Middle English Caxton prefixed to his Eneydos, a paraphrase of Virgil's Aeneid that he translated from French and published in 1490: After dyverse werkes made, translated, and achieved, havyng noo werke in hande, |, sittyng in my studye where as laye many dyverse paunflettis and bookys, happened that to my hande came a lytyl booke in frenshe, whiche late was translated oute of latyn by some noble clerke of fraunce, whiche booke is named Eneydos. And whan | had advysed me in this sayd boke, | delybered and concluded to translate it into englysshe ... An example of Middle English by Chaucer: London Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, c. 1387. And whan I sawgh he wolbde never fine To reBen on this cursed Book al night, AL sodeinly three feves have I plight Out of his book right as he red5e, and eke ZT with my fist so took him on the cheeke Chat in oure fir fe fil bakward aSown. nd up he sterte as Sooth a woos [eon And with his fist he smoot me on the heed That in the floor I fay as 5 were Seed. And whan he swagh how stille that I fay, He was agast, and wolde have fled his way, | Till atte faste out of mp swough F braide: "© Hastou slain me, false thief?” I saide, ‘And for my fand thus fastou morSred me? €r 1 be Seed vit wol f Risse thee.” Whan that Aprille with his shoures sote The droghte of Marche hath perced to the rote, And bathed every veyne in swich licour, Of which vertu engendred is the flour; Whan Zephirus eek with his swete breeth 5 Inspired hath in every holt and heeth The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his halfe cours y-ronne, And smale fowles maken melodye, That slepen al the night with open yé, 10 (So priketh hem nature in hir corages): Than longen folk to goon on pilgrimagesEarly Modern English Hamlet's famous “To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare And! before am The coral serena te pis feeapd ste nce demi Buc ‘oy fall - Whol'd beare the fcornes and flantery of the world,From Crystal, D. (2003), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, pp. 47, 51, 57, 63 "FRENCH INFLUENCE ON TH 8 EH ENGUIH LEGON g a if 3 He Beas it i Bese B ES 88s © | Meggan ane evaryng testo tench || forsee engines ne ngersron pabeatemnmerane | | Ente The rateorenhborrowingreacheso Pibinicsmchavetie ven con Suen gba hres oe utanery for speresemrainar cf oe eo oie pad loeranie hemes grin _ dal tana an wren cart pea ay vere ‘Se crm het Seung eye Feet mechan oc Nowe ee ra _Sedteg hero hhh hespemere oe isnune ine Gmc yore me 38 es ttisher Tac est my TOUCH OF CLASSE “Rinosal the English wrt todo withthe astocoey “infer tevertnare at rena gn ough ho ‘ang an wore re Pes aretaron counten) corte dues, dake mor ‘ores maou eb pge Bes rn prices srr and vious Kg, quer ord ed vg, _ Beare te alo Saven wep ‘Slay thenomesof ol Wetec own precios ‘torarore reno amet clamor ers garnet, Peat aby. phir ope tq, SOME FRENCH LOANS IN MIDDLE ENGLISH ‘Admini ‘Shor bal aon chante chine constable cron coun cu ‘own, cut empie cxheqer gorcnmet br, maj mnt may mesenget ‘inter ote place pacer: por pice rein rn rere royah erat ‘Seton sure Raum rar ween, Wess, Tea, ran vasa were in, outer aioe ares, aon esau oes, same bade ame, ‘hn cori cme. care depos ext ier carat fon fr au le indent nts dpe ution cry egy bl pardon, perry ‘nti in psn bunker Se sarmore span wer wart eigion ‘tance baptam cra chara dan. copa, dry dea, communion, ‘tacoma eng ave de ey tay herp erie ae, ‘merpmrade rv, era parson, penne, reer peat pron lon reper ‘Became sacege, tie rivevon sok rman km amp ‘ology Uae aegin rue smitary ‘anh achat ry, bara, battle bese cptln combat, defend, ear {Goroon quod bauer nc, etenart mast nor pene, res ae ‘rear ee seroxat Feodand dink spe be beet oc ig cnet ceo, ut ee it et Pa he tage pe: Dann te porns rea ten "Peace, pe, ea venbon nee? “pou atti boots rook buck button cape, chen, oak cols mond a, ‘Sorin, emerald ermine, fearon ea, gers, grat Sorel ie ‘men omsmert past peso, pst robe, tn tate a trav were deur andthe