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DESIGN MANUAL
STRESS GROUP
BECHTEL INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. GENERAL
5.1 Pumps
5.2 Compressors
5.3 Turbines
5.4 Ai rfans
5.5 Heaters
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1. GENERAL
D.G. C-5
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2.1 The assigned Stress Analyst shall confer with the Pressure
Vessel Job Supervisor and indicate his preference of draw-
ings which should be distributed to him. These drawings
should generally be plot plans, P&lD’s, paving and grading,
underground piping, pipeway stanchions, line designation
tables, basic data, flow diagrams, piping drawings and
piping isometrics. When vessel drawings and structural
drawings are included, the filing of drawings becomes a
major problem. In fact, much filing would be avoided if
P&lD’s and paving grading drawings were not included. This
judgment is left to each individual.
MS (reed press. II It
DW (drinking water)--lOO°F steam)-150# “
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After
reviewed,
supports,
all the
those
iso’s
or which
which
listed
can be
can
on a particular
be field-supported,
supported
transmittal
or require
by whollv , standard
have
no
support
been
[
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details, ”are indicated on the” transmi~tal and the blue pr”int of
the iso itself with the designations FTS, respectively.
The Plant Design Group can stamp the orig nal iso’s accordingly
without need of their passing through the pipe support groups.
Technicians. will be retained by The Plan Design Group for the
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purpose of assigning proper designations to the-l’STD” supports
required on every iso. This should bxpedite the ~paration of
iso’s to be issued for construction on the Rev. O issue.
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new print should be again issued to the Stress Analyst for final
review. If the iso is correct the Stress Analyst will initial
the tracing as approved.
f) All prints marked up by the Stress Analyst with the support require-
ment symbol ~ are then turned over to the Support Group. if iso’s
are stamped for review of critical support details, the pipe
support designer must return the iso and support details to the
Stress Analyst who, upon approval of the detail, initials the
stamped area on the iso.
g) The Support Group then adds the “PSt’ numbers and locations to
the iso tracing and initials the tracing. The tracing is then
returned to the Plant Design Supervisor for issue.
received. \
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j) The stress markups are then kept in alphabetical and numerical
order in special long binders by the R“ipe Support Group for
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reference.
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--- k) When the job is complete the marked isometrics are returned to the !
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Stress Analyst whb keeps them close at hand for approximately
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1 year, then files them in storage.
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* 2.3 A sepia of all orthographic drawings of piping on-plot or off-
~ plot should be issued to the project Stress kalyst prior to
being issued for construction. The sepia shall be stamped and I
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3.1 Study preliminary plot plan and pipeway layouts for troublesome
arrangements.
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4.1 The Pressure Vessel Job Supervisor will provide a list of all
stress relieved vessels on the job and all established dates from
the fabricator for stress relief of each particular vessel.
These dates will be marked on tags put on the vessel mdels by
the vessel department. Normlly the model should be completed
and “checked” a minimum of (6) weeks ahead of the stress reiief
date. This gives the stress analyst and support group (2) weeks
to complete their work and get details sent to the fabricator
(4) weeks prior to actual stress relief.
4.2 It is very important that the Plant Design Supervisor remind all
his designers that the piping should not be revised thereafter.
If the change must be made, the revision has to be coordinated
with the vessel fabricator immediately to avoid serious problems
such as re-stress relieving and deiay in delivery.
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The following equipment & cond tions invo ving critical piping
require special treatment, and are briefly discussed within each
classification.
5.1 PUMPS
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5.109 Where pumps are top suction and/or top discharge, the only
manner of removing eccentric loads on the pumps would be ‘
from beams above. For pumps handling hot materials the
piping should be spring supported to beams above. Therefore,
for ease of supporting pump piping in this case, the pump
should be located under the stanchion struts, (i.e. those
running parallel to and on each side of the pipeway).
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5.2 COMPRESSORS
Paragraph
Reciprocating 5.22
In-Line 5.23
Vertical Component
Axial Comoonent
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5.3 TURBINES
5.31 Flange mounted steam turbines are used as in-line pump dri-
vers and are therefore not misalignedby piping reactions.
\ Piping stresses can approach the mximum piping allowable
except where cast iron casings are encountered, then the
stresses should be reviewed considering the lower allowable
stress of cast iron.
.
5*33 For preparation of calculations to verify loading conditions
\zo on the turbine, use the procedure as outlined under paragraph
5.21(alfor centrifugal compressors.
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5.4 AIRFANS
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5.41 First, where the inlet and outlet header boxes have two or
mre nozzles per unit, a difference in expansion exists bet-
ween it and the attached pipe header. For years many such
units have been connected together using only fitting makeup
with no apparent ill effects. (Very similar to cylindri-
cal exchangers being connected by their nozzles being bolted
together directly.) Therefore, a practical standard is need-
ed for determining when additional flexibility is required
and how to compute it. Standard C-717 suggests that fitting
makeup is tolerable until the difference in horizontal expan-
sion between the nozzles of the pipe header and header box
exceeds l/1611. This applies to either the inlet or discharge
sides but not when several units are joined together and the
inlet and discharge nozzles are at the same end. Where the
expansion difference exceeds I/1611 use the formuia indicated
to compute length “~” required between manifolds.
