meet the specific qualitative and quantitative requirements of the importer. The
packaging, residue testing, documentation and phyto sanitary certification has to be met in order
To export. So establishing an efficient backward linkage is must for exporting fruits and
vegetables.
1.1.1 PROPOSED PLAN FOR MAHARASHTRA
• During very first season (2008-09) 350 Containers of Grapes were to European Nations from
Nashik District alone.
• .Other exports from Nashik District are Pomegranate, Onion, and Banana etc.
1.1.2 History
The domestication of purple grapes originated in what is now southern Turkey. Yeast, one of the
earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the
innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation
of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians and Romans growing
purple grapes for both eating and wine production. Later, the growing of grapes spread to Europe,
North Africa, and eventually North America.
Native purple grapes belonging to the Vitis genus proliferated in the wild across North America,
and were a part of the diet of many North American Native Americans, but were considered by
European colonists to be unsuitable for wine. The first Old World Vitis vinifera purple grapes were
cultivated in California where Spain had established a series of monasteries along the coasts to
supply their navies with oranges to prevent scurvy and convert natives. Grapes have always had a
part in history. There are old greek troughs and coffins in the Getty Villa, and they show cherubs in
tubs of grapes, making wine.

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1.1.2.1 Description
Grapes grow in clusters of 6 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green and pink.
"White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape.
Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins which are
responsible for the color of purple grapes.Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger
family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red
wines.
1.1.2.2 Market Scenario

Nasik district is the largest producer and export of Grapes in Maharashtra. The main growing are
Dindori , Nasik ,Niphad, Pimpalgaon –Basvant and Chandwad.
Export of grapes from nasik stands at 7613.63 MT during 2003-04. Usually very little quantity of
export quality grapes comes to APMCs. Export grapes are usually
Procured at the fare gate. Traders and exports go directly to farms 20-25 days before harvest and
they fix a procurement price based on the grade.
1.1.2.3 Period of price fluctuation:
Generally the price of grape depends on the production, harvesting period and demands in market
of other part of India.
Low price: Nov to Dec with the average price around Rs.7 to 9/kg
Peak price: April-May with average price around Rs.12 to 15/kg
In this market some variety always fetch good price. A general price for varieties can be given
below:
1.1.2.3.1 Sangli: It is second largest grapes growing and exporting district in Maharastra. Export
quality grapes won’t come to here. So exporters and traders go directly to farmer’s orchard. The
important growing regions are Malegaon, Miraj, Nimni, Savlaj and Tasgaon. Nearly 250-300
containers of grapes will be exported this year from Sangli district alone. During last year (2008-
09) the farm gate procurement price of export quality grapes fluctuated with the time like this.
February end’s 35-40 /kg
March15-30: Rs 50 / kg
March 30 onwards Rs 60-65/kg

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1.1.2.3.2 Solapur Market:

Solapur is also very big market for grapes .Grapes arrival is from Solapur, Sangli, and Baramati
and from regions of Kolhapur surrounding Sangli. Distribution is mainly to Bihar, Bengal, Orisa,
and Southern Indian states. There are many Bihar and Bengal traders operating in this market. In
this market grape price depends on variety of grape. The prices of some important varieties are
given below. Nearly 80% of the production is Thompson seedless and 10-15% is Sharad and flame
seedless. Rest is from other varieties.
1.1.3 Grape
A grape is the non-climacteric fruit, botanically a true berry, that grows on the perennial and
deciduous woody vines of the genus Vitis. Grapes can be eaten raw or used for making jam, juice,
jelly, vinegar, wine, grape seed extracts, raisins, and grape seed oil. Grapes are also used in some
kinds of confectionery.
Grape cultivation is one of the most remunerative farming enterprises in India. Famous Indian
medicine scholars, Sasruta and Charaka in their medical treatises entitled ‘Sasruta Samhita’ and
‘Charaka Samhita’, respectively, written during 1356-1220 BC, mentioned the medicinal
properties of grapes. Kautilya in his ‘Arthashastra’ written in the fourth century BC mentioned the
type of land suitable for grape cultivation. Native spp. resembling Vitis lanata and Vitis palmata
grow wild in the northwestern Himalayan foothills. Indigenous varieties known as ‘Rangspay’,
‘Shonltu White’ and ‘Shonltu Red’ are grown in Himachal Pradesh even today.
Cultivated grapes are believed to have been introduced into the north of India by the Persian
invaders in 1300 AD, from where they were introduced into the south (Daulatabad in Aurangabad
district of Maharashtra) during the historic event of changing the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad
by King Mohammed-bin-Tughlak. Ibn Batuta, a Moorish traveller who visited Daulatabad in 1430
AD, reported to have seen flourishing vineyards in south India. Grape was also introduced in the
south into Salem and Madurai districts of Tamil Nadu by the Christian missionaries around 1832
AD, and into Hyderabad province by HEH, the Nizam of Hyderabad in the early part of the 20th
century. From Delhi, Daulatabad, Madurai, Salem and Hyderabad, grape cultivation spread to
different parts of the country.

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Grape (Vitis vinifera) is grown from temperate to warm regions; however, hot and dry climate is
ideal. Indian grapes come in varied characteristics namely coloured, white, seeded, unseeded, large
and small berries. Indian grapes are successfully grown at and above 250 mean sea level.
Modern packhouse facility with automatic forced air system for precooling is available in all the
commercial production areas.Traceability system is maintained for the product tracking.Extensive
Residue Monitoring plan for monitoring the pesticide residues in grapes is implemented for
consumer safety.
1.1.3.1 Grapevines
Most grapes come from cultivars of Vitis vinifera, the European grapevine native to the
Mediterranean and Central Asia. Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian
species such as:
• Vitis labrusca, the North American table and grape juice grapevines (including the concord
cultivar), sometimes used for wine. Native to the Eastern United States and Canada.
• Vitis riparia, a wild vine of North America, sometimes used for winemaking and for jam.
Native to the entire Eastern U.S. and north to Quebec.
• Vitis rotundifolia, the muscadines, used for jams and wine. Native to the Southeastern
United States from Delaware to the Gulf of Mexico.
• Vitis amurensis, the most important Asian species.

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1.1.3.2 Distribution and production

Fig 1.1
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 75,866 square kilometres of the world
are dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as
fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be
reconstituted for fruits canned "with no added sugar" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to
vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.
The following table of top wine-producers shows the corresponding areas dedicated to grapes for
wine making:

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Table 1.1
Country Area dedicated

Spain 11,750 km2
France 8,640 km2
Italy 8,270 km2
Turkey 8,120 km2
United States 4,150 km2
Iran 2,860 km2
Romania 2,480 km2
Portugal 2,160 km2
Argentina 2,080 km2
Australia 1,642 km2
Lebanon 1,122 km2
Top Ten Grapes Producers – 8 October 2009

Production
Country Footnote
(Tonnes)
Italy 8,519,418 F
People's Republic
6,787,081 F
of China
United States 6,384,090 F
France 6,044,900 F
Spain 5,995,300 F
Table:1.2
Turkey 3,612,781 F
Iran 3,000,000 F
Argentina 2,900,000 F
Chile 2,350,000 F
India 1,667,700 F
World 67,221,000 A
No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAOSTAT 2007, * = Unofficial/Semi-
official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or
estimates); INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH
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Source: Food And Agricultural Organization
The Statistical Division
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape
There's no reliable statistics that breaks down grape production by variety. It is, however, believed
that the most widely planted variety is Sultana, also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least
3,600 sq.km. (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is Airén. Other
popular varieties include Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Grenache, Tempranillo, and Chardonnay.
1.1.3.3 Table and wine grapes
Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on
their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make wine (wine
grapes). While almost all of them belong to the same species, Vitis vinifera, table and wine grapes
have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding. Table grape cultivars tend
to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually
seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the
aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at
the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially
produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.
1.1.3.4 Seedless grapes
Seedlessness is a highly desirable subjective quality in table grape selection, and seedless cultivars
now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are
vegetatively propagated by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction.
It is, however, an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or
rescue embryos early in development using tissue culture techniques.
There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it
from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being
cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes.
Several, such as Einset Seedless, Reliance and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for
hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of north-eastern United States and southern
Ontario.

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An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits
provided by the enriched phytochemical content of grape seeds (see Health claims, below).
1.1.3.5 Raisins, currants and sultanas
In most of Europe, dried grapes are referred to as "raisins" or the local equivalent. In the UK, three
different varieties are recognized, forcing the EU to use the term "Dried vine fruit" in official
documents.
A raisin is any dried grape. While raisin is a French loanword, the word in French refers to the
fresh fruit; grappe (from which the English grape is derived) refers to the bunch (as in une grappe
de raisins).
A currant is a dried Zante Black Corinth grape, the name being a corruption of the French raisin de
Corinthe (Corinth grape). Currant has also come to refer to the blackcurrant and redcurrant, two
berries unrelated to grapes.
A sultana was originally a raisin made from a specific type of grape of Turkish origin, but the word
is now applied to raisins made from common grapes and chemically treated to resemble the
traditional sultana.
1.1.4 PRESENT STATUS OF GRAPE CULTIVATION IN THE COUNTRY
Grape is grown under a variety of soil and climatic conditions in three distinct agro-climatic zones,
namely, sub-tropical, hot tropical and mild tropical climatic regions in India.
1.1.4.1 Sub-tropical Region: This region covers the northwestern plains corresponding to 28° and
32° N latitude including Delhi; Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh; Hissar and Jind districts of
Haryana; and Bhatinda, Ferozpur, Gurdaspur and Ludhiana districts of Punjab. Vines undergo
dormancy and bud break starts in the first week of March while the rains arrive in the first week of
June, and therefore, only 90-95 days are available from the initiation of growth to harvest.
Consequently, ‘Perlette’ is the only early ripening variety grown in this region. Rain damage is a

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problem with Thompson Seedless in this region. Single pruning and a single harvest is the
accepted practice here.
1.1.4.2 Hot Tropical Region: This region covers Nashik, Sangli, Solapur, Pune, Satara, Latur and
Osmanabad districts of Maharashtra; Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy, Mahbubnagar, Anantapur and
Medak districts of Andhra Pradesh; and Bijapur, Bagalkot, Belgaum, Gulberga districts of northern
Karnataka lying between 15° and 20° N latitude. This is the major viticulture region accounting for
70 percent of the area under grapes in the country. Vines do not undergo dormancy and double
pruning and a single harvest is the general practice in this region. Maximum and minimum
temperature is 42°C and 8°C, respectively. The major problems in this region are soil and water
salinity and drought. Berry growth is impaired and in certain locations pink blush sometimes
develops on green berries due to temperatures that drop to a low of 8°C. Thompson Seedless and
its clones (Tas-A-Ganesh, Sonaka), Anab-e-Shahi, Sharad Seedless and Flame Seedless are the
varieties grown in this region.
1.1.4.3 Mild Tropical Region: An area covered by 10° and 15° N latitude including Bangalore
and Kolar districts of Karnataka; Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh and Coimbatore; and Madurai
and Theni districts of Tamil Nadu fall in this region. Maximum temperatures in a year seldom
exceed 36°C, while the minimum is about 12°C. Principal varieties are Bangalore Blue (Syn.
Isabella), Anab-e-Shahi, Gulabi (Syn. Muscat Hamburg), and Bhokri. Thompson Seedless is
grown only with limited success. Except for Thompson Seedless, two crops are harvested in a year.
Vinifera varieties susceptible to mildew suffer losses due to unprecedented rains during flowering
and fruit set in both hot and mild tropical regions.
Area and production of different varieties of grapes in India is as follows:

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Table 1.3
Variety Area (ha) Production (t)

Anab-e-Shahi (white, seeded) 3,000 135,000
Bangalore Blue Syn. Isabella (black, seeded) 4,500 180,000
Bhokri (white, seeded) 500 15,000
Flame Seedless (red, seedless) 500 10,000
Gulabi Syn. Muscat Hamburg (purple, seeded) 1,000 30,000
Perlette (white, seedless) 1,500 60,000
Sharad Seedless - A mutant of Kishmish Chorni (black, seedless) 1,000 20,000
Thomson Seedless and its mutants (white, seedless) 22,000 550,000
Total 34,000 1,000,000
Source:http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6897e/x6897e06.htm
Approximately 85 percent of the total production, irrespective of the variety, is consumed fresh.
About 120,000 tonnes of Thompson Seedless and its mutants, namely, Tas-A-Ganesh, Sonaka and
Manik Chaman are dried for raisins. Some 20,000 tonnes of Bangalore Blue are crushed to make
juice, and 10,000 tonnes of Bangalore Blue, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chenin Blanc, Chardonnay,
Merlot, Pinot Noir and Uni Blanc are crushed to process into wine.
1.1.5 PRODUCTION OF PLANTING MATERIAL
Vines are raised on their own roots in India. Due to the non-prevalence of Phylloxera or
nematodes, rootstocks are not employed, but in recent years, the ‘Dogridge’ rootstock is being
employed to combat soil and water salinity problems.