are Sr benny ot ches, oie conversation cour discs den fon 20 "eres ige ply jous goes eae nore erative hte logy mit ‘ue au rig pairs spe unr pr pare Fabian sory abo ter tle tune ‘sence and leaning ‘Skt anatomy sven ald, dare, copy gende, geome ou, gramme, [Bunce leper gl mein, meta nour, tert pan pcan aque ple. Poon, put sere, ogre stomach uy phar surgeon esis The home, ‘edn orca bucket cat, alia na chamber chant hn ee couch ‘Sonterpana casi ton sree ene poner ecm pant ‘oi pore ue sly Wal ase te General nouns ton sentur ofan ag, ky oat confor county outage cure, Gun eb, dec ce, er fe, UP, How fore et Rene P ‘Shout manser matge mht maurain rae ume eta, opine Pe ‘poms person pore for pry pore potty neon hae een ‘Spend ape stone avr ny vino General adjectives [ie amour blue, brow, al, ai la cmon wal cou 2a 85 ‘at fresg gay gels Rens harbingers neon, peer om pcs et at an ar pl ge (Sian alo srange cary dange, dou continu, ey deco, ely. eno. enter, Foemvarot informa mov, obey a Fk pss pete prove uy ‘econ rmoor epson, pees are pak we ums of phase tijnar ame to shea, do homage dojutizatRavemery on holdore'speas, ‘ae complart onthe poi often ace pryon|EB 367, idence fein 2 « ermtion “id between nor ad out “fermen ofhec wip mcs offer. ast werd esame | pe afbenne sco morn ownage phe po Fanci a men off urpnen tpesas aoe A's fue Merit (acl, bo men of yd eg ort prea of cna vende hotee e aide hogar seine and sone, bon oie and oper rndermnde cer er Byway ofsocia considerations, we av evidence of + marke ppulaon sift in the 4h entry. I the taier pare of dat century, imigation > the Tendon ares wor highar from she Eave Midlands counties of Nfl, Ese, and Herforshire, ba | Ter increased dramatically frm such Cental Mid- lands counties 3b Leizemerahie, Northampronshire, snd Bedforshive Asari the Landon diecreame “te dsplay any of Ue gus uae of Midland wide These observations bring feh perspective tothe trational ap of Middle English daloas (9.50), hes no recopncon i given so Central Midlands teh ad where specal anenon is pid eo an Eas Midlands ‘angle bounded by London, Cambridge, And (onthe borer with Southern] Onfod~an tea high population, comaining the ain social sed police enue, and the main seas of leaning This ‘ras wey agrcalaral gion, and eh cet ofthe {owing woo rade. Te olen pemorng the impor fEnce ofthe sous in che Midle Ags is ext, However, the findings of present-day historia dae tology sugges that ing inlence was es lmporan tha chat ofthe ae further west "Thefina ctor intheemergenceofasouther ite- sy andar was the development of prating (P56) ‘Thisnauledinthesreadafasingle norm ove oof ‘hecounry.s0 mcs that daring che 1h ezaary i __ become increasingly difiealedetermineon intertal lnguiic grounds thedlctin which literary works | writen ~ apie from the nother sees, such 8 Scot which retclned thee writen identi” longer (G-32). People now begin o rake velue judgrmens about other dike. In che Towneley Pays (58) Mak uhe shep-stsier masqerades s2 4 penn oF imparcace endadoptssoutern cet Johnf Te visrcommens thc node spec sharp sling, Ind fognge andenschape (srl eung and grring {ndilhfooned,givngsoneof thereon that oe eneclie far avy fom te cour. Andis The Are of ‘Engh Posy ates to George Pena 1520-90) ceasing postisadised wo usethe sal speich ofthe Court and dit of London anda shires Ihng about London within fle and not ek above. There mas never tbe ttl snformig, but the ferrunnerofSeandar ngshundoubely exe by decade ives. ‘THE GREAT VOWEL, SHE ‘Wy es tnesundoyte ‘hese mainetapetnthe Alevelopment chit Sivtetereatoostneste. Vredindcerrtine 650), Pusheme, pullyou omeodiferentom thet Theteonalewisthat ‘condinshakepencs. Ursererot dangers (Sertich mucronata ead ‘hancaron esther scar ‘evowekcouinastnove nani sds tun ateThearswe to Uwoushou these, Eihicenatinrtatinn wincanvone/ tect Makroiengeinproronce” tare rom seg Soomhrtockplceattne boue However heels Seryandoftetigie longstanding caput Ecihenrad. chaser Whkhvowel mowed robsbhy head eg fing bute not tae