Apuntes de

ELECTRICIDAD

ELECTROSTÁTICA,
ELECTROMAGNETISMO Y
CORRIENTE ELÉCTRICA

Ing. Jorge M. BUCCELLA

4ª Edición

Universidad Nacional de Cuyo

Escuela de Comercio "Martín Zapata"
Polimodal: Producción de Bienes y Servicios

Mendoza, mayo de 2003

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

PRÓLOGO (1ª edición)

Estos breves "Apuntes de Electricidad" están orientados a los alumnos de los
Polimodales que no han tenido un curso completo de Física que abarque los temas de
electricidad y magnetismo.
En él se vuelcan los conceptos básicos sin desarrollos matemáticos ni
justificaciones rigurosas, sólo se pretende que aquel que deba trabajar con electricidad
en forma lateral pueda resolver problemas simples o entenderse con el especialista a
quién recurra para los problemas más complejos.
Un estudio más detallado del comportamiento de los circuitos eléctricos puede
verse en el libro "Teoría de los Circuitos I" del mismo autor que está disponible para su
fotocopiado en la Facultad Regional Mendoza de la U.T.N.
La fundamentación de la electrostática, la electrodinámica y del magnetismo
puede verse en cualquiera en los innumerables textos de Física.
Si resulta útil para alguien me sentiré retribuido, si me hacen llegar comentarios
para corregirlo y/o mejorarlo sin profundizar el enfoque serán muy bienvenidos. Gracias.

PRÓLOGO (3ª edición)

La tercera edición contiene correcciones tipográficas y, creo y espero, mejoras en
algunas explicaciones. Además se han agregado problemas resueltos y explicados que
tratan de mejorar la comprensión de los temas.
Reitero mi gratitud a aquellos alumnos que me hicieron notar las deficiencias de la
edición anterior.

Godoy Cruz, Mendoza

20 de Septiembre de 2002
Ing. Jorge María BUCCELLA
e_mail: jmbuccella@ciudad.com.ar

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

TEMARIO
1 - ELECTROSTÁTICA 5
1-A Estructura del átomo 5
1-B Fuerzas interatómicas 5
1-C Electrización por contacto 5
1-D Conductores y aisladores 6
1-E Cantidad de electricidad. Ley de Coulomb 6
1-F Campo eléctrico 7
1-G Líneas de fuerza 8
1-H Rigidez dieléctrica 8
1-I Potencial eléctrico 9
1-J Condensadores 9
1-K Ejemplos de cálculos 10

2 - ELECTROMAGNETISMO 15
2-A Imanes y magnetismo 15
2-B Magnetismo y carga eléctrica 16
2-C Ley de Faraday 19
2-D Ejemplos de cálculos 19

3 - CORRIENTE ELÉCTRICA 21
3-A Intensidad 21
3-B Circuito completo. Ley de Ohm 22
3-C Ley de Joule 23
3-D Circuitos eléctricos 24
3-E La corriente alterna 26
3-F Los conceptos de impedancia y de admitancia 29
3-G La potencia en corriente alternada 30
3-H Ejemplos de cálculos 30
3-I Problemas prácticos 34

Apéndice A
A-1 Nociones básicas elementales de corriente eléctrica 37
$8VRGHLQVWUXPHQWRVGHPHGLFLyQ     

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  

$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

NOTAS Y COMENTARIOS

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

1 - ELECTROSTÁTICA
1-A) Estructura del átomo
 3DUDSRGHUHQWHQGHUORVIHQyPHQRVHOpFWULFRVGHEHPRVFRQRFHUFyPR
HVWiFRPSXHVWDODPDWHULD/DSDUWtFXODPiVSHTXHxDGHHOODHVODPROpFXOD
TXHFRQVHUYDWRGDVVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVVLQHPEDUJRQRHVLQGLYLVLEOHDXQTXH
VXGLYLVLyQVLPRGLILFDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSURSLDV
 /DPROpFXODHVWiFRQVWLWXLGDSRUXQRRPiViWRPRVTXHSXHGHQVHUGH
LJXDOHOHPHQWRVSXURVRGHGLVWLQWDFRQIRUPDFLyQFRPSXHVWRV(OiWRPR
HVWiFRPSXHVWRSRUXQQ~FOHRTXHSUiFWLFDPHQWHFRQFHQWUDODPDVDWRWDO
URGHDGRSRUXQDRFDVLXQFHQWHQDUGHSDUWtFXODVTXHJLUDQDVXDOUHGHGRU
OODPDGDV HOHFWURQHV (O Q~FOHR HVWi FRPSXHVWR GHVGH XQD SDUWtFXOD KDVWD
FLHQWRVGHHOODVODVSULQFLSDOHV\PiVFRQRFLGDVDXQTXHQRODV~QLFDVVRQ
ORVSURWRQHV\QHXWURQHV
 (OGLiPHWURGHOQ~FOHRHVGHORUGHQGH PHWURV\HOGHODVyUELWDV


GH ORV HOHFWURQHV TXH GHILQHQ HO WDPDxR WRWDO GHO iWRPR GH  D     

PHWURV  /DV PDVDV GH SURWRQHV \ QHXWURQHV VRQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH ODV

Â

PLVPDV\XQDVYHFHVPD\RUHVDODGHORVHOHFWURQHV
 3RUHMHPSORHOiWRPRPiVVLPSOHHVHOGH+LGUyJHQR\HVWiFRQVWLWXLGR
SRUXQSURWyQHQHOQ~FOHRHVHO~QLFRTXHQRWLHQHQHXWURQHV\XQHOHFWUyQ
HQ yUELWD /D PROpFXODJUDPR GH KLGUyJHQR PRQRDWyPLFR FRQVWD GH 
 SDUWtFXODVQ~PHURGH$YRJDGUR\VXPDVDHVGHJUDPRVSRU