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1.1.5.1 Multiplication on Own Roots
Grapes are multiplied exclusively by the rooting of hardwood cuttings. No Government agency is
involved in the multiplication and supply of rooted cuttings. Growers themselves obtain the
hardwood cuttings from elite vineyards and raise their own nurseries. Well matured canes obtained
in September/October are selected. Cuttings of 4 nodes each with a thickness of 8 to 10 mm are
made from the selected canes. The fresh cuttings are soaked in running water for 24 hours to leach
out the water-soluble rooting inhibitors. The basal parts of cuttings are then dipped in a 2,000 ppm
strong IBA solution for five minutes before planting. It is also a practice to plant the cuttings in
situ when three to four cuttings prepared and treated as above are planted at each spot in the main
field. Soil drenching with chlorophyriphos 0.1 percent is a practice to safeguard the cuttings
against termite damage.
1.1.5.2 Raising on Rootstocks
Hardwood cuttings of the ‘Dogridge’ rootstock are subjected to rooting, preferably in polybags of
15 x 25 cm. Rooted cuttings of this rootstock are planted in the main field during February-March.
The desired scion variety is then grafted/budded on the rootstocks in the field by wedge
grafting/chip budding. Wedge grafting is more common and the best time for the operation is
September-October, while June-July is the suitable time for chip budding.
1.1.5.3 Establishment Of Vineyards
1.1.5.3.1 Land Preparation and Vine Establishment
The land is tilled and laid into plots of 120 m x 180 m separated by 3 m wide roads. Land within a
plot is levelled perfectly to have a gradient of less than 1 percent in any direction to ensure uniform
discharge of water through the emitters of drip irrigation systems.
Trenches of 75 cm width, 75 cm depth and 118 m length in a north-south direction with a gap of 3
m between trenches are opened with heavy machinery. They are closed with topsoil, up to a height
of 45 cm after 15 days exposure to sun. The remaining gap is filled with a mixture of soil, cattle
manure, single superphosphate, sulphate of potash and micro-nutrients. Usually, 50 kg of cattle

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manure, 2.5 kg of superphosphate, 0.5 kg of sulphate of potash and 50 g each of ZnSO 4 and FeSO4
are added to the soil for every running meter length of the trench.
1.1.5.3.2 Planting Season
The best season for planting the rooted cuttings of cultivated varieties in the main field is
September-October whereas for rootstocks it is February-March.
1.1.5.3.3 Spacing
Spacing generally varies with the varieties and soil fertility. For vigorous varieties it is 6 m x 3 m
or 4 m x 3 m and 3 m x 3 m or 3 m x 2 m for less vigorous varieties.
1.1.5.4 CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF VINEYARDS
1.1.5.4.1 Training of Vines
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Flat
Roof Gable systems.
Bower System: Owing to the high productive potential, bower was a very popular system of
training in the past. It is highly suited for vigorous varieties like Anab-e-Shahi, Bangalore Blue and
Gulabi. But in varieties like Thompson Seedless and Tas-A-Ganesh where vine vigour and
excessive foliage density affects the productivity adversely, this system is not popular.
Telephone System: T-trellis is used in this system of training. With three top wires and ‘T’ shaped
supports, the trellis looks like a telephone pole and wires and hence the name.
This system is followed for moderately vigorous varieties like Thompson Seedless and other
seedless cultivars in about 25-30 percent of the vineyard area in Maharashtra. Yields in this system
are less than the bower. In very hot and dry places, sunburn of the berries and of the arms are
experienced in summer.

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Flat Roof Gable System: Combining the advantage of bower and the extended Y systems and
eliminating their disadvantages, an inter-connected Y trellis forming a flat roof gable is being
adopted. This system is particularly followed for vigorous vines (vines grafted on rootstocks). The
bunches are protected from direct sunlight and well exposed to sprays of pesticides. The clusters
hang within the reach of the worker of an average height. Owing to these advantages, this system
is gaining popularity among the growers in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
1.1.5.4.2 Pruning of Vines
Three distinct pruning practices are in vogue in relation to cropping in the three grape growing
regions of the country. In the sub-tropical region, vines are pruned only once in December and the
crop is harvested once. Half of the canes are pruned to renewal spurs and the rest to fruiting canes
(3-4 nodes for Perlette).
In hot tropical regions, vines are pruned twice but only one crop is harvested. All canes in a vine
are pruned back to single node spurs in March-May to develop canes and the canes are forward
pruned in October-November for fruiting. The number of nodes retained on a cane varies with the
variety and cane thickness. There is no scope to prune earlier than October and later than
November due to unfavourable weather conditions.
In the mild tropical region, vines are pruned twice and the crop is harvested twice. In varieties like
Gulabi and Bangalore Blue, which are fairly resistant to rain damage and in which fruit bud
differentiation is not impaired by cloudy weather and rains, pruning is done at any time of the year.
As a result, five crops are harvested every two years.
1.1.5.4.3 Application of Manure and Fertilizers
As vineyard soils are either sandy loams or heavy clays, the usage of organic manure has assumed
high importance in India. A standard dose of 500:500:1000 kg of N, P2O5 and K2O per hectare is
followed in light sandy soils, while 660:880:660 kg are applied for heavy clay soils. The annual
dose is fixed based on the petiole analysis carried out at 45 days after spur pruning. While 40
percent of the annual dose is given through organic sources, 60 percent is given as inorganic

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fertilizer. Calcium ammonium nitrate is usually not used. Sulphate of potash is the only source of
potash used in place of muriate, particularly in heavy clay soils. Recently application of soluble
fertilizers through drip irrigation is picking up. 40 percent of N, 50 percent of P2O5 and 33 percent
1.1.5.4.4 Weeding
Weeds between the rows of vines are removed mechanically by tractor drawn implements. Within
the rows, weeds are manually hoed and removed. Sometimes the post-emergent weedicides,
mainly glyphosate at about 2.0 kg/ha or paraquat at about 7.5 kg/ha is sprayed in fully grown
vineyards.
1.1.5.4.5 Supplementary Irrigation
Since grapes are grown in areas where the evapotranspiration exceeds the precipitation, irrigation
is essential. Less than 10 percent of the vineyard areas are surface irrigated, while the rest is
irrigated by drip systems. Water requirement is calculated based on the pan evaporation using 0.8
as the crop factor. Water is applied at different rates at different stages of vine growth and berry
development.
1.1.5.4.6 Pests and their Management
The important pests of grapes in India are, flea beetles, thrips, mealy bugs and leaf hoppers.
Flea beetles: The adult beetles scrape the sprouting buds and eat them up completely after each
pruning. Damaged buds fail to sprout. Insecticides like carbaryl at 0.15 percent, quinolphos at 0.05
percent, dichlorvas at 0.1 percent or phosalone at 0.05 percent are sprayed from the fourth day
until the emergence of leaves.
Thrips: Thrips attack the ovaries of flowers and newly set berries and suck sap from them. The
affected berries develop a corky layer and become brown on maturity. Scab formation on the berry
surface is also due to thrip damage to the ovaries/young berries. Such berries are not suitable for
marketing. Thrips are effectively controlled by spraying phosphamidon at 0.05 percent, carbaryl at
0.125 percent, phosalone at 0.05 percent or malathion at 0.05 percent. Prophylactic sprays of
insecticides against thrips are given once in five days from the initiation of bloom to berry set.

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Mealy Bugs: Mealy bugs are the most serious and problematic pests of grapes in India. Nymphs
and adults suck sap from the tender shoots resulting in crinkling and stunting of the new shoots.
They excrete honey on leaves and berries and sooty mold develops on the honey. Mealy bug
infected bunches are unfit for marketing. Yield losses can be up to 50 percent due to mealy bug
damage. Mealy bugs are hard-to-kill insects and the package of practices for their control in India
is as follows:
i) Avoid spraying broad-spectrum insecticides particularly synthetic pyrethroids.
ii) Spray only dichlorvas at 0.1 percent mixed with neem oil 0.2 percent or tridemorph at 0.1
percent.
iii) Release cryptolaemus montrozieri beetles at 8,000-10,000 per hectare when the berries start
softening. It is better to release a mixed population of grubs and adults rather than only adults.
Leaf hoppers: This pest has assumed serious proportions in all grape growing regions of India in
recent years. The adults and young nymphs of hoppers suck sap exclusively from the lower side of
the leaves. Carbaryl at 0.15 percent, fenitrothion at 0.04 percent, phosalone at 0.05 percent or
quinalphos at 0.05 percent are sprayed to control this pest. A mixture of quinalphos at 0.05 percent
and phosalone at 0.05 percent is more effective on the nymphs while tridemorph at 0.1 percent
only is effective on the adults.
1.1.5.4.7 Diseases and their Management
The important grape diseases are anthracnose, downy mildew, powdery mildew and bacterial leaf
spot. In recent years, Alternaria is also becoming a serious pathogen.
Anthracnose is prevalent in all grape growing regions of the country. The disease is characterized
by small light brown or greyish black lesions on tender shoots, young leaves, flowers and young
berries. Bordeaux mixture at 0.8 percent, copper oxychloride at 0.25 percent or carbendazim at 0.1
percent are used to control this disease.