5.43 Thirdly, where inlet and outlet piping are at the same end
of the airfan units, extra flexibility of the out”let piping
is generally required and should be routed as shown on Stan-
dard c-718 or in some equivalent manner. External piping
loads affecting the equipment nozzles additionally should
conform approximately to those loadings published by each
manufacturer.
5.5 HEATERS
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5.5 (Cent’d.)
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5.54 (Cent’d. )
5.56 If the tubes are top supported with inlet and outlet nozzles
at the top, then the external piping can be supported to the
platforms or shell at the same level as the tube supports.
This would reduce the need for constant load spring supports
but external piping flexibility is still required between
the heater and other equipment or the pipeway. When the
tubes are supported at the bottom and the nozzles are at
either the bottom or the top, the need for external piping
flexibility or constant load spring supports can both be mini-
mized.
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5.61 (Con’ t.)
From Jacking tests made by P.G.&E. Co. (see Sept. 1933 issue
of ‘Western Gas”) on 37’-4” length of 22” pipe with 2’-6’I
of cover (assume average cohesionless soil) showed a soil
friction of 0.40 psi or closely a co-efficient of friction
of 0.4.
5.641 General
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5.641 (Con’t.)
5.642 Input
a)
Data
Dimensions
Preparation
of Calculation Model
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After determining the length of the partially
restrained portions of the buried pipe system,
the calculation model can be set up as shown on
Page 4 of the Sample Problem. As can be seen,
only 8001 of the 5000’ run of the complete system,
as shown on Page 1 of the Sample Problem is
included in the model since the remainder is
totally restrained. To achieve the 3.49” deflec-
tion of Data Point 33 either the anchor at Data
— Point 80 can be moved in the “-X” direction or
an equivalent rate of expansion can be applied
to the 8001 length to produce the same result.
Actually, the length of the partially restrained
run of pipe as calculated by Design Guide c-716
does not include the soil resistance on the pipe
at right angles to the main run as shown by Data
Points 8 through 33. A more accurate result may
be obtained by a rerun with a new partially
restrained length, Data Point 33 through 80,
including the lateral soil resistance on Data
Points 2 through 33.
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— 5.642 (Con’ t.)
In the absence of
the subgrade reaction data
for the jobsite, the displacement of 0.03 H has
been used as the necessary movement to develop
a passive state and it is used generally for
conservatism. The soil spring constant KS is
calculated as follows:
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Pipe guides are used for several purposes. They keep lines essentially
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straight for good general appearance, or they prevent buckling due to
high axial loads from friction or expansion loop forces. Guides can
also be used to react against lateral line connections thereby con-
stituting an anchor for the branch pipe. When anchoring branch
piping by this method the guides are placed on the main header at
the beams on adjacent stanchion column lines. The lateral reaction
is taken by “bead’ action of the 20’ to 25’ pipe span. Under high
loads the stress or deflection of the pipe should be checked.
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2,1
40 ‘ - 501
3,I 40 ‘ - 51)1
4, I 40 ‘ - 601
6, I 60 I - 801
8, I
80 I - 100’
10” 100’ - 120’
The guide space ranges are a general rule and in situations where
high axial loads exist these guide spacings should be reduced,
after checking for buckling in column action.
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Where long strong backs are offset and “Christmas Trees” are hung
from vessel nozzles there is a need of supporting these assemblies
to the vessel shell or platforms. Generally this is done by
inspection without taking time to go into lengthy calculations.
If in doubt, add a support, always taking notice of affects of
differential expansion between supports and nozzle connections.
The design of expansion loops for pipeways or any pipe system has been
programmed to produce a book of “Loop Tables”. These tables enable a
stress analyst to closely design by inspection a loop to any desired
stress or reaction force. A complete description of the method used to
arrive at a design is found within the Design Guide C-3.
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6.07 Pipe Anchors
The anchors described herein are for above ground piping. Anchors
are used to direct the expansions or contractions of piping systems
and thereby prevent interferences with other piping or structures,
and/or control reactions to attached equipment. The reactions at
anchors are taken by support beams made of braced or unbraced struc-
tural steel or precast concrete. These anchor reactions shall be
placed on an ozalid of the pipeway, specifically reduced for use by
the stress group, and a print of it passed on to the structural group
for review of their stanchion design.
b) The calculation sheet for expansion loop data and anchor force
determination does not include a listing of every item for tab-
ulation but covers key items for final summation to obtain the
anchor force. It is suggested that the auxiliary sheet of pipe
weights (form 188) will be used by the stress analyst to mentally
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add up incremental weights for a particular system under “Wt”.