rovers teary owelaetemet elon 1 Irons via tha vonl Santino change ‘Becoming sashthona, chee spec to ‘poling otersouele setomnensy ce ntlon emcee” dee Bee Nas Maia ee, ~ “vowel wasthe frstto move “Tne changes ithe (urther forwards) ‘pus eninge. fens trata ee tng {GaurD) he pelor ahtrawisiein ‘eatonfarthe foc {onan trortionel amrenson seperti Sapo See smatees ‘gus batneatincion eeacenonevonelonsthe rodtuasmmane (The Tnottentvowses ended ‘diego, ban see cern Socata tase move ‘ivahea ae ‘rhe corsequencer which happoring athe ont and Gestsalohoarnte Exenusedtosppen Sereetation the form ‘tinea vnc newr fee ‘Sonofeentemporry wt ‘nthe 18s esmoreter tuilondenearacalee ‘eine teapot ‘hitelanseanas ces Mogren Some che ‘on Subtheme eoftne changer eer nshotneremere tee imeroutcbeenged rere armen Sybscehencsne {eget neers ooemotrvoneimas Ingondephtronazton) ‘sterthanone’o one Stwstingof tetera! uence icers ha eran and udeiy neonate bresmean open cues. Feoectmacwonine carton et Srowtognpewthete ebeng mended te fomesmartockavoyeart> ppeartoba raving ‘mokenasvesou ks pare wnh theme gs Key TERREPn fe prin works fe kno of 103 pet ems printed by Caton, fever of which a diftene eons of te sane Bt They canbe groped in for camgois ber ke, 1969) ls cw traning. sachs Te Rell Hi of yan The kag of le Tver Tae Grp carry. pologies an epogacs proving 4 fest de of infomaten about Caton sia 18 plies Norse th courtly pos of 1250-1450 ~ chi, tines Cincy ad fee nd caine on of The Comey Tak: Co conteure -fion on chese authors shows him aware of the fashion- {ble demand for en ‘deve ele of weg 1 Dre wer in Bgl also incudingeany cans Vator, such ss Chauce’s Bac Tvs Pas “ronan (p33) and Nalero Alor Doh 38 | T Rinsclannas roup of wos probaly pode [or percent. Pry Inde book of nda [pppoe sats, ps boos devdnd poe ‘Aina OF GHANGE From the epicgus to Chaves the ret heist iten jogo raune “Te whythe weree wasted nthe edicg of Nt _ Io Entyane twa cay of uy thesecond yee oF ng Riher he Tyrsana theyre of Our ors MCC (tna and ames the stay of Decerr the "Sam yors ct Gurtordana te hs yerest ng try -theseverth, Inthemeamime. arahadboen he date ot Bosworth: Rogue ues EARLY MODERN ENG! fabiatitore oe Bee blr pce ne gege Aromieotsins | rvs it aegen bat ae rh Be Aantal ne | Fe ean ce Roemer | BEG Ci segrierenacitrteate Jebeto Ldverandalfe Rene fn eae Mite ‘Coan tll of hi atin eye ‘eboesorosgunds ee eke ee ee Siena ‘Se b feratlsabout ison backround: : 4 jer ub re fepninaats ‘JDncsusctroia see Goma lanes mn taaish inverter tneeeld, Viner soube nas heen atperelnerwcontss [rts] ofSrabord aes ol Tain on ltixcnnprnaonie | Lady, my Lagy Marga ro. ma a a s/eaesaee iia els whee ‘onarscameto onan Pata reign thtiirsomtitnt | angie sGrinstrhodmadeand” Reaoodoraeetguete mewwaritoctmrend ‘rela fyoecramaueyers ates Arong bey rd Geobirytinaoyat Yiehertrerahaue Ipweteesndpuerdno woniacect be farays Irectohaseentyagd” begmymgottines, Tihookmprnesin Teimanetoiane!” wheanrecominaee ges teat Rbecigdhercinsie. Mueshaueneamivond cet anid SSjeushronnn Riyentmranlaue sore ‘ven ere ig menaaey oftebhnphes ‘ipa Gamittdton ere theses ‘lenatmenitartunes “cocton's prone | Corton war amerchant at inguit o iterar chlor Feed ih hata wansatonshehadta deal thse major pecans Sold useforlgn worn enlationorrepace | trembyrativeenish worst hich rey of En oul elo ve the exe | inne abe aerate. | Pech iarar sya shoulsbe ued asa model? Chaucer? Srsemehing loa? $owrould th ngusge be speed an puncte, - gen ieserba vareors ofthe preouscartures? | En publitiegratia wren shea chonge hen. _qunpetomakeltmerawdeyindarstoos? tb bois wees te language they containedhad ‘uvuraumpas recupnout espana seco planet non culd neatly everyone? A famouse ‘Womenect hspologus ges avivd scour of esas ‘ofthe pebiem. fever asinpe litle word ke pgs cannet “beverly undertod,unsthope was erfor him? ‘Cmtonmadehiedeeions a char publisher ofthe tem ndnacoaa comer ron infctecrenelyincnretert isnot ears “ur atrtnat torent inthe appearance ot find tse an inded some