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Downy mildew is the most devastating disease of grapes in the tropical region of the country. The
disease mainly appears on the leaves, but also attacks the flower clusters and young fruits. The
losses are very high when it attacks the clusters before fruit set. Entire clusters decay, dry and drop
down. Properly neutralized Bordeaux mixture at 1 percent, copper oxychloride at 0.2 percent,
Mancozeb at 0.2 percent, metalaxyl (Ridomil Mz at 0.2 percent) or Phosethyl-Al (aliettle at 0.2
percent) are used against this disease.
Powdery mildew is prevalent in all the grape growing regions. It is next in importance to downy
mildew in its devastating severity. The disease is characterized by the presence of white powdery
(ash like) coating in patches on both sides of the leaves, young shoots and immature berries.
Powdery mildew is controlled easily by wettable Sulphur formulations. A wide range of
fungicides, namely, Calaxin at 0.07 percent, Karathane EC at 0.04 percent, Myclobutanil (Systhane
at 0.05 percent), Triademifon (Bayleton at 0.1 percent) and Penconazol (Topas at 0.025 percent)
are used to control this disease.
Bacteria infects leaves, shoots and berries. The symptoms appear as minute water soaked spots on
the lower surface of the leaves, especially along the main and lateral veins. Mostly these spots
coalesce and form larger patches. Severely infected leaves give a blighted appearance.
Streptocyclin at 500 ppm is used as a prophylactic spray, while Bordeaux mixture at 0.8 percent or
copper oxychloride at 0.15 percent is used to check its spread.
1.1.5.4.8 Physiological Disorders
Physiological disorders associated with high temperature and low atmospheric humidity in the hot
tropical region are dead arm and trunk splitting. Salinity injury is common in Maharashtra and
north Karnataka. Other physiological disorders are cane immaturity, water berries, cluster tip
wilting, shot berries, uneven ripening and post-harvest berry drop. The eco-physiological disorders
are ‘coulure’, blossom-end rot, pink berry syndrome, berry cracking and rotting.
1.1.5.4.9 Quality Improvement

- 17 -
Shoot and Cluster Thinning: Only one or two clusters are retained per cane depending upon the
density of the latter. Irrespective of the number of clusters, only the apical two or three shoots are
retained. In vines trained to the flat roof gable, individual shoot length is encouraged rather than
the total canopy size for preventing sunburn of the berries.
Production of Loose Clusters: Pre-bloom GA sprays of 10 ppm and 15 ppm are given respectively
on the 11th to 14th day after bud break for cluster elongation. Rachides of the clusters are trimmed
to retain 8-10, depending on the number of leaves available per cluster. Clusters are dipped in GA
solution of 30-40 ppm when 10-20 percent of the flowers open in each cluster for berry thinning.
Increasing Berry Size: Manual means are used to supplement chemical thinning to ensure adequate
berry thinning and improve the quality of grapes. Approximately 90-120 berries are retained per
cluster depending upon the number of leaves available to nourish it at 8-10 berries per every leaf
depending on its size. Clusters are dipped in GA solution of 40-50 ppm concentration once at 3-4
mm size of the berries and again at 7-8 mm size. When berry diameter is to be increased to more
than 16 mm, clusters are dipped in a mixture of 10 ppm BA + 25 ppm GA or 2 ppm CPPU + 25
ppm GA or 1 ppm brassinosteroid + 25 ppm GA instead of GA alone at these two stages.
In addition to the treatment with growth regulators, berry size and crispiness are increased by
girdling. The width and depth of girdling are 1-1.5 mm. Girdling is done at 4-5 mm diameter of the
berries.Increasing the TSS Content: Berry thinning and cluster thinning to maintain adequate
leaf/fruit ratio (5 cm2), while girdling will ensure a TSS content of 20°B.
1.1.6 HARVESTING AND YIELDS
Approximately one million tonnes of grapes are harvested annually in India. Grape is harvested
almost all the year round. If not all the varieties, one or more varieties are always available at any
given time of the year. Period of harvest and yield of different varieties is given below.

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Table 1.4
Variety Yield (t/ha) Period of Harvest

Average Potential
Anab-e-Shahi 45 90 February-May, July, November-

December
Bangalore Blue 40 60 January-March, June-December
Bhokri 30 50 November-December, June-July
Gulabi 30 50 January-March, June-December
Perlette 40 50 June
Thompson Seedless and other seedless 25 50 January-April
varieties
Source:http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6897e/x6897e06.htm
However, the major proportion of produce, mainly of Anab-e-Shahi, Thompson Seedless and its
clones, is harvested during March-April from the hot tropical region, which contributes more than
70 percent of the total harvest.
The productivity of grapes in India is very high, particularly in the Hyderabad region. Yields as
high as 100 t/ha in Anab-e-Shahi and 75 t/ha in Thompson Seedless were recorded in this region.
However, quality of grapes is usually poor as a result of high yields.
1.1.7. MARKETING
More than 80 percent of the total production is consumed as table grapes in India, and more than
70 percent of the total production is harvested in March-April, but the cold storage facilities are
inadequate. Therefore, market gluts and fall of prices of grapes in March-April are common.

- 19 -
Approximately, 2.5 percent (22,000 t) of fresh grapes are exported to the Middle East and
European countries. The rest of the produce is marketed within the country. Grapes are exported
through three different agencies viz., Grower Exporters, Growers’ Cooperatives and the Trader
exporters. These agencies have established their own facilities for pre-cooling and cold storage in
the vicinity of major production sites.
1.1.8. POTENTIAL FOR GRAPE PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT
India has the distinction of achieving the highest productivity in grapes in the world, with an
average yield of 30 t/ha.
a) Sustaining productivity and minimizing risks in grape cultivation is possible because of the
availability of a variety of agro-climatic regions suitable for grape cultivation for table, raisin and
wine grapes.
b) Technologies to achieve high productivity are currently available.
c) Scope for double cropping in certain regions and harvesting round the year in certain varieties is
practically feasible.
d) Technologies to produce export quality grapes and quality raisins are available.
1.1.8.1 CONSTRAINTS IN GRAPE PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT
Although grape cultivation is considered as highly remunerative, the area under grapes is confined
to only 34,000 hectares due to the following constraints.
a) Heavy initial investment for establishing a vineyard.
b) High recurring costs in vineyard management.
c) Narrow variety base and lack of diversity in utilization of the germplasm available in grape
growing countries.

- 20 -
d) High risk of losing the crop due to unprecedented changes in weather.
e) Soil and water salinity in Maharashtra and drought in the hot tropical areas.
f) Short period available for ripening in the north.
g) Very low proportion of export quality grapes.
h) Wine is not a popular drink at present.
i) Marketing problems in table grapes.
1.1.9 GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PLANS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

OF GRAPES
The Government of India is supporting the grape industry of the country in the following ways:
a) Encourage and support the farmers for establishing the vineyards and installing drip irrigation
systems by providing soft loans and subsidies.
b) Provide research support to sustain the productivity of grapes under adverse situations.
c) Promote and support the export of fresh grapes by training the growers and providing soft loans
and subsidies for pre-cooling and cold storage facilities.
Research on grapes is carried out by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)
Institutes and State Agricultural Universities at different centres under the All India Coordinated
Research Project on Grapes. The National Research Centre for Grapes (ICAR) located at Pune,
Maharashtra is the focal point for conducting and coordinating the research activities on grapes
throughout the country.

- 21 -
1.1.10 Health claims
1.1.10.1 French Paradox
Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French
tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, surprisingly the incidence of heart disease remains low in
France, a phenomenon named the French Paradox and thought to occur from protective benefits of
regularly consuming red wine. Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced
platelet aggregation and vasodilation, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol) mainly in the grape skin
provide other suspected health benefits, such as:
• Alteration of molecular mechanisms in blood vessels, reducing susceptibility to vascular

damage
• Decreased activity of angiotensin, a systemic hormone causing blood vessel constriction
that would elevate blood pressure
• Increased production of the vasodilator hormone, nitric oxide (endothelium-derived
relaxing factor)
Although adoption of wine consumption is not recommended by some health authorities, a

significant volume of research indicates moderate consumption, such as one glass of red wine a
day for women and two for men, may confer health benefits. Emerging evidence is that wine
polyphenols like resveratrol provide physiological benefit whereas alcohol itself may have
protective effects on the cardiovascular system.
1.1.10.2 Resveratrol
Grape phytochemicals such as resveratrol (a polyphenol antioxidant), have been positively linked
to inhibiting any cancer, heart disease, degenerative nerve disease, viral infections and mechanisms
of Alzheimer's disease.
Protection of the genome through antioxidant actions may be a general function of resveratrol. In
laboratory studies, resveratrol bears a significant transcriptional overlap with the beneficial effects

- 22 -
of calorie restriction in heart, skeletal muscle and brain. Both dietary interventions inhibit gene
expression associated with heart and skeletal muscle aging, and prevent age-related heart failure.
Resveratrol is the subject of several human clinical trials, among which the most advanced is a one
year dietary regimen in a Phase III study of elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Synthesized by many plants, resveratrol apparently serves antifungal and other defensive
properties. Dietary resveratrol has been shown to modulate the metabolism of lipids and to inhibit
oxidation of low-density lipoproteins and aggregation of platelets.
Resveratrol is found in wide amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds
which, in muscadine grapes, have about one hundred times higher concentration than pulp.Fresh
grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.
1.1.10.3 Anthocyanins and other phenolics( fig 1.1)

- 23 -
Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (e.g.,
catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, an index of
dietary antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density
in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these
anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health.
Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin,
and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.
Red wine offers health benefits more so than white because many beneficial compounds are
present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time
a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol
content.Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on the
grape variety, because it is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol.
By contrast, a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of
skins.
Wines produced from muscadine grapes may contain more than 40 mg/L, an exceptional phenolic
content. In muscadine skins, ellagic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and trans-resveratrol
are major phenolics. Contrary to previous results, ellagic acid and not resveratrol is the major
phenolic in muscadine grapes.
The flavonols syringetin, syringetin 3-O-galactoside, laricitrin and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are
also found in purple grape but absent in white grape
1.1.10.4 Seed constituents
Since the 1980s, biochemical and medical studies have demonstrated significant antioxidant
properties of grape seed oligomeric proanthocyanidins. Together with tannins, polyphenols and
polyunsaturated fatty acids, these seed constituents display inhibitory activities against several
experimental disease models, including cancer, heart failure and other disorders of oxidative stress.

- 24 -
Grape seed oil from crushed seeds is used in cosmeceuticals and skincare products for many
perceived health benefits. Grape seed oil is notable for its high contents of tocopherols (vitamin E),
phytosterols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, oleic acid and alpha-linolenic
acid.
1.1.10.5 Concord grape juice
Commercial juice products from Concord grapes have been applied in medical research studies,
showing potential benefits against the onset stage of cancer, platelet aggregation and other risk
factors of atherosclerosis, loss of physical performance and mental acuity during aging and
hypertension in humans.
1.1.11 Annual growth cycle of grapevines
The annual growth cycle of grapevines is the process that takes place in the vineyard each year,
beginning with bud break in the spring and culminating in leaf fall in autumn followed by winter
dormancy. From a winemaking perspective, each step in the process plays a vital role in the
development of grapes with ideal characteristics for making wine. Viticulturalists and vineyard
managers monitor the effect of climate, vine disease and pests in facilitating or impeding the vines
progression from bud break, flowering, fruit set, veraison, harvesting, leaf fall and dormancy-
reacting if need be with the use of viticultural practices like canopy management, irrigation, vine
training and the use of agrochemicals. The stages of the annual growth cycle usually become
observable within the first year of a vine's life. The amount of time spent at each stage of the
growth cycle depends on a number of factors-most notably the type of climate (warm or cool) and
the characteristics of the grape variety.
1.1.11.1 Bud break
The grape starts its annual growth cycle in the spring with bud break. In the Northern Hemisphere,
this stage begins around March while in the Southern Hemisphere it begins around September
when daily temperatures begin to surpass 10 °C (50 °F). If the vine had been pruned during the
winter, the start of this cycle is signaled by a "bleeding" of the vine. This bleeding occurs when the