FRQVLJXLHQWHODPDVDGHXQiWRPRHVGH  NLORJUDPRVODGHXQ

Â


HOHFWUyQYHFHVPHQRVHVGH  NLORJUDPRVFRQORTXHVHSXHGH

Â


GHFLUTXHODPDVDGHOSURWyQHVLJXDODODGHOiWRPR(OiWRPRPiVFRPSOHMR
Â

TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HVWDGR QDWXUDO HV HO GH 8UDQLR TXH FRQWLHQH 
HOHFWURQHVJLUDQGRDOUHGHGRUGHXQQ~FOHRFRQSURWRQHV\QHXWURQHV

1-B) Fuerzas interatómicas
 6H KD GHWHUPLQDGR TXH HQWUH HOHFWURQHV \ SURWRQHV H[LVWHQ IXHU]DV
PXWXDVDGHPiVGHODVJUDYLWDWRULDVGHELGDVDVXVPDVDVTXHVHH[SOLFDQ
DGMXGLFiQGROHVXQDSURSLHGDGOODPDGDFDUJDHOpFWULFDRHOHFWULFLGDGFRQXQD
GLIHUHQFLD IXQGDPHQWDO \D TXH ODV IXHU]DV JUDYLWDWRULDV VRQ VRODPHQWH
DWUDFWLYDVPLHQWUDVTXHODVHOpFWULFDVSXHGHQVHUDWUDFWLYDVRUHSXOVLYDV
 /RVSURWRQHVVHUHSHOHQHQWUHVtDOLJXDOTXHORVHOHFWURQHVSHURORV
SURWRQHV\HOHFWURQHVVHDWUDHQHQWUHHOORV(VWRGLROXJDUDODGHVLJQDFLyQGH
GRV FODVHV GH FDUJD HOpFWULFD SRVLWLYD DVLJQDGD DUELWUDULDPHQWH D ORV
SURWRQHV \ QHJDWLYD D ORV HOHFWURQHV 7RGRV ORV SURWRQHV WLHQHQ
H[DFWDPHQWHODPLVPDFDUJDSRVLWLYD\WRGRVORVHOHFWURQHVODPLVPDFDUJD
QHJDWLYD\FRPRWRGRiWRPRQRUPDOTXHWLHQHHOPLVPRQ~PHURGHSURWRQHV
TXHGHHOHFWURQHVQRSUHVHQWDFDUJDVHQH[FHVRODVFDUJDVVRQGHOPLVPR
YDORUDXQTXHGHVLJQRFRQWUDULR
 1RKDELpQGRVHGHWHFWDGRFDUJDVLQIHULRUHVDODVGHXQHOHFWUyQRSURWyQ
VHGHGXFHTXHHVWDVHUtDODXQLGDGQDWXUDORIXQGDPHQWDOGHFDUJDHOpFWULFD
 $GHPiVGHHVWDVIXHU]DVJUDYLWDWRULDV\HOpFWULFDVTXHGHSHQGHQGHOD
GLVWDQFLD HQWUH ODV SDUWtFXODV KD\ RWUDV TXH GHSHQGHQ GHO PRYLPLHQWR
UHODWLYR\GDQOXJDUDHIHFWRVPDJQpWLFRV

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

1-C) Electrización por contacto

 'DGR TXH ORV iWRPRV WLHQHQ LJXDO Q~PHUR GH HOHFWURQHV TXH GH
SURWRQHVODPDWHULDQRSUHVHQWDQRUPDOPHQWHHIHFWRVHOpFWULFRV6LDOWHUDPRV
HVWHHTXLOLEULRHVGHFLUTXHWLHQHGHIHFWRRH[FHVRGHHOHFWURQHVGHFLPRV
TXHHVWiFDUJDGD+D\PXFKRVPHGLRVSDUDORJUDUHVWHGHVHTXLOLEULRVLHQGRHO
PiVDQWLJXRHOGHIURWDPLHQWRDXQTXHHQUHDOLGDGHVPiVFRUUHFWRGHFLUSRU
FRQWDFWR
 3RUHMHPSORHQWUHXQDEDUUDGHHERQLWD\XQDSLHOODSULPHUDDGTXLHUH
HOHFWURQHV \ TXHGD FDUJDGD QHJDWLYDPHQWH \ OD SLHO FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH
SRVLWLYDPHQWH8QDEDUUDGHYLGULRFRQXQWUDSRGHVHGDUHVXOWDHQODEDUUD
SRVLWLYDPHQWH\HOWUDSRQHJDWLYDPHQWHFDUJDGR(QWRGRVORVFDVRVVHKD
YHULILFDGRTXHODFDQWLGDGGHFDUJDORJUDGDSRUXQHOHPHQWRHVH[DFWDPHQWH
LJXDO\GHVLJQRFRQWUDULRDOREWHQLGRSRUHORWURQRKD\FUHDFLyQRSpUGLGD
VyORWUDQVPLVLyQ
 (VWDVFDUJDVSXHGHQWUDQVIHULUVHDRWURVFXHUSRVWDPELpQSRUFRQWDFWR
REVHUYiQGRVHTXHKD\UHSXOVLyQHQWUHDTXHOORVTXHKDQVLGRFDUJDGRVFRQOD
PLVPDFDUJD\KD\DWUDFFLyQHQWUHORVGHFDUJDGLVWLQWD

 (QUHDOLGDGHVWHIHQyPHQRGHFDUJDSRUFRQWDFWRVHSURGXFHHQPHQRU
'&RQGXFWRUHV\DLVODGRUHV

R PD\RUJUDGR HQWUHGRV VXEVWDQFLDVGLVWLQWDV/DGLIHUHQFLDHVWULEDHQHO

KHFKRTXHDOJXQRVPDWHULDOHVSHUPLWHQPHMRUTXHRWURVODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODV
FDUJDV (VWR GD OXJDU D XQD FODVLILFDFLyQ GH PDWHULDOHV FRQGXFWRUHV TXH
SURYHHQ XQD IiFLO FLUFXODFLyQ GH ODV FDUJDV \ DLVODGRUHV TXH LPSLGHQ VX
GHVSOD]DPLHQWR
 /RV PHWDOHV GH HOHFWURYDOHQFLD SRVLWLYD \ TXH HQ GLVROXFLyQ IRUPDQ
LRQHVSRVLWLYRVWLHQHQODIDFLOLGDGGHGHVSUHQGHUVHGHVXVHOHFWURQHVGHODV
yUELWDV H[WHULRUHV JHQHUDQGR ORV OODPDGRV HOHFWURQHV OLEUHV TXH SXHGHQ
PRYHUVH OLEUHPHQWH SRU HO PDWHULDO (O Q~FOHR \ HO UHVWR GH ORV HOHFWURQHV
TXHGDQ HQ SRVLFLyQ ILMD (Q ORV DLVODGRUHV QR KD\ R KD\ PX\ SRFRV
HOHFWURQHVOLEUHVIDOWDQGRHQFRQVHFXHQFLDORVSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJD


 8Q FXHUSR FDUJDGR HV DTXHO TXH WLHQH FLHUWR Q~PHUR GH SURWRQHV R
(&DQWLGDGGHHOHFWULFLGDG/H\GH&RXORPE

HOHFWURQHV HQ H[FHVR \ ODFDUJDQHWDTXHGDGHILQLGDSRUHVWHQ~PHUR6LQ

HPEDUJR HQ OD SUiFWLFD OD FDUJD VH H[SUHVD HQ XQD XQLGDG PXFKR PD\RU
8WLOL]DPRVODOHWUD³4´PD\~VFXODRPLQ~VFXODSDUDLQGLFDUHVWDFDUJD
 (Q&KDUOHV$&RXORPEHVWDEOHFLyTXHODIXHU]DGHDWUDFFLyQR
UHSXOVLyQ HQWUH GRV FDUJDV HOpFWULFDV HUD LQYHUVDPHQWH SURSRUFLRQDO DO
FXDGUDGRGHODGLVWDQFLDHQWUHHOODV3RVWHULRUPHQWHVHGHPRVWUyTXHSDUD
XQDVHSDUDFLyQGDGDHVWDIXHU]DGHSHQGtDGLUHFWDPHQWHGHOSURGXFWRGHODV
FDUJDV LQGLYLGXDOHV (VWDV UHODFLRQHV SXHGHQ FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQD LJXDOGDG
HVWDEOHFLHQGRXQDFRQVWDQWHGHSURSRUFLRQDOLGDG FRQORTXHVHREWLHQHOD
/H\GH&RXORPE
N

      )

NTT¶U 

 (O YDORU GH OD FRQVWDQWH  GHSHQGH GH ODV XQLGDGHV TXH H[SUHVHQ OD
IXHU]DODFDUJD\ODGLVWDQFLD(VWDIRUPDTXHGDHQJHQHUDOUHVWULQJLGDD
N

FDUJDV SXQWXDOHV HV GHFLU GH GLPHQVLRQHV GHVSUHFLDEOHV UHVSHFWR D OD

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

GLVWDQFLD TXH ODV VHSDUD 7DPELpQ GHEH WHQHUVH HQ FXHQWD TXH ODV FDUJDV
LQGXFLGDVHQODVPROpFXODVGHOPHGLRTXHODVURGHDPRGLILFDQHVWDIXHU]D(O
YDFtRHVHOPHGLRLGHDOSHURHODLUHVyORPRGLILFDHQXQSRUPLO
 (QHO GHXQLGDGHVODVIXHU]DVVHH[SUHVDQHQ
ODVGLVWDQFLDVHQ \ODXQLGDGGHFDUJDVHHOLJHSDUDTXH
VLVWHPD HOHFWURVWiWLFR

HO YDORU GH  VHD XQLWDULR &RQVHFXHQWHPHQWH OD XQLGDG HOHFWURVWiWLFD GH
GLQDV FHQWtPHWURV

FDUJDHOpFWULFDSXHGHGHILQLUVHFRPR
N
OD FDUJD TXH UHSHOH D RWUD LJXDO \ GHO

 (VWD XQLGDG HV OODPDGD SRU DOJXQRV  R TXH VH LQGLFD

PLVPR VLJQR VLWXDGD D OD GLVWDQFLD GH XQ FHQWtPHWUR FRQ OD IXHU]D GH XQD

FRPR /DVGLPHQVLRQHVGH VRQHQWRQFHVGLQDV FP XHVT 

GLQD VWDWRFROXPELR
 

 (QHO ODXQLGDGGHFDUJDHVHO R SHUR

XHVT N Â

QR VH GHILQH SRU HVWD OH\ VLQR HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD XQLGDG GH LQWHQVLGDG GH
VLVWHPDPNV &RXORPE FXORPELR

FRUULHQWHHO DPSHULR\VHGHILQHFRPR OD FDQWLGDG GH FDUJD TXH DWUDYLHVD

(O HVPX\DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHLJXDOD   
SRUVHJXQGRODVHFFLyQGHXQFRQGXFWRUSRUHOFXDOFLUFXODXQDFRUULHQWHGHXQ


 <DTXHODVXQLGDGHVGHFDUJDIXHU]D\GLVWDQFLDHQHOVLVWHPDPNVVH
DPSHULR FXORPELR Â XHVT

KDQ GHILQLGR HQ IRUPD LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH OD OH\ GH &RXORPE HO YDORU GH OD
FRQVWDQWHNGHEHGHWHUPLQDUVHH[SHULPHQWDOPHQWHHOYDORUGHHOODHV
 \D TXH OD XQLGDG GH IXHU]D HV HO
 N 
  