The coefficient of friction to be commonly used for steel on steel
shall be 0.2 unless special surfaces are applied or additional
factor of safety is desired. Where piping is supported on round
bars the coefficient of friction should be raised to 0.3.
d) When computing anchor loads for above ground piping, the loadings
on each side of the anchor generally tend to balance out to some
degree, In some cases a long run of piping will be anchored near
the center of the run just to prevent gradual creeping of the
system. The frictional force on each side of such an anchor may
theoretically balance or cancel out. The load to assign to su$h
an anchor should never be less than 25% of the frictional force
from one side alone.
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b) Standard C-715 has been established to give analysts a common
approach in reviewing the problem. As can be seen, when the
difference between mean temperatures of the adjoining shells
is greater than 100°F some provision should be made to add flex-
ibility to the nozzle connections. These studies should be made
early in the job such that nozzle orientations can be corrected
before fabrication is started. Nozzle and piping arrangements
to improve flexibility are shown on the Standard.
6.091 General
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Branch piping from the offplot pipeways leading into diked tank
fields must be reviewed for restriction of lateral movement due to
small clearance in the sleeve buried in the dike. Sometims the
pipe is just coated, wrapped and buried in the dike which there-
fore permits negligible lateral movement. Anci~ors may therefore
be required close to these branch connections to protect them
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a) Mitered elbows are used many times in low pressure piping systems
for economy since the cost of welded or seamless elbows becomes
prohibitive in the larger size pipes. Two of the drawbacks
-- to mitered ells are high stress concentrations and poorer
0
. flow characteristics. As more pieces are used to mab Up a metered
b
\ ell flexibility increases and stress intensifications decrease.
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. In other wrds the m ter with more pieces approaches the flexi-
bility of a smooth e’ bow of the same radius.
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7.02
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ment.
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Tank settlement
Earthquake movements
Containment within diked areas
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7) Critical Piping:
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e) Where piping systems below grade are subject to settlement
piled supports should be provided to prevent detrimental
deflections of branch piping to pumps or other equipment.
Deep burial of these headers are required in areas affected
by frost heave.
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d) Spring Supports
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b) Steam trace branches and condensate return lines are often banded
together in plants located in freezing Obviously climates.
differ-
ential expansions of the steam and condensate headers may
detrimentally affect these connections. Therefore, a horizontal
loop must be extended from the smaller condensate branch before
rejoining the steam line for banding together. The extended loop is
separately insulated and is allowed to cantilever out unsupported
except by the banding upon return to the steam line. Drip legs of
steam headers have been routed directly to a stanchion beam or other
structural member and clamped tightly to a fixed support permitting
no movement at all. Standard drawing for drip leg details, L-519,
has been revised to alert the field of this problem.
a) Because of the need within refineries and chemical plants for piping
to carry alkalies or acids, various metals are used in the fabrica-
tion of special piping for this use. Some of the materials used
are rubber lined or glass lined steel pipe, and solid plastic or
reinforced plastic pipe, usually known as reinforced thermo-setting
resin pipe, filament wound, either hand laid, bag molded, or cast.
In the case of lined steel pipe, its flexibility and support are
similar to unlined pipe. But, where plastic or reinforced plastic
pipe is used the support and flexibility requirements should closely
follow the recommendations of the specific manufacturer. AS a
guidance, refer to ASME Code Case N115-1.
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7.22 Compressor
a) As explained
Bottle
in
Support
The design procedure to size the bearing pad and the adjust- 1
f
ment plate is explained herein and the rubber bearing pad
physical data is shown on Std. Dwg. C-719. The support
assembly detail is a structural standard. The size of the
rubber bearing pad in the detail shall be determined by the I
Piping Stress Group by completing Form No. 70 of the !
Pressure Vessel Standards. I
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The suction bottles resting on the compressor cylinders need
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no support, except for eccentric or overhanging portions of I
the bottles, since the load is in compression. The discharge
bottles hang from the cylinders putting tension into the
nozzles which, under constant vibration, are more likely to
fail. See page 47 for Bearing Pad size calculation procedure.
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7.23 Tank Nozzle Movements Due to Pressure and Temperature 1
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a) Basic design data for job site, i.e., Wind Loads, E. Q. Loading,
Temperature Variations, etc.
b) Steam-out temp. - Proj. Eng. must issue memo to all Unit Engrs.
(6.09)
c) Steam-trace temp. -Proj. Eng. must issue memo to all Unit Engrs.
D.G. C-5
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(Ref. Par. No.)
d) Need for brackets on heater shell for pipe supports and plat-
forms, etc. (Loads, details, etc.).
8.08 w (5.1)
D. G. C-5
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(7.17)
(7.10)
DOG. c-5
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