- 25 -
soil begins to warm and osmotic forces pushes water, containing a low concentration of organic
acids, hormones, minerals and sugars, up from the root system of the vine and it is expelled from
the cuts (or "wounds") left over from pruning the vine. During this period a single vine can "bleed"
up to 5 litres (1.3 gallons) of water.
Tiny buds on the vine start to swell and eventually shoots begin to grow from the buds. Buds are
the small part of the vine that rest between the vine's stem and the petiole (leaf stem). Inside the
buds contain usually three primordial shoots. These buds appear in the summer of previous growth
cycle green and covered in scales. During winter dormancy they turn brown until the spring when
the vine begins the process of bud break and the first sign of green in the vineyard emerges in the
form of tiny shoots. The energy to facilitate this growth comes from reserves of carbohydrate
stored in roots and wood of the vine from the last growth cycle. Eventually the shoots sprout tiny
leaves that can begin the process of photosynthesis, producing the energy to accelerate growth. In
warm climates, after about 4 weeks the growth of the shoots starts to rapidly accelerate with the
shoots growing in length an average of 3 cm (1 in) a day.
In temperate climates, where temperatures can reach above 10 °C (50 °F) in mid-winter, some
early budding varieties (such as Chardonnay) can be at risk of premature bud break. This is a
potential viticultural hazard in places like the Margaret River region of Western Australia where
warm currents from the Indian Ocean can coax Chardonnay vines to prematurely bud in the mid-
winter month of July. After bud break, the young shoots are very vulnerable to frost damage with
vineyard managers going to great lengths protect the fragile shoots should temperature
dramatically drop below freezing. This can include setting up heaters or wind circulators in the
vineyard to keep cold air from settling on the vines.[
1.1.11.2 Flowering
Depending on temperatures, 40-80 days after bud break the process of flowering begins with small
flower clusters appearing on the tips of the young shoots looking like buttons. Flowering occurs
when average daily temperatures stay between 15–20 °C (59–68 °F) which in the Northern
Hemisphere wine regions is generally around May and for the Southern Hemisphere regions
around November. A few weeks after the initial clusters appears, the flowers start to grow in size

- 26 -
with individual flowers becoming observable.It is during this stage of flowering that the pollination
and fertilization of the grapevine takes place with the resulting product being a grape berry,
containing 1-4 seeds.
Most Vitis vinifera grape vines are hermaphroditic, with both male stamens and female ovaries,
being able to self-pollinate. At the beginning of the flowering process the only part that is visible is
the fused cap of petals known as the calyptra. Shortly after the calyptra is shed, liberating the
pollen from the anthers of the stamen. Wind and insects generally play only a small role in aiding
pollination, with the process being mostly self contained within the vine. But cross-pollination
between vine species is possible as in the cases of the origins of several grape varieties like
Cabernet Sauvignon (a cross pollination of Cabernet Franc and Sauvignon blanc) and Petite Sirah
(a cross of Syrah and Peloursin). During the process of fertilization, the pollen fertilizes the ovary
which produces seeds as the flower begins the transformation into a grape berry, encapsulating the
seed. Detrimental weather (cold, wind & rain) can severely affect the flowering process, causing
many flowers not to be fertilize and produce a group. It is during this time when the buds that will
become next years crops begin to form.
1.1.11.3 Fruit set
The stage of fruit set follows flowering almost immediately, when the fertilized flower begins to
develop a seed and grape berry to protect the seed. In the Northern Hemisphere, this normally
takes place in May and in the Southern Hemisphere in November. [1] This stage is very critical for
wine production since it determines the potential crop yield. Not every flower on the vine gets
fertilized, with the unfertilized flowers eventually falling off the vine. The percentage of fertilized
flowers averages around 30 but can get as high as 60 or be much lower. Climate and the health of
the vine play an important role with low humidity, high temperatures and water stress having the
potential of severely reducing the amount flowers that get fertilized. Coulure occurs when there is
an imbalance of carbohydrate levels in the vine tissues and some berries fail to set or simply fall
off the bunch. Varieties like Grenache and Malbec are prone to this abnormal fruit set.
Millerandage occurs when some fertilized flowers do not form seeds but only small berry clusters.
Grape berry size depends on the number of seeds so berries with no seeds will be significantly

- 27 -
smaller than berries containing seeds. On one cluster there maybe berries of various sizes which
can create problems during winemaking due to the varying "skin to pulp" ratio among the grapes.
This can be caused by vine disease, such as fanleaf, or by a boron deficiency in the vine.
Gewürztraminer and the Chardonnay clones IA and Mendoza are both prone to millerandage.
1.1.11.4 Veraison
Following fruit set, the grape berries are green and hard to the touch. They have very little sugar
and are high in organic acids. They begin to grow to about half their final size when they enter the
stage of veraison. This stage signals the beginning of the ripening process and normally takes
places around 40-50 days after fruit set. In the Northern Hemisphere this will be around the end of
July and into August and between the end of January into February for the Southern Hemisphere.
During this stage the colors of the grape take form-red/black or yellow/green depending on the
grape varieties. This color changing is due to the chlorophyll in the berry skin being replaced by
anthocyanins (red wine grapes) and carotenoids (white wine grapes). In a process known as
engustment, the berries start to soften as they build up sugars. Within six days of the start of
veraison, the berries begin to grow dramatically as they accumulate glucose and fructose and acids
begin to fall.
The onset of veraison does not occur uniformly among all berries. Typically the berries and
clusters that are most exposed to warmth, on the outer extents of the canopy, undergo veraison first
with the berries and clusters closer to the trunk and under the canopy shade undergoing it last.
There are some factors in the vineyards that can control the onset of veraison, limited water stress
and canopy management that creates a high "leaf to fruit" ratio can encourage veraison. This is
because the vine is biologically programmed to channel all its energies and resources into the
berries, which houses its seedling offspring, so that they may have a better chance of survival.
Conversely, very vigorous wines with lots of leaf shading for photosynthesis and water supply will
delay the start of veraison due to the vines energies being directed towards continued shoot growth
of new buds. For the production of high quality wine, it is considered ideal to have an earlier
veraison. During this period the cane of the vine starts to ripen as well changing from green and

- 28 -
springing to brown and hard. The vines begins to divert some of its energy production into its
reserves in preparation for its next growth cycle.
1.1.11.5 After harvest
In the vineyard, the antepenultimate event is the harvest in which the grapes are removed from the
vine and transported to the winery to begin the wine making process. In the Northern Hemisphere
this is generally between September and October while in the Southern Hemisphere it is generally
between February and April. The time of harvest depends on a variety of factors-most notably the
subjective determination of ripeness. As the grape ripens on the vines, sugars and pH increase as
acids (such as malic acid) decrease. Tannins and other phenolics also develop which can affect the
flavors and aromas in the resulting wine. The threat of detrimental weather and vine diseases (such
as grey rot) can also play a role in the time table. The balance of all these factors contributes to
when a winemaker or vineyard manager decides that it is time to harvest.
Following the harvest, the vines continues the process of photosynthesis, creating carbohydrate
reserves to store in the vine's roots and trunks. It will continue doing this until an appropriate level
of reserves have been stored. At that point the chlorophyll in the leaves begin to break down and
the leaves change color from green to yellow. Following the first frost the leaves begin to fall as
the vine starts to enter its winter dormancy period. The following spring, the cycle begins again.
1.1.12 List of grape varieties
This is a list of varieties of cultivated grapes, whether used for wine, or eating as a table grape,
fresh or dried (raisin, currant, sultana).
The term "grape varieties" actually refers to cultivars rather than botanical varieties according to
the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, because they are propagated by
cuttings and may have unstable reproductive properties. However, the term variety has become so
entrenched in viticulture that any change to usage of the term cultivar is unlikely.
Varieties:

- 29 -
More than 20 varieties are under cultivation in India. However, only a dozen are commercially
grown. They can be grouped under following 4 categories based on colour and seeds.
Coloured
Bangalore Blue, Gulabi (Muscat)
seeded
Coloured
Beauty Seedless and Sharad Seedless
seedless
White seeded Anab-e-Shahi, Dilkhush (clone of Anab-e-Shahi)
Perlette, Pusa Seedless, Thompson Seedless, and its clones
White seedless
Tas-A-Ganesh, Sonaka and Manik Chaman
Table- 1.5
Currently, Thompson Seedless is the ruling grape variety occupying 55% of the area with its
clones. Bangalore Blue occupies approximately 15% of the total area while Anab-e-Shahi and
Dilkhush (15%), Sharad Seedless (5%), Perlette (5%) and Gulabi and Bhokri together (5%).
1.1.13 Areas of Cultivation :

Major grape-growing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and the
north-western region covering Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya
Pradesh. Maharashta ranks first in terms of production accounting for more than 75% of total
production and highest productivity in the country.
1.1.14 India Facts and Figures :

Grape is one of the important fruit covering an area of 60.2 thousand hectares occupying 1.30% of
the total area. The total production of grapes in India is 1,546 thousand MT. The total grape export
from India during the year 2007-08 season was 96963 MT worth Rs 317.83 crores.
1.1.15 Major Export Destinations (2007-08) : Netherlands, UK, Bangladesh, UAE, Germany.
1.1.16 Major Competitor: Italy, China, US, France, Spain, Argentina etc.

- 30 -
1.1.1.17 COUNTRY PROFILE
United Kingdom

- 31 -
Fig. – 1.2
PROFILE
1.1.1.17.1Geography
Area: 243,000 sq. km. (93,000 sq. mi.); slightly smaller than Oregon.
Cities: Capital--London (metropolitan pop. about 7.56 million). Other cities--Birmingham,
Glasgow, Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool, Bradford, Manchester, Edinburgh, Bristol, Belfast.
Terrain: 30% arable, 50% meadow and pasture, 12% waste or urban, 7% forested, 1% inland
water.
Land use: 25% arable, 46% meadows and pastures, 10% forests and woodland, 19% other.
Climate: Generally mild and temperate; weather is subject to frequent changes but to few extremes
of temperature.
1.1.1.17.2 People
Nationality: Noun--Briton(s). Adjective--British.
Population (2010 est.): 62.2 million.
Annual population growth rate (2010 est.): 0.7%.
Major ethnic groups: British, Irish, West Indian, South Asian.
Major religions: Church of England (Anglican), Roman Catholic, Church of Scotland
(Presbyterian), Muslim.
Major languages: English, Welsh, Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic.
Education: Years compulsory--12. Attendance--nearly 100%. Literacy--99%.
Health: Infant mortality rate (2009 est.)--4.85/1,000. Life expectancy (2009 est.)--males 76.5 yrs.;
females 81.6 yrs.; total 79.0 years.
Work force (2009, 31.25 million): Services--80.4%; industry--18.2%; agriculture--1.4%.
1.1.1.17.3 Government
Type: Constitutional monarchy.
Constitution: Unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice.

- 32 -
Branches: Executive--monarch (head of state), prime minister (head of government), cabinet.

Legislative--bicameral Parliament: House of Commons, House of Lords; Scottish Parliament,
Welsh Assembly, and Northern Ireland Assembly. Judicial--magistrates' courts, county courts,
high courts, appellate courts, House of Lords, Supreme Court.
Subdivisions: Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland (municipalities, counties, and parliamentary
constituencies).
Political parties: Conservative, Labour, Liberal Democrats, UK Independence Party, British
National Party, Green Party; also, in Scotland--Scottish National Party. Wales--Plaid Cymru (Party
of Wales). Northern Ireland--Ulster Unionist Party, Social Democratic and Labour Party,
Democratic Unionist Party, Sinn Fein, Alliance Party, Progressive Unionist Party.
Suffrage: British subjects and citizens of other Commonwealth countries and the Irish Republic
resident in the U.K., at 18.
1.1.1.17.4 Economy
GDP (at current market prices, 2009): $2.184 trillion.
Annual growth rate (2009): -4.8%.
Per capita GDP (at current market prices, 2009): $35,334.
Natural resources: Coal, oil, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead,
silica.
Agriculture (1.2% of GDP): Products--cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables, cattle, sheep, poultry,
fish.
Industry: Types--steel, heavy engineering and metal manufacturing, textiles, motor vehicles and
aircraft, construction (23.8% of GDP), electronics, chemicals.
Services (75% of GDP): Types--financial, business, distribution, transport, communication, hotels.
Trade (2009): Exports of goods and services--$351.3 billion: manufactured goods, fuels,
chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco. Major markets--U.S., European Union. Imports of goods and
services--$473.6 billion: manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, foodstuffs. Major suppliers--U.S.,
European Union, and China.
1.1.1.17.5 HISTORY
The Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC and most of Britain's subsequent incorporation into the
Roman Empire stimulated development and brought more active contacts with the rest of Europe.