\ODGHGLVWDQFLDHO 
  QHZWRQÂPHWUR FRXO

 /DFDUJDGHXQHOHFWUyQHVSDUDHVWHVLVWHPD 
QHZWRQ PHWUR


 &RQHOREMHWRGHHYLWDUODDSDULFLyQGHOIDFWRUπHQRWUDVHFXDFLRQHVVH
H Â FRXO

GHILQHRWUDFRQVWDQWH ε WDOTXH ε π FRQORTXHOD/H\GH&RXORPE

TXHGDH[SUHVDGDFRPR
  N

) πε
  
ÂTT¶U 

 /DFRQVWDQWH ε OODPDGD HVSDUDHOVLVWHPD

PNV
 SHUPLWLYLGDG HOpFWULFD

ε  Â  
FRXO 1ÂP





1-F) Campo eléctrico

 6LHQXQPHGLRGRQGHH[LVWHXQDFDUJDHOpFWULFDFRORFDPRVRWUDDFLHUWD
GLVWDQFLDKHPRVYLVWRTXHVXIULUiXQDDWUDFFLyQRUHSXOVLyQ(VWDIXHU]DHV
FRPRODJUDYLWDWRULDHMHUFLGDDGLVWDQFLDSRUORTXHSRGHPRVDVXPLUTXHOD
FDUJDDVLPLOLWXGFRQODPDVDJHQHUDXQFDPSRHOpFWULFR(VGHFLUTXHVX
SUHVHQFLDPRGLILFDODVFXDOLGDGHVGHOPHGLR&RQHVWRSRGHPRVGHFLUTXHOD
IXHU]D TXH VH HMHUFH VREUH OD VHJXQGD FDUJD HV SURYRFDGD SRU HO FDPSR
JHQHUDGRSRUODSULPHUD\SRUVXSXHVWRUHFtSURFDPHQWH


6HGLFHTXHH[LVWHXQ FDPSRHOpFWULFRHQXQSXQWRVLVREUHXQFXHUSR

 <D TXH OD IXHU]D HV XQD PDJQLWXG YHFWRULDO HO FDPSR WDPELpQ WLHQH
FDUJDGRFRORFDGRHQGLFKRSXQWRVHHMHUFHXQDIXHU]DGHRULJHQHOpFWULFR

GLUHFFLyQVHQWLGR\PyGXOR
 (O YDORU GHO FDPSR HQ FXDOTXLHU SXQWR UHSUHVHQWDGR SRU ( VH GHILQH
FRPR HO FRFLHQWH REWHQLGR GH GLYLGLU OD IXHU]D ) HMHUFLGD VREUH XQ FXHUSR GH


SUXHED FRORFDGR HQ HO SXQWR SRU OD FDQWLGDG GH FDUJD T¶ GHO FXHUSR GH
SUXHED

( )T¶

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  

$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 (OFDPSRHOpFWULFRHVODIXHU]DSRUXQLGDGGHFDUJDFRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH
HQHOVLVWHPDPNVODLQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSRHOpFWULFRHVHOQHZWRQFXORPELR/D
H[SUHVLyQDQWHULRUSXHGHSRQHUVHFRPR
) T¶(

 (V GHFLU TXH OD IXHU]D HMHUFLGD VREUH XQD FDUJD  HQ XQ SXQWR GHO
FDPSR HVWi GDGD SRU HO SURGXFWR GH OD FDUJD SRU OD LQWHQVLGDG GH FDPSR
T¶

HOpFWULFR
 /DOH\GH&RXORPEGLFHTXHODIXHU]DVREUHODFDUJDGHSUXHEDHV
) πε
 
ÂTT¶U



\SRUFRQVLJXLHQWHODLQWHQVLGDGGHOFDPSRHQHOSXQWRUHVXOWD

( )T¶ πε   ÂTU



\HOVHQWLGRHVWDOTXHVHDOHMDGHODFDUJD VL ¶HVGHOPLVPRVLJQRRVH

DFHUFDVLHVGHGLVWLQWRVLJQR
T T

 (QHOFDVRTXHHOFDPSRHVWpIRUPDGRSRUYDULDVFDUJDVSXQWXDOHVD
GLVWLQWDVGLVWDQFLDVGHOSXQWRODLQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSRHVODUHVXOWDQWHGHOD
VXPD YHFWRULDO R JHRPpWULFD GHO SURGXFLGR SRU FDGD XQD GH HOODV HQ HO
SXQWR
 πε ∑
(  
Â

TU 

(Q OD SUiFWLFD ORV FDPSRV VRQ FUHDGRV SRU GLVWULEXFLRQHV GH FDUJDV VREUH
FRQGXFWRUHVILQLWRVHQHVWHFDVRVHFRQVLGHUDQFDUJDVLQILQLWHVLPDOHV \OD
VXPDVHFRQYLHUWHHQODLQWHJUDO
GT

 πε ∫
(  Â GTU


 6H FRPSUXHED TXH OD OH\ GH &RXORPE HV SUHFLVDPHQWH GH OD PLVPD
IRUPD TXH OD OH\ GH 1HZWRQ SDUD OD IXHU]D JUDYLWDWRULD HQWUH PDVDV
SXQWXDOHV3RUHOORODVGHILQLFLRQHVGHLQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSRHOpFWULFRVRQODV
PLVPDV TXH ODV GH FDPSR JUDYLWDWRULR \ SDUHFHUtD GHGXFLUVH TXH DPERV
SUREOHPDV REHGHFHQ DO PLVPR SULQFLSLR VLQ HPEDUJR KD\ GLIHUHQFLDV
LPSRUWDQWHVTXHKDFHQODGHILQLFLyQGHFDPSRHOpFWULFRFRPRODUD]yQGHOD
IXHU]DDODFDUJDSUHIHULEOHDOD~OWLPDH[SUHVLyQ/DGLIHUHQFLDSURFHGHGHO
KHFKR GH TXH ORV HIHFWRV JUDYLWDWRULRV SDUHFHQ SURSDJDUVH FRQ YHORFLGDG
LQILQLWD QR RFXUUH OR PLVPR FRQ ORV IHQyPHQRV HOpFWULFRV R PiV
FRUUHFWDPHQWHHOHFWURPDJQpWLFRV/DYHORFLGDGGHSURSDJDFLyQHQHOYDFtRHV
ODPLVPDTXHODYHORFLGDGGHODOX]  PVHJ 

 6LTXHUHPRVGHILQLUODLQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSRFRPR GHEHPRV
Â

