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?hotography,microfilm orany othermeansw ithoutwri
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ften used.The reasons for Typical0fthiswould be when needing pi
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equipmentis o ft
en be t
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tem in the I
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headed screw in the bottom is used to set
itup foreach facetas shown in Photo 9.
W hi1stthisis notthatprecise,itis,ifcarried
outwith care,m ore than adequate forthe
purpose.Aiternativei y,itcould be setusing
a square offthe table surface setting one
face ofthe screw head upright.
Using a ruie and a square onthe sam e
workpiece would enable twelve divisions
and ifonly everythird position was used a
square can be machined using a hex head
screw.
The above i
llustrate justwbatcan be
done using the bare mini
m um ofequi
pment,
no doubtsome readers wilknow of,orbe
able to devise,othermethods.
Using a dividing head. anyone arrivi ng atthis pointin workshop
Havingdeterm inedwhich di
vidingplate acti
vity willalready have gained the skiîls
to use and the number of holes to be of m ountIng and m achining, there is
traversed foreach division (this to be therefore Iittle thatneeds to be stated. Iam
described inChapter4)there is notmuch though including a few photographs as
l
eftto the exerci
se otherthan m ounting the exam ples.
workpiece and carrying outthe required M ounting the workpiece willnormaily
machining operations.Anticipating that be straightforward following ciosely sim ilar
'

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.
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ee ' '.

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11.Calibrating a ''
.. ,
9.Setting each dJ
'
a/whl '
/slheld on . 4
facetofthe a stub mandrel.
hexagon head The (//t
//t
$r?ghead y
'
t
il
g
kg
screw Ievelby eye being used is that t è
/
()
ê
t
',
.yyij
yy.
yv
yyjjjj
y .
, .,
w
;. .
(!
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tg ..,
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using a steelrule. ll
'?Chapter 7. j.':C
-.. '
z.4,
i '
7 .

24 25
'
..
3) tp.v achini
ng and isobviousl y used where the partto be
. t .
'
g. Spbnes Or1a machined is too l ong foreitherthe chuck
9 ' jl
.l
'
- E tT
)
'
, between centres orthe faceplate.Photo 12 shows a Iong
+ ,
j, qî J
j shaft. shafthaving splinesmachined into oneend.
.,', e r .):y
. e rr .. w hilst appearing to follow exactly the
' + situation when mounting between centres
' #' e . ''
4 'v.r..r
.: 7. y
, . s on the Iathe there is one important
#! : .. . .- , y difference.
)'j
. . ,; ,.
k. *' , ' . '
. A ln the caseofthe lathe,the Iathe carri
er
' ... .' s.t2''E; ' .
/. .&S 'l
1 ' . (sometimesknownasalathedog)mounted
tx i
.
: ' on the componentwist be driven by the
vIy' ;.., r
.. .
driving peg mounted on the catchpl ate.The
1:
:
@k..(
. 'q.
C;l.
'ré' '.
carrierand peg willoften be hel d together
witha Iooportwoofstring orwire butreiying
Iargely onthe machining force to keepthem
in contact.This willfnOt3ufflce When uSil)9
the set-up with a dividing head as the 34 c/ose up ofdividing plate fingers.
machining will notnecessarily keep the '
operations on the Iathe.Frequentl y itwill to m ove it to the dividing head without
driverand driven together.Because ofthis traversing 14O holes,orinotherterms,two
beto usethethree orfourjaw chuckeither removing the workpiece from the chuck.lf the driverdi #ers from the Iathe catchplate turns plus 42 hoies per division. The
holding the parti
tsel f,Photo 10 orusi ng a a parthas an irregularshape oristoobarge
with driving peg and enabl es the driverand mathemati csofthisbeing40x49/14 = 140.
stub mandrelas in Photo 11.lnm any cases forthe chuck the faceplate willhave to be driven to be rigidly coupied, Photo 13 Itwil be obvious thatwhil sttwo turns wi
li
the com ponent being machined wiflhave broughtinto use as itwould on the Iathe. shows the method. See also Photo 2 ir be easy, counting the additional42 holes
previously been turned on the lathe and to M ounting the workpiece between
m aintain concentricity itwillbe preferable centres is anothermethod ofwork holding Chapter1 foran iilustrati on ofthe dividing ateach divisi
on willbe prone to error.
*
' head'sdri ver.Lathe carrierswith bentarms Because ofthi s,dividing heads are
.
?,.:
.(
jtyj.;g;)yy..
.
..: z .. a
u;
:.. (#
yj:()yjyjr
y
.j
yy
j
yj
y
yjyj
t
y
are available butthe position ofthe arm fitted with adjustable fingers,Photo 14,
. ...
. '
y.
y yy
ao
r.
j would depend on the diam eter of the which are set to the num ber of holes
... '' :.y,
'..
;;
, ..'
:.
St
t'/'
r'.s,.-.j
g workpi ece.Unfortunately,Ihave notfound between one di visi
on and the next.These
. ' .
. ..; u'
... j
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1
)
-
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i.
v
:
I
ë
r
,.
q.;.c
îL.t
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y
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-à--?k.
y a commercialcarrierthatovercomes thi s holdtheirangularsetting whii ststillenabling
-.
..
. . )b
jL
..
:t
qL
.,,.
,;.
. f9
,t. ?'t
j:,y
', t problem ,though they may be around. I them to be rotated as a pairbetween each
.
)F
ï';;f ...
?sj7 ' '.. ' have therefore developed my own design division. The construction has some inbuilt
Seen in the photographandwhichfeatures friction that enables the fingers to be
)(yr2t..
.
r' ..tt
.l
;)''
,. 7 ' in Chapter6. rotated as a pairw hi lst being suffici
entto
.
t;è-(''-.
.ù@'' Having arrived atthe pointwhere the ensure they rem ain in position during each
.'. r)
'.( ..
Component i s ready to be machined and machining operati on.Mostly,fingers and
7' '-' '
'.
, . armed wi th the correctdi viding plate and inputrotate in the same direction butdue
the num ber of holes to be traversed, to an upper limitto the number of holes
, t
. ),
g Spowyg jjle machining can com mence. Taking as an thatthe fingercan span,typically around
. . ',
;?r''r
.
;q
' )
;.
J
Cy/;
i4u
'z
).
,..
;
t
k
: (
C
i. . ,
l
r
j
r!
k
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/
'4
#/k
'i
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t
pï
)
'ks
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hd
i
!;
-
.
at:/
l example the need for14 divi sions using a 75% ofthe num berofholes in the ring,for
)j ) bl
j
?)
'
i
.
ër,
:
. .s.. 'i..,
drjyerm etjlod fLjr dividing head having a 40:1 worm/worm Iarger num bers of holes they rotate in
;tf..j kr Wheelrati o. Typically,thiswilluse adividing
l
j.
..
. :''
. hpjwggjyggjyjjsg opposite directi ons. SK3 should make the
' ;:1
.: :!
,
k
@-.-
,
q 4;
2.. .......
.-
Pl
ate having 49 hol es and be achieved by situation clear.
tj??f '
27
26
 '
usinga 45t00thgearfor15 di visions.W here 16.M achining a ' ;;1iï''
tbis is the case the gear can be marked hexagon fora Iarge . $,
.
q
...
. '

appropriately prior to fitting it onto the nulusing a m laly , .'î

dividing head.A coloured chinagraphpencil lab/e.
isexcell entforthi s.The bullwheelin Photo
6 has been marked in thi s way and may be j1:
p ' .' sî'
1'.ê,'''
visible ifthe finalprinting permits it. j
491
''1
l1
.'
'
dl
q
i'l
jl
p
rp
j
:i
Fj
. !y
Jg jjl
)q
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kr,.' ....r........
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.: 'kS'
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H avîng said that in term s of the

ï .)v
.zlt...
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6.
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yl
îgjj. ;..)
.
.
m achining operation there is no di#erence
'
between normal m illing operations and . ,

those using a divi ding head,there is one

potentialdisasterarea.Photo 15 shows a
handw heeI being m ade by m achining 1'
:1
1r
31tt 1 1:
:!k
i '. .'.I zj'';V
.2
.
.k). .. . . ..
.
a - .1
'j.
notches around its edge. C arefuI '.)
èt ,'i . #''î Y/k'
observation ofthe set-up reveal s thatthe
cutting actionw illbe attem pting to unscrew . t.
'
the chuck from its mcunting.ltis essentiaf
therefore that the chuck is very firm ly of 360/14 degrees perdivision, that is a PCD forbol ting two flangestogetherthen
screwed on andthatonly very Ii ghtcutsare 25.7143 degrees.This equates to 257.143 a little clearance in the bolt holes should
taken.Shouldthe chuck becom efree,then divisi
ons,or4 turns plus 17 and a Iittle bi
t m ake the approach possibse. Do notthough
there wilfcertainl y be a spoiled com ponent (0.143)divisions,itisthelittlebitthatisthe simplify the figure to 25.7 degrees as the
and probably a broken cutteralso.Do be problem ,lfthe task is to pl
ace 14 holes on errorof0.0143 willaccum ul
aware of this and take great care when ate overthe 14
working in the verticaimode.Itcan also
15 M achining w#/?a verticaldividlhg occur in the horizontal m ode js some 1s1 IjNPUT ARV IOVUQENT
specialised si tuati
ons. SK3 USING o ooo z''
.
ooo.o o2'
X
i Xj
head willresultin the cutterallempl/lpg to ooo.ooo
unscrew the chuck.Very Iightcutsare THE DIVID - ooOo o J,, ooo
oo O
o â,,
g oo oo s
thereforessential. Using the rotary table. lNG PLATE oO C
,x
o
o o xx
o o o
o (,'''A 0
o
o o
5,c
)
If you have a fully equi pped rotary table,
Ifusing ashopm ade dividing headwith that is with dividing plates and tailstock,
FlKGERS '
o
-oooOooooo
O --ooooo''
b o
OooOOo oo
oo* o
OooOo ooo
o
4t
s;
a gearto replace the di viding plate,then then the above explanati ons willlargely / oooo FSNGE? ooooo
/ k()v'
gggNT
thefacilityofadjustablefingerstodetermine appIy w ith on1y som e sm aIlchanges 'J
1i)nd
.s
t / ?nd !s1
2,d 1
s1
each di visi
on is notIikeiy to be included. regarding workpiece mounting. oo n Oo
Jr *0() r O() n
*O 5r oo Ooo
**()
Thisstatementbasedonthe designs 1have Ifhowever,as i s m ostîikely,you have O (7
O OO OO
seen,including those i n thi
s book.However, justthebasi llh 0 Aqyj O(
) #1.n O(7 4fh OO OO
crotarytableyouwillbefaced O
oo J o oo
O o
o ) oo z#r--xx (J
Ican see no reason why such a facility with setting the divisions by using the o
oo o
o o o
oo
o o o o
cannotbe builtinto such designs.W ithout m icrom eter dials at the hand wheel. oOoooooooo ooo oo ooo oo
oo oo ooo
oooo ooooo
this itwillbe a case ofcounting the num ber Consi der using a table with a 60:1 ratio
ofteeth traversed with considerable care. worm/worm wheeland 60 divisions on the
lt is frequently the case though thatthe dialgi ving O.ldeg.rotation perdivision.If /1is norm alfordividi
ng fingers and the inputarm to m ove in the same direction
division is achieved with one revotution of we now consider,asabove,a requirement d . Hok
vev'
el:
/ && to a upperIi
mi tthatthe dividing fingers can span, around 75% ofthe maximum,for
the gear,such as every third t00th when for14 divisions thiswillrequire and output oN erspans rotation ofthe fingers l
'sopposite to thatofthe inputarrn as shown aöok'e.

28 29

.- . - . . - -
; kj
 17.Attem pting the task in photo 16 but
using a dividlhg head in the verticalm ode
requires a Iotofhead room .Itis though a
non slarlec see comm entfOrPhoto 15.
18.A/l'gr//
'
r?g centres in preparation for
positioning workpiece.

divisions m aking the 1ast have an

appreciable error.Do though work outa
figure for each division,say 257.143,
514.286,771. 429,etc.
From this,work out the turns and
divisi
ons,1stdiv,4 turns + 17.143,2nd di v,
8 turns+ 34.286,3rd div,12turns + 51.429,
etc.W hi1st this is possible,it has to be
asked is it practicable having to carefully
set tlp each position? For the exam ple
gi
ven,probablyjust,butwhetheryouwish
to countand set up each positi on in this
way willbe a personalchoi ce.Ifgears are
to be cutora greaternumberofdivisions
are to be made Idoubtifitis practi cable
and itwil!be a case ofequipping you rotary especially the lightnature ofthe faceplate this case finalpositioning can be setai
ded
table with dividing plates or obtaining a are both Iikely problem areas.However, as by a dialtest indicator and rotating the
di viding head ofsome form . mentioned earlier in the chapter, in this rotary table.
Some dividing applicationsare though mode rotation ofthe cutteri s endeavouring
equall y,ormore appropriate,forthe rotary to unscrew thefaceplate.Itis nottherefore Dealing w ith backlash
table.Photo 16 shows a hexagon being a practicalproposition and should notbe Depending on the equi pm entbeing used
made for a Iarge nut.The m aterialwould attempted,even with a lightcutl. there m ay be appreciable backlash in the
have been too (arge to be held securely in Mounting a workpiece onto the rotary assem bly,butevenwiththe more precision
table,typi cally as in Photo 16, is not as item s i
t will notbe totally absent. ln a11
the three-jaw chuck mounted on the Sim ple as first envisaged as it m ust be
dividing head and so the rotary tabl e with cases,iti s advisable to take up backl ash
Keatsangle plate wasbroughtinto use.The concentric with the table.To do this mark m anually by attem pting to rotate the
rotary table therefore coped with the the workpiece with a centre punch mark, workpiece in the sam e di rection at each
situation adm irably and requiring only six Orcentre dri ll,Then,pl ace a centre in both division priorto Iocking the spindle ready
divisions the table's dials were adequate the rotary table and the machine spindie formachining.In some cases a length of
forsetting each position. and align them as in Photo 1B using the string wrapped around the chuck,
Using a dividing head in its vertical machi ne's X and Y movements. Place the workpiece,etc.and wei ghted willperform
m ode andfittedwi th afacepiate forthe task, Workpiece onto the tabl e and tine i
tupusing the task automaticaily foryou.
the machine' scentre and clam p inposition,
Photo 17,would seem possible butithas Photo 19. Thi
some severe lim i tations.Available height s should be accurateenough
in the m achine and rigidi
ty ofthe assembly, fOra!lbutthe mostdemanding si tuation, in