- 33 -
As Rome's strength declined, the country again was exposed to invasion--including the pivotal
incursions of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in the fifth and sixth centuries AD--up to the Norman
conquest in 1066. Norman rule effectively ensured Britain's safety from further intrusions; certain
institutions, which remain characteristic of Britain, could develop. Among these are a political,
administrative, cultural, and economic center in London; a separate but established church; a
system of common law; distinctive and distinguished university education; and representative
government.
1.1.1.17.6 POLITICAL CONDITIONS
The Labour government that had been in power since 1997, first under Prime Minister Tony Blair
and then under his successor, Gordon Brown, lost its majority in the House of Commons in the
May 6, 2010 election. For the first time since 1974, however, no party was able to win a full
majority in the Commons, which led to several days of intense negotiations between the
Conservatives (Tories), who won the most seats, and the Liberal Democrats (Lib Dems), who
placed third in number of seats won. On May 11, when it became clear that Labour would be
unable to form a government, Prime Minister Gordon Brown resigned, and David Cameron
became the new Prime Minister. Cameron subsequently announced a formal coalition with the
Liberal Democrats, which would ensure Liberal Democrat support for a Conservative-led
government in exchange for five Liberal Democrat cabinet seats and policy compromises. As part
of the coalition deal, Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg became the Deputy Prime Minister. The
Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition has a 78-seat majority in the House of Commons, and the
Labour Party forms the opposition. Gordon Brown resigned as Labour leader on May 11,
prompting an election for a new Labour leader, who is expected to be in place by September 2010.
1.1.1.17.7 DEFENSE AND FOREIGN RELATIONS
The United Kingdom is a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
and is one of NATO's major European maritime, air, and land powers; it ranks third among NATO
countries in total defense expenditure. The United Kingdom has been a member of the European
Community (now European Union) since 1973. In the United Nations, the United Kingdom is a
permanent member of the Security Council. The U.K. held the Presidency of the G-8 during 2005;
it held the EU Presidency from July to December 2005.

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The British Armed Forces are charged with protecting the United Kingdom and its overseas
territories, promoting Britain's wider security interests, and supporting international peacekeeping
efforts. The 37,000-member Royal Navy, which includes 6,000 Royal Marine commandos, is in
charge of the United Kingdom's independent strategic nuclear arm, which consists of four Trident
missile submarines. The British Army, consisting of approximately 99,200 personnel, the Royal
Air Force, with 42,000 personnel, along with the Royal Navy and Royal Marines, are active and
regular participants in NATO and other coalition operations. Approximately 9% of the British
Armed Forces is female, and 4% of British forces represent ethnic minorities.
The United Kingdom stood shoulder to shoulder with the United States following the September
11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., and its military forces are, after U.S. forces, the second-
largest contingent of the coalition force in Afghanistan. The U.K. force in Afghanistan stood at
10,000 as of May 6, 2010. U.K. forces are primarily based in the Helmand region, where they are
on the front line in the war against continued Taliban operations. In addition, the U.K. has
contributed more than £510 million (approximately $723.4 million) to Afghan reconstruction--the
second-largest donor after the United States. The U.K. was the United States' main coalition
partner in Operation Iraqi Freedom; its combat forces withdrew from Iraq in July 2009.

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COUNTRY PROFILE
INDIA
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape
1.1.1.17.8 OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of India
1.1.1.17.9 CAPITAL: New Delhi
1.1.1.17.10 SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: Multiparty Federal Republic
1.1.17.11 AREA: 3,166,692 Sq Km (1,222,720 Sq Mi)

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1.1.17.12 ESTIMATED 2000 POPULATION 1,096,695,000

1.1.17.13 LOCATION & GEOGRAPHY: India is located on the Indian sub-continent in South
Asia. It is bound by Pakistan to the northwest, China, Bhutan and Nepal to the north, Myanmar and
Bangladesh to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the southeast and the Arabian Sea to the southwest. It
is the second largest country in Asia and the territory also includes the Andaman, Nicobar and the
Lakshadweep Islands. The mainland of India can be divided into four topographical regions. (1.)
The northern mountains or Himalayan region which comprises three parallel ranges mixed with
large plateaux and valleys. (2.) The Indo-Gangetic Plain which is formed by the basins of the
Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra Rivers. (3.) The desert region which is divided into the Great and
Little Deserts. (4.) The southern region which includes a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian
Sea and a broader one along the Bay of Bengal. The southern region is separated from the Indo-
Gangetic Plain by a mass of mountain ranges and plateaux on the Indian or Deccan Peninsula,
which are flanked by the Western and Eastern Ghats. The rivers of India are generally divided into
the Himalayan and peninsula rivers, and the principal rivers include the Ganges with its tributaries,
the Jumna, Yamuna, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Chambi, Betwa, Son, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna,
Cauvery, Narbada and Tapti. Major Cities (pop. est.); Mumbai (Bombay) 9,925,900, Delhi
7,206,700, Calcutta 4,399,800, Madras 3,841,400, Bangalore 3,302,300, Hyderabad 3,145,900,
Ahmadabad 2,954,500, Kanpur 1,879,400, Nagpur 1,624,800, Lucknow 1,619,100, Pune
1,566,700, New Delhi 301,300 (1991). Land Use; forested 23%, pastures 4%, agricultural-
cultivated 57%, other 16% (1993).
1.1.17.14 CLIMATE: India has a tropical climate that is dominated by the Asiatic monsoons with
four fairly distinct seasons which are common to all six or seven climatic regions. (1.) A relatively
cool winter monsoon season. (2.) A hot and rainless transitional season. (3.) A rainy monsoon
season and (4.) a humid season. Tropical hurricanes and cyclones are common between April to
June and September to December. Average temperature ranges in New Delhi are from 7 to 21
degrees Celsius (45 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit) in January to 26 to 41 degrees Celsius (79 to 106
degrees Fahrenheit) in May.
1.1.17.15 PEOPLE: India's racial diversity is extremely complex, but generally can be divided
into the following ethnic groups. The Indo-Aryan who represent 72% of the population while the

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Dravidian account for 25% and the Mongoloid with others account for 3%. There are also three
alien ethnic groups which include the Parsis, Jews and the Anglo-Indians of mixed European and
Indian descent.
1.1.17.16 DEMOGRAPHIC/VITAL STATISTICS: Density; 275 persons per sq km (712
persons per sq mi) (1991). Urban-Rural; 25.7% urban, 74.3% rural (1991). Sex Distribution;
51.9% male, 48.1% female (1991). Life Expectancy at Birth; 58.1 years male, 59.1 years female
(1986-90). Age Breakdown; 37% under 15, 27% 15 to 29, 18% 30 to 44, 11% 45 to 59, 6% 60 to
74, 1% 75 and over (1990). Birth Rate; 32.5 per 1,000 (1991). Death Rate; 11.4 per 1,000 (1991).
Increase Rate; 21.1 per 1,000 (1991). Infant Mortality Rate; 80.0 per 1,000 live births (1990).
1.1.17.17 RELIGIONS: Around 83% of the population are Hindu, 11.4% are Muslim, 3% are
Christian, 2% are Sikh while just under 1% are Buddhist and .5% are Jain.
1.1.17.18 LANGUAGES: The official languages are Hindi and English, with Hindi including its
associated languages and dialects accounting for 84% of the population while English is used for
national, political and commerce purposes. Over 1,600 languages and dialects are spoken
throughout India with over 15 constitutionally recognized.
1.1.17.19 EDUCATION: Aged 25 or over and having attained: no formal schooling 65.8%,
incomplete primary 7.1%, primary 10.9%, incomplete secondary 6.2%, secondary 7.1%, higher
2.9% (1981). Literacy; literate population aged 15 or over 261,200,000 or 48.2% (1990).
1.1.17.20 MODERN HISTORY - WWII TO 1993: On Aug. 15, 1947 India gained independence
from Britain and the next day Pakistan was created while Jawaharlal Nehru became India's first
Prime Minister. From 1948 to 1949 India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir which ended when the
UN divided the Kashmir between the two countries. In 1948 Mohandas Gandhi who led India to
independence was assassinated. In 1950 India adopted a new constitution which made it a republic.
In 1962 a border dispute erupted with China, in which China invaded the northeastern border
section of India. In May 1964 Prime Minister Nehru died after being at the forefront of Indian
politics since its independence. In 1965 a second war broke out between India and Pakistan over
Kashmir which resulted in Soviet mediation and a peace agreement in Jan. 1966. In Mar. 1971
Indira Gandhi, became India's first woman Prime Minister. In Dec. 1971 India assisted East
Pakistan in a war against West Pakistan which resulted in East Pakistan becoming the independent
nation of Bangladesh. In 1977 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her party were defeated in

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parliamentary elections, however, in 1980 she won the elections and became Prime Minister again.
In 1983 serious unrest developed with the Sikhs wanting more regional autonomy for Punjab state
and in 1984 the Indian Army launched a massive offensive and as many as 1,000 people were
killed in the two day battle. On Oct. 31, 1984 two Sikh bodyguards assassinated Indira Gandhi and
Rajiv Gandhi her son, succeeded her as Prime Minister in December after parliamentary elections.
In July 1985 Rajiv Gandhi signed a peace accord with the Sikh leader, however, the violence
continued and in May 1987 the Punjab state government was dismissed and the state was placed
under central control. Additionally, since 1983 there has been a Sri Lankan Tamil separatist
insurgence and in 1987 under an agreement with the Sri Lankan government India occupied the
northern regions of the island. On Mar. 6, 1991 Prime Minister Chandra Shekar resigned and Pres.
Ramaswamy Venkataraman dissolved the lower house of Parliament on Mar. 13, 1991. The
elections were set for May 20, 23 and 26, 1991, and were a three way contest between the Indian
National Congress (I), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and a National Front and leftist parties
combination. On May 21, 1991 Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by the Tamil "Tiger" guerrilla
group in a human bomb attack that also killed 14 others while he was preparing to give a campaign
address in Sriperumbudur. Elections due for May 23 and 26 were postponed until June 12 and 15,
and resulted in the Congress (I) forming another government and Pamulaparti Venkata Narasihma
Rao being sworn in as Prime Minister on June 21, 1991. On Sept. 24, 1991 the government
announced its intention to adopt the Mandal Commission's recommendation that 27% of public
jobs be reserved for "socially and educationally backward classes". On Oct. 20, 1991 a massive
earthquake in the Himalayan region of Uttar Pradesh killed some 1,600 people while during 1991
there was an insurgence in violence and assassinations from militant groups in Punjab, Jammu and
Kashmir, and Assam that climaxed on Dec. 26, 1991 with Sikh separatists killing 49 Hindu
passengers and wounding a further 20 on a train in Punjab. In Jan. 1992 some 91 Bombay slum
dwellers lost their lives after drinking impurely mixed alcohol during New Years celebrations
while in May 1992 some 210 also lost their lives in Orissa through similar circumstances. In Feb.
1992 some 47 people died as a result of a stampede during the ritual bathing in Kumbakonam. In
April 1992 a massive stock swindle known as the scam where a group of bankers and brokers
collaborated to manipulate stock market operations resulted in the arrest of prominent brokers and
the executives of several foreign and Indian banks and institutions. On July 25, 1992 Pres. R.