at’ asthe we of ‘he apesvophel never sete down eal 203. THE'EGG'STORY ‘Ard so mylordsbbotof wesenyner ‘eae dosnowe tore otecernyneuy- ‘ances ocean enon hee ng fortoreduca into aur Sranaran nied aod ‘jRetoeanche (German thar engl Couconotreducenetyrge tobemmder- ‘ondan’ Andearayniveur langage now ‘Sedveryeth fore fom that ico ‘dang spetan whan as bors Fer oe ‘tothe waldehas ey ‘olande forts etrethether Antone of {heym areal merce’ mo [nnnousandexea tee frmete ond ‘pegiyhe serdar epgyt And the good ‘yanmar tatshecouaespe na ie Angtbararcarta9So coud spate ors butwald rent thenthe good ‘tspstnatsevndrtod mul cco ‘whatsoldesmanintysedayesrow Uiyte-egpeeoreyren cresyl share Fjmnet Antenne oate nothesays oasnemen/enlarlborevnderthe { reren ecaarietshese omraqgnotinenene foorivnce Kchngestangege ‘woyngeoneseason/ondvensthé.— Shetiees problem arose becowe egges Gpucaethanotersascon/Andihat —rvanorthertormsdevopnent rom ‘Smymengiyenathacpaxerinone _ OldNova,uherescojranwaracoutern Shrgvanethromenatiernzomoche term adevetpmert om Obstnaish The ‘athhmrdestarpenedtngtery” Imarhaurtcawere ne suppe nar rhe tdci eke ede {unyedatte frond Pearland mente wits pasge abo mowssomeo! Caton spe Enginconsmencierondia Sonate ao puneustion ndeaptalleters o Kee ovis vk Sinmdnr 80, puncisto %ete, HE TRAGEDIE HAMLET. nol Premade tana | Saeco s ‘page ion teria Fallot ir compete cation of ‘Sttepcore pays eubEsedin 153, LEXICALFIRSTS + There ar many words fit reorde Shakespeare bch avesuved nto ‘Modem Egle. Some eames _commodaton asasinaon,bareacc counts, courtship doce, did, ‘Stet ay trea aur aughble, romessted submerged + Tharoareao many words istrecordednshakossare whicnhavenotsanived ‘seats tarde ste atmaeeresioguta nts tater somearps abrnton, ppertalamerts cadet suit, peste, porate, Sere torte ungentured, unglsve stsiy IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS Teh omaniaone scpeeeteaiony” cee ee ae erect ace Soiwbeoenpattine Gnetoeretegee Sorina Ses ee hacen eer eter eat ese seat een igang 9 eegtinien ae apace renee wince ae Eire bien Gane Sete pan ali ith nd capa. ay test onaiose| ‘rons leopta W) stouerofsrenath csr sakes facesity ‘Gere ance atencance ony vi caldeamtort ‘ingen Vo) oneal “ie “Wamiet Ln) rea hesoulott ‘omit i) holthemiroruptontice "oft ‘ami Mor yeas “ice vnbatedbresth ‘hemor Wier oF Winsor) ‘GRAMMATICAL CONVERSIONS ‘One one consequences fhe aling aye of necenaengings in Engin {p.thnass marked youth nthe procen et grammatelcomenton teu ot ‘Shes ewe trio fanstrer (p19) and thao partly oteeablecutng the ater Ranaiaanes pera peal indrmaticwrng, Con {emporany tetra eld tant shancspeate mudeeapius ea, Seawos cpecaly fos rmakng vere rom ns. Sansone agmiation oral iste dal ening war chara de. : ‘Grcemans face no une meround. us Cae iho Phill the good rus hosted. erucon sags dog temo hes om proverbed to sonasee past. DIVERSE HYPHENATIONS. ‘Any sty of Sbkerper® lovcon would bs inadequate cid not draw ater Liontehiseeofhyphented compounds Many of sea a hupgeriugse Sreuniquly an ecgnany Na they tus or an ner cateeny [Beweentore nesiogiznia swing hichhwe anne nate moder an ‘guage and those nha have dreds sve). isthe ctrl der wh Sproscesuie oshsugyenes by tose or xpi rm yoo eon ‘elastance prcreretque — Carkersoron —thtuned sinneconctisiog babes Srepiay ndreskacion — trosoetaed beep garcons rece ‘hacbesties isoite —febiowe | pulevaagd ——vlonduded Treskerow heaven moving balla ron comfort (aero 1982) ‘SUCHKNAVERY neaproca token nga en onevedaycinceterd Pilea aahaspml elec ekahe pth pal le ecole eriplonetmdneme bine anai te Shr cang tinder : _rerling funnel ln rrr dane eo elem titiyinare hin edna irae ey aware Seee tesa grieve cy ier einen eon tare ‘onlarortnnese mn evar an pw store bt ee meni uue ntgan acai Mira eameiac tent monocot Jes kone poorest rae apetonecle kre fot Poutanen) accent et eam eter nO ser | Beovie laes ich nin ane mp sy ag Hacc ng wluve treet iano Dope Sack [eave ire epee wnpaempsesntatany ‘ces ned ns ty wed ocr, (erate | Oem 190)