30

C hapter 4
T he M athem atics
Before one gets down to producing the case of a rotary table not fitted with a
workpiece itwillbe necessary to establish dividing plate then the num ber of
the set-up required.The process is m ore cal ibrations on the hand wheeldi alwillbe
com plex than m any w ill envisage, but the i
m por tantf actor .
fortunately the m athem atics itself is For com mercialdividing heads 40 :1
relativel
y simple. seems to be by farthe m ostcom mon,but
The two centralvalues when carrying in the case ofrotary tables there is more
outthe required calculations are the worm/ variation,4O , 6O and 9O :1 aII being
worm wheelratio and the numberofholes frequently available.
on the dividing plate ri
ng being used.In the Dividing plates by nature of their
construction have more variation w ith
smaller plates having around 6 rings of
holes and larger ones 16 rings,m aybe
m ore in some cases.The sm aller plates
m ay have a m aximum num berofholes of
50 whilstthe Iargerplates may have up to
1OO holes.A smaller head is likely to be
supplied with three plates making 18 rings
in all,a largerhead willprobably have 2
plateswi th 16 holesmaking 32 ringsintotal.
Anotherfactor is thatdividing heads
from di fferentsourcesmay be provi ded with
plates having di ffering numbers ofhofes in
each ring,additionalplates also being
available to fillsome ofthe gaps.This aI I
1.Shop made dividing head having the
ability lo be used with differing worm/
worm wheelratios.
< - . . ,- ' ' * * % #
adds up to considecable variation in what
is available and increases the num berof
permutations, m aking it im practicalto
publish in this book tables covering every
possibi li
ty.
Because ofthis and nothaving access
to tables covering a wide range of
si tuations,Ifirstly decided notincl ude any
tables at all. However, l felt this was
unfodunate and have as a resul tdeveloped
a computerprogram to provide mewithany
com bination possible. From this I have
chosen to provide tables forplates having
rings with 15,16,17,18,19,20,21,23,
27,29,31,33,37,39,41,43,47 and 49
holes.These appear to be very com rnin
com binati ons.Values have been worked
out using these and three worm/worm
wheelratios 40:1, .60:1 and 90:1.Having
provi ded these iiststhey wilbe ofparti cuîar
benefit to those who make their own
dividing heads.The lists can be found in
Chapter11.
lf purchasing a new com m ercia1
di viding head itwillofcourse be supplied
with tables forthe divi ding plates included,
butwillnotcoverany addi tionalplates you
m ake or purchase Iater to fillin som e of
the m issing divisions.A secondhand head
may also be m issing its manual.ltis worth
repeating here that only the m uch m ore
expensive universaldi viding head willbe
abl e to provide aIIdi visi
ons,atIeastup to
380.A semiuniversalhead w illIikely be
provided wi th dividing plates thatwillgive
aIlnum bers up to 50 with progressively
fewerthe higherthe number, typi cally 29
between 51 and 1O0 butonly 12 between
3O0 and 380.
Som e divisions considered
To make the initi
alexplanati
ons as simple
as possible lhave chosen to base these
on acombinationof60:1fortheworm/worm
wheelratio and 60 holes in the di viding
plate ring being used.
Consi der creating a dialhaving 125
divisions foruse with an eightthreads per
inch (TPI)Ieadscrew requiring an angle
betweendivi
= 2.88),W i
sionsof2.88degrees(360/125
th the divi
ding head having a
60:1 worm and worm wheelratio and fitted
with a 60 hole di viding plate the rotation
willbe 0.1 degree perhole movement.If
we consider29 holes giving 2.9 degrees
per division a sm allerror of plus 0.02
degrees willresult.As the error willbe
accum ulative a finaldivision of only 0.4
degrees would result,obviously far too
great.Had the error been very much
smal
lerthenjustpossiblyitmayhavebeen
possible to Ii
ve with it.
Taking now the requirementfora 127
t00th gear,as used in an im perialto metric
conversion on the changewheels foran
im peri alIathe. ln this case the required
angle betweeneach division is 2.8346456.
Usi ng 28 holes on the division plate would
be the nearest but as a gear is being
produced any error at a11 w ill be
unacceptabl e.
Otherdi visions willthough be m uch
simpler.One hundred divisions,as required
on a dialfor a 10 TPIIeadscrew,would
require 3.6 degrees per division,easily
being accom modated by 36 holes on the
sixty hole division plate.
How m any holes?
The above examples serve to show thati t
isnecessarytochoose a dividing plate that
willenable a requirementto be achieved
exactly.
Letus fudherconsi derthe 60:1 rati o
worm wi
th a 60 hol
e plate.To rotate the
output of the dividing head one full outthe numberofholes (H)required on
revoluti
onthe worm willneed to rotate 60 the di viding plate fora given di
times.As the plate has 60 holes thi
s will In this casethere are two unknowns (The
resultin the setting device passing 60 x 60
holes,thatis3600.Anywhole numberthat H)makingthe processtoappearlessthan
divides exactly into thi s is an achi evable
division.Taking an easy example,say 40
divisions,this willrequire the settingdevice
to pass 3600/40 hol es perdivi sion,thatis
80 holes,being one fullturn plus 20 hol es.
W hilst 360O is a relative1y Iarge
number.the num berofpossible di visi
ons
is quite smalland are aI(whatone m i ght
callsim ple numbers.These are 2,3,4,5,
6,8,1O,12,15,18,2O,24,3O,36,40,45,
50,6O,72,80,9O,100,120,150,180,200,
240,300,360,450,600,720,800,1200,
1800 and 3600.
K now ing the dividing head ratio
togetherwi th the number of holes on the
divi
ding plate itwillbe easy to determine i f
the division required is achievable.
However,you are Iikel y to have a setof
di
viding plates(orgears)thatcould resul
t sam e Way as a worm and worm Wheel.
ina lotofcalculations,althoughsimple,until
a suitabl
e divi
ding plate is found,orm aybe
notfound.
On som e occasi ons,yourrequirement
m ay not be covered by the published
chads,oryou may nothave aIIthe plates
quoted buthave others.In thi s case you
w illhave to resort to calculation.The
essentialrequirement is thatthe dividing
head ratio (R)tim esthe numberofhol es
onthe plate (H)di vided bythe numberof
divisions required (0)mustbe a whote
number(W ),thatis turn (38holes)plus2hol
R xH
W =
D commercialdivi
This is a simple cal
culati
on i
fone has
. . . <
R,H and D butwhatifattem pting to work
vision (D).
whole number,W andthe num berofholes,
straightforward.However,the value forW
can be any num berprovi ding itis whole.
Consider the requirement for 57
divisions in whi ch the form ula willread.
60 x H
W =
57
The values forR and D,60 and 57 in
this eyam pl e,shoul d be simpli fied to their
small estvalues,thatis by di viding both by
3,giving.
20 x H
W =
19
From this itcan be seen thatW wi/lbe
whole providing H i s 19 orany m ul tiple of
this,19,38,57,76,etc.
Having established the dividing pl
to be used i twillbe necessary to calcul
the num ber of holes traversed for one
di vision.Assuming a plate having 38 holes
is chosen, the num ber of holes for a
com pl ete revolution of the workpi ece will
be,
60 x 38 = 2280
The number of holes traversed per
division willtherefore be.
2280
= 40
57
Forty being achieved by one complete
es.
w hilst60 is a com mon rati
o,40 and
90arealsocommon,(40verycommonfor
ding heads).
Use fora dividing head in the hom e
. $
...5I.k..
workshop isIikelyto be Iimited and because
ofthispurchasing anexpensive com mercial
item may be di
ffi
culttojusti
fy.Because of
this the workshop owner may choose to
make one.Others may go down thi s route
finding the manufacture ofa di
viding head
an interesting projectin i
tset
f.One aspect
of dividing heads made in the hom e
workshop is that they m ay not have the
restrictions inherent in those made
com mercially.
The dividing head seen in Photo 1 i s
not Iimited to a single worm/worm wheel
ratio as the design can cope with differing
diametergears.Ratios of30:1,35:1,etc.
are thereforeobtainabl e.Tlle sim pl
erhead,
essentially an indexer,shown in Photo 2
can have additionalgears added as in
Photo 3.Thi s opens up possibilities that 2.Simple single geardividing head,also
are notavailable with a commercialunit. m ade in the workshop.
T he additionaIgears in P hoto 3
3,the formula given on page 34,willstill
amountto a reducti on in angularmovement apply. However,ifa rati o of 9:5 is being
ate betweenthe divi ding device(ageari n thi
s used thiswillgo into theform uia as 9/5 and
ate case)and the divi dinghead spindleinthe would read.
9x H
However,the rati o with a worm and worm
W =
wheelwillalways be a sim pl e one 40:1, 5x D
60:1,etc.W ith two spurgears though the
Considering a requirem ent for 63
resultmay be com plex.Typically, gears of divisions itwillread
60 and 20 teeth willhave a ratio of3:1 but
gears of45 and 25 teeth willhave a ratio
W =
9:5.W hetherthis is usable willdepend on 5 x 63
the numberof positions on the dividing
Simpli fying this by dividing 9 and 63
device. by 9 gi
ves
The following should give an indi
cation 1x H
as to whatis possibl e.One i m portantpoint
W =
to make is not to work outthe values in 5x 7
decimalterms asthis can so easilyshroud Five tim es seven being 35,W will
the m eaning ofthe answer, do stick to therefore be whole i f H = 35 or70,both
fractionalform . standard change wheelsi zes.lnci dentally,
W hen calculating the results for a 63 i s a value notachievabl e with my 40 :1
dividing head, typically as seen in Photo com mercialsem i-universaldividing head or
di1
I +1fu..

m y 90:1 rotary table. 63 is frequently
suggested as a good change wheelto use
in place of127 tcrtb wbeel,being smaller, appearto be worthless,as no numberwill
when cutting metricthreadson an im perial divi
Iathe.
Som e M ore Exam ples
Exam ple 1
Considera setup wi th a 30 t00th dividing com binations.However,200 willbe useful
gearand a 60/20 t00th gearchain,thatis ifcalibrating a di
3:1.The formula is therefore num ber of TPll
holes passed for1 rotati
on ofthe di viding
headoutputis30x(60/20)=90holes.This output)rotatingthreetimes i
willenable the 30 t00th wheelto give
divisi
ons of2,3,5,6,9,10,15,18,3O,45
and 9O.Nine,18,45 and90 beingadditi onal
to those which would be possi
ble with the
30 t00th geardirect.
Exam ple 2
Considera setup with a 50 t00th dividing
v ,
3.Two additionalgears fitted to the head
seen J
'r?Photo 2 giving a greaterrange of
possible divisions.
gearand a 75/30 t00th gearchain that i s
15:6
The num berofholes passed for one
com plete turn ofthe divi
ding head output
is therefore 50x(75/30)= 125 hol
es.The
pointto note here is thateven though the
rati
ois 15:6 itstilresul
tsin a whol e num ber
forthe numberofholes.Avai lable divisi
ons
are only 5,25 and 125,but 125 is useful
forcali
brating a dialforan 8 TPI(threads
perinch)leadscrew.Again this is not
available with mycommercialdi viding head
orrotary table.
Exam ple 3
Forthis example Iam suggesting a setup
with a 40 t00th dividing gearand a 50/30
$00thgearchain,ratio 5:3,numberofhol es
passedforone com pleteturnofthe divi ding
headoutputistherefore40x(5/3)= 66-2/3
holes,(noteweworkinfractions).Withan
answer of 66-2/3 hol es the set-up would
de into this.lfhoweverin this case the
outputisallowed to rotate afurthertwoturns
then this results in 2O0 holes passed.
This w illgive a range ofdivisi ons but
most obt ainabl e by easi er gear
alin halfthou's fora ten
eadscrew.
W ith the workpiece (dividing head
twillbefound
thatthe di visions made onthe second and
third rotation fal
las required between those
made on the firstrotati on.1was inclined to
prove thi s m athemati cally butfeelthatthis
maybe overcomplicating the explanati ons.
Itwillthough workwherevera fraction ofa
divisionoccurswitha single outputrotati on.
A
w. kk
.,...I.
Exam ple 4
Asa more extreme exam pl e,acom bi nati
on
ofa 40 t00th di viding gear and a pairof
gears comprisi ng 45 and 35 giving a 9:7
rati
o and 51-3/7 hol es.Seven com plete
turns willtherefore give 51-3/7 x 7 which
equals 360 holes passed.Itcan therefore
be used when calibrating a rotary table in
degrees.
These examples,which show onl ya
m inute fraction of those possible,do,l
hope,give an indication of the range of
possibiliti
esw iththis setup,and asa result
enables you to go down this avenue
knowing thatitl s possible.
Forthe sake Gfsimptlclty lhave i
gnored
the effectofusing a forked detentand for
consistency with otherexpl anations,have
referred to holes when using gears as the
dividing device;the slot between two
adjacentteethwillofcoursebeused.Ihave arrangement reduces the rotation by a
aIso used for m y expIanations,
changew heels having increm ents of 5
between sizes,25,30,35,etc,Ido realise
thata few I
atheswilluse otherincrements,
typi
cally by fours.W hiIstthe resul
ts willbe
di#erentthe m ethods wiltstillapply.
Furtherdetails
Chapter7 includes a design fora sim ple,
three geardividing head and fudherdetails
regarding the mathematics ofusing such a
devi ce.A Iistofdivisions possibl
e is also
included in Chapter11 based on a setof
change wheels of20 to 75 by five's.
Division plate errors m inim ised
W hiIstnota calculation thatthe reader
willbe called to carry out,the foll owing
illustrates how a worm and worm wheel
configurati
on(ortwo spurgearsin a gear
chain)reduces the effectofany division
wk!....
plate errors.The extentwillno doubtcom e
as a surprise to the uninitiated.
Considera divi sion plate with 18 holes
theoreticall
y spaced at20 degrees (360/
18 = 20),buthaving an errorof1degree
on the 12th hole,thatis spaced at19 and
21 degrees between its adjacentholes.If
now attempting 9 divisions (4O degree
spacing)and using a dividing head witha
6O:1ratio,the arm onthe dividing head will
have to pass 120 hol
esperdivision, thatis
60 x 18 /9.This i s 6 com plete rotations
plus 12 holes((6x 18)+ 12 = 120)forthe
fi
rstdivision.
ln this exam ple,input rotation will
thereforbe,(6x360)+ (11x20)+ (1x19)
degrees,thati
s 2399 degrees forthe first
di
visi
on,andforthe nextdivi
sion,(6x360)
+(11x20)+ (1x21)degrees,thatis2401
degrees. A s the w orm /w orm w heeI
factorof60 the anglesatthe workpiece will
be 39.984 degrees (2399/60)and 40.016
degrees(2401/60).From thisitcanbeseen
thatthe second division willbe accurately
placed as itcom pensates forthe errorin
the first,(39.984 +40.016 = 8O)butthe+/
-1 degree error between the two on the
division plate has been reduced to 0.016
degree,1/60th thaton the divi ding plate.
The value of1/60th i s no coincidence but
willalw ays be by the same factorasworm/
worm wheelratio.
A feature ofthis is that even plates
m ade in the hom e workshop by relatively
inaccurate m ethodswillstillproduce results
accurate enough for aII but the m ost
demanding requirem ents.Even here you
can use the dividing headto make asecond
plate and use this forproducing the final
product.Bythis meansyouwillbenefi tfrom
improved accuracy twice over.
37
 jI v
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1I
i(I?
'; !
I
1 (p -1)x 360 ,:5 .-y: -
111
)'I
/J
;,i r
* v=Rsin--------------- x2p k
4.
1j N
calculating these values,even when there 7 ..- .
1.1
I1.. are m any m ore holes,willnot be that
/
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atorhaving 3
z
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*naje alcu latln 1 t
a
ri
b
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en
sot
mha
etrn
i
co
ar
l
mfa
ul
ny
cti
l
o
i
sn
tsv
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un
el
i
s
ke
upr
t
i
o
nt9
eo
d 75 . yz
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' d egreesacalculatorwilldealeasilywith
the anglesabove 90deg.,giving thevalue
..
-''-'
..-
1
II. yj
1Ii andwhetheritis positive ornegative.I
ij. .
would suggesttherefore thata basic 1'5
f
Il
pf sci
entifi
ccalcul
atorshouldbeastandard 4 (
--.

1 i
tem in the home workshop.Even better o
kq=
I
GIN g
.
.
I. Thiswillbetosetthedivi
derstotheradius, would be to obtain a programmable g
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eandthenwiththescriberstill calculator,inthiscasejustentertheformula Y'=0 --ï4 - k5
'j
;r
' k
Diameter(PCD)
Th
atthesamesettingsteproundthescribed once,thenentersequenti
allythevariables F I
VECICCLES0$AFI TCHCIFSLEDI AkE
(lytgjj Ar rgyyyg rr yjrcjj cjycgg yj
TE8
Aagrgy,
I e mathematicalmethod. circle.Many applications willthough be (P only in thisexampl
e)to arri
ve ateach
'/
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'.
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occurformanydifferentreasonsbutmost met dwilbeneeded .
AdisadvantageofthemethodinsK.1
.I j,
. oftenonl yinvolvingasma11numberof Onesuchmethodi stoworkoutthe isthatitinvolvesb0thposi tiveandnegative negativevaluecreatingaminusminus
J
.
j
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2; holes,typically3or4whenIdr
il
l
ing ab ack positi
o nof eachhol
e i
n termslo
n m odelling co-ordinatesand uses the m i
fitsXandY
ling machine
c o-or
d i
n at
e s ma kingit so mewhatdifficult si tuati
on,mathematicallythisequatestoa
to equate the valuesto those to be read off plussituation
I
!
II j plate to take a chuck. Insimpl
. eterms5-(-3)=5+
engineering 5 or6 holes to fix the cylinder leadscrew dials to position each hole.The the leadscrew dials. This can easily be 3 = 8.
I
i11
.; coveronastationarysteam enginemaybe advantageofthismethodi
. sthatitachieves overcomebychangingthereferencepoint Some maysaythatholes bel
ow the
lI'
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j(
I
Theobviousfirstchoiceforpositi
oning ahi
ghdegreeofaccuracy,aisoanynumber fromthecentreofthecircletoapointequal upperlineshouldbenegativeif norma!
'I ding head or ofdi
the holes willbe eithera divi visi
onsis achievable,exceptofcourse to the extreme upperand Ieftpositions as geom etric conventions are appli
ed . This
1
II'I rotarytable,However,someworkshopswill fora practicalmaximum.Before this can in SK.2 making aIIco-ordinates positive. may be correctbutmycommentsrelateto
)fIfJ
1II:
.
I
f:
lI notbeequippedwithei
theroftheseand beundedakentheposi
tionsoftheboles Therequiredco-ordi
natesareeasi
lyarrived increasingvaluesbeingreadonthe
. 1 )1 even i
fthey are they m ay notadequatel y need to be calculated.SK.1 shows a very atforX by adding the radius ofthe PCD to Ieadscrew dials.Adrillplacedoverthezero
: II supporttheworkpiece, eitherdueto i
tssi
ze, simple exam ple requiring to positi
on5 hol
es each value the form ula forthis reads: Iinewillmove towardsthe Iowerholeswhen
'
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1 we ightors bape.Also,evenifasemi onagivendiametec (P-1)x360 PCD- thehandwheelisrotatedclockwiseand
1
.
1.I
I ' universaldi
viding head is available many X = R Cos + + the reading onthe dialincreases . However,
ll
i.' b
I11 num ers over5o wi
llnotbe achi
evable. The Form ulae N 2 some mi
lling machinesdo notconform to
.
s
'
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i
k
11
I
'?:
11 .
situationswillthereforearisewherean Theformulaforthe(X
alternative method uasto be found .
co-ordinatesis
P-1)x360
ForYhowevertheval
uearrivedatmustbe thi
sstandardandthedatumpointwillhave
taken from the radius ofthe PCD,the tobeotherthaninthetopI
eftasinSK2.I
t
probabl
ythe mostlikely requi
rem entwhere X = R Cos formula therefore reads: willnotthough alterthe calcul
ated values,
II I
1.I a Iargernumberofholes are required will N PCD (P-1)x360 onlyi
aow theyareapplied.
;'
' be to make a division plate,required,but whereR equalstheradius(thati sPCD/ Y= -R Sin-
I. notpresently available intheworkshop, 2)P equalsthe hol e number,e.g.1,2,3,4 2 N Hole generation
Oneofthecommonestal ternati
veswill or5 and N equalsthe numberofholes,5 Dotake notethatthevalueforR Sin((P-1) A variation is often used in the home
be when the requirementisforsix hol es. inthiscase.SimilarlyfortheY co-ordinates x 36O/N)forsome hole positions willbea workshoptoenablelargeholestobecutin

38 39
I
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'Qt. - - . - - ..
'
. a.
.:..
â1k.'
 be drilled.However,do make the number 1.Using X and Y . ', t);. y
divi
sible by 4 as this wil make the holes co-ordlnates to
identically positioned in each 90deg, mark outposition '
segm ent and as a result reduces the Ofholes to remove '
amountofcalculationrequired appreciably, the centre Ofa f) :
, .. '
'
Having decided on the numberofholes rotary table body. '
work outthe angle (A) between each This to take the . ,
adjacenthole,thatis360/N where N i
sthe table' s bearing. ?1 't 7
numberofholes.Chose an outerdiameter
(D)justsufficientforfinalfinishing.Thedrill )-
q
diameter(d)can now be cal culated using
the formuia in SK3.Ifthe dri
llworks outtoo
sm alj,ortoo Iarge,then reduce orincrease (5y?! ..: ''
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a workpiece bydriling touching holes on a
pitch circle as ill
ustrated in SK3.W hiIstthis
can be done using relati vely inaccurate
methods i talmostcertainly wi llresultinthe
need for m ore m anual activity - filing,
sawing,etc.
In this case the PC D is not of
im portance,whatis,isthe diameteron the
outeredge ofthe drill ed hol es.The closer
this is to the uItim ate hoIe size w iII
considerably m inimise the finishing work
necessary.W hat i s required is,thatwith
the chosen hole size and onthe calculated
PCD,thatthe outeredge is close to the
hole size being m ade.This m ay seem
relativel
y straightforward butthe drillsi ze
and PCD have to be chosen m ore carefull
and involves some calculation.Having
stadedontheprojectIhadanti
cipatedthat
thi
s may prove qui te complex butin factit
is notthatdifficult,AIIthatis necessary is
to roughly estimate the num berofholes to
j
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! y
ax.
;.ï. k
!
.
.
$.y'
.
@t?-
) t'. jj .y
t
y
.. l
.(,
.
?- .. , ,)...
. L
----' ... j -A::)
N the num ber of holes estim ated and willeasily cope with sucb angles. ln this
recalculate.The PCD on which the hol es case a1Ithatwillbe needed is to calculate
'.. .'' are to be drilled willbe equalto D -d.The
the hol
e diameterand the PCD.
/ gcg..--.m
co-ordinates can now be calculated as in
-
the firstexam ple and then drilled, Using a com puter
) Iused this process when needing to Having suggested using a programmabl e
A AhGLE 8ETAEEN THE FOLES produce a Iarge hole i n a casting.Photo 1 calculator,even betterwould be to use a
N NUkBEF 0F HOLES shows the hole posi ti
ons being initially computer spreadsheet program .This wili
OUTEq CIAMETEF marked out.After drilling it was very notonl y produce thecom plete Iistofvalues
d EIqILL DIAMETEF
FC() FCC ON AFIICH FICLES A9E gratifying when the centre justdropped on screen butwilalso enable a printoutto
7'0 8E ZiILLED away asthe Iasthole was drilled,Photo 2. be m ade for use in the workshop.Ifyou
This m ade the care taken wellworth the are an accomplished userofspreadsheets
:560 effortinvolved. you willnotneed me to inform you ofthe
A = ---- W hen adopting the above approach it advantages of using these for repeti tive
N is likely that in m any cases the angle calculations.Ifthough you have a com puter
betweeneach hol e willbea complexvalue, thatyouably useforotherapplicationsmay
itwillthough be ofno consequence ifthe I encourage you to get to grips w ith
y procedure is adopted fully.However,ifthe spreadsheetappli cations.
num berof holes is chosen to arrive ata A spreadsheet is basically a form
whole numberforthe angle,(say for36 divided into columns and rows and ateach
holes,360/36= 10degrees),thena rotary pointwhere they cross a bl ock is created,
table could be used if available as the called a cell,Columns being referencedA,
SK3 Iimited calibrations on a basic rotary table B,C,D,etc,,and Rows num bered 1,2,3,

40
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tiallycel
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i
. I away as the final wjth cell02 having the formula forthe pounds,1 forthe decimalpointand 2 for
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. holewasdrilled,a
very satisfactory
volumeofacylinderadde
formula Willnotappear i
d.However,the thepence.Thecolumntocarrythei tem
n cellC2 so the description willbe setup fortextand have
-
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I1 conclusion! sheetwilli
nitially appearas above.The a much largerwidth,say 30 characters.
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cell.The form ula,Volume = T:xR2xL will also included at the spreadsheetdesign
j7
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hereforebelx(A2/2)2xB2.Most,i
tage.Theoiameter,Lengthandvolume
headingsin the above are anexample,
: an
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ingle line format,ratherthan the easierto
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.
, understand multiline formatused earlier
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y therefore a cellin column tm aybe a '
i 'ngle cal
si culation from a very apptjjhoat
Wor
jonuutonethatwoul d beverywell iII have to be entered into the
setting up ifyou are a new comerto -
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Iarge numberofentered item s,typicallythe Spfeadsheets. You will soon find the
spreadsj
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vajues ages ofbei
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fordiamet abl
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or ogt
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h er
andnew
for M ultiple calculations
I
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ae spreadsheet reall
y proves i
ts worth
j
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ch 2)yq Yesol*
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e.However,unl
essyouareexped
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1 2.To carrv' tex t entered when t
he th
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a
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' acaseasthisthatmakesthe a:
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oceed st
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ai
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ake rv
th-e
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I I. soreadsheet is used. In a financial
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onthiscouldbethedescriotionof useofsoreadsheetssousefulinthehome -n lft,
heitrogram cu
,rsori
splacedonC2, slightlymorecomplexexamnleofworkina
f
.I
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1 ''item purchase.
an ' worksho
'p.Thespeedatwhichthistakes 'RORO'SeWrlereontnescreentheformula outthe touching holeso'na PCD aW s
'' 1. a.To receive numericaldata asthe sheet placecanbe asurprise to a new userofa fOrthat cell,'
n * (A2/2)2 * B2'willbe illustrated in SK3.
lI
jl
i jI
. I. is being used. Again in a financial personalcomputer.
,add new values forthe di
splayed,whilststi
lldispl
aying157.1inthe First,the hole diametermustbe
' ')
?'1) application tl
ni
s coul
d be tl
ae value ofan numberoflaoles and the PCD and the list. calculated based on the outerradius and
j
gg
Ip.f
j;i item purchased. requiredvalueswillappearalmostinstantl
y. zjje program willcalculate,inthe thenumberofhol
eschosen ln addition to
,
''i 4 To display numericalvalues calculated background,the answers to very m any headings, etc,setup atthe design stage,
III .
il'!I by the spreadsheet using the values G ive ita try decimalplaces butyou can formateach fourcellsmustbe provi
ded asfollows:
:f
.j:
?j enteredasin3andusingformulaeentered The following i
s anexampleofa simple cojumntodisplayvalueswi
ththenumber 1.Forthenumberofholeschosen.
I,j of decim alplaces as appropriate to the 2 Forthe outerdiameter.
..
. 11. by the sheetdesi
gneratthe spreadsheet spr
ofaeads
cy hder
li
n eetsetupeto
wher causer
the lcul
ataedds
thevolu
bothme
i
ts Zp/li on.Allcolum nscan be individually 3.
cati . The cel
IE
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lin which the program displays
'
. There can be many entry cells and diameterand length. configured in terms ofwidth,number of the cal culated value forthe angle between
1''I' f
tormulacal
hese
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cul ngedmanyues
val outpthat
utvamak
luese.l
theis ,D,l- e'reR u.e- nf o
t Y'oo-ze -
v - decimalplaces,etc.Inafinanci
alsheetthe a
4d
jThe
acencel
Colum n forthe value ofthe item purchased thloil
.
eswhi
n .chthe program displays
Willbe set up for num ericaldata and the calculated value forthe hole diameter
spreadsheetso useful.ln afinancialsheet 2
a .
/
42 43

'
X.
... .= .
I Igj r
II
-I
. II

J!
?
'
Ili
.
lf
Ii cetl's A2 and 82 should be set up for Changetheformulatoread=sin(cz/zland jfinthe caseofthe word 'holes'
'''number COS((P-1)X 360/N).To make theformulae
' l
!'1. icalentry and c2 and o2 having the checkthis againstsome tri
g tables oryour fholes'was preferred then the heading Work tl
aough R, p and N willhave to be
. num er o
!
I' I
i
' formulaeforcalculatingtheanglebetween sci
entific calculator.The brackets ()are could span rows 1 and 2 wi th the value Substitutedwiththe cellreferencesforthe
I essentialelsetheprogram willgiveyouhalf being allocated to row 3 The colum ns do CelIS containing the values.
.

I!
1
fj:I
i' I
jI A B c D th
f evalueo
rom the si
fsineC2thatisquited
ne value ofhalfofC2 bei
ifferent
ng what
0 othavetobewideenoug
formulae these are displ
htodisplaythe
ayed separately Dklplicate and Paste
'
1HOLES OD ANGLE DRILLSlz.E ,
l'
jI
2
!I,,j 2
3 isrequi
red.The bracketssaydoC2/2pri
or and one ata time as the cellis selected. Ifyou setup yourspreadsheetforup to
IIi. to choosing the sine value. '
rhe two screen prints helpto illustrate this, 1O0 holes,ormore,youmay feelthattyping
II. II Again enter edit and change the ore Iater.
i holes and the drillsi
ze.As alreadystated m in the formula 1OO times and similarlyfor
I
)
gI
I
f/
' j
theformulaedpnotappearli
nthecellsbut Ormtllatoread=1/
should add at tbattheVaiue 1divi
(sin(C2/2))andcheck
ded bysin(C2/2)isthe
lfcarrcyi
one-ofcal
ngouttheabovewa
ulationthenyouwoul
stobea theotherthreecolumns,isataskbeyond
dbebetter what is acceptable.Fortunately,the
II k eisewhere on the screen.
lIIr: tj
ais stage thatas w ith aIIcom puter COSUIt,take note ofthe extra brackets. withapieceofpaperandyourcal culator. If facisities ''duplicate''and d'paste''Iimitthe
, there willbe subtl e differences Continue going through the following though you were expecting to make the work invol ved consi derabl y.
II kk programs
,, px....l
a.. pxcaoio rxrir
aoïralo. i'
aair-ntoa in tl
aiq sequencechecki
ng thevalue ateach stage, calculati
on frequentl
y then save the sheet the form ul a infora single IineHa vinchgeck
and typed
ed
I
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fjJ
''
)
,J k'p
'
-tt,
a ''=<'v
C'Iapter
=.->'L''.'
snou.
,'''
:-,
'F?.u'--'--'-----'---- next=(1/(sin(c2/2)))+1andfinally,=B2/ toafil
eandcallitupnexttimeyouneedi
t, thatitworkeditcouldthenbeduplicated
ing uwpopp,
afoyr.mulaforaddingtoa ((j/(sin(c2y2)))+j)vjais may seem a slow
.
!
' ' Buil
d , a1Ithatwillbe needed woul
d be to entef into the remaining 99 cells. However,after
!
I k,
, cellcanbe somewhatcompl
exasthe Process but as the value appears newval
uesfornumberofholesand/orouter havingduplicated say4individuallythe
!
!
.i
.
formula hastobe entered asa single Iine immedi atelythe formula has been edited, diameter.lnanycase,asmenti onedabove, blockof5 coul d be duplicated and pasted
l ')
i dthecorrectusageofbracketsobserved itis no more thata couple ofminutes. evenforasingleappl icati
onyoumay have in five at a time reducing the work
.
I
;:
I' ', an
to ensure thatparts ofthe formula are Enteringtheformulaatonegoand Ieaving to carry outthe calculati
on a numberof significantl
y.
p '$
II, cal
cusated in the correctorder.By farthe outacrucialbracketcouldtakemuchI
onger timestoarri
veatasuitabl
eholesi
ze . Thisthoughis notthefuilstoryaswhilst
' '.
I
i s to build the formula in stages to solve,ofcourse ifyou are experienced
bestway i As already mentioned, the r
ealbenefi
t the valuesforR (radius)and N (numberof
II.
1 ir
' andobservethatthecorrectvalueisarrived FOuthenenteritaonego. ofusingaspreadsheetbecomesapparent holes)areconstant,andwillbepickedfrom
I , ateach stage. Onefudherpointregardingtheabove, where multiple calculations are required thecell
satthetopofthesheet(R isinC11
II , startingfirstwi
ththeeasyone c2.The FoUCSpreadsheetmayuse radians rather with the need for mul tiple X and Y co- and N is inA6 in the screen pri
nt2),the
1
7
.1
r.
Ij
2,'
r. formulaforangleAisgi veninsK3and thandegreessotheaboveformulawill ordinatesbeinganexcellentexample. valuefortheholeposi
tion''P''(A16,A17,
II.1
'I Whenplaced incellc2would read =36o/N needadjustingto suit Forthe readerwho . yive columns willbe needed as follows: etc)progressesbyoneon each row.AIIis
.
II
II'I w here N being the num berof holes. is notfamiliarwi
th radians, 360 degrees colum n A . Hole Number. notIostaswhenthe formuia is pasted for
11.
1j:I However, the value for N willhave been equaIs2x' n radians,Inthiscasesin(C2/2) Column B.X co-ordinate relati
ve to the thefirsttime,theprogram willseekouteach
I1'1: entered in cellA2 therefore the formula in Would read circlecentre . variableand aski fiti
sabsolute (the same
If
/
IJ
i
;(
I c2 s hou lddi
reade
d =and
360/A2. Nomul
te thaty/is si .J:.c2/a6o)/2)
n((2and columnc.Y co-ordinate relativetothe valueeachtime)orRelative(changeseach
.
1.
i1!1I
I use d for vi * f
or tipl in cell
s A2 B2 have been setup for Circlecentre. time relative to anothercell).Having
'
il i spreadsheetprograms. num ericalentry and could be 3 characters Colum n D. X co-ordinate relative to indicated thatR and N are absolute and P
'I !I
' '' 1 Theformul ainD2i sthoughmuchmore forA2 (upto 999 holes)and 7 characters extreme co-ordinates. relative i
twillnotaskwhen the formul a is
! I
iII complex being thatgiven for'd,in sK3. for 82 (up to 999.999 forthe outside cOlum n E.v co-ordinate relative to pasted infurlhercellssothe taskisstillan
pf. Build this up in stages starting attbe diameter).However,widthofcolumnswill extre meco-ordinates. easyand quickone andnc anbe done in
'ji innerm ostexpression, that is A/2.Now often depend on the heading required at 'rhe formulae forthese willbe those blocks ratherthan one Iie at a time . Do
I'I rememberingthatAttheangle)isthevalue the top.Forexample column A may have included in the paragraph headed 'The thoughsetuponlyafew Iinesandtestyour
in cellc2,therefore entertheform ula = c2/ to be 7 characterswide, thatis fi
ve forthe Form ula''on page 38. Theywillneed to be program thoroughly before pasting in the
2 and observe tl aatthe result is half the word 'holes''and a space either side to Wri
ttenon a single Iine with aIIthe brackets fullnum berofIines.
angl
e io c2. separate itfrom its adjacentheading. in the required pl
aces,typically forthe X This stillhas the column 'A''which
Enter the edi
t mode forthe celland Headings can take up more than one row . Co-ordinate relati
ve to the circle centre = R contains the hole posi
tion num ber. 1f,for

I 44 45
I

-
L-
Q- x
. .'..1.
:
 r

A B C D
1 CALCULATES CO-ORDINATES OF HOLES ON A PCD CALCULATES CO-ORBINATES OF HOLES IN AN ENCLOSEING OUTSIDE BIARETER

3 USE: ENTERED ITEMS USER ENTERED ITEYS

4 NUMBER OF Radius at NeMBER OF QUTER
5 HOLES hole centre HOLES RADIUS
6 5 40.000 5 0.650

8 CALCULATED VALUES PROGRAR CALCULATED ITEMS

9 Angle Hole diameter Radius at Angle
1G Between holes 0 hole Centre Between Holes
11 72.000 1 0.481 0.409 72.000

13 RELATIVE T0 RELATIVE T0 3 RELATIVE T0 RELATIVE T0

14 CIRCLE CENTRE EXTREQE CO-ORDINATES 4 CIRCLE CENTRE EXTRERE CO-ORDINATES
15 HOLE NU#BER Ce-ordlnate X C/-ardlnate Y X Y s BOLE NUQBER Co-ordinate X Co-ordinate Y X Y
16 1 40.000 0 80.000 40.000 6 1 0 .409 0 0.819 0.409
17 2 12.361 38.042 52.361 1.958 17 2 0 .127 0 .389 0 .536 0 .020
18 3 -32.361 23.511 7.639 16.489 18 3 -0 .331 0 .241 0 .078 0 -169
19 4 -32.361 -23.511 7.629 63.511 19 4 -0 .331 -0.241 0 .078 0 .650
20 5 12.361 -38.042 52.361 78.042 0 5 0 .127 -0.389 0.536 0 .799
21 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

B16/F@rmu1a: IF(A16jC6*C0S((A16-1)*(((2*PI)/360)*C11))jO) l6/Fermula: IF(A16,C11*C0S((A16-1)*(((2*PI)/360)*D11))j0)

CREEN PRINT 1
exam ple,you are working to a m axim um
num berofholes of1OO in which case you
could justtype in,when designing the
spreadsheet,the num bers 1 to 1OO down
colum n A.Thî s would work qui te wellbut
when requesting co-ordinates for say 10
hoIes on a P C D it w ouId continue
calculatingthrough the 100 Iines asthough
you were going round the circle 10 times.
W hen on the screen the lines beyond 11
up coul d be i gnored but ifas is Iikely a
printoutis to be taken,extra sheets would
be printed out.Iftherefore the sheetcould
be made to stop at hole 10 an aIIround
ti
diersituation would result.
Ratherthanjusttyping1and upwards
itcould be arranged forthe form ula to do
this.Taking screen print2 as an exam pl e
cellA16 woul
djusthavethefigure 1typed
in.CellA17 woul d though have the simpte
form ula = A16+1.W hen pasting in further
cells and requesting these to be relative
we would get,= A17+1,= A18+1,etc.
Having now arri ved atthe hole number
bythis means itwi llopen up the possibility
ofextending the form ula so as to hal tthe
progression atthe numberholes required.
However,to do this willi nvolve including
some l ogi c expressions in the formula and
this w ill increase the complexity quite
considerably and i fnew to spreadsheets it
is bestI eftatthis stage.W i th this done the
program willcalculate the values forthe
numberofholes required butthen continue
as i
fgoing round a second time and more.
To achieve a ti dy resultitwould then
be a good i dea to copy the file to another
and in thi s block delete aIIthe records
CREEN PRINT 2
above the values required.Thiscould then
be printed outforuse inthe workshop. The
sheetwoul d stillcontain the form ulae up to
thatvalue and could be used again with
that num ber of holes for subsequent
applications.
Logic
Wi th this we are now arriving at a m uch
more complex use of spreadsheets and
one thatmostwilneversee a need to use.
Iwould therefore suggestthatunless you
are conversantwith Iogic expressions you
leave yoursheetatthi s stage. Eventually,
When becom ing fully conversant with
Spreadsheets thi s far,you coul d then take
time to Iookinto the logic provisionsofyour
program ,However,ratherthan I eaving the
Subjectwithoutanyfurtherexplanati
onthe
following shoul
d give an insight into the
subject.
Consider colum n A , carrying the
rumberofeach hole, this could be setup
w ith som e sim ple logic that halts the
calculations once the hole num ber has
reached the num ber of holes required.
Trying to express this verbally the Iogic
would state, 'IF the value in the previous
cellequals the num ber of holes required
enter' dO''IF NOT entera value one higher
than in the previ ous cell.
W hiIstthis would work forthe firstIine
after com pleting the num ber of holes
Feguired itwould notwork forthe nextline
as the previous value would notequalthe
numberofholes required butwould equal
nought.Itwoul d as a resultadd one to this
Starting the sequence again, because of

46 47

. ' >
...IkI,
this a m ultiple IF hastherefore to be used. repeating isthatyourspreadsheetm ayuse
Thiswould state ''
cellequals .0'
IF the value in the above
'then enter'. 0,'1IF NOT1IF
radians to describe angles rather than
degrees.Therefore,as there are 2 Pi
radians in a circle then say f0r70 degrees
G hapter 6
the value in the previ ouscellin the column
equalsthe numberofholes required enter the numberofradians is 70*2pô/360.Thi s
.'0''IF NOT entera value one higherthan in should be evidentin the formula forB16.
thatceII'. The screen printsalso illustrateanother
To ensure thatthe X and Y val ues also
display a value ofzero the form ula should
important feature ofspreadsheet desi
Considering screen print2 i tcan be seen
gn. S im ple S ho p-m ade D iv id ing
include an IF cl ause as illustrated atthe thatIines 3 to 6 are used fordate inputed
bottom ofthe screen prints i fthis were not by the userwi th the remainderdi splaying D evices
done the co-ordinateswould be worked out values calculated by the spreadsheet.
on basis of zero in colum n '' A ' giving These though can be divided into two
irreIevant vaIues. From these brief categories,iines 8 to 11 displaying values The nextfourchapters dealwith i tems that
commentson the use oflogic i tcan beseen calculated the once only whilst Iines 13 exam ples of item s not available
can be made in the home workshop. The com mercially.Itisassumed thatany reader
that the com plexity has been raised upwards repeat basicaIIy the sam e reasonsforthis approach wi llbe num erous
significantly.Please do nothowever1etthis calculation butforeach hole posi tion. embarkingonprojectsinvolvingdi
vidingwill
Ofgreatersignifi cance is thatwhen a butare Iikely to be mainl
y. havearrived ata reasonabie understanding
putyou offattem pting to use spreadsheets 1.The workshop owner gets m uch
in theirsimplerform . column has been all ocated a width ancl ofbasic workshop practices. Because of
sati
sfaction in making workshop tools. this,details of m anufacturing techniques
formatted(numberofdecimalplaces,etc.) 2.Becauseoflimitedusecannotjustifythe willbe reserved Iargely to areas ofgreater
Screen Prints thiswillapplyto aIIitems down the colum n.
expense ofa com mercially made item .
Iwi llfinish with a few brief com ments on Typically,had 'Outer radius' been placed complexi ty,
3.ltem notavailable comm ercially.
the screen prints publi shed.Screen 1 i s in A6 and ''No.of Holes' ' in C6,hole Some ofthe items inthischapter, al
for calculating holes on a PCD whilst numbers would have to display as 1.000, ong Lathe m andrelgearm ounting
with the Lining toolin Chapter 9 are The method ofmounting a gearonthe rear
Screen 2 calculates values forholes in an 2.000,3.000,etc.and numberofholes as
enclosing circl e. 5.000 -this can com plicate the desi gn of
The onlymajordi fferencesare thatin som e sheets.Having m ade the point it
2 the ho1e diam eter (B11) has been m aybe that some m ore m odern and
calculated bytheprogram as hasthe radius adaptable spreadsheetprograms do all ow
onwhi chtheholesareto be placed (C11). characteristicsofa colum ntochange down
It is not visible on the print butthe theirIength.
cursorwas atcellB16 whenthe screenprint
was taken and the form ul a forthatcellis Inthei rsimplestform spreadsheetsare
displ ayed atthe bottom leftofthe screen. notthat com plex and yetstillvery useful
M oving the cursor to other cells woul d and time saving.They also avoid any
cause theirformula to be shown.Note the possibility oferrors due totapping incorrect
IF com mand thatbasically states IFA 16 is vaiues into yourcalculator,easily done
zero display zero in B16 IF NOT then when many hundreds of calculations are
calculate as perform ula. to be carried out.So whatare you wai ting 1.The two parts
One other im portant point worth for,go on,give spreadsheets a try. thatm ake up the
Iathe mandrel
gearmounting
assembly.
48 49

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LATHE MANDREL GEAR SPLIT MANDREL,INNER .
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end of the lathe spindle for dividing would seem a good starting point for
purposes is show n in the published consideration.The plungerin the detent
assem bly and parts drawings. No assembly should be made a close sliding
2 j z z dimensions are gi
ver astheywillvaryfrom fitin i
ts housing so asto m inimise backlash
E:::-- zzjpx
.-
'--
t ;
1
..
-
-
,
.. Iathe to lathe.
Manufacturing this is straightforward,
when i
al
n use.Despi te this,backlash should
w ays be taken up manuall y and in the
4% 8 y- -4g - placethe materialinthe chuckforthe outer sam e direction, even with a precision
FOLES k5 j 10 kk DEE?, 1 OFF part and with sufficient projecting to dividing head.Again lhave not included
kAJEFiAL 46 î 8 SIEEL 670:2C machine the whole partatthi s stage.Use any details for the detentassem bly but
leftand righthand kni fe tools to machine thoseinChapter8(parts41and42)shoul d
DRIVING PLATE. the two parall elpodions withoutremoving prove a basis forany design.
the partfrom the chuckensuring asa result Slitting the outer com ponent is
thatthey are concentric. Setthe angie of illustrated in Photo 2 and as can be seen it
the top slide and make the internaltaper, is a simpl e operation forthe dividing head.
Ieaving the top slide atthis angle forthe However,itserves to illustrate a feature of
Qtherpad. Nextmachine the parallelportion this form of head w hich has not been
FOLES Ofthe inner pad making the thread also. mentioned so far.Just visible behind the
h 5.5 k: 08 9 kk / 5.5 02E? Turn the pad in the chuck holding on the chuck is a plate containing a ring of24
8 1û kk portion justturned and machine thetaper holes.This permits directindexing ofany
C 30 kk Photo 1showsthe two padson compl etion. division possible with a 24 hole plate,that
2 k6 Iam notincluding any details forthe is 2,3,4,6,8 and 12.The head is still
RATEiIAL 40 k 8 STEEL 070k20 design of the detent m ounting as the rotated via the worm/worm wheelfrom the
CO M PONENT PLATE. method of mounting this wiltvary widely. m anualhandle butis Iocked in place using
Bowever, usingthe changewheelquadrant a peg in the top hole posi tion.The peg i s

50

I .1
ILk

3Above.A typicaldetentm ounting,itwill
ofcourse t/aly depending on the Iathe to
which itis being fitted.Because ofIim ited
space this photograph has been taken
via a mirror.
4.Below.Bullwheeldividing attachment.
52
W
advanced using the sm allIever partly
visible top rightofthe di
viding head.
Photo 3shows a typicalassembly,but
do notbe confused,due to Iack ofspace
the photograph hasbeen takenvia a mirror.
Bullw heeldetent
This is anothercase where the design will
depend very m uch on the Iathe to which jt
is being appli
ed.However,once again the
detentassem bl y in Chapter8 should prove
a basis.Photo 4 showsthe m ethod applied
to a Myford Series Seven lathe.
Chuck back plate dividing
W hiIstnotapplicable to today'sworkshops
to the same extentas in the past,divi ding
using drilled holes around the chuck's
backplate can stillhave its place.Drilling
the holes maythoughseem a daunting task
butasthe system isreally onlyappropriate
forI owernum bers there is no reason why
this should be. Using the method of a
di vided paperstrip,asdescribed in Chapter
3,w illm ake the process an easy one.
Photo 5 showsa chuckprepared fortwel ve
divisions.The back plate is to be centre
punched on the markings and then drilled
withtbe required holes,3 mm diam eterand
3 mm deep would be aboutright.Care in
positioning the m arked strip w iI1 be
necessary to ensure thatthe holes do not
conflictwith the back plate' s fixing as they
may be close to the edge.
Having also divisions of5 and 10 may
be desirable inwhich case a ri ng of60 holes
would appearto be required.This need not
be the case as two rings ofholes,one of
10 and one of 12 could be made.ln this
case,positi ons 1 and 7,from the 12 hol e num ber of holes, excepting for Iower
ring,sharing the sam e places as hol es 1
and 6 from the 10 hole ring.Itmay though
I.zl
klla
5.A chuck back plate being prepared for
drilling holes fordividing purposes on the
Iathe.
make itdi fhcultto avoid the back plate's
fixings.
Dividing plates
Having a sem i -universaldividing head and
a good range ofdi viding plates there will
stillbe manydi visionsthatare notpossi ble,
even atI owernum bers.Typicall y a need of
53 divisions can only be achieved using a
dividing plate having 53 divisions itself.As
this is a num bergreaterthan i s normally
availabte on the sm aller plate sizes
supplied,anotherplate woul d have to be FoI m ore information regarding prim e
purchased, lf also it is for a one off num bers see Chapter 1O.
application such an expense m ay be
difficultto justify.Making ones own may Using X and Y co-ordinates
therefore be the way forward. Byfarthe m ostaccurate methodto produce
An interesting feature of using a a division plate would be to workoutthe X
divi
ding plate vi
a a worm/worm wheelwith & Y co-ordinates and use the m illing
the samenumberofholesonthe plate (53 machineto posi tion the holes.Forthe lower
in thi
s example)as there are divisions num bers thiswould cedainly be the way to
required, is that the num ber of holes proceed butforhi ghernum bersthe method
traversed willalways be equalto the worm could be a little tedi ous and great care
rati
o.Assum ing a ratio of40:1 the num ber would be needed in setting the table's
ofhole traversed forone turn atthe output position foreach division.As a precaution,
wi llbe 40 x 53 and the num ber ofholes Iightly m ark outthe positions with a centre
traversed forone di vision willbe 40 y 53/ drilland inspectthe resultbefore rem ovi ng
53 = 40.This woul d be achieved with one the plate from the table,Any obviousl y out
turn plus 13 holes. ofposition hol e can be setup again using
Having menti oned 53as a di visi
onand the avai lable co-ordinates,m arking again,
Stating thatitcan only be achieved with a this tim e with a Iargercentre drill,Do also
53 hole plate, Ishould pointoutthatthis is mark the plates centre posi tion whi
lston
because i t is a prim e num ber. Unl ess a the table as concentrici ty ofthe m ounting
Uni versaldividing head is available, rather position is im podant.
than a Semiuni versalhead, prime numbers
always require a plate having the sam e Using a Rotary table
Using a rotary table would also be worth
numberswherea m ul tiple maybe practical, considering and where possible be as
typically for 19 divisions a 38 hol e plate. accurate asusing co-ordinates.The Iimiting
53
 6.A 125 dividing plate m ade using an
actualsi
ze CAD print.
values from the star 'tcould be produced
7.826087, 15.652174, 23.478261 and
31.304348,etc.These could then be
conveded to 1 turn + 1.826087,2 turns +
3.652174,3 turns + 5.478261 and 5 turns
+ 1.304348,etc.Finally they could be
simplifi
ed 1 turn + 1.83,2 turns + 3. 65,, 3
. %
turns + 5.48 and 5 turns + 1.30,etc.then
used to setup each posi tion as accurately
as is possibIe. This wouId avoid an
accum ulating error and probably be
acceptable w here a high degree of
accuracy is notbeing aimed at.Ifthe plate
were used vi a a worm /worm wheel, the
im provem ent in accuracy this provides
woul d be a distinctadvantage.
A Com puterM ethod
If you, or a friend, have access to a
com puter equipped wi th a CAD program
factor would be if the angle between there is another method that may prove
di visi
ons could easil shed using useful.Placing any num berofhol
y be establi es on a
the tabl e's calibration.Typically,a need for PCD using a CAD program is both easy
45 di visionswoul d require anangl e of360/ andfast.Place a smallcircie forthe divi
ding
45 perdi vision,being 8 degrees,W i th a platecentre plusjustone onthe PCD then
60:1 ratio worm/worm wheelthis would asking the program to repeatthis round the
require,oneturn(6 degrees)plus2whole circle the numberoftim esrequired and the
degrees using the table's calibration resultwillappearalm ostimm ediately.
making ita practicalproposition. Print this out and fix it to the plate
I
fthe need is for46 di sions,atfirst already prepared.Centre punch through
vi
sighta relati vely simple requirem ent,the each smallcircle,also thatin the centre,
angl e between di visions would be 360/46, remove the printand exam ine resultlooking
being 7. 826087 degrees.This would be forany punch marks which are obviously
one turn plus 1.826087 degrees on the mi splaced. Make any adjustments
tabIe's calibration for each division, necessary and use a centre drillto mark
obviousiy anim practicalproposi tion.Using each posi tion,again inspect.The ring of
tbe rotary table bas therefore lim ited use holes can then be dri lled.Being very quick
form aking dividing plates. com pared to working to X/Y co-ordinates it
However,as a last resort, a Iist of is an idealm ethod for Iarge num bers of
7.Photo ofthe dividing plate printot/f.
aokàoof)OQ%'
Jt)oQ17o
oOo
0'
a,
ok 'oO
rx QoOc
divisions.Photo 6 shows a pl ate having o
oo C'
o
ocà
oo tpr.
125 di visi
ons being used whi ch was made ooo 'o
oo
(7
this way.Photo 7 shows the com puter j7 O
printout.Making the circl es on the printout J' 'à
,3 7,
smali, say 1 m m diam eter,willhelp to î
. 7
@ î
ensure thatthe centre punch marks are ?, î
î
made accuratel y. %o @
o
W hiIst fast, the system does have oo.
oo
o
uq)
Iim i
tations,m ainlyaccuracy.The com puter oo ooo
ofh o
Oo oco
data is ofcourse extremely accurate but Doto ogoo
QooQooooooooooooqtu
maynotbe maintained atthe printoutstage.
Having tried the m ethod with a num berof CA1) ?iIhT OdT F0lk 125
printers very smallerrors in the printers'
feed m echanism s result in the PCD DIVISION OIVIZIhG FLATE
sometim es being very slightl y oval.Not
surprisingl y,a printoutusing a professional
pen plotter produced a perfect resul t,at An interesting feature was that the wire
least as far as avaiIabIe m easuring having a slighttaperon its end the resul t
methods would show.A cheap dotmatri x wastotally backlashfree,almostimpossi ble
printer also did rem arkably weli,with ink with a conventionaldetent.
jets and Iaserprinters showing varying Incidentallythe ptate was used to sl
ita
amounts oferror,even here no more than smalldi sk 125 times to make an electronic
1 m m on the PCD. pulse unitforuse w ith a digitalreadoutfor
Atworst,the errors in the diameter an eightTPll eadscrew.
wouldproduce onsym i nute errorsin angular
spacing and so would be perfectly M ade on the Iathe's faceplate
adequate providing the radius errorofthe For a sim ple plate, using the m andrel
PC D could be accom m odated in the m ounted gearas described atthe stad of
mechanics.lfusing a conventionaldetent this chapterwould be an obvi ous choice.
its plungerwoul d notengage reli ably due Formore complex num bers,mounta disc
to the varying radius. Photo 6 shows how onto the face plate and using a suitably
this was overcome using a heavy gauge, divided paperstrip round the outeredge of
Spring wire detentthat would cope w i th the faceplate willenable the disc to be
Sideways errorswhil ststillholdingthe plate m arked for m aking a dividing plate. The
in terms ofrotation. Ifthe plate was to be positions can be established using an
used frequently on a norm aldivi ding head automaticcentre punch mounted on the top
With plungertype detent, the plate could slide,or a sm alI drilling spindle. This
be used to makea second plate -the hol es process should m ake a dividing plate
Onthiswould then be on a constantradius. accurate enough for m ost applications,

54 55
 &

8.Driving dog for

between centres
work,together
withdriver(on the
ye#lstl
pplied with
the dividing head.

especially ifused via a worm/wormwheel, The published drawing should gi

ve aIlthe
ratherthan direct.See Photo 4 Chapter3. detail
s necessary formanufacture.
Taking the need for 53 divi sions,as
m entioned earlierin the chapter.Ifusing a Rotary tables 9.A 100 mm home made rolary table.Casti
ngs forthese are aval
lable from a number
15O mm diameterfaceplate and marked M aking rotary tables inthe home workshop ofsuppliers and y
'
r?othersizes.
with 53 divisi
onson its peripheryitwillresul
t is notreally in keeping w ith the title ofthi
s
in divisions of 8.89 mm wide,so a fair chapter,'sim ple divi ding devi ces'',but is
degree ofaccuracy should be achievabl e. included as itisthe mostappropriate place
inview ofonl y a paragraph being required.
A Betw een Centres driving dog A num ber of suppli ers to the home i@3i
(
! E
N ot having been abIe to 1ocate a w orkshop provide designs and kits of u--.1
comm ercialdriving dog suitable for use materials formaking workshop equipment,
when dividing betw een centres,I am rotarytables being one such item.Photo 9
including detai
ls ofthe i
tem 1have m ade showsa typical1O0m m tablethat has been
myself.As described in Chapter3 (see m ade this way, Iarger sizes are also
Photos 12 and 13)the dog needs to be available. lf you Iike m aking workshop
firmly held bythe drivingdevice onthe head accessori esthen a rotarytabl e would make
itself.To cope w i th differing workpiece an interesting project. None, to my
di ameters a flatplate is used forthe driven knowledge include facilities for mounting EE
!
portion ofthe dog,it is atso drilled and divi
sion plates butdesi gning thi
s in should
tapped offcentre so thatitcan be rotated notbe unduly di fficul
t.
to extend the range even further, see The designfora basicdi viding head is 8A82àAqE
95 k 10 kk SOCïET CA? FEAZ SCqEA, BETW EEN CENTRES
assembiy drawing.Photo 8 shows the thesubjectofthenextchapter.Whi
Istbasic, kb ï 40 kk SOCKET CkF HEAC SCFEA,
dri ver,supplied with the dividing head,on itwillbe sufficiently adaptabl
e to meetthe DRIVING DOG
the Ieft,and the dri ving dog on the right. needs ofmany workshop owners.

56 57

C hapter 7
S ho p -m ad e B as ic D iv id in g
H ead
For many workshop ow ners the di viding
head featured in this chapterwillbe more
than adequate for their dividing
requirements.ltdoes though rely on a set
ofIathe changewheels being available as
itusesthese to provide the divi
sions.Using
58
& '
a single gear,Photo 1,wi llprovide many
ofthe more usualdivi sions nam el
y 2,3,4,
5,6,7,8,9,1O,11,12,13,14,15,2O,25,
3O,35,4O,45,50,55,6O,65,70,and 75
using the mostcom mon setofgears,20 to
75 by 5's.W ith a forked detent,Photo 2,
16, 18,22,24,26,28,8O,9O,100,110,
120,130,14O and 15O are also possibl e.
The range is fudher extended by the
addition ofa pairofgears as illustrated in
Photo 3.This,essenti ally the same as
adding a worm and wormwheelbetweer
dividing plate and the dividing head spindle.
There is though one fundam ental
difference, a worm/ w orm wheel
configurationwillalwayshave a ratiotoone,
typically 40 :1,60 :1,etc.A pairofspur
gears may though have a more com pl ex
ratio,forexam ple,gears of45 and 20 will
have a ratio of9 :4.
Considering the range ofgearsabove,
butonly one ofeach,around 6OO different
combinati ons willbe possibl e.Thi s based
on,anyone ofthe gears being used as the
dividing wheel.and as the driven.Also,
replicating the si
tuationwhen using aworm/
1.The single wormwheel,thatis inputruns fasterthan
gearversion of the output,the driverwheelmustalways
the dividl
hg head.
(indexer) 3.The three-gearversion.
59
.,...x'
fa
 N .'

'

be sm allerthan the driven. Ifthougha diali s being m ade,probablywi th 4 BOn'ng the body .
W hi1st the arrangem ent w iII give three Iine Iengths,ten's,five's and units, to take the sleeve
.
'
t
'5 ' '
'
divisions of up to 1050,doubl e this ifa greatcare in the preplanningand theactual bearlng. ,
v,,'.'ë j
forked detentis used there is consi derabl e calibration willbe required to ensure the
duplication and very many gaps,Iarge at Iine Iengths are m ade in the correct
the higher numbers. On the basis that positions.Probabl y the easiestwaywillbe i llil
C jjjj
'tjir ;j.
.. :ut,' .
. K.
.i'
=ï
highernum bersare unlikel y to be required, to m ake aIIlines ini tially of equalI
ength. é :.;.r'
kt'i .!, .')L' '
i?rj
. 'gi, jr zb
p 'j
the table forthis setup in Chapter11 gives then marking the position ofthe five' s and
aI1possible values up to 100 thatare not ten's wi th differentcoloured pencil s.The /. . .'
(' ' '''S!
..
obtainable wi th a single gear.The tabl e, workpiece can thenbe rotated,againusing
having been produaed w i th a com puter the dividing head,and the appropriate li nes
program I have developed,covers aII lengthened.
divisions mathematicall y possible.ln som e '
..
'è.j
; :. ' ,
casesthe head m ay need adapti ng to m ake Manufacture ;..,h.-.?.jlï@p.;.
.i
' '@
#y '. .t '
iî j) rj
c. .,k+'
.. .
some combinationspossible.Typicall y,with ltis notmy intention to go deepi y into the
the base plate fitted as seen in Photos 1 manufacturing processas to do thi sforthe
and 3 there is a Iimitto the size ofdi viding shop m ade itemswould expand the size of k'
bi!:
''
m J
ijL(.
rs
î?
.a
jj
q
..
iî:7
.. ,L
).
;jd
.ùa
./ hj
y
;jîr
l ?j
)
.
'
# )w
:.
j :j
jjrrsj.
Ib.
.
-'
'' ' .. :
gearthatcan befitted.The base i s mounted the book beyond whatis acceptabl e.Itis .
...,.s.. . ... r;jt ,r.
..ë
:j.hé
j.(j
.tk.jjjg.
) ;.t.. .L
.f
k p' .;(
...
usi ng 4 screws on a square formation that also probable thatthe hom eworkshop user ,k..'!r). r:,.
#
.. 'j'.t
rz;. .'.'îf
y?ag
,F
. . '
' ,'..>k(u, . ,fk. a@à.'r;j?(.
g.pi
y;y,
x ç,n J
,
perm its it to be rotated 9O degrees w ho has arrived at the need to use a
rem oving the restricti on. In this posi tion dividing head willhave fairl
y wellmastered ) ' '''
v. ;i
howeveri tmay notbe easy to mounton a the processes necessaryto make thisitem.
Myford Seri es Seven type bed.In anycase Shoul d you though feela need forgreater
some readers maywish to use the table in help than this chapterprovides,you m ay
.y..?
connection wi tha divi
ding head oftheirown consi derobtaining the foll
owing additional sJ'p
. '
/jg
..
.
-
J.
1
. .' '
desi gn. books in the W orkshop Practice Series. k.
r'
i
An interesting and usefulfeature of Num ber 34,d'Lathework - A Complete
.1
Y
these numbers is thatthey,with only two Course'' and num ber 35 'M illing - A . ,;?=
.
exceptions,are achieved stepping from Com plete Course' '.Construction of the
geart00thto geart00th.There istherefore dividing head in this chapteris covered in is not required as the bearings are Photos 6 and 7 show ing the setups.
no need to move across more than one detailin num ber35. eventuall y bored in situ. However,depending on the diam eterofthe
t00th avoi ding the com plication thatthis Fi
tthe bearings using a two-partresin saw the setup in Photo 7 may notfully
brings, The Body Part1 adhesive having made the bearing outer com plete the slit. In this case itw illbe
Three possible hi gher numbers that Photo 4 shows the 44m m diameterbores diameteraboutO.O5mm I essthanthe bore necessaryto complete i twith a pad saw,or
mayfind a use are also incl uded' ,these are forthe sleeve bearing being made.Just into which itfi
ts to allow space fora film of a piece ofhack saw blade,pad wrapped in
125,2OO and 360.In the case of200 the visible in the photograph are three support adhesive.Setupand bore tofinaldiam eter c10th to provide a safe handle.
workpi ece rotatestwi ce and for360,seven pieces mounted on the machine table. as shown in Photo 5,boring through both
times,see Chapter4 foran explanation. Providing the initialbore is centralin the bearings atone pass to ensure alignment. Spindle Part12
From a dividing aspectthere really is width (5Omm)ofthe material,the suppod Pay particular attention to clearance First, make a plug gauge to accurately
no difficulty created by the workpiece pi
eceswilenable the partto be turnedover between boring head, workpiece and establish the diameterofthe bore in the
rotating more than once and i f a gear is and bored w i
thout the need forfurther clamps, etc. bearing,This willgive you the dim ension
being m ade itshouldnotpresenta di ffi
culty. measurement.A high degree ofaccuracy Sli
tting the body is straightforward, forturning the spindle bearing surface that

60
 HAFDWAFE 5.Finalboring the bearings.
h1 k6 NUTS 2 OFF
12 k6 k 20 SOC4ET CSK SCCEA 1 OFF willneed to be made using a I efthand knife
83 k5 k 12 SOC4ET CAF SCEEW 4 0FF tool,maki ng itim possibl
e to use the spindl
e
H4 k4 k 6 SOC4ET GqU8 SCCEA 4 OFF itsel
fto testits fit.
15 SFFIFG T0 SUIT The essential requirement for the
spindle is concentricity of the four main
86 k6 ï 25 HEX IEAD SCiEA A$D NdT 1 0FF surfaces the gear mounting,bearing,
87 k6 k 16 1Eï IEAC SCqEA A$2 AASIEF 1 0FF chuck mounting and the internalMorse
taper.This can only be easil y achieved if
4 10 11 these are made withoutrem oving the part
from the chuck.To do this,machine the
84 - - - - --- gearmounting,bearing surface and chuck
5 * mounting whil stsupported by the tailstock
centre.Then,rflmove the centre,positi on
fixed steady,re-engage centre,setsteady
6 115
- u O
arms,rem ove centre,bore and m ake the
!
w-
fl
1 12 taper.
.

FI1 7 H 15 Rem aining parts

The remaining parts should notpresenta
1 8 9 14 problem forthe majority ofworkshop
owners but should you be atthe Iearner
. .e' ' N.
GEAq 3 r 'v stage then the books menti
oned willbe of
:j'1.
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DIVIDING HEA D -SINGLE GEAR DIVIDING beanngs. . ''c
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62 63

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10 30-) 50
help. through 18O degreesand re-engage.There
50 c bû The drawingsdo notindicate a method should be no perceptible rotation of the
IMFOqTAST FOTE forcoupli ng the two linked gears used on dividing head spindle.Ifthere is,then fil
ea
the three gearversion as itisassum edthat very Iittle from the appropriate detent
FIT 8EAFkIhkGS (14),tJSlhC ACFIESIVE,FqIO8 T0 the pads used on the lathe for a sim ilar locating face and testagain,repeat as
II?ILLI8G HOLES A AND 8 AND kAKIN: SLOIS. requirementw i llbe used,or an identical necessary,Carry outa similarsequence,
FlT 8EAilh1GS, E)qILL Ah1E) TAF FI0LES, set made forthe purpose.Also in thi s this time with the innerfaces ofthe fork.
FINALLY kAKE SLOTS (V Y respect,the drawingsassume gearshavi ng O ther than that, assem bIy is
a 5/8in bore and 3/8in w idth, som e straightforward.
BODY 1. dimensi ons mayneed changing i fthe gears In the next chapter a m uch m ore
to be used di #erfrom this. advanced dividing head i s detailed,yet
again being made from stock materials i s
- -- kAIECI
AL Assem bly
5ûmm IIAMETEi CAST liOh wellwithi
ntheabili
tyofthemajorityofhome
80qE TO 24:: IFIEF FITTIFG 10 EO2Y. On assembly the detentmay need a Iittle workshop owners. Being a m uch m ore
I i --- ISIII
ALLt EOF
'E 20:9 CI
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the detentthencarefullyremove itand turn a realdegree ofsatisfacti
on.
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64 65

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G hapter 8

A n A dvanced D esign D ividing

Head
The dividing head featured here is m uch carrier(Par141)enable the arrangement
more advanced than that in the previous to cope w ith a w ide range of gear
chapter, providing three m ethods of diameters.ln Photo 3 a division plate has
establishing the divisions: beenfittedand a detentassemblym ourted
1. Directly off a gear mounted on the offthe arm using the two Sowerholes.The
divi
ding head spindle. detentassembly has a slotted I owerarm
2.Directly of'
fa division plate mounted on enablingittofunctionwith(di fferentdivisi
on
the di
viding head spindle. plate hole circle diameters).
3.Interposing a worm and worm wheel Photo 4 displays the reaireason for
between the dividing pl ate and spindle. establishing the design,the inclusion ofa
T hese are based on the sam e worm and wormwheel.Unlike com merci al
assembly so the constructorcan choose dividing heads, and probably m ost
to make any or alIof the arrangements publi shed designs for hom e workshop
using the one main frame,Photo 1.There construction,the design is notIimited to a
would though be Iittie pointin constructing single worm/worm wheelratio.Using 20 DP
method one onl y as thatin the previous gears the assem bl y willcope wi th a gear
chapter is easier to m ake and m ore up to 65 teeth,Iimited by the gear hitting
adaptable having the addi tionalgeartrain. the rearofthe division plate.The holes in
W hen making the head employing method the end plate willthough provide sufhcient
three,the method one system,(needing adjustmentforgears up to 75 teeth and
Only two simple additi tems),is well could be accommodated by increasing the
onali
worth provi ding for its ease of use with 65m m dimensi
on for Part8 to 80mm and
Sim ple numbers,3,4, 5,6,etc. the Iength ofthespindle (27)accordingl
y.
The plate on the Iefthand side ofthe Chapter11incl
udestabl
esforthe three
y (Part3)can be swung into any comm on dividing head and rotary table
assembl
position and inPhoto 2 has beenfittedwith worm/worm wheelratios 4O,60 and 90:1,
e detentmechanism and moved into and fitted wi
a sim pl th 18 di
fferent divisi
on plate
an easy to operate position.The rows of hole num bers w hich appear to be the
1. The dividing head'
s basic assembly. tapped holes and the slot in the detent standard,The tables w illcover for the

70

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O c , M H 25 26 27 28 H 29 30 H 51
THE DIViD1NG DEV1CE CARRiER (:$) CAN BE
R OTATFD 70 BRING IETHOD BEING EIPLQYED
INTO THE BEST POSSIBLE POSITION.
H!. M8 x 12 STEEI. HFX HEAD SCREW FoR EASE OF DRAWING THE ANGLC
o o F45 H2.
H5,SPRINGOCK NUT AND STEFU 'AASHER.
v8 NYL J
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HEuocp
HELIX p
xANGL
JTEU 26Tio
E OF HE sui;L
WOR
H4. 15 x 16 STEEL Hè< HFAD %UREW AND GTEEL WASHER. 2 OFF. DOES NOT FEATURE IN THIS
o o H5.16 X 10 STEEL HEX HEAD SCREW ASSEU8LY DRAWING. SEE ITEM 26.
H6. u5 X 5 SKT S6T SCREW. 2 OFF.
0 O 10 F14 H7. 15 x 8 STEEL CSK SCREW AND STEEL NUT,
0 o
O O 11 W ORM AND G EAR ATTACHM ENT
H1. 14 X 5 SOCKET SET SCREW . t =A v 1Ew AA
H2. 15 X 30 SOCKET CAP SCREW .
H3. 14 X 5 SOCKET SFT SCREW 2 OFL
H4. 15 X 12 SOCKET CAP SCREW 17 OFF.
H5. 14 X 5 SOCKET SET GCREW 2 OFF. 20
DIVIDINGHEADMAINASSEMBLY @Q F ---- oo o o H1
: .
1
dividing head fitted with both 40 and 60 sizesandthe 18di vision pl
ate num bersand L----- ------
t00thw heels.ThisstillIeaves gearsizesof attem pted to extricate from the Iists
30,35,45,50,55,65,70,and 75 thatwill produced,those divisions thatcan onl y be
provide additionaldivisions.However,the achieved wi th thi
s multi-ratio divi
di ng head. 40 41 H2 H3 42
majorityofthedi visionspossiblewiththese This is also included in Chapter11 though
willalso be possible using ei
thera 40 or60 lcannotguarantee thatlhave notm issed
t00th gearand willbe covered by the Iisti
ng an entry or two having had to do this
forthese.There are though a few thatcan manual ly.
only be achieved using another gear, As designed division plates up to H 1. 1 8 X 12 STFEL HEX HEAD SCREW AND STEEL W ASHER.
typically wi
th a 35 t00th gear,divisions of llom m can be accom modated and as the H2. 1 5 X 16 STEEL HEX HEAD SCREW A&D STEEL W ASHER. O FF.
77,91 and 133 are available butnotwith mounting arrangementcan be rotated into H3. SPRING
the 4O,60 and 90:1 rati o dividing heads. any posi tion there is actually no Iim i t in
Ihave run my com puterprogram for diam eter.The Iim it i s as a result ofthe
each one ofthe standard changewheel I engthofthe 'detentarm carri er''(54)and GEAR A ND DETENT ATTACHM ENT

:zuu..
...
 W

the''i
ndexfingers'
'(29and31)bothofwhi
ct c70M20 (preferred)or08OA15.230M07 i
s
can easil y be increased in length when free-cutting and i
s also avail
abl
e in some
150m m diameterplates couldal so be used square barSi zes.
The uni tin the photos is being used wi th
dividing plates m ade from sheet steel. Main assem bly
These punched plates are m ade on vakethe endplates(2)todrawi
ng,except
computer controlled machines and are, for hole B that should only be 4Om m
even though veryeconom i call
y priced,very diam eter.Assemble togetherwi th items 5,
accurate. They are 3m m thick but the 10,11and 12,and usi ng item l3mountonto
design should cope with plates up to 6m m the l
athe as shown in Photo 5,The boring
thick.Itwould though be tidierto increase barislightlygrippedinthethree-jaw chuck,
the 14 x 1m m thread on Pad 8 to 15m m justsuficientl
ytoallow li
ghtcutstobetaken
Iong and the 79m m dim ension on Part27 butalso perm i
tting the tail
stockto feed the
to 82mm .Some modi fication,perhaps a barthrough the end plate to m achine the
bush,m ay be,may be needed fordi ffering bore.Do notuse the tailstock to feed the
bore diam eters.lncidentally,being punched boring barthl
'ough both platesatone pass
plates the holes go through w hist the butdo one plate ata time.However,still
commerciaithickplates have hol esthatare leave tbeir bores a little undersi ze,say
blind,surel y Iesseasyto keep them clean. minus 0.5m m .
The design isbased on being usedwith Having bored both ends adjustthe
2.W ith only the addition ofa simple a3 l 4in centre heightMyford Seri es Seven boring bar fora finalcut,doing firstone
detentassem bly dividing using the Iathe to enable itto be used with the Iathe's plate then Ioosening the chuck moving the
I
athe's changewheels / '
s possible. taidstock for between centres work.For barfurtherinto itand then making a final #.The mostadaptable version,providing
other centre heights the appropriate cuton the otherplate.Absolute accuracy as a resultthe widestrange ofpossible
dim ensions can easiiy be changed. isnotcrucialas the bearings canbe turned divisions.
m ounting arrangem ents may also need '

changing. In practice,between centres g. s

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httri
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any,use in many workshopsin which case

the usermaydecide to Ieave the design as .S
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published,i tsrealhom e being onthe milling .... tizs ,,èjj';at:k';t.
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machine. ...' ...
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M anufacture
Materials
The drawings are not specific regarding .. 4.
ï
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materialspeci
ficationsbutthe foll
owing wiil
be ideal,being easy to machine,Round 4 . .ç.
$-
2 îrw ,
item s - 230M 07 and rectangular parts - 5.Whe m al n '
3.Directdividing using a division plate assembly ôe/ r?g
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FRONT BEARING 9. REAR BEARING 1.
::: --- w- C ., C V- '
/
.
% j 'œ -- C
D q g . I-
I(; x.)
..
s o. .ag jg c
.a . . . . sI E.c- to fitthe bore.The procedure wiflthough firstbearing.Machine the outerdiam eters
A D .
:z.- -61: .-u 2 ' A
,Ej
'
T '' ensure both plates are bored to the same and both endfacesto dim ension,doing this
#- - 7 .
- SD j 'o.( - size,atcentre height and parallelto the using Ieft and right had knife tools and
- -
- -
-
- -
HOLE slzEs
A.v4 H : 2o:: ' ; no
'
I unit's base. withoutremovingthe partfrom tbe m andrel.
- C.pb x 10 DEI/ a oFh
7 : u&YTL4 Bearings -Parts 1 and 9 This process ensuring thatend faces are
1oOFF.
xlovItpslEyu. Yjl-
-
QT Place one piece ofcastiron in the three- square,and theouterdi am etersconcentric,
!- - : =1
- -
+
-
j,4 20
6..
g
j 1Cikj.. TopSPACER5. .
s- s jaw chuck,facetheendandmakethebore withthebore.Repeatfortheotherbearing.
a little undersize, say m inus O.5m m . Slit,make recess and drilland tap M6.
hdouç slzErs a 4*
A )po' bo k'
--
'! Reverse the partin the chuck and face the Positioning the hole for tapping i
s easil
y
c'.
15
, ,oo,r
klATt ao >: 1() K!It.D STEFL.
-1 22 czj. ..tsy.-
j ... HotE s,Z.ES (V)-1 otherend Ieaving itabout1mm Iongerthan done as illustrated in Photo 6 using the
Q1'(. 1(3FF ((j)Cj 22.4. j -j-:- h.b.r,c.E9c;RE9dicxr,()g:E(a(;orr. drawing. Repeatforthe second bearing. bush detailed in SKI.
DIVIDING DEVICE 2 l j
I
*' o-I
j c'K
B 4!
4
()yïFkF'IEEFp3.
. .
&
,
y ' Leave the second par '
tinthe chuckand Spindle -Part8
. '.c . (v s
ovv.,7o
,aTu o,x
rs
Aë:4a
7
l
.pl?sTc:L.
'u finall
y bore to si
ze. W iththe toolstillsetat Mounta I
engthofmateri
alinthethreejaw
: I 1 - 1OFFC'/BF&O1RLVERSESi
Di thatdiam eter, return the firstbearing and chuck supporting the outerend with the
v- 72.+-
. -.C':- -N ! .1.::
A z rCENTRE :7 zs j1'
. END PLATES 2. bore through atone pass ensuring as a tailstock centre. Skim a shortIength ofthe
0
. .::.-:.- -c<-. '-SPACER s9 resul tthatboth are the same si ze.This is outerdiameterforsupporting wi th a fixed
r-f
,
,-(, sa ,1.1. uou, s.zus @c:J essentialas both are to be machined on steady.Remove the centre,posi ti
on fixed
84oLL sIzEs. jo-.j A
C.
.*
8.brEZAKd2Do.Fru5 x 1()E68
)E&
'd
Pri4zfo
)rF
'r
Fp-
u5 x 1o !)EEgp 4 oFr the same taperstub mandrel. steady, refit centre, set steady arm s,
K(xT'L..7o x !o uIu;l sTEEL.
.,y. ,orr. BA SE 10 M ake a taperstub mandreland fitthe rem ove centre and make the 14 x 1mm

76 77
 E
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13 44
o O
thread,also drilland tap M8. 4:, (:' 22 (y; --wtr -
FitanM 8 hex head screw and hol
d this o 0 A A *
,,
-
-
, r
>'
inthe three-jaw againsupporting the outer t- - ! m
I. I q
end with a tailstock centre.Check thatthe 12 A
22 28 H
turned portion nextto the chuck i
s runninq h15 13 - 1% -

reasonably true,ifnotuse the fourjaw H6 -- - z)

=v t 9 S'h - - -- -
,. w
0 HoLf' sIzFs.
u( yjy
xj
dgog .j
r
chuck.Inthiscasefile twoflatsonopposing E,5scBoRE9eiu xs()LFp
corners of the hexagon head to take the
.
o Uoo.. C% k
*l c
; . 8 .5
H7 -iUIi5-- ,o.i. .
(5()
-'T y1ojHjoyyuEs ?kFzusrAtIcxtxAt:ILv wl1..1
F1t
3t.
fourjaws.The remainderofthe process -* U--10 ) 2 5F.
5SD
AIK
!IENNSTI
HOiN
'FI
IS
ASA
F(R1F
0F)FRINC
.LVéLLJ(.
HOLE %IZE A M.!s K
F1IA
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1i
NINF
LAT'
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B.IFT
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foll
ows closely thatforthe spi
ndle in the jjs.u15 x 55 soch(Er cAp scRFw
V1EW AA z..x.,.m Kj/hTu 6a x ..o u ua srEEEu
' (...w .-, zATu zo x a uIuE) sTEEu
h
previous chapter. F1I7é;.v*5xx1512oo
8 .
wEu,2 oF'Ir.
socilE! cA8'scREw.2 oF'8-
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lu..-l ors. q oFr 9..
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Division plate carrier LATHE BED FIXING ASSEM BLY CLAM P PLATE 13. LOCATING PIECE 12.
Thispartneeds carefulplanning.However 1s -J
.7-..1(
)8 5> 1E5 4
m aking the part as per stage 1 on the j
L 1-
.. --jr--.,
-.o.2 E)EsF
o
drawings,then creating the 3.5 degree ?
t
-
J
c,
.x.(-' . x-
cu u
o A Iy. '
-
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c
k
o
-r
angle,(firstone side then the other)and N
Q3. -.w- : ,
n4(
5 '
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-4
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,.#
'6
o qzw--
finally the two slots as per stage 2 the D
f'v 8 KiATt
HOLE SiZE.
()lv VATL. 16 dio. hzliLD S-F8L.
process shoul d be relativel
y easy.Photo 7 kdATL 16 di(7. klItD %TELL. QTY. 1 OFF.
shows the partbeing setup formachining QI'Y. 1 OFF.
8 d1a K'LLD STEE)L.
the firstsi
de at3.5 degrees. SEE kkA.IN AE;SLvBLY F?LGARDING BEST
POSIT!ON lOFp F$%NDLL ARkl.
Index fingers parts 29 and 31 FRONT BEARING CLAMP HANDLE GEAR FIXING COLLAR BEARING ADJUSTER 4.
6.Using a bush to position the hol
e for Cut two pieces of 3m m brass,a Ii ttle '

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DETENT C A R R IER 41. D ETENT 40.
STAG E 1 STAGE 2
kàATL. 45 X 30 1ILD STEEL. QTY.
A. 3m m dio. PlN PROJECTION. kAY REQUIRE FLAT SEE2 SP1NDLE PART 8.
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(5g3gj
1 OFF.
forsecond part,Mark outoutlines and cut fingerin the vice,backed by a piece ofsoft
roughly to size,then carefullyfile to profile. wood and wi th a piece of22m m di ameter
sa
20
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.- o The 38mm diam etercounterbore giving the steelplaced centrally overthe hole.Tighten
DETENT ARM 55. DETENT ARM CARRIER 54. outline ofthe par 'tin thatarea. the vice very slightl
y to form a dishjust
Division plate nutPart28 suffi
cientto provide adequate friction.
J1 This is a strai
ghtforward i tem to make but, The rem aini
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when assembled,mustclam p the fingers any problem .W hen assem bl ed youwilbe
V '-----pti
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- zaa - So thatthey can be m oved,butonly wi th
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may move whilsttraversing the detentfrom divisions thata commercialsem iuniversal
BEARING DRILLING BusH 1
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SK1 2DjLr;.2 OFF. action,dish the frontfingerto give theeffect satisfaction ofhaving made the item .
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therefore to be made in the workshop. ,
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The purpose ofthe tool,Photo 1,i s tc' .

enable Iines on a dialto be m ade to set

Iengths and automatically in the order .
$; c .:' y
required. Typicallyforan imperialIeadscrew ,. ,
,.....,su.... .., ,'.y
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dialthe sequence would be,one long ' .''
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'. Iengths by observing its Ieadscrew di
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adjustable butbeing such a simpl ei tem, and giving, one Iong (0.1mm)threeshort ofIines made ofeach Iength.Photo 3
otherscaneasil ybemadeasrequired.The (0.025 mm), one Iong (0.1mm)and three showsi tbeingusedinconjunctionwiththe
''
sequence i s controlled bya ratchetwheel short(0025 mm).
, basicassemblyofthe dividinghead inthe
' (12)and pawl(11).The ratchetwheelas Tjne unitwoul d normally be used on previous chaptermounted on the lathe's
draw n has ten teeth Iim iting repeat the Iathes cross sli de with the top slide bed.
sequences to 2,5 or 10.Should another removed as seen in Photo 2. The positi on Ideally the cutting tool should be
sequence be required a second ratchet of the Iathe's saddle woul d be set and nominallyatthe Iathescentre height, itmay
wheelw ould have to be fitted,W hilst locked to give the line Iengths required and therefore be necessary to change the 40
J The Lining device,note the recesses l
b internal,changing the wheelis nota Iarge the cross slide setto gi ve the depth ofcut. mm and 72 mm dim ensions ofthe angle

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- engrave a miling withslide body(2)on i tssides.Otherwise, slide and preventing itengaging with the
machine any clearance betweentheirtwo di ameters ratchetwheel,
. peadscrew dial. Would resultin the pads mating only in the The slide assem bly
Thl
s is using the
' bottom ofthe sem icircular portion ofthe Place a Iength of22 mm di am etersteelin
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C hapter 10
P rim e N um bers
The reader may ask,w hat are prim e
num bersand whatistheirrelevance to the
subjectofthisbook?
Taking prime num bers first.These are
num bers whi ch are only di
visible by 1 and
itself'
,typicall
y,1,2,3,5,7,11,13, and on
up to infi
nity.There aretherefore very many
and even a very advanced mathematician
willbe unable to recognise beyond values
ofa hundred orso.Forthis reasor tables
of prim e num bers are an essential
requirem ent w hen dealing with such
num bers.
Prim e factors
These are those prime numbersthatwhen
m ultiplied togethergive the num berbeing
considered.Forexampie,prime factors of
1O5 are 3,5,and 7.
3x5x7 = 1O5
The method ofarriving atthese from a Iist
ofprime num bers is as follows
1.Is the numbereven? No therefore start
using the tables,
2.Look up 105 andthe smal lestfactoris 3.
3.Divide by 3 to give 35.
4.Look up 35 and the sm all estfactori s 5.
5.Divide by 5 to give 7.
90
i .p..11uad
6.Look up 7 which is found to be a primq
num ber.
7.The prime factors are therefore 3,5 ancl
Z'
Prim e factors ofan even
num ber
Forthisfi nd the prim e factors of132.
1.Being an even num ber the smallest
factoris 2.
2.Di vide 132 by 2to give 66,again an even
num ber.
3.Di vide 66 by 2 to give 33,
4.33 i s an odd num ber
5.Look up 33 and the smallestfactoris 3
6.Di vide 33 by 3 to give 11.
7.Look up 11which is found to be a prime
num ber.
8.The prime factors are therefore 2, 2,7
and 11.
2x2x3x11 = 132
Both these examplesare sim pl
e and prime
factorscould easil
ybeestabli
shedwithout
the aidtables.
However,considerfinding the factors
of1927.This,itwillbe found, isnotdivisible
by 3,5,7, 11,13,nor 17, etc.Its I owest
prime factoris in fact41. Divi
ding 1927 by
41 willgive 47 also found to be a prime
number.The primefactors therefore41x49
w 1927.Obviously a time consuming task
withoutthe aid ofthe tabl es.
Unfortunatelythough,space Iim itations
in this book restrictthe tabl
e to 2000.To
minimisethe taskoffinding prim e numbers
above this a Iist ofprim e numbers up to
10 0O0 is also included.This willavoid
looking forthe prime factors ofa num ber
which is in itselfa prime num ber,typically,
4933.
Num bers greaterthan 2000
Firsttake note thatno numberin the range
2000 to 10000 has a pri f'
ne factolgreater
than97, thatis24 possibili ties.Inthis range
therefore take the following approach:
First,ifeven,divide by2,ifnottry 3,5,
7 jl etc. untilthe lowest prime factor is
found. Having foundthis,divide the number
by this value and in mostcases the result
willthen be below 2000 and the table can
then be used. lf not, repeat after first
checking to see that it is not a prim e
number,
The procedure isunlikel y to be astime
consuming as mayfirstbethoughtasevery
third num beris divisibl
e bythree,every fi fth
num berby five,every seventh numberby
Seven and so on.Asa resul tmostnumbers
have a Iow firstprime factor.
W hat use are Prim e num bers?
How thenwillthis be ofuse when divi
ding?
W ell,you may have acquired a second
hand dividing head withoutits manual,or two initi
purchased an additionaiplate notonyour 7x7 ).However,lhave presented the
manual's list,in these cases you willhave
to resod to calculati
ons.
Considera division plate having a ring
With 49 holes. Ifthis is used with a head
having a worm /worm wheelratio of40:1
then for1turn atthe output40x49 holes on
the plate willbe passed,thatis 1960.As
explained in earlierchapters any number
that divides exactly into this willbe a
possible division.To easily arrive atvalues
possibleifwillbe necessaryto find itsprime
num bers as explai ned above.Dividing by
2,2,2,5,7,7 giving 980,490,245,49,7,
1.
The resul twillbe 2,2,2,5,7,7.which
are ofcourse,num bers ofholes and m ust
be divided into 1960 to determ ine the
division possible.Ignoring the higher
numbers possible as they are unlikely to
havea practi caluse, the more usefulvalues
are typically.
1960/2x7=140
1960/2x2x5=98
1960/2x2x7=70
1960/5x7=56
1960/7x7=40
1960/2x5x7=28
1haveal so ignoredthe lowernum bers,
such as 1960/2x2x5x7 = 14 as these are
bound to be achievable by an easi erroute.
As already m entioned the prim e factors
relate to the number of holes traversed,
therefore for 28 divisions the numberof
holestraversed willbe 2x5x7 = 7O.As the
division plate being used has a ring of49
holes.this willbe achieved with 1 turn plus
21 holes.
Some readers willlam sure have
noticed thatthe prim e factors 2,2,2,5,7
and 7 are in factthe prime factors ofthe
alvalues,40 (2x2x2x5 )and 49 (
explanation in this form as when working
with thethree geardividing head inChapter
7 the ratio may notbe a sim pl e one,say
60:1,butwith gears of45 and 35 the ratio
91
willbe 9:7.In this situation itwillbe easier 1000 '
rhis gives a TPl and 5,30 by 10 and 35 by 5 to give
to work wi th the numberof hol es passed 40x50x75 4Ox1 x 75
whi ch in some caseswillbewith more than 315 8 x = 25.3968254 8 A
one revolution of the w orkpiece, as Thatis multiplying both top and bottom by 30x35x45 3X 7 X 45
expl ained in Chapter4 Exam ple 3. 1000. pitch in m illimetres is very close at
Having provided the Iist of prime Factorising both 1000 and 315,using the 25.4 sim pli
fied giving
num bers lhave decided to incl ude briefly tables,we get = 1.OOO125m m
som e details on another and m ore 2x2x2x5x5x5 25.3968254 40 x 75
dem anding use for them . This is At25 pitches this is a totalerrorof plus 8x = 25.3968254
establishing gearsi zes forcomplex rati os, 3x3x5x7 0.003125 m m or if you are imperially 21 x 45
itmay ofcourse create a need to use your Cancelling outone 5 we get inclined O.O00123in in practice a negli gible Thi s willbe easierto setup using onl
y two
dividing faciliti
es formaking a specific size 2x2x2x5x5 amount, drivers and two dri ven butrequires a 21
This can be sim plifi ed bydi viding 50 by 10 t00th gearthatwitlbe specialfor most
gear. 3x3x7 changewheelsets.
Designing gearchains Ig noring the facttha tgearscannotbe made
A typi caluse for prime factortabl es is in wi th so few teeth, we stillhave a problem
thedesignofgearchains requi ring com plex as ther e ar e 5 dr iven gears but only 3
ratios,such as when determining change drivers.Ifwe m ultiply 2x2 and 2x5we get- .#
wheelcom binations for cutting Metric dr i
ver s and 3 dri
ven as foll
ows
threads on a Iathe with an im perial 4x10x5
Ieadscrew, and visa versa.Also when
cuttingworm wheel swhichsimilarlyrequire 3x3x7
compsex ratios. M ulti
plying each number by 10 willgive
practi calgearsizes and being in 10' s are
Exam ple Iikelyto be avail abl e with the Iathe.W e get
Ifrequiring to cuta thread wi th a pitch 40x100x5O
oflmm or a I athe having an8 TPII eadscrew
the lathe's mandrelwillhave to rotate 25,4 30x30x70
tim eswhilstthe leadscrew rotates 8 times. A 1OO t
00 th gear is unlikel y to be available
This therefore requires a rati o of25. 4 :8. so reducing this to 50 and the 70 to 35 will
Expressi ng this as a fraction we get: retain the rati o.
8 1 40x50x50
=
25.
4 .314960629 30x30x35
Accepting that an exact rati o willnot be The combinati on now requires two 30 acd
possible,this can be simplified to two 50 t00th gears,but,increasing one of
1 each bya factorof1.5they become 45 ard
75 $00th gears,again retaining the ratio.
.315
The resulting gearchain becomes:
Asdecimalsare notappropriateto fractions 40x75x50
thi
s mustbe written as
30x45x35

92
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* s.
(D e)
lD c)
(D (
kn
o c)
% vt<- c
% m(D s.
U< m
U- c)
W) c)
* c)
(D >.
kD s.
(D
œ œ) u7 ko œ to O
(D =% >.
u7 O
r =
fo =
œ >.
u7 t
%n >.
to p
%- =
u7 c>.(
en (
%n c)
% o)
ko c%o =
= c
œo m
fo s.
to tcno c
co v
to- c)s. o s.m m e) s.c) on co >.s. c)s. p- e) s.v- c)
(
to9 t
%n X
% m c) = c)= = s. = c)(n m tn = c9 m tn m N N m (n s. c) (D (D % b.to % (D % O tO % LD u7 * O X * & tD %
to to u7 u7 % to u7 % (D to (9 to % % c to tn tu ko % >. to % vko- =
to >.
s. t
%
o
cjm s. 0) s. c s.x- s.co m m m tn ro x- x- ot g)m
(M = = N >' = >. v C9 (9 = >' v- = v- (M N = = = v- (9 = tn = N o = pv to ID X (D * X V * O CD * (D V * O Y' O V O *
O% c 9% % % u7e)% ko % foto cu œ g)e)t nto cq cu t
o (n fo to % % u7 % co e)s. g) ro g) s. . s.m . uj s.c) .... s. cje) e) m
* >. >' = = O >'= >'C >. X c)O >. O = O >.O c)c)c >.>. m tn tn c3 tD * O X * X V O O to W O O V O * W V O O
cu t
n c9 % % % % G1t
n O c7c (N cu ko (n co (
n % cu m co cu u7 % cq < tn (J co c)F) v- O v- >.Ct= = = e)co s. s.m m (o ct o; oj
P
C<
<=O =
Cq C
X >'
* =
O C
tn9 *
= O
(9 N.
eq X
œ N
* =
tY =
v- 03
% =
œ Xœ >.
(N O
O =
= O
= Otn c)
m =% m% c
mp c
cp
occu t=n mco O m O LO O X CV O QN V = O txl O W O W O B1W
hw = X X O = = O @) b. C = >. (9 (9 >. >. 0) O >. s. = s. c) co >. >. (n s >. b.= @) c) v- b.= C) O = U- = X * X OtO U< C9
. c) = v' QN GlGl (N œ v- = C9 v- (N tNlGlv- C) v' O = Gl
m m = & N D m = m > > œ = = m m m m œ m o m m m œ m m a m m
m X N = N = N m O c m c c N o N * c = = O N m N = O m m o c >m mm œ
= N= O
œ X
v Xm X
m No O
œ G
o c& && Om O
v m
œ Xm mm =m O
o
m m c m m œ m m o c m m o c m m m c m m o m m o œ m a m m o
X = X & m O & N = O = & O m N = N = X N m c mo œ m c v O No Oo X = Xo O D Xo m m Om Oo m
& = c & = c c & c & & & c & o = & & & & c mm m
c mN c
c oN O
o &
o m
o O
c o
o o o
œ m
o w
% oo o
c N o m
c o
& = o
m m
X % mc o
c N c o
o
D
a =
œ m
œ X
œ %
œ mC X
m N
œ X
œ O
a c
X =
X œ
X X
X %
O c
X c
O N
D X
X c
X &
% m% œ
% O% %
% o% c
% N
% œ
% c
% œ c o œ o o o o o o c c c c c o c c c c

96 97

i
u,
.u.
 t
'
,.

One turn ofthe inputwillrotate the output those additi

onalvalues possibl
e,quoting
1* ontehd
wi i
vi
sone
any ion,ofantd
hei
seiogbhvti
ousl
een yvaisi
di chonievplaat
ble
e f
oreeve
achv
achi ita
.l
uetheargeeaaIrIrart
They ioatre
el qui
ivelyr
ehi
dghto
values.Twenty willsim ilarly be arrived at numbers and mostly numbers oflittle use.
withtwo ful
lturns perdivision.Forthe same O ne hundred and twenty-five is though on
reason 20,30and 60 are om itted from table the listthat will be usefulf0r that dial
a jes t
woand30,45and90fr
omtabl
ethr
ee, r
equO
i
r
efdg
f
ore
ran
te8
rTs
Pi
I
gI
ea
ni
f
dics
acn
rc
ew
e.forthe
Colum n Headings workshop ownerwho constructs the
The column headings D,P,T and H relate divi
ding head i
sthatinaddi tion to the above
to the following extra di
visions he orshe willget23 fudher
D. Division achi
eved divisions (51 being the lowest)using the
p. Num berofholes on the divisi
on pl
ate 60 :1 ratio thatare notavailable with the 40
s booka numberof dividing head, Iists six set-ups for 24
lnthe finalsection ofthi to be used :1 ratio,being by farthe most com mon
tabl
es are included to assistin arriving ata di
visions. T. Numberofful
lturns atthe input com merciall y available di
viding head.
suitable setup forthe projectin hand, H. The numberofaddi tionalholesto be
Having purchased a new dividing head a Based on Division Plate sizes trak
'ersed afterthe numberoffullLurns,if Three GearDividing Head
table ofpossible divi
sions willbe included Thetabl
escanofcourse onlycovera range any. The dividing head in chapter7 uses either
With it that will be fine in most ofdivi
sion plate numbers and are based R.Ratio(gearsizelAppliestotable4only. asinglegearoraddi
tionallyapairofgears
circumstances.However,a second hand onthose com monlysuppliedwitha smaller Providingthe same functi
onas a worm and
head may have parted com pany from its head.These are 15, 16'17,18,19,2O,21, W orm /W orm W heelratios wormwheel.TheratiowillthoughbeIower,
manualand shoul d you makeone yourself, 23,27,29, 31,33,37,39,41,43,47 and Tables 1,2 and 3 are for the commonly typicall y gears of60 and 20 having a rati
o
typicall
y that in chapter 8,arriving at a 49. available ratios of40 :1,60 :1and 90 :1. of3 : 1,or com plex,gears of65 and 45
suitabie setup would necessitate recourse However,the head for hom e workshop having a rati o of13 :9.
to cal
culati
on.You mayhavenoti
cedthatI Possible divisions notincluded construction in chapter8 can have 9
do notreferto 'the suitable setup''butto To lim i
tthe size ofthe tablesforpublication additionalratios,forexam ple,35 :1 using No tabl
e isprovided forthe single gear
'a suitable setup'
'this is because in many some values have been om itted. Values the 35 t00th changewheel.Publi shing 9 as in this case the results should be
Cases there is more than one method of below 20 are notincluded astheycaneasil y OtherIistsin fullisobviously impracticaland obvious.Two exam plesbeing,a fodyt00th
arriving at the sam e result,often many be arrived at by observation and some in any case m ostofthe possi ble divisions gearproviding 2,4,5,8,10 and 2O,a thirty-
methods. sim ple mathematics. O bviousl y,values of With these willalso be achi evable w ith the five t00th gear5 and 7.Again the tabl e is
The m anual supplied w ith a 15and above willuse divi sionplates having 40 :1 and 60 :1 rati os Ii
sted in tables one Iim ited to 16 to 200 plus 36O but also
com mercialhead understandably quotes thatnum berofholes, say for 17 use the and tWO. Ieaving out divisions thatcan easily be
justonesetupforeachvalue onthebasis pl
ate wi
th 17 holes,the holes traversed Forthatreason,tabl
efourincludesonl
y achieved wi
th a single gear.
thatthe supplied division plates wilremain being equalto the head' s ratio, say 40 for
with the head.However,we aIIknow that a 40:1 head. Typi cally forothervalues,for
this so often is notthe case and one plate 7 divisions the 21 hole plate woul d be the
may go m issing.Form any values this will obvious choice. Values above 200,36O
notbe a probl em as the required division excluded, have been om itted on the basis
willbe achievable using anotherplate.For oftheirIim i
ted application.
this reason the published tables include O bserving table one, fora 40 :1head,
every set-up that provides an achi evable i
twillbe seen thatno values are given for
division,typicall y,table one,for a 40 : 1 either20 or40 di visions, This is because

98

....n
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):
i
1
'
!
r 1.DI
VI
SI
ONSPOSSI
BLEUSI
DIVIDING HEA D
NGA40:
1 :g.nI
VI
SI
ONSPOSSI
BLEUSI
PIVIDING HEA D
NGA60:
1
D P T H
:1 :1 2 18 45 18 l6 84 49 0 35 t35 t8 Q 8
D P T H :1 49 2 42 45 21 17 85 17 0 12 I35 27 0 12
21 21 I 19 41 41 0 40 75 15 0 8 I32 33 0 10 ,2 33 2 24 45 27 I 9 86 43 0 30 I38 23 0 10
22 33 I 27 42 21 0 20 76 19 0 10 I35 27 0 8 :3 23 2 14 45 33 l 11 87 29 0 20 I40 21 0 9
23 23 I 17 43 43 0 40 78 39 0 20 I36 17 0 5 :4 16 2 * 45 39 I 13 90 15 0 10 I40 49 0 21
24 15 1 10 44 33 0 30 80 16 0 8 I40 21 0 6
24 18 1 12 45 18 0 16 80 18 0 9 I40 49 0 14 :4 18 2 9 46 23 l7 90 18 0 12 l4l 47 0 20
14 20 2 10 47 47 I 13 90 21 0 14 I45 29 0 12
24 21 I 14 45 27 0 24 80 20 0 10 I44 18 0 5 25 15 2 6 48 16 l 4 90 27 0 18 I47 49 0 20
24 11 l 18 46 23 Q 20 :2 41 Q 2Q l45 29 Q 8 25 20 2 8 48 20 l5 90 33 0 22 I48 37 Q 15
24 33 I 22 47 47 0 40 84 21 0 10 I48 37 0 10 16 39 2 12 49 49 l 11 90 39 0 26 I50 15 0 6
24 39 1 26 48 18 0 15 85 17 0 8 I50 15 0 4
25 15 I9 49 49 0 40 86 43 0 20 I52 19 05 17 18 2 # 50 15 3 92 23 0 15 l50 20 0 8
27 27 2 6 50 20 4 93 31 0 20 l55 31 0 12
25 20 I 12 50 15 0 12 88 33 0 15 I55 31 0 8 18 21 l 3 51 17 3 94 47 0 30 156 39 0 15
26 39 I 21 50 20 0 16 90 18 08 I56 39 0 10 28 49 2 7 52 39 6 95 19 0 12 I60 16 0 6
27 27 I 13 52 39 0 30 90 27 0 12 I60 16 0 4 29 29 2 2 54 18 2 96 16 0 10 I62 27 0 10
28 21 I 9 54 27 0 2û 92 23 0 60 l60 2û û 5
28 49 I 21 55 33 0 14 94 47 0 20 I64 4$ Q IQ 31 31 I 19 54 27 l3 98 49 0 3û l64 41 û 15
31 16 I 14 55 33 I3 99 33 0 20 l65 33 0 12
29 29 I 11 56 21 0 15 95 19 0 8 I65 33 0 8 33 33 I 17 57 19 l I I00 15 0 9 I70 17 0 6
30 15 I 5 56 49 0 35 98 49 0 20 I68 21 0 5 34 17 I 13 58 29 l I I00 20 0 12 172 43 0 15
30 18 l 6 58 29 0 20 I00 15 0 6 I70 17 0 4 35 21 I 15 62 31 0 30 102 17 0 10 I74 19 0 10
30 21 1 7 60 15 0 10 I00 20 0 8 I72 43 0 10
30 27 I9 60 18 0 12 104 39 0 15 I80 18 0 4 35 49 I 35 63 21 0 20 I05 21 0 12 l80 15 0 5
36 15 I 10 64 IE 0 15 I05 49 0 28 l80 18 0 6
30 33 I 11 60 21 0 14 I05 21 0 8 I80 27 0 6 36 18 l 12 65 39 0 36 I08 18 0 10 l80 21 0 7
30 39 I 13 60 27 0 18 I08 27 0 10 184 23 0 5 36 :1 l $4 66 33 û 3: l08 17 ; 15 lgc 17 p 9
31 31 I 9 60 33 0 22 II0 33 0 12 185 37 0 8 36 17 j $8 68 j7 û js jj: 33 û j8 I8û 33 o jj
32 16 I 4 60 39 0 26 II5 23 0 8 188 47 0 10
32 20 I5 62 31 0 20 I16 29 0 10 I90 19 0 4 34 33 j a; 69 za c ac jj1 j7 c zc jac yq c jy
33 36 39 l 26 70 21 0 18 lI4 19 0 10 I85 27 0 12
33 I 7 64 16 0 10 l20 15 0 5 I95 39 0 8 37 37 I ,2 7c 49 c 4: us a3 c
34 17 I 3 65 39 0 24 I20 18 0 6 196 49 0 10 j; j:6 31 c jc
35 21 l 38 19 j jj 72 jy c js jj6 z: c jj jgg 47 ; js
3 66 33 0 20 I2Q 21 0 7 200 15 û 3 39 ): j aj 74 j7 c yc jjy ;q c
35 49 I 7 68 17 0 10 I20 27 0 9 200 20 0 4 :c jq; jq ; 6
36 18 l 2 70 21 0 12 I20 33 0 11 360 18 0 2 4: 1
6 j a ps js ; ja y,g j6 ; a jNa j6 ; s
36 17 1 3 70 49 0 28 :0 18 l 9 75 20 0 16 l20 18 0 9 I95 39 0 12
I20 39 0 13 360 17 0 3 4c :c j jc
37 37 l 3 72 18 0 10 l24 31 0 10 ys j, c js jz; ac c j; jN: #q c js
38 19 1 j 71 27 o ls 1a 41 4j j jq yg y, g yg jzj 4j ; zg j,, yy g jg
8 16 p s 4, zj jq
39 39 l I 74 37 0 20 I30 39 0 12 y; jy ; jz jz# yj ; js z;; z, ; o
42 49 1 71 80 20 0 15 I26 21 0 10 360 18 0 3
:3 43 I 17 81 27 0 20 I29 43 0 20
66 33 I 12 82 41 0 30 I30 39 0 18
XS 15 15 84 21 0 15 I32 33 0 15

101

...I
..I.k
 I

3.Dlvlslo Ns po sslBuE usING A 9n:1 4.DIVISIO NS POSSIBLE W ITH RATIOS

DIVIDING HEAD OTHER THA N 40:1 AND 60:1
D P T H D P T H R
20 16 4 8 4: 49 2 7 80 16 2 I35 39 0 26 77 21 c Is 5s 1s3 17 0 5 45
20 18 4 9 43 43 2 4 81 18 2 I38 23 0 15 77 33 c 3: 70 j54 ?; c js 70
20 20 4 10 46 23 I 22 81 27 3 I41 47 0 30 77 33 0 15 35 I6l 23 0 5 35
21 21 4 6 47 47 l 43 82 41 4 144 16 0 10 77 49 0 35 55 I6l 23 0 10
21 49 4 14 48 16 I 14 85 17 l l45 29 0 18 70
91 21 0 15 65 I69 39 0 15 65
22 33 4 3 49 49 41 86 43 I 2 I47 49 0 30
23 23 3 21 50 15 12 87 29 I 1 l50 15 0 9 91 39 0 30 70 I7I 19 0 5 45
24 16 3 12 50 20 16 93 31 0 30 I50 20 0 12 91 39 0 15 35 l75 15 0 3 35
24 20 3 15 51 17 13 94 47 0 45 I53 17 0 10 91 49 0 35 65 I75 15 0 6 70
2s Is 3 9 54 15 10 95 19 0 18 155 31 0 18 II2 16 0 5 35 I75 20 0 4 35
II2 16 0 10 70 I75 20 0 8 70
25 20 3 12 54 18 12 96 16 0 15 l60 16 9
26 39 3 18 54 21 14 98 49 0 45 l62 18 10 lI9 17 0 10 70 I75 21 6 50
27 15 3 5 54 27 18 99 33 0 20 l62 27 15 II9 17 0 5 35 I75 21 3
27 18 3 6 54 33 22 l00 20 0 18 I65 33 18 25
27 21 3 7 54 39 26 I02 17 0 15 I70 17 9 12l 33 0 15 55 I75 21 9 75
I25 15 0 3 25 I75 49 7 25
27 27 3 9 55 33 21 I05 21 0 18 I7l 19 0 10 125 15 0 6 50 I75 49 14 50
27 33 3 11 57 19 11 I05 49 0 42 I74 29 0 15
27 39 3 13 58 29 î6 I08 18 0 15 480 16 0 8 l25 15 0 9 75 I75 49 0 21 75
29 29 3 3 60 16 8 11c 33 0 17 I8o 18 0 9 I25 zo c 4 zs I76 16 c s ss
31 31 2 28 60 18 % lu 37 o 3o I80 zo 0 10 j:s zc c 8 sc j8a a: c js 7o
I25 20 0 12 75 I87 17 0 5 55
32 16 z 13 60 20 Io Il4 19 o Is I85 37 0 18 j); j: c s ys jaq zj c s 4s
33 33 2 24 62 31 14 II5 23 0 18 I86 31 0 15
34 17 2 11 63 21 9 II7 39 0 30 I89 21 0 10 l33 19 0 10 70
35 21 2 12 63 49 21 I20 16 0 12 I90 19 0 9 I89 27 0 5 35
35 49 2 28 65 39 15 I20 20 0 15 I95 39 0 18 143 33 0 15 65 I89 27 0 10 70
I43 39 0 15 55
36 16 2 8 66 33 I 12 l23 41 0 30 l98 33 0 15
36 18 2 9 69 23 1 7 I26 21 0 15 200 20 0 9
36 20 2 10 70 21 I 6 I26 49 0 35 360 16 0 4
37 37 2 16 70 49 I 14 I29 43 0 30 360 20 0 5
38 19 2 7 72 16 I4 I30 39 0 27

39 39 2 12 72 20 5 l35 15 0 10
40 16 2 4 74 37 8 I35 18 0 12
40 20 2 5 75 15 3 I35 21 0 14
41 41 2 8 75 20 4 I35 27 0 18
42 21 2 3 78 39 6 I35 33 0 22

102 103
t
'.
. c.
-.
 1.1
. I!
! .
I II.
:
l;
i
iI I .
DIVISIO NS POSSIBLE W ITH A THREE G EAR .
'Il
'I
I I
DIVIDING HEAD
II1
El . THESE DIVIsloNs cAN BE
'
,1 DIV TURNS DG SG LG NOTE
. 16 1 40 50 20 * 1 ACHIEVED USING A FORKED
EI 18 1 45 50 20 * 1 DETENT WITH A SINGLE I
:I 21 1 35 25 30 2 uuAa ;
'i
jI
1
I
24
2 1 20 2
55
0 3
50
5*A HEADINGS
. 26 1 20 50 65 . DIV DIVISION ACHIEVED
I 27 1 45 25 30 2 TURNS NUMBER OF WORKPIECE IURNS
I
I 28 1 20 25 35 p DG
SG DIVIDING GEAR
SVALL GEAR
. 32 1 20 25 40 COUPLua Tc OIVIOING GEA;
33 1 30 50 55 uc UARG: UEAR
I 36 1 20 25 45 vouNzEo os HEAD spINDLE
39 1 30 50 65
42 1 30 25 35
44 1 20 25 55
' 48 1 30 25 40
'
49 1 35 50 70
52 1 20 25 65
. 54 1 30 25 45
56 1 35 25 40
63 1 35 25 45
64 1 20 25 40 3
I 66 1 30 25 55
72 1 30 25 60
77 1 35 25 55
78 1 30 25 65
80 1 40 30 60 *
84 1 35 25 60
j 88 1 40 25 55
I
'
90 1 30 20 60 *
91 1 35 25 65
I 96 1 40 25 60
: 98 1 35 25 70
99 1 45 25 55
100 1 40 20 50 *
125 1 50 30 75
200 3 40 30 50 4
36O 7 30 35 60 5
EI
' JI
'I !
,
I NOTES
1 USES A STEP UP RATIOI GEAR 0N
.1

)
$ .
HEADSPINDLESQALLERTHANTHE
DRIVER
I 11 2 USE EVERY OTHER TOOTH SPACE
3 UsE FORKED DETENT AND EVERY
;I TOOTH ANn SPACE
4 DIVIDING HEAD OUTPUT ROTATES
j'j II THREE FULL TURNS
j1I I 5 DIVIDING HEAD OUTPUT ROTATES
'
j
I SEVEN FULLTURNS
'
.
j
II r
.
.
1
'j 104
!
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,; F û
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