- 39 -
Venkataraman was succeeded by Shankar Dayal Sharma after presidential elections. During 1992
separatist militant activities continued in the regions of Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir and Telingana
region. On Dec. 6, 1992 Hindu-Muslim riots erupted throughout the country after the demolition of
the Muslim Babri Mosque in Ayodhya by Hindu militants and thousands of supporters. The
Hindus had claimed the site was the birthplace of Lord Rama and that they were going to build
their own temple. On the same day and in response the government dismissed the BJP-run state
government of Uttar Pradesh and imposed direct Presidential rule on the state while on Dec. 7,
1992 Hindu and Muslim fundamentalist parties were outlawed. On Dec. 8, 1992 the BJP leaders
were arrested and on Dec. 15, 1992 other BJP-run state governments were dismissed. By Dec. 12,
1992 the death toll from the religious clashes had climbed to 1,150. On Jan. 6, 1993 Hindu-Muslim
riots broke out in Bombay claiming some 560 lives in the first week. On Jan. 7, 1993 Pres. Sharma
issued a ordinance, that was later ratified by the Parliament, to acquire 67.7 acres (27.4 hectares)
around the temple site and the intention to construct two temples on the site, one for the Muslims
and the other for the Hindus. On Jan. 10, 1993 the BJP leaders arrested in Dec. 1992 were released.
In March and April, 1993 there were politically motivated bombings in Calcutta and Bombay with
60 and 33 people respectively losing their lives. During 1993 the government established a human
rights commission to investigate claims of violations and abuse at the hands of police and security
forces while clashes between the government forces and the various militant separatists continued
throughout the year. Also in 1993 the government appointed a joint parliamentary committee to
investigate the 1992 stock market scandal, which had allegedly lost Rs 40,242,000,000 and the
country also experienced its worst earthquake in 50 years in the Maharashtra state on Sept. 20,
1993 with some 10,000 people officially losing their lives, although unofficial reports claimed the
death toll to be as high as 35,000 with some 140,000 rendered homeless.
1.1.17.21 CURRENCY: The official currency is the Rupee (Re) divided into 100 Paisa.
ECONOMY: Gross National Product; USD $262,810,000,000 (1993). Public Debt; USD
$80,985,000,000 (1993). Imports; Re 728,060,000,000 (1994). Exports; Re 695,470,000,000
(1994). Tourism Receipts; USD $1,487,000,000 (1993). Balance of Trade; Re 38,134,000,000
(1994). Economically Active Population; 314,131,370 or 37.5% of total population (1991).
Unemployed; 13.1% (1990).

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1.1.17.22 MAIN TRADING PARTNERS: Its main trading partners are the USA, the UK, the
former USSR, Japan, Iran and Iraq.
1.1.17.23 MAIN PRIMARY PRODUCTS: Barley, Bauxite, Chromium, Coal, Cotton, Copper,
Fruit, Gemstones, Ground Nuts, Iron Ore, Jute, Limestone, Manganese, Mica, Millet, Oil and Gas,
Potatoes, Pulses, Rice, Sorghum, Sugar Cane, Tea, Vegetables, Wheat.
1.1.17.24 MAJOR INDUSTRIES: Agriculture, Beverages, Cement, Chemicals, Coke, Fertilizers,

Food Processing, Iron and Steel, Machinery, Oil Refining, Software Development, Textiles,
Transport Equipment.
1.1.17.25 MAIN EXPORTS: Fish, Food, Gemstones, Handicrafts, Iron Ore, Leather, Machinery,
Software, Tea, Textiles.
1.1.17.26 TRANSPORT: Railroads; route length 61,975 km (38,509 mi) (1990), passenger-km
284,800,000,000 (176,966,000,000 passenger-mi) (1990), cargo ton-km 233,900,000,000
(160,198,000,000 short ton-mi) (1990). Roads; length 2,000,000 km (1,242,742 mi) (1989).
Vehicles; cars 2,284,000 (1989), trucks and buses 1,433,000 (1989). Merchant Marine; vessels 855
(1990), deadweight tonnage 10,497,191 (1990). Air Transport; passenger-km 16,518,000,000
(10,264,000,000 passenger-mi) (1990), cargo ton-km 662,832,000 (453,974,000 short ton-mi)
(1990).
1.1.17.27 COMMUNICATIONS: Daily Newspapers; total of 3,805 with a total circulation of
18,800,000 (1993). Radio; receivers 65,000,000 (1994). Television; receivers 20,000,000 (1994).
Telephones; units 8,037,400 (1993).
1.1.17.28 MILITARY: 1,145,000 (1992) total active duty personnel with 85.6% army, 4.8% navy
and 9.6% air force while military expenditure accounts for 3.3% (1993) of the Gross National
Product (GNP).

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1.2 Literature Review
Mr. Merro Don Thomas had done the research on Analysis of Export Procedures for Grapes
in the month of June 2010 from Institute of Management and Development, Delhi and he get the
following conclusion:
 The advent of new varieties having high consumer preference and technical advancement
in cultivation has made this crop more popular.
 Owing to the nutritional and medicinal values of the fruits, there is preference among the
consumers in the domestic and international markets.
 Thomson seedless and sharad seedless variety is best suited for cultivation in the tropical
areas. This variety is one of the best varieties suitable for export purpose and it is gaining
popularity among consumers.
 Most of the Grapes produced is consumed locally and about 1 per cent is exported. The
exports have not been substantial since the international standards were not known.

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 Of late, Indian grapes have penetrated into the European Union since suitable varieties
conforming to international standards are being produced. Karnataka has exported about
2000 MT to other countries during the last few years. There is potential for export to the
United State of America also. Diseases such as Powdary mildew, Downy Mildew, etc.,
have created problems in obtaining economic yields.
 Proper varietal selection, crop and post harvest management, infrastructure such as cold
chain, facilities for marketing etc, will augment the cultivation of quality grapes and will
help in increasing the exports to a tune of about 20,000 – 30,000 MT tons.
 In this background, India can definitely make a dent in grapes trade in the world market.
1.3 Rationale
• India is the largest producer of agricultural product and has a lot of export potential.
• More than four-five varieties are grown in India, so a number of taste options are available.
• Most of the Indians migrate to other country and thus they demand for Indian fruits.
• Export qualities of grapes are grown in India.
• India can prove to be competitive.
• The migrants can prove to be good promoters for the fruits.
• India has clean transaction terms with other countries; it facilitates long-term and healthy
business dealings.

- 43 -
1.4 Objectives Of Research
• To find out the potential, market for Indian grapes.
• To find out the major potential markets for export.
• To find out the measures to increase the growth of grapes export from India.

- 44 -
1.5 Methodology
Agriculture is one of the strongholds of the Indian economy and accounts for 14.6 per cent of the
country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2009-10, and 10.23 per cent (provisional) of the total
exports. Furthermore, the sector provided employment to 58.2 per cent of the work force.
1.5.1 Type of study
• Research of the exports of grapes from India to UK.
1.5.2 Countries involved
• India and UK
1.5.3 Data Collection And Sources

- 45 -
• I have used the secondary data for the preparation of this project. Sources of secondary
data being the books. Websites and search engines, magazines, journals and news paper
articles.
1.6 Limitations
• The time period provided for the research was not sufficient to undergo an analytical
research work.
• Direct face to face interaction for collecting the primary data was not possible.
• The secondary data has been collected on the basis of various trade portals, thus the
authentication of the data is questionable.
• The domestic consumption of grapes is higher, so there was a problem in showing the
extensive growth in its exports.

- 46 -

- 47 -
2. EXPORT PERFORMANCE
2.1 EXPORT OF GRAPES
Table 2.1
Product Group Report/Country Wise

Value in Rs. lacs
Qty in Mt.
Product: FRESH GRAPES
2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009
Country Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
NETHERLAND 19,020.63 10,013.22 24,379.36 13,586.70 24,340.98 13,448.55
UK 13,657.67 7,656.94 11,639.68 6,368.09 12,757.61 6,597.40
BANGLADESH 25,761.19 3,107.79 37,994.97 4,379.14 54,509.29 6,274.04
U ARAB EMTS 8,140.28 3,667.91 9,686.00 3,398.79 13,064.35 5,650.47
BELGIUM 4,522.90 1,552.66 451.01 314.39 3,641.66 2,242.15
SAUDI ARABIA 1,115.45 563.59 2,402.61 745.19 3,488.84 1,627.03
NORWAY 570.89 407.75 520.5 410.62 743.87 595.22
GERMANY 6,137.32 1,440.19 2,162.15 784.62 1,303.86 472.39
NEPAL 2,650.26 242.33 3,210.10 313.97 3,966.31 458.64
SRI LANKA 890 228.78 1,081.06 226.7 1,193.50 354.76
OMAN 314.45 164.91 578.13 208.09 529.59 343.5
MOROCCO 0 0 0 0 441.1.17 338.72
MALAYSIA 196.64 92.18 390.62 120.37 452.46 298.43
ALGERIA 0 0 0 0 361.26 292.54
Source: http://tradejunction.apeda.com/indexp/product_description_32head.aspx?gcode=0205

- 48 -
Table 2.2 Port Report / Product Group Wise
Qty in Mt.
Value in Rs. lacs
Port: KANDLA SEA
2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009
Product Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
BASMATI RICE 0 0 743264.88 269968.89 754671.85 459278.41
OTHER CEREALS 0 0 514979.28 55689.69 727357.48 76427.48
NON BASMATI RICE 0 0 489619.02 107286.9 128792.58 25539.58
JAGGERY AND CONFECTIONERY 0 0 220240.86 24151.09 133654.79 15579.41
GUARGUM 0 0 4929.08 2823.04 5598 3317.52
CEREAL PREPRATIONS 7621.13 2548.12 3047.67 1182.5 3654.95 1470.58
PULSES 5248.25 1340.48 6245.83 1916.1 2552.12 1078.35
OTHER PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 34.78 14.08 2474.1 879.84 2269.82 931.78
MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 42.85 32.64 4722.38 985.37 3968.81 839.4
GROUND NUTS 0 0 7463.81 3064.09 1702.2 650.75
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 0 0 0 0 497.5 313.43
DRIED AND PRESERVED VEGETABLES 0 0 221.4 157.22 132.02 65.15
DAIRY PRODUCTS 3 5.07 47.97 75.01 38.62 56.78
MILLED PRODUCTS 0 0 726.2 119.16 260.2 47.48
OTHER FRESH FRUITS 0 0 27.73 8.6 62.12 28.39
COCOA PRODUCTS 0 0 2 1.43 9.54 21.02
OTHER FRESH VEGETABLES 0 0 0 0 233.63 19.75
FRESH MANGOES 0 0 59 17.2 17 10.64
FRESH ONIONS 0 0 299 23.23 117.01 6.65
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SEEDS 0 0 0 0 1 1.47
MANGO PULP 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.17
PROCESSED MEAT 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.15
NATURAL HONEY 0 0 0 0 0.13 0.13
FLORICULTURE 1.2 1.58 0 0 0 0
Total 12,951.21 3,941.97 1,998,370.21 468,349.36 1,765,592.27 585,684.47