SRVWXODU TXH D ODV FDUJDV TXH FUHDQ HO FDPSR QR VH GHVSOD]DQ SRU OD
(  )  T¶

SUHVHQFLDGHODFDUJDGHSUXHEDREGHEHXWLOL]DUVHXQDFDUJDGHSUXHED
LQILQLWHVLPDO TXH SURGXFH XQD DOWHUDFLyQ GHVSUHFLDEOH HQ OD GLVWULEXFLyQ GH
FDUJDVLQLFLDO
 6L HQ FDPELR VH GHILQH SRU OD HFXDFLyQ  πε ∫  OD 

GLILFXOWDGDQWHULRUQRVHSODQWHDSRUQRXWLOL]DUVHODFDUJDGHSUXHED
(  Â  GT  U


1-G) Líneas de fuerza
 (OFRQFHSWRGHOtQHDVGHIXHU]DIXHLQWURGXFLGRSRU)DUDGD\FRPRXQ
PHGLRDX[LOLDUSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUFDPSRVHOpFWULFRVRPDJQpWLFRV 8QDOtQHDGH
IXHU]D HVXQD OtQHD LPDJLQDULD WUD]DGDGH IRUPDWDOTXHVXGLUHFFLyQHQFDGD
SXQWROD GLUHFFLyQGHVX WDQJHQWH VHD OD PLVPDTXH OD GLUHFFLyQGHOFDPSR

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

6LVHTXLVLHVHSRGUtDGLEXMDUVHXQDOtQHDSRUFDGDSXQWRGHOSODQROR
HQ HVH SXQWR ODV IOHFKDV TXH VH LQGLFDQ VREUH HOOD VHxDODQ HO VHQWLGR GHO

TXH VLJQLILFDUtD QR SRGHU GLVWLQJXLU XQD GH OD RWUD 3DUD TXH D OD YH] GH
FDPSR

LQGLFDUQRVODGLUHFFLyQ\VHQWLGRSXHGDQUHSUHVHQWDUODLQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSR
VHGLEXMDQGHPRGRWDOTXH HO Q~PHUR GH ODV TXH DWUDYLHVDQ OD XQLGDG GH


VXSHUILFLHSHUSHQGLFXODUDODGLUHFFLyQGHOFDPSRVHDLJXDOHQFDGDSXQWRDO
SURGXFWRGH ε SRUODLQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSRHOpFWULFRHQHVHSXQWR


1-H) Rigidez dieléctrica
 8QDLVODGRURGLHOpFWULFRHVXQDVXEVWDQFLDTXHQRWLHQHRWLHQHPX\
SRFRVSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDFDSDFHVGHPRYHUVHEDMRHOHIHFWRGHXQFDPSR
HOpFWULFR6LQHPEDUJRH[LVWHSDUDFDGDXQDXQFLHUWROtPLWHGHODLQWHQVLGDG
GH FDPSR SRU HQFLPD GH OD FXDO VH FRQYLHUWH HQ FRQGXFWRUD /D Pi[LPD
LQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSRHOpFWULFRTXHXQDVXEVWDQFLDSXHGHVRSRUWDUVLQURWXUD
GH GHQRPLQD ULJLGH] GLHOpFWULFD 3RU HMHPSOR SDUD HO DLUH D SUHVLyQ
DWPRVIpULFDHVGH  QHZWRQFRXO\SDUDHOYLGULRGRVRWUHVYHFHVPD\RU
Â


En función de estos datos puede calcularse la carga máxima por unidad de

superficie de un conductor situado en el aire como:
σ ε( ÂπÂ ÂFRXOP
 5HDOPHQWHODVFRQGLFLRQHVEDMRODVFXDOHVSXHGHVDOWDUXQDFKLVSDHQHO
DLUHGHVGHXQFRQGXFWRUDRWURVRQPXFKRPiVFRPSOLFDGDVGHORTXHUHVXOWD
GH HVWDEOHFHU OR DQWHULRU HO WHPD GHEH HVWXGLDUVH FRQVXOWDQGR VREUH OD
FRQGXFWLYLGDGHOpFWULFDHQORVJDVHV

1-I) Potencial eléctrico
 (OSRWHQFLDOHQXQSXQWRHVHOWUDEDMRQHFHVDULRSDUDWUDVODGDUODXQLGDG
GH FDUJD SRVLWLYD GHVGH HO LQILQLWR KDVWD HO SXQWR HQ FRQWUD GH ODV IXHU]DV


HOpFWULFDVGHOFDPSR/DGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQWUHGRVSXQWRVHVHOWUDEDMR

 (O SRWHQFLDO HOpFWULFR HV HQ SULQFLSLR XQD PDJQLWXG HVFDODU \ VXV
QHFHVDULRSDUDWUDVODGDUODFDUJDSRVLWLYDXQLWDULDGHVGHXQSXQWRDORWUR

GLPHQVLRQHVVRQODVGHXQWUDEDMRSRUXQLGDGGHFDUJD6HPLGHHQ
HOYROWLRHVHOWUDEDMRGHXQMXOLRVREUHODFDUJDGHXQFXORPELRHVGHFLU
YROWLRV


9

 6LUHFRUGDPRVTXHHOWUDEDMRSXHGHFDOFXODUVHSRUHOSURGXFWRHQWUHOD
9 -&RXO

IXHU]D\HOFDPLQRUHFRUULGRHQFRQWUDGHHVDIXHU]D: ) UHOSRWHQFLDO

 HQ XQ SXQWR H[SUHVDGR HQ YROWLRV GHELGR D OD FDUJD HOpFWULFD  HQ
Â

FXORPELRVDXQDGLVWDQFLD HQPHWURVSXHGHFDOFXODUVHFRPR
9 T
U

9 NTU

 (OWUDEDMR UHDOL]DGRSDUDWUDVODGDUXQDFDUJD GHXQSXQWR D

RWUR FX\DGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHV   YDOH
:DE T D
E 9DE 9D9E

