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P1 Warheads Year of first CTBT

Country
active/total* test status
NUCLEAR STATES Five nuclear-weapon states
under the NPT
Nations that are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons are 2,468 / 1945
sometimes referred to as the nuclear club. There are currently eight states United States Signatory
9,600[3] ("Trinity")
that have successfully detonated nuclear weapons. Five are considered to be
"nuclear-weapon states" (NWS) under the terms of the Nuclear Non- Russian Federation (former 4,650 / 1949 ("RDS-
Ratifier
Proliferation Treaty (NPT). In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons these Soviet Union) 12,000[3] 1")
are: the United States, Russia (successor state to the Soviet Union), the 1952
United Kingdom, France, and China. United Kingdom <160 / 225[3] Ratifier
("Hurricane")
1960
Since the NPT entered into force in 1970, three states that were not parties France ~300 / 300[3] ("Gerboise Ratifier
to the Treaty have conducted nuclear tests, namely India, Pakistan, and Bleue")
North Korea. North Korea had been a party to the NPT but withdrew in
2003. Israel is also widely believed to have nuclear weapons, though it has China ~180 / 240[3] 1964 ("596") Signatory
refused to confirm or deny this.[1] The status of these nations is not formally Non-NPT nuclear powers
recognized by international bodies as none of them is currently a party to 1974 ("Smiling Non-
the NPT. India n.a. / 60-80[3]
Buddha") signatory
n.a. / 100- 1998 Non-
South Africa has the unique status of a nation that developed nuclear Pakistan
110[4][5] ("Chagai-I") signatory
weapons but has since disassembled its arsenal before joining the NPT.
2006 (2006 Non-
North Korea n.a. / <10[3]
test) signatory
Content
Undeclared nuclear powers
• 1 Statistics possibly 1979
Israel n.a. / 80[3] (See Vela Signatory
• 2 Five nuclear-weapon states under the NPT
Incident)
• 3 Other states declaring they have nuclear weapons
• 4 Other states believed to have nuclear weapons
• 5 Nuclear weapons sharing *All numbers are estimates from the Natural Resources Defense Council,
published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, unless other references
• 6 States formerly possessing nuclear weapons
are given. The latest update was on May 26, 2010. If differences between
o 6.1 Former Soviet countries active and total stockpile are known, they are given as two figures separated
• 7 See also by a forward slash. If specifics are not available (n.a.), only one figure is
• 8 References given. Stockpile number may not contain all intact warheads if a substantial
amount of warheads are scheduled for but have not yet gone through
dismantlement; not all "active" warheads are deployed at any given time.
• 9 External links When a range of weapons is given (e.g., 0–10), it generally indicates that
the estimate is being made on the amount of fissile material that has likely
Map of nuclear weapons countries of the world. been produced, and the amount of fissile material needed per warhead
NPT Nuclear-weapon States (China, France, Russia, UK, US) depends on estimates of a country's proficiency at nuclear weapon design.
Other States with nuclear weapons (India, Pakistan, North Korea)
Other States believed to have nuclear weapons (Israel)
States accused of having nuclear weapons programs (Iran, Syria) Five nuclear-weapon states under the NPT
NATO weapons sharing weapons recipients (Belgium, Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, Turkey) • United States
States formerly possessing nuclear weapons (Belarus, Kazakhstan,
Ukraine, South Africa)
Main article: Nuclear weapons and the United States

The following is a list of states that have admitted the possession of nuclear
weapons, the approximate number of warheads under their control, and the The United States developed the first atomic weapons during
year they tested their first weapon. This list is informally known in global World War II in co-operation with the United Kingdom and
politics as the "Nuclear Club." With the exception of Russia and the United Canada as part of the Manhattan Project, out of the fear that Nazi
States (which have subjected their nuclear forces to independent Germany would develop them first. It tested the first nuclear
verification under various treaties) these figures are estimates, in some weapon in 1945 ("Trinity"), and remains the only country to have
cases quite unreliable estimates. Also, these figures represent total used nuclear weapons against another nation, during the atomic
warheads possessed, rather than deployed. In particular, under the SORT bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It was the first nation to
treaty thousands of Russian and U.S. nuclear warheads are in inactive develop the hydrogen bomb, testing an experimental version in
stockpiles awaiting processing. The fissile material contained in the 1952 ("Ivy Mike") and a deployable weapon in 1954 ("Castle
warheads can then be recycled for use in nuclear reactors. Bravo"). Throughout the Cold War it continued to modernize and
enlarge its nuclear arsenal, but from 1992 on has been involved
primarily in a program of Stockpile stewardship.[6][7][8] At its Cold
From a high of 65,000 active weapons in 1985, there are now nearly 8,000 War height, the US nuclear arsenal is estimated to have contained
active nuclear warheads and more than 22,000 total nuclear warheads in the over 32,000 warheads (in 1966).[9]
world in 2010. Many of the decommissioned weapons were simply stored See also: United States and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear weapons
or partially dismantled, not destroyed.[2] As of 2009, the total number was
expected to continue to decline by 30%–50% over the next decade.[citation
needed]
P2

Russia

Main article: Military history of the Soviet Union#The Cold War and
nuclear weapons
See also: Russia and weapons of mass destruction#Nuclear from 100 to 400.[15][16][17] China is the only NPT nuclear-weapon
weapons state to give an unqualified negative security assurance to non-
nuclear-weapon states and has a "no first use" policy.[18]
The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon ("Joe-1") in
1949, in a crash project developed partially with espionage Other states declaring they have nuclear weapons
obtained during and after World War II (see: Soviet atomic bomb
project). The USSR was the second nation to have developed and
tested a nuclear weapon. The direct motivation for their weapons Large stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global
development was to achieve a balance of power during the Cold range (medium blue), small stockpile with regional range (pale blue).
War. It tested its first megaton-range hydrogen bomb ("RDS-37")
in 1955. The Soviet Union also tested the most powerful
explosive ever detonated by humans, ("Tsar Bomba"), with a • India
theoretical yield of 100 megatons, intentionally reduced to 50
when detonated. After its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet weapons Main article: India and weapons of mass destruction
entered officially into the possession of Russia.[10] At its
maximum, the Soviet nuclear arsenal is estimated to have
contained some 45,000 warheads (in 1988).[9] India is not a Party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. India
tested what it called a "peaceful nuclear explosive" in 1974
(which became known as "Smiling Buddha"). The test was the
• United Kingdom first test developed after the creation of the NPT, and created new
questions about how civilian nuclear technology could be
Main articles: Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom and diverted secretly to weapons purposes (dual-use technology).
United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction India's secret development caused great concern and anger
particularly from nations, such as Canada, that had supplied it
nuclear reactors for peaceful and power generating needs. It
The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon ("Hurricane")
appears to have been primarily motivated as a general deterrent,
in 1952, drawing largely on data gained while collaborating with
as well as an attempt to project India as a regional power. India
the United States during the Manhattan Project. The United
later tested weaponized nuclear warheads in 1998 ("Operation
Kingdom was the third country in the world after the USA and
Shakti"), including a thermonuclear device.[19] In July 2005, U.S.
USSR to develop and test a nuclear weapon. Its programme was
President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan
motivated to have an independent deterrent against the USSR,
Singh announced plans to conclude an Indo-US civilian nuclear
while also maintaining its status as a great power. It tested its first
agreement.[20] This came to fruition through a series of steps that
hydrogen bomb in 1957, making it the third country to do so after
included India’s announced plan to separate its civil and military
the USA and USSR.[11][12] The UK maintained a fleet of V-bomber
nuclear programs in March 2006,[21] the passage of the United
strategic bombers and ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs)
States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act by the U.S.
equipped with nuclear weapons during the Cold War. It currently
Congress in December 2006, the conclusion of a U.S.-India
maintains a fleet of four 'Vanguard' class ballistic missile
nuclear cooperation agreement in July 2007,[22] approval by the
submarines equipped with Trident II SLBMs. The British
IAEA of an India-specific safeguards agreement,[23] agreement by
government announced a replacement to the current system to
the Nuclear Suppliers Group to a waiver of export restrictions for
take place between 2007-2024.
India,[24] approval by the U.S. Congress[25] and culminating in the
signature of U.S.-India agreement for civil nuclear cooperation[26]
• France in October 2008. The U.S. State Department said it made it "very
clear that we will not recognize India as a nuclear-weapon state".
[27]
The United States is bound by the Hyde Act with India and
Main article: France and weapons of mass destruction
may cease all cooperation with India if India detonates a nuclear
explosive device. The US had further said it is not its intention to
France tested its first nuclear weapon in 1960 ("Gerboise Bleue"), assist India in the design, construction or operation of sensitive
based mostly on its own research. It was motivated by the Suez nuclear technologies through the transfer of dual-use items.[28] In
Crisis diplomatic tension vis-à-vis both the USSR and the Free establishing an exemption for India, the Nuclear Suppliers Group
World allies United States and United Kingdom. It was also reserved the right to consult on any future issues which might
relevant to retain great power status, alongside the United trouble it.[29] As of September 2009, India was estimated to have
Kingdom, during the post-colonial Cold War (see: Force de had a stockpile of around 60-80 warheads.[3]
frappe). France tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1968
("Opération Canopus"). After the Cold War, France has disarmed
175 warheads with the reduction and modernization of its arsenal
that has now evolved to a dual system based on submarine-
launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and medium-range air-to-
surface missiles (Rafale fighter-bombers). However new nuclear
weapons are in development and reformed nuclear squadrons
were trained during Enduring Freedom operations in Afghanistan.
In January 2006, President Jacques Chirac stated a terrorist act or • Pakistan
the use of weapons of mass destruction against France would
result in a nuclear counterattack.[13] Main article: Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

China Main article: People's Republic of China and weapons of Pakistan also is not a Party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
mass destruction Treaty. Pakistan covertly developed nuclear weapons over many
decades, beginning in the late 1970s. Pakistan first delved into
nuclear power after the establishment of its first nuclear power
China tested its first nuclear weapon device ("596") in 1964 at the
plant near Karachi with equipment and materials supplied mainly
Lop Nur test site. The weapon was developed as a deterrent
by western nations in the early 1970s. Pakistani Prime Minister
against both the United States and the Soviet Union. China would
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto promised in 1965 that if India can build
manage to develop a fission bomb capable of being put onto a
nuclear weapons then Pakistan would too, "even if we have to eat
nuclear missile only two years after its first detonation. It tested
grass." The United States continued to certify that Pakistan did
its first hydrogen bomb ("Test No. 6") in 1967, a mere 32 months
not possess nuclear weapons until 1990, when sanctions were
after testing its first nuclear weapon (the shortest fission-to-fusion
imposed under the Pressler Amendment, requiring a cutoff of
development known in history).[14] The country is currently
U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan.[30] In 1998,
thought to have had a stockpile of around 240 warheads, though
Pakistan conducted its first six nuclear tests at the Chagai Hills, in
because of the limited information available, estimates range
response to the five tests conducted by India a few weeks before.
Over the years, Pakistan has developed into a crucial nuclear • Belgium, Germany, Italy, Netherlands,
power.
Turkey, and historically Canada, Greece
In 2004, the Pakistani metallurgist A.Q. Khan, a key figure in
Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, confessed to heading an
international black market ring involved in selling nuclear Main article: Nuclear sharing
weapons technology. In particular, Khan had been selling gas
centrifuge technology to North Korea, Iran, and Libya. Khan Under NATO nuclear weapons sharing, the United States has provided
denied complicity by the Pakistani government or Army, but this nuclear weapons for Belgium[36], Germany[36], Italy, the Netherlands[36], and
has been called into question by journalists and IAEA officials, Turkey[36] to deploy and store.[37] This involves pilots and other staff of the
and was apparently later contradicted by statements from Khan "non-nuclear" NATO states practicing, handling, and delivering the U.S.
himself.[31] nuclear bombs, and adapting non-U.S. warplanes to deliver U.S. nuclear
bombs. U.S. nuclear weapons were also deployed in Canada until 1984 and
• North Korea in Greece until 2001 for nuclear sharing purposes.[38] Members of the Non-
Aligned Movement have called on all countries to "refrain from nuclear
sharing for military purposes under any kind of security arrangements."[39]
Main article: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI) has criticized the
arrangement for allegedly violating Articles I and II of the NPT, arguing
North Korea was a Party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, that "these Articles do not permit the NWS to delegate the control of their
but announced a withdrawal on January 10, 2003, after the United nuclear weapons directly or indirectly to others."[40] NATO has argued that
States accused it of having a secret uranium enrichment program the weapons' sharing is compliant with the NPT because "the U.S. nuclear
and cut off energy assistance under the 1994 Agreed Framework. weapons based in Europe are in the sole possession and under constant and
In February 2005 the North Koreans claimed to possess complete custody and control of the United States."[41]
functional nuclear weapons, though their lack of a test at the time
led many experts to doubt the claim. However, in October 2006, States formerly possessing nuclear weapons
North Korea stated that due to growing intimidation by the USA,
it would conduct a nuclear test to confirm its nuclear status. North
Korea reported a successful nuclear test on October 9, 2006 (see Nuclear weapons have been present in many nations, often as staging
2006 North Korean nuclear test). Most U.S. intelligence officials grounds under control of other powers. However, in only one instance has a
believe that North Korea did, in fact, test a nuclear device due to nation given up nuclear weapons after being in control of them; in most
radioactive isotopes detected by U.S. aircraft; however, most cases this has been because of special political circumstances. The fall of
agree that the test was probably only partially successful.[32] The the USSR, for example, left several former Soviet republics in possession
yield may have been less than a kiloton, which is much smaller of nuclear weapons.
than the first successful tests of other powers; however, boosted
fission weapons may have an unboosted yield in this range, which
is sufficient to start deuterium-tritium fusion in the boost gas at
the center; the fast neutrons from fusion then ensure a full fission
yield. North Korea conducted a second, higher yield test on May
25, 2009 (see 2009 North Korean nuclear test).

Other states believed to have nuclear weapons

On October 5, 1986, the British newspaper The Sunday Times ran


Mordechai Vanunu's story on its front page under the headline: "Revealed –
the secrets of Israel's nuclear arsenal."
Spare bomb casings from South Africa's nuclear weapon program
• Israel Main article: Nuclear weapons and Israel Israel is not
a Party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and refuses to
• South Africa
officially confirm or deny having a nuclear

Main article: South Africa and weapons of mass destruction


arsenal, or having developed nuclear weapons, or even having a
nuclear weapons program. Israel has pledged not to be the first
country to introduce nuclear weapons into the region, but is also South Africa produced six nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but
pursuing a policy of strategic ambiguity with regard to their disassembled them in the early 1990s. In 1979, there was a
possession. This is sometimes called a policy of "nuclear putative detection of a clandestine nuclear test in the Indian
opacity": Israel neither confirms nor denies that it possesses Ocean, and it has long been speculated that it was possibly a test
nuclear weapons, in what has been interpreted as an attempt to get by South Africa, perhaps in collaboration with Israel, though this
the benefits of deterrence with a minimum political cost.[33] In the has never been confirmed (see Vela Incident). South Africa
late 1960s, Israeli Ambassador to the US Yitzhak Rabin informed signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991.[42]
the United States State Department, that its understanding of
"introducing" such weapons meant that they would be tested and Former Soviet countries
publicly declared, while merely possessing the weapons did not
constitute "introducing" them.[34] Israel claims that the Negev
Nuclear Research Center near Dimona is a research center. • Belarus had 81 single warhead missiles stationed on its
However, there is extensive evidence Israel has nuclear weapons territory after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. They were all
or a near-ready nuclear weapons capability. Extensive transferred to Russia by 1996. Belarus has signed the Nuclear
information about the program in Dimona was also disclosed by Non-Proliferation Treaty.[43]
technician Mordechai Vanunu in 1986. • Kazakhstan inherited 1,400 nuclear weapons from the
According to the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Soviet Union, and transferred them all to Russia by 1995.
Federation of American Scientists, Israel likely possesses around Kazakhstan has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.[44]
75–200 weapons.[35] Imagery analysts can identify weapon • Ukraine has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
bunkers, mobile missile launchers, and launch sites in satellite Ukraine inherited about 5,000 nuclear weapons when it became
photographs. Israel may have tested a nuclear weapon along with independent from the USSR in 1991, making its nuclear arsenal
South Africa in 1979, but this has never been confirmed, and the third-largest in the world.[45] By 1996, Ukraine had voluntarily
interpretation of the evidence is controversial (see Vela Incident). disposed of all nuclear weapons within its territory, transferring
them to Russia.[46]
Nuclear weapons sharing
Pakistan began focusing on nuclear weapons development in January 1972
under the leadership of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who delegated
the program to the Chairman of PAEC Munir Ahmad Khan. In 1976, Abdul
Qadeer Khan also joined the nuclear weapons program, and, with Zahid Ali
Akbar, headed the Kahuta project, while the rest of the program being run
in PAEC and comprising over twenty laboratories and projects was headed
by Munir Ahmad Khan.[4] This program would reach fruition under
President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Pakistan's nuclear weapons development
program was in response to neighboring India's development of nuclear
weapons. Bhutto called a meeting of senior scientists and engineers on 20
January 1972, in Multan. It was here that Bhutto orchestrated the Project-
706 and rallied Pakistan's scientists to build the atomic bomb for national
survival. At the Multan meeting, Bhutto also appointed Pakistani nuclear
scientist, Munir Ahmad Khan, as chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC), who till then had been working as Director at the
Nuclear Power and Reactor Division of the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), in Vienna, Austria. This marked the beginning of
Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear capability. Following India's surprise nuclear
test, codenamed Smiling Buddha in 1974, the first confirmed nuclear test by
a nation outside the permanent five members of the United Nations Security
Council, the goal to develop nuclear weapons received considerable
impetus.[citation needed]

Finally, on 28 May 1998, a few weeks after India's second nuclear test
(Operation Shakti), Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices in the Chagai
Hills in the Chaghai district, Balochistan. This operation was named
Chagai-I by Pakistan, the base having been long-constructed by provincial
martial law administrator Rahimuddin Khan during the 1980s. Pakistan's
fissile material production takes place at Kahuta and Khushab/Jauharabad,
where weapons-grade plutonium is made by the scientists. Pakistan thus
became the 7th country in the world to successfully develop and test
nuclear weapons.

INDIA
Prithvi 1- 150 km-100%operational Prithvi
Prithvi 11-250km-not operational
Prithvi111-350km-not operational
Agni1-700km-not operational Agni
Agni11-2500km- not operational
Agni111-3500km-not operational
Agni4- under development
Sagarika missile-700km under development Sagarika

PAKISTAN
Abdali1-100km operational Abdali
Abdali11-180km operational
Ghanavi-290km operational Ghaznavi
M-11-700km operational M11
Ghauri1-1500km operational Ghauri
Ghauri11-2300km operational
Ghauri111-3500km not operational
Shaheen1-750km operational Shaheen
Shaheen11-2500km operational
Shaheen111-4000km not operational
Tipu1-5000km under development Tipu
Tipu11-7000km under development
Tipu111-9000km under development
INDIAN CRUISE MISSILES
Brahmos1-290km not operational Brahmos
Brahmos11-under development
PAKISTN CRUISE MISSILES
Raad missile-350km operational
Babar missle-700km operational Babar

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