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Source: http://tradejunction.apeda.com/indexp/portreport_prdgrp.aspx?pcode=515
Table 2.3 Port Report / Product Group Wise
Qty in Mt.
Value in Rs. lacs
Port: MUMBAI AIR
2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009
Product Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
SHEEP / GOAT MEAT 238.22 234.46 5515.66 8697.06 7355.07 13630.16
OTHER FRESH VEGETABLES 788.91 277.1 34873.02 10097.25 46536.05 13548.11
FLORICULTURE 11.51 27.17 4095.18 6812 1649.21 5637.4
FRESH MANGOES 0 0 4040.49 3073.88 6546.39 3360.57
OTHER FRESH FRUITS 49.27 30.47 8901.94 1736.6 16439.99 2266.33
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SEEDS 0 0 118.15 1210.68 59.73 1676.98
POULTRY PRODUCTS 0.01 0.03 33435.02 1507.24 15602.37 934.21
MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS 100.59 88.8 1016 554.48 698.49 437.49
ANIMAL CASINGS 0 0 40.07 87.58 74.3 132.39
BUFFALO MEAT 0.3 0.18 965.53 1310.31 130.46 128.78
DAIRY PRODUCTS 4.93 9.06 37.72 53.41 93.15 122.49
OTHER PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 15.09 9.49 188.48 105.3 164.02 103.42
CEREAL PREPRATIONS 10.24 5.82 172.67 136.21 116.75 82.28
FRESH ONIONS 0 0 5.27 0.62 473.64 70.34
JAGGERY AND CONFECTIONERY 0 0 40.02 41.15 45.58 68.07
COCOA PRODUCTS 1.3 1.34 2.97 4.26 30.51 57.09
MANGO PULP 0 0 1.64 1.34 64.13 55.78
FRESH GRAPES 0 0 189.08 105.18 89.32 43.6
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 9.5 11.26 43.65 36.65 17.79 36.94
WHEAT 0 0 0 0 200.32 15.9
SWINE MEAT 61.99 57.73 1.69 0.81 6.67 9.45
NATURAL HONEY 0 0 0.5 1.53 2.02 8.33
DRIED AND PRESERVED VEGETABLES 0 0 49.28 55.39 12.21 7.84

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Source:http://tradejunction.apeda.com/indexp/PortReport_prdgrp.aspx?pcode=483

- 51 -
2.2 Country Report / Product Wise

Country: UK Table 2.4
QTY(2006- Value(2006- QTY(2007- Value(2007- QTY(2008- Value(2008-
Product
2007) 2007) 2008) 2008) 2009) 2009)
Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
Basmati Rice 71,411.67 19,622.59 71,377.57 29,108.34 62,563.10 43,103.89
Papad 7,419.42 6,125.71 6,376.07 5,974.44 8,013.40 7,388.77
Grapes, fresh 13,579.43 7,627.57 11,608.64 6,343.17 12,672.55 6,559.81
Other vegetalbes, fruits, nuts
and other edible parts of 10,101.05 3,633.72 12,088.20 4,362.17 11,190.87 4,025.36
plants prepd./presvd
Mixed Vegetables
8,202.82 2,862.74 8,382.13 2,595.69 12,197.91 3,932.19
fresh/chilled
Ground-nuts HPS Kernels 2,505.02 803.48 10,030.07 4,044.66 9,328.60 3,920.59
Mango pulp 5,410.78 2,034.08 7,283.10 2,895.67 8,204.04 3,751.56
Not Fresh foliage, branches
and other parts of plants
without flowers or flower
3,131.59 2,478.26 2,953.47 2,582.08 3,343.19 3,010.20
buds and grasses for
bouquets or for ornamental
purpose
OTHER BAKERY
2,045.63 1,535.34 3,009.42 2,095.98 3,527.12 2,960.68
PRODUCTS
Onions, dried,
whole/cut/sliced/broken/in
1,888.68 1,354.61 2,072.56 1,777.68 3,144.02 2,743.32
powder but not further
prepared
Guargum treated and
2,137.89 1,196.63 2,042.42 1,061.61 3,285.92 1,743.06
pulverised
Mangoes , fresh/dried, 1,883.19 1,141.28 2,575.37 1,981.66 2,527.39 1,403.20
Pomegranates Fresh 1,952.80 1,473.26 1,566.87 804.40 1,537.17 1,183.36
other food preparation not
3,239.63 705.56 7,206.85 2,379.12 1,272.60 1,129.08
elsewhere specified
Natural honey 374.00 249.32 655.84 540.95 816.92 936.73
Source: http://tradejunction.apeda.com/indexp/country_description.aspx?ctry=13421

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2.3 INDIA EXPORT STATISTICS
ProductGroup: FRESH GRAPES Table2.5 ProductGroup: FRESH GRAPES Table2.6

Qty in mt Value in lakhs
2008-2009
2007-2008
Country Qty Value
Country Qty Value
12757.6
UK 6597.40 11639.6
1 ProductGroup: FRESH UK 6368.09
8
12757.6 GRAPES Table 2.7
Total 6597.4 ProductGroup: FRESH 11639.6
1 Total 6368.09
GRAPES Table 2.8 8
2006-2007
Country Qty Value
13657.6
UK 7656.94
7
13657.6
Total 7656.94
7
2005-2006
Country Qty Value
11318.5
UK 5914.75
1
11318.5
Total 5914.75
1
ProductGroup: FRESH GRAPES Table 2.9
2004-2005
Country Qty Value
5888.7
UK 3290.09
6

- 53 -
5888.7
Total 3290.09
6
Source: http://tradejunction.apeda.com/indexp/genReport.aspx

- 54 -
2.4 Country report for grapes Table 2.10
Year 2009-2010
Country - UK
Quantity in mt, Value in lakhs
April- April-
April-January December April-October September April-August April-June April-May April-April
Valu
Product Qty Value Qty e Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
FRESH 5025. 2519. 4780. 2363 4777. 2361. 4776. 2360. 4776. 2360. 4756 2348. 4756 2347. 4755. 2346.
GRAPES 48 87 96 .6 99 19 79 23 79 23 .7 46 .1 01 46 39
5025. 2519. 4780. 2363 4777. 2361. 4776. 2360. 4776. 2360. 4756 2348. 4756 2347. 4755. 2346.
Total 48 87 96 .6 99 19 79 23 79 23 .7 46 .1 01 46 39
Source: http://tradejunction.apeda.com/indexp/genReport.aspx#content

- 55 -
2.5 Three year description of APEDA product Table 2.11

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
PRODUCT Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
FLORICULTURE
FLORICULTURE 42545.28 65269.73 36240.71 34014.42 30798.34 36881.41
FRUIT AND
VEGETABLE SEEDS 8104.09 12158.95 10157.13 14212.29 8535.53 11999.09
Total 50649.37 77428.68 46397.84 48226.71 39333.87 48880.5
FRESH FRUITS & VEGETABLES
FRESH ONIONS 1378373.17 116330.57 1008606.48 103577.89 1670186.29 182752.21
OTHER FRESH
VEGETABLES 276824.6 43314.38 350235.47 48949.01 505285.46 68020.32
WALNUTS 5062.86 11803.79 6716.49 16207.8 5696.34 14123.63
FRESH MANGOES 79060.88 14193.95 54350.8 12741.76 83703.18 17071.25
FRESH GRAPES 85897.79 30192.45 96963.57 31782.51 124627.97 40861.28
OTHER FRESH
FRUITS 177638.3 30997.39 207700.78 30452.6 256768.53 43086.84
Total 2002857.6 246832.53 1724573.59 243711.57 2646267.77 365915.53
PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
DRIED AND
PRESERVED
VEGETABLES 119270.43 42754.17 125726.28 42993.81 147861.21 49641.51
MANGO PULP 156835.51 50582.79 166752.17 50968.51 173013.6 75298.9
OTHER PROCESSED
FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES 318067.57 95550.82 311756.29 96281.65 387126.42 137179
PULSES 255084.47 78999.4 170614.39 54900.85 136880.08 54232.5
Total 849257.98 267887.18 774849.13 245144.82 844881.31 316351.91
ANIMAL PRODUCTS
BUFFALO MEAT 494506.3 321374.6 483478.29 354978.47 462749.62 483970.99
SHEEP / GOAT MEAT 5777.52 6587.23 8908.72 13409.96 37790.64 49336.94
POULTRY PRODUCTS 711245.67 31817.08 1355246.31 44108.55 1057016.47 42205.8
DAIRY PRODUCTS 45371.84 43457.8 69415.44 86656.36 70146.77 98086.06
ANIMAL CASINGS 435.98 950.65 619.68 684.14 1823.72 884.32
PROCESSED MEAT 860.69 712.62 1245.47 1296.13 857.63 1014.4
NATURAL HONEY 8135.6 6091.63 12231.19 9329.64 15587.53 14896.37
SWINE MEAT 1523.47 865.3 1710.89 2463.69 817.82 917.23
Total 1267857.07 411856.91 1932855.99 512926.94 1646790.2 691312.11
OTHER PROCESSED FOODS
GROUND NUTS 251428.65 79846.01 269587.64 105407.83 297890.37 123900.93
GUARGUM 189304.36 112579.2 211166.56 112574.57 258567.56 133898.53
JAGGERY AND
CONFECTIONERY 455935.85 87346.11 2408129.7 281068.2 1467904.9 200482.09
COCOA PRODUCTS 3412.21 4011.65 4979.27 4225.84 6831.9 8403.91
CEREAL
PREPRATIONS 111123.05 59880.36 135962.85 67735.48 206928.49 110092.5
ALCOHOLIC
BEVERAGES 50771.79 22194.22 59614.33 33856.2 56152.9 54254.2
MISCELLANEOUS
PREPARATIONS 77426.45 33687.72 130760.28 47446.61 139637.31 59172.63

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Total 1139402.36 399545.27 3220200.63 652314.73 2433913.43 690204.79

CEREALS
BASMATI RICE 1045714.95 279280.89 1183355.73 434458.12 1556411.06 947702.98
NON BASMATI RICE 3702191.99 424307.84 5285916.33 740979.43 931879.8 168737.41
WHEAT 46633.21 3535.09 237.27 23.94 1120.52 145.73
OTHER CEREALS 730275.22 59925.14 3228051.73 300232.95 3999648.05 392057.69
MILLED PRODUCTS 72515.86 9994.81 54684.52 9041.5 41053.5 8133.77
Total 5597331.23 777043.77 9752245.58 1484735.94 6530112.93 1516777.58
Grand Total 10907355.61 2180594.34 17451122.76 3187060.71 14141299.51 3629442.42
Source: http://tradejunction.apeda.com/indexp/exportstatement.aspx
2.6 EXPORT SPECIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES Table 2.12
Sharad Seedless Flame Seedless Thompson Seedless

Total export from India 26783.83 MTs (2003-04)
Share of Maharashtra 70 – 80% (Approx.)
Thompson seedless, Sharad seedless, Flame seedless, Tas-a-Ganesh,
Varieties grown in Maharashtra
Manek chaman, Sonaka
Area under crop in Maharashtra (35236 ha)
Maharashtra’s Production (9,88,722 MTs(2002-03)
Availability December to April
Major exports to Middle East, UK, Holland,Germany
Thompson seedless, Emperor, Ruby seedless, Red globe, Christmas
Varieties in demand internationally rose, Crimson seedless, Calmeria, RougeRibier, Exotic, Fantasy
seedless
Export Specifications
Countries
Variety Middle East Holland/Germany U.K.
Berry Size: 15mm Colour:Berry Size: 16mm Colour:
Thompson Seedless Berry Size: 18mm white
amber white/amber
Sharad Seedless Berry Size: 15mm black Berry Size: 16mm black Berry Size: 18mm black
Flame Seedless ----- Berry Size: 16mm pink Berry Size: 18mm pink
Packing 1 Kg 4.5 Kg /9 kg 4.5 Kg /9kg
Storage Temp. 0-1 °C 0-1 °C 0-1 °C
International Standards of Pesticide Residue Levels nbsp; nbsp;