:DEMXOLRV 
TFXORPELRVÂ9DEYROWLRV

 6LHOFDPSRHOpFWULFRHVXQLIRUPH HQGRQGH HVOD

IXHU]DVREUHODFDUJD \ HVODGLVWDQFLDHQWUHORVSXQWRV3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH
:   T 9  ) U )

RELHQ HVGHFLUTXHHQXQFDPSRHOpFWULFR
T U

XQLIRUPH OD LQWHQVLGDG  HQ 1HZWRQFXORPELR HV LJXDO DO

9  U   )  T 9  U   (

 HQYROWLRVPHWURFDPELDGRGHVLJQR(QJHQHUDOSRGHPRV
( JUDGLHQWH GH

GHFLUTXH
SRWHQFLDO 9  U
OD FRPSRQHQWH GH OD LQWHQVLGDG GHO FDPSR HOpFWULFR HQ FXDOTXLHU

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  

$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$


GLUHFFLyQ HV LJXDO DO JUDGLHQWH GH SRWHQFLDO HQ HVD GLUHFFLyQ FDPELDGR GH

 'HFtDPRVTXHHQSULQFLSLRHOSRWHQFLDOHVXQDPDJQLWXGHVFDODUSHUR
VLJQR

ODGHILQLFLyQLPSOLFDTXHHOWUDEDMRSDUDWUDVODGDUODFDUJDGHXQSXQWRDRWUR
GHSHQGHGHOVHQWLGRGHHVHWUDVODGR\VLODVFDUJDVODWUDVODGDGD\ODTXH
JHQHUD HO FDPSR VRQ GH LJXDO VLJQR R QR (V GHFLU TXH VL JDVWDPRV XQ
WUDEDMRSDUDOOHYDUODFDUJDGHOSXQWRDDOEYDPRVD³UHFXSHUDUOR´WUD\HQGR
OD FDUJD GHO E DO D (VWR OR SRGHPRV LQGLFDU FRQ XQD SRODULGDG GH HVD
GLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOVHxDODQGRFRPRSRVLWLYRHOSXQWRGHPD\RUSRWHQFLDO
FRQORTXHODGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOVHFRQYHUWLUtDHQXQYHFWRUHVSHFLDOFRQ
XQD ~QLFD GLUHFFLyQ SRVLEOH SHUR ORV GRV VHQWLGRV /D LPSRUWDQFLD GH
HVWDEOHFHUHVWRODYHUHPRVDOHVWXGLDUODOH\GH2KP
 6HGLFHTXHHOSXQWR HVWiDXQSRWHQFLDOVXSHULRUDOGHOSXQWR VLVH
UHDOL]D WUDEDMR FRQWUD ODV IXHU]DV HOpFWULFDV SDUD PRYHU XQD FDUJD SRVLWLYD
E D

GHVGH KDVWD (VWRHV HVWiDXQSRWHQFLDOVXSHULRUDOGH VLODHQHUJtD

SRWHQFLDO GHXQDFDUJDSRVLWLYDHVPD\RUHQ TXHHQ /DGLIHUHQFLDGH
D E E D

SRWHQFLDOHQWUHGRVSXQWRV \ SRGHPRVLQGLFDUODFRPR ≡ \

E D

FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH ≡ 
D E 9DE  9D  9E


9DE 9ED

1-J) Condensadores
 8Q FRQGHQVDGRU R FDSDFLWRU HVWi FRQVWLWXLGR SRU GRV FRQGXFWRUHV
VHSDUDGRVSRUXQGLHOpFWULFRRDLVODQWHLJXDOPHQWHFDUJDGRVGHHOHFWULFLGDG
GHVLJQRFRQWUDULR

(Q
/D FDSDFLGDG &GH XQ FRQGHQVDGRU HVWiGHILQLGD FRPRODUHODFLyQ GHOD

HOVLVWHPDPNVODFDSDFLGDGVHH[SUHVDHQ HQFRQVHFXHQFLDUHVXOWD
FDUJDVREUHXQRGHORVFRQGXFWRUHVDODGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQWUHHOORV

TXH
)DUDGLRV

&IDUDGLRV 
TFXORPELRV9YROWLRV

&RPRHVWDXQLGDGHVPX\JUDQGHVHXWLOL]DQQRUPDOPHQWHORVVXEP~OWLSORV
 /D FDSDFLGDG GH XQ FDSDFLWRU SODQRIRUPDGR SRUSODFDVSDUDOHODV GH
LJXDO VXSHUILFLH  HQ PHWURV FXDGUDGRV VHSDUDGDV D XQD GLVWDQFLD  HQ
PHWURVYLHQHGDGDSRUODIyUPXOD
$ G

ε & . $G

6LHQGR  DGLPHQVLRQDO OD  R

GHOPHGLRDLVODQWH\ ε  
. FRQVWDQWH GLHOpFWULFD UHODWLYD FDSDFLGDG
  

YDORU\DFRQRFLGR6LHOPHGLRHVHOYDFtR  
LQGXFWLYD HVSHFtILFD   Â  FRXO 1ÂP

 /DFDSDFLGDGHTXLYDOHQWHGHXQFRQMXQWRGHFDSDFLWRUHVFRQHFWDGRVHQ
.

SDUDOHORHVLJXDODODVXPDGHVXVFDSDFLGDGHVLQGLYLGXDOHV(OUHFtSURFRGHOD
FDSDFLGDG HTXLYDOHQWH GH FDSDFLWRUHV HQ VHULH HV LJXDO D OD VXPD GH ORV
UHFtSURFRVGHODVFDSDFLGDGHVLQGLYLGXDOHV
 (QXQFRQGHQVDGRUODGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQWUHVXVFRQGXFWRUHVHV
GLUHFWDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDODODFDUJDTXHDGTXLHUHQ(QHOSURFHVRGHFDUJDHO
HOHPHQWRFRPLHQ]DGHVFDUJDGR\DGTXLHUHDOILQDOXQDFDUJD 3RUWDQWROD
GLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOYDUtDGHFHURDOYDORU ILQDO\VXYDORUPHGLRHV 
T

(OWUDEDMRSDUDWUDVODGDUODFDUJDTDWUDYpVGHXQDGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDO
9 ò9

PHGLDSHURFRQVWDQWHò 9HV 3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHODHQHUJtD

HOpFWULFD DOPDFHQDGDHQODFDUJDGHXQFRQGHQVDGRUYLHQHGDGDSRU
: T ò9
:

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

     : òT9 ò&9 
 
òT &

WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH   GRQGH  VH PLGH HQ MXOLRV -  HQ
FXORPELRV&RXO HQYROWLRV9\ HQIDUDGLRV)
T  & 9 : T
9 &


  (QFRQWUDU OD PDJQLWXG GH OD IXHU]D TXH H[LVWH HQWUH XQD FDUJD
.(MHPSORVGHFiOFXORV

HOpFWULFD SRVLWLYD GH  FXORPELRV \ RWUD QHJDWLYD GH  FXORPELRV


FXDQGR VH KDOODQ D OD GLVWDQFLD GH  FHQWtPHWURV ¢4Xp WLSR GH IXHU]D HV
DWUDFWLYDRUHSXOVLYD"
6ROXFLyQ
/RVGDWRVGHOSUREOHPDPHSHUPLWHQHQFRQWUDUODVROXFLyQDSOLFDQGROD/H\GH
&RXORPESHURSDUDHOORGHEHPRVH[SUHVDUODGLVWDQFLDHQPHWURV8WLOL]DQGR
ODQRWDFLyQFLHQWtILFDSDUDVLPSOLILFDUODVRSHUDFLRQHVSRGHPRVHVWDEOHFHU
 >QHZWRQ PHWUR FRXO @
  

  Â >FRXO@
 N Â


  Â >FRXO@
T


  Â >PHWURV@
T



OXHJR
U

  >Â ÂÂ ÂÂ @Â  

)
  
 
Â

QHZWRQV

<DTXHODVFDUJDVVRQGHVLJQRFRQWUDULRHOSDUGHIXHU]DVTXHDFW~DHVGH
DWUDFFLyQ
 (QFRQWUDUODPDJQLWXG\HOVHQWLGRGHODIXHU]DTXHH[LVWHHQWUHGRV
FDUJDVSRVLWLYDVGHFXORPELRVVLHVWiQXELFDGDVHQHOSODQRVREUHXQD


UHFWDDžUHVSHFWRDOHMH[\VHSDUDGDVXQDGLVWDQFLDGHPLOtPHWURV
6ROXFLyQ
3DUDHVWHSUREOHPDVHDSOLFDODPLVPDIyUPXODTXH
SDUDHODQWHULRU'HEHPRVUHFRUGDUTXHODGLVWDQFLD 
)

GHEHH[SUHVDUVHHQPHWURV ž T
  Â FRXO\  Â P

 
U

ž
T T U

$SOLFDQGRODIyUPXODUHVXOWD T

)



)  ) Â QHZWRQV

6LODVFDUJDVHVWiQVREUHXQDUHFWDDžGHOSODQR
ODVIXHU]DV WHQGUiQHVD GLUHFFLyQ(O iQJXORGHOD ž
XELFDGD PiV DUULED HQ HO SODQR WHQGUi HO VHQWLGR
TXH OD DOHMD GH OD RWUD VX iQJXOR VHUi GH ž /D RWUD WHQGUi HO VHQWLGR
FRQWUDULRSRUHOORHOiQJXORHVGHžž ž&RQORTXHHOUHVXOWDGR
HV
)  Â

\
žQHZWRQV ) 
Â

žQHZWRQV

 'HWHUPLQDUODIXHU]DH[LVWHQWHHQWUHXQHOHFWUyQ\XQSURWyQFXDQGR
VHKDOODQVHSDUDGRVSRU  PHWURV



6ROXFLyQ
Â

3DUDHVWHSUREOHPDVHDSOLFDODPLVPDIyUPXODTXHSDUDHODQWHULRU'HEHPRV
UHFRUGDUTXH ODV FDUJDV HOpFWULFDVGHOSURWyQ\GHOHOHFWUyQVRQLJXDOHVHQ
PDJQLWXGSHURSRVLWLYDSDUDHOSURWyQ\QHJDWLYDSDUDHOHOHFWUyQ
 TH   FRXO   FRXO\    P
Â

TS Â

U Â


$SOLFDQGRODIyUPXODUHVXOWD
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 ) Â  
QHZWRQV

 8QDFDUJDGHFRXOVHHQFXHQWUDHQODVFRRUGHQDGDVHQ

FHQWtPHWURV GHO SODQR [\ 2WUD GH  FRXO HQ  +DOODU OD IXHU]D


UHVXOWDQWHHQPDJQLWXG\VHQWLGRTXHHMHUFHQVREUHXQDWHUFHUDFDUJDGH
FRXOXELFDGDHQ
6ROXFLyQ
(QHVWHFDVRGHEHPRVFDOFXODUODIXHU]DTXHFDGDXQDGHODVGRVSULPHUDV
HMHUFHQ VREUH OD WHUFHUD \ OXHJR VXPDUODV YHFWRULDOPHQWH SDUD REWHQHU OD
UHVXOWDQWH$GHPiVGHEHPRVSULPHURFDOFXODUODVGLVWDQFLDVHQWUHODVFDUJDV
D SDUWLU GH ORV GDWRV TXH QRV GDQ VX XELFDFLyQ &RQYLHQH SUHVHQWDUOR
JUiILFDPHQWHSDUDYHUORPiVFODUR
3DUDODGLVWDQFLDHQWUHT \T 
TXHSRGHPRVLQGLFDUFRPRU  
 

DSOLFDPRVHOWHRUHPDGH3LWi>FP@

\

JRUDV
)5

U   [ [  \ \  

)
)


 


 
T 


U      


  


   FP 
  

U 

   
 T
P
 T  

+DFLHQGRORSURSLRFRQOD
RWUDGLVWDQFLDHQFRQWUDUH
PRVTXHHVODPLVPD
U 

    
P



$KRUDSRGHPRVDSOLFDUOD    >FP@
IyUPXODGH&RXORPE\REWHQHUTXH
[

)  \VXiQJXORθ
 1W

 1 ž

)  \VXiQJXORθ
 1W

 2 ž

3DUD KDOODU OD UHVXOWDQWH GHEHPRV REWHQHU OD IRUPD SROLQyPLFD GH ORV GRV
YHFWRUHV)\UHDOL]DUVXVXPDYHFWRULDOGDGRTXHHVWDPRVHQXQSODQR
)  FRV θ  VHQθ  Â    Â    

  
)   L  M  L M L

M

)  FRVθ  VHQθ  Â    Â    

  
)   L  M  L M L

M

6XPDQGRVHREWLHQH
    RELpQ

  


)5 L M )5  Â  ž

1W

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 6LGHVHRTXHVHHMHU]DXQDIXHU]DGHDWUDFFLyQGHQHZWRQHQWUH
GRV FDUJDV GH PDJQLWXG  FRXO \ VLJQR FRQWUDULR ¢$ TXp GLVWDQFLD GHER


FRORFDUODV"
6ROXFLyQ
'HERHQFRQWUDUODGLVWDQFLDHQWUHGRVFDUJDVFRQRFLGDVSDUDREWHQHUODIXHU]D
UHTXHULGD
/XHJRUHVXOWDUi
>N T  T )@  >        @     
ò      ò  ò


U  Â  Â  Â Â Â Â Â Â 

 PHWURV

  ¢&XiO HV OD LQWHQVLGDG GH FDPSR HOpFWULFR TXH VH JHQHUD D XQD
GLVWDQFLDGHFPGHXQDFDUJDHOpFWULFDGHFRXO"


6ROXFLyQ
/DIyUPXODGHODLQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSRHOpFWULFRHV
( πε  TU  N TU       
0 Â

Â

Â

 Â

Â

1FRXO

  ¢4Xp FDUJD GHER FRORFDU SDUD REWHQHU XQ FDPSR HOpFWULFR GH 
QHZWRQFRXODXQDGLVWDQFLDGHFP"


6ROXFLyQ
8VDQGR OD IyUPXOD GHO SUREOHPD DQWHULRU SRGHPRV GHVSHMDU OD FDUJD
UHTXHULGD
πε  U  ( N U  ( >    @  
     


T 0 Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â

FRXO

 ¢4XpFDUJDGHERFRORFDUDFPGHXQSXQWRSDUDFDQFHODUHOFDPSR
HOpFWULFRJHQHUDGRHQpOSRUXQDFDUJDGHFRXOTXHHVWiXELFDGDDFP


GHOSXQWR"¢(QTXpGLUHFFLyQGHERFRORFDUOD"
6ROXFLyQ
3ULPHURGHERGHWHUPLQDUHOFDPSRH[LVWHQWHSDUDOXHJRSRGHUFDQFHODUOR
( N TU             1FRXO
Â

Â

 Â

Â
 
Â


3DUD FDQFHODUOR GHER FUHDU XQ FDPSR GH LJXDO LQWHQVLGDG SHUR GH VHQWLGR
FRQWUDULR VL XELFR D OD FDUJD VREUH OD UHFWD GHWHUPLQDGD SRU OD FDUJD
H[LVWHQWH\HOSXQWRHQWUHODFDUJD\HOSXQWR
N U  ( >      @  
  
  


T Â Â Â Â Â Â FRXO


T T 3

    FP

2WDPELpQXQFDPSRLJXDOGHLJXDOVLJQRVLODXELFRGHMDQGRDOSXQWRHQWUH
DPEDVFDUJDVHVGHFLUTXH
 T 3 T


T FRXO

    FP

¢&XiOHVHOSRWHQFLDOHOpFWULFRGHXQSXQWRXELFDGRDFPGHXQD
FDUJDGHFRXO"
 

6ROXFLyQ
/DIyUPXODGHOSRWHQFLDOHOpFWULFRHV
9 πε  TU  N TU        
0 Â

 Â

 Â

Â

Â

YROWLRV

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  

$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

¢&XiOHVODGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQWUHGRVSXQWRVHO$XELFDGRD
FP\HORWUR%DFPGHXQDFDUJDGHFRXO"¢&XiOHVHOSXQWRTXH
 

WLHQH PD\RU SRWHQFLDO" ¢&XiO VHUtD OD UHVSXHVWD VL OD FDUJD IXHUD GH LJXDO
PDJQLWXGSHURGHVLJQRFRQWUDULR"
6ROXFLyQ
/DIyUPXODGHOSRWHQFLDOHOpFWULFRHV
9 $ N TU         
 $ Â

 Â

Â

Â

YROWLRV

9 % N TU         

 Â

 Â

 Â

Â

YROWLRV

/DGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHV  9 9   

$
 


9$% $ % Â  Â

YROWLRV

/XHJRUHVXOWDTXH HVPD\RUTXH  9 % 9$

3DUDHOVHJXQGRFDVRFDPELDHOVLJQRGHORVSRWHQFLDOHVSHURQRVXPDJQLWXG
5HVXOWDUiORFRQWUDULR  \ HVPHQRUTXH  

 D¢&XiOHVODFDSDFLGDGGHXQFRQGHQVDGRUSODQRIRUPDGRSRUGRV
9$% Â YROWLRV 9%  9$

SODFDVUHFWDQJXODUHVSDUDOHODVGHXQDVXSHUILFLHGHFP VHSDUDGDVSRU



PPGHDLUH"
E¢&XiOHVODFDUJDHOpFWULFDDFXPXODGDFXDQGRVHHVWDEOHFHXQDGLIHUHQFLD
GHSRWHQFLDOHQWUHSODFDVGHYROWLRV"
6ROXFLyQ
/DVORQJLWXGHVGHEHQGDUVHHQPHWURVOXHJRORVGDWRVSDUDHOFiOFXORVHUiQ
$   P    P
 Â
 
G  ε   FRXO 1 P
Â

.DLUH 0 Â
 
Â


& . ε  $G         