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Max. Permissible
Insecticide/Pesticide
Limits(mgm/kg)- Europe
Organochlorine Pesticides
Aldrin ND
Chlordane (cis & trans) ND
Chlorothalonil 1.00
DDT (all isomers) ND
Dichlofluanid 10.00
Dicofol 2.00
Dieldrin ND
Endosulfan (all isomers) 0.50
Endrin 0.01
Lindane 0.5
HCH (alpha & beta) ND
Heptachlor 0.01
Organophosphorus Pesticides
Acephate 0.02
Azinphos-methl 1.00
Chlorfenvinphos 0.05
Chlorpyriphos methyl 0.02
Drazinon 0.02
Dichlorvos 0.10
Dimerthoate 1.00
Ehion 0.50
Etrimphos ND
Fenchlorphos 0.01
Fenitrothion 0.50
Malathion 0.10
Profenophos 0.05
2-chlorophenol(metabolite) ND
Methamidophos 0.01
Methidathion 0.50
Mevinphos 0.10
Source : http://www.msamb.com/english/export/promotion/grapes.htm

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2.7 Agri Export Zone of India with reference to grapes
Maharashtra is the largest grape producing state in the country. To export table variety of grapes as well as
the value added products like wine in a coordinated manner, the Govt. of Maharashtra has put up a
proposal for setting up of Agri Export Zone in encompassing districts of Nasik, Sangli, Pune, Solapur,
Satara and Ahmed Nagar. It is also proposed to set up Maharashtra Grape Board (MGB), an autonomous
development agency which will work as a facilitator to ensure a smooth and orderly development of the
grape industry in the state. The project in the first stage, entails a total cost of Rs. 3.50 crore out of which
2.35 crore will come from various Central Govt. agencies like APEDA, National Horticulture Board,
Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Ministry of Agriculture. The rest of the expenditure will be borne
by the State Government. It is expected that in the next Five years a total exports of more than Rs. 68
crores will take place.
2.8 Top 10 Exporters (FRESH GRAPES)
• MAHINDRA SHUBHLABH SERVICES LTD.

• ATHARVA INTERNATIONAL
• CHAND FRUIT COMPANY PRIVATE LTD
• BOMBAY EXPORTS
• FRESHTROP FRUITS LTD.
• STERLING EXPORTS INC
• OM SHREE INTERNATIONAL
• GNT EXPORTS
• RAIEN TRADING CORPORATION
• NHC INDUSTRIES PVT. LTD.

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3. SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths-
• India is the largest producer of agro-product in the world.

• India produces many varieties of grapes.
• India has the ability to cater the continuous demand of grapes by the consumers.
Weakness-
• There is low in technology inputs in horticulture production.

• Poor post harvest facilities for warehousing.
• Propagation is mandatory.
• Due to variation in the monsoons, the water supply management is unsustainable.
Opportunities-
• India will be able to supply grapes to the neighboring countries.

• Income generation and employment support to more of the Indian population.
Threats-
• So far the Indian grapes were not exported to the far countries, so Indian grapes will have to face a
cut throat competition.

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• India has to cover the world market as a sunrise nation in grapes, so it will require huge initial
investment and so the Indian grape will be lacking in cost competitiveness.
• India has tough competition from Italy, China, Argentina, Spain, etc.
4. FINDINGS
India's grapes export to EU rises by 20% despite restrictions
India's grapes export to Europe is estimated to have jumped by 20 per cent during this season even though
countries like Germany and The Netherlands changed the prescribed minimum residues level (MRL) mid-
season. "About 3,000 containers have been sent to Europe this year compared to 2,500 containers last
year," said Mr S Dave, Director of Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development
Authority (APEDA).
As each container carries 15 tons of grapes, the export to EU, which is the main destination for the Indian
fruit, in 2007-08 season, is estimated to be around 45,000 tons compared to about 37,500 tons last season.
According to sources, UK changed the MRL in December 2007 and issued further clarification in
February this year, while Germany and The Netherlands prescribed the amended limits in March, 2008.
The European Union issued a separate MRL in its update in January. However, Mr Dave said exports
were not affected as APEDA also made changes in the MRL after some of the countries changed that.
Farmers in the grapes belt of Maharashtra are of the view that the changes to MRL in the mid-season are
made by the developed countries to discourage imports and such changes act as non-tariff barriers.
Grapes are harvested during February-April while whatever pesticides are to be sprayed are used 60-100
days before harvest and therefore it is difficult to conform to amended MRL norms in the middle of the
season, an expert said. – PTI. The deadlock over India’s grapes export to the European Union, which had
come under a cloud following the presence of chlormequat, a chemical residue, in some consignments has
shown some signs of easing as UK and Sweden have started accepting Indian grapes by adhering to their
own maximum residue level (MRL). But, a big hurdle still remains from Germany and Netherlands , who
are yet to clear grapes consignment from India because of safety concerns.

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Netherlands in one of the largest buyers of Indian grapes and officials feel that any loss of market could
hurt overall fruit exports from the country.
According to trade sources, most of the rejected containers are lying at Rotterdam ( Netherlands ) port.
There are 140 farmers in Maharashtra registered for exports.
India is aiming to increase its grapes exports to the EU to around 44,000 tonne from 37,000 tonne
achieved last year because of poor supplies from Chile .
Indian exporters say it is difficult to follow food safety guidelines in European Union as all member-
nations have their own rules.
In the case of chlormequat, the 27-member European Union has not formulated any specific maximum
residue level (MRL). “In the absence of any specific norms we have been following the default level of
0.05 gm per kg standard,” a grape exporter from Pune told FE. The maximum permissible level is 1 gm
per kg in the country. The European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA) in its latest safety study report stated
that no acute consumer health risk is expected if table grapes with a mean chlormequat residue
concentration of 1.06 gm per kg are consumed. “We are constantly in touch with EU officials and hope to
find a solution to this problem shortly,” an Apeda official said. Trades sources said that there 98 types of
pesticide residue whose presence in the grapes consignment need to be tested.
However, due the absence of coherent norms in the EU, exporters have been are yet to decide on whether
any tests should be conducted on the grapes consignment. The exporters are worried that time is running
because of grape export period is only in the range of six to seven weeks. “We have already lost two
weeks and any further delay would result in huge financial loss,” a grape exporter said
Maximum amount of grapes in India is exported from Maharashtra followed by Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka.
Major findings of this research are as follows:
• There are many other market for the export of grapes.

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• There is involvement of tough competition with other European countries.

• India improving its quality of export as well as export.
5. RELATED STUDIES
Following are related studies:

• Export potential of India in agricultural product by Mr. Ajay Choudhary, St Joseph college of
commerce.
• Export procedure of grapes by Mr. Merro Don Thomas, Institute of Management and
Development, Delhi

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6. SUGGESTIONS
Following are the suggestions brought from my research:
• Warehousing facility should be improved.
• Quality should improve which give positive result in the export performance.
• Price and quality meter should match.
• There are many neighbour countries in which export can done.
• Due to increase demand of grapes in the global market, productivity should increase.

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7. CONCLUSION
Grape is cultivated over an area of 34,000 hectares with an annual production of 1,000,000 tonnes.
Although, the returns per unit area of land are very high with grape cultivation, the area under grapes is
not expanding fast owing to the high initial cost of establishing the vineyards and high recurring cost of
production. The risk of losing a crop due to unprecedented changes in weather is also very high. Since the
highest productivity in grapes has been achieved, efforts are needed to extend grape cultivation to newer
areas. Soil and water salinity and drought are the impediments in this direction, for which suitable
rootstocks are to be identified.
There is a need to diversify the uses of grapes. Currently more than 80 percent of the produce is used for
table purposes. The major bulk of the produce is harvested in March-April, but as cold storage facilities
are currently inadequate there are frequent market gluts. Diversification of uses as wine/juice and export
of table grapes can ease the marketing problems. Maintenance of quality of table grapes by crop regulation
is the priority consideration to increase exports. For the survival of the grape industry in India, the produce
should be quality and cost competitive. Future efforts are to be concentrated in this direction.

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8. REFERENCE
Websites:
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties
• http://www.cookeryonline.com/mealexperience/Grapes/Index.htm
• http://mn4h.com/distribution/horticulture/DG1103.html
• http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6897e/x6897e06.htm
• http://agricoop.nic.in/hort/hortrevo5.htm
• http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/eu-halts-grape-importsindia/392628/
• http://apeda.com/apedawebsite/
• http://tradejunction.apeda.com/indexp/product_description_32head.aspx?gcode=0205
• http://tradejunction.apeda.com/indexp/exportstatement.aspx
• http://tradejunction.apeda.com/indexp/genReport.aspx
• http://tradejunction.apeda.com/India%20Production/India_Production.aspx?
hscode=08061000&mids=,&top_r=50&yr=ALL&hscode1=GRAPE
• http://www.vegetarian-nutrition.info/updates/grape-health.php
• http://hubpages.com/hub/Health_Benefits_of_Grape
Magazines:

- 66 -
• Business Standard., Mumbai April 22 2010

• Winemaker., Alison Crowe.,Dec. 2009
• Conservation Magazine.,Nov. 22 2009
• Publix magazine., Nov. 2009

- 67 -

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Export Of Grapes From India To UK

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.2.2 Market Scenario

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.2.3.2 Solapur Market:

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.3.2 Distribution and production

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

Country Area dedicated

Top Ten Grapes Producers – 8 October 2009

- 7of- United Nations: Economic And Social Department:

1.1.3.3 Table and wine grapes

1.1.3.4 Seedless grapes

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.3.5 Raisins, currants and sultanas

1.1.4 PRESENT STATUS OF GRAPE CULTIVATION IN THE COUNTRY

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

Area and production of different varieties of grapes in India is as follows:

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

Variety Area (ha) Production (t)

1.1.5 PRODUCTION OF PLANTING MATERIAL

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.5.1 Multiplication on Own Roots

1.1.5.2 Raising on Rootstocks

1.1.5.3 Establishment Of Vineyards

1.1.5.3.1 Land Preparation and Vine Establishment

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.5.3.2 Planting Season

1.1.5.4 CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF VINEYARDS

1.1.5.4.1 Training of Vines

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.5.4.2 Pruning of Vines

1.1.5.4.3 Application of Manure and Fertilizers

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.5.4.5 Supplementary Irrigation

1.1.5.4.6 Pests and their Management

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

i) Avoid spraying broad-spectrum insecticides particularly synthetic pyrethroids.

1.1.5.4.7 Diseases and their Management

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.5.4.8 Physiological Disorders

1.1.5.4.9 Quality Improvement

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.6 HARVESTING AND YIELDS

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

Variety Yield (t/ha) Period of Harvest

Anab-e-Shahi 45 90 February-May, July, November-

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

1.1.8. POTENTIAL FOR GRAPE PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT

b) Technologies to achieve high productivity are currently available.

1.1.8.1 CONSTRAINTS IN GRAPE PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT

a) Heavy initial investment for establishing a vineyard.

b) High recurring costs in vineyard management.

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE AND RESEARCH

d) High risk of losing the crop due to unprecedented changes in weather.

f) Short period available for ripening in the north.

g) Very low proportion of export quality grapes.

h) Wine is not a popular drink at present.

i) Marketing problems in table grapes.

1.1.9 GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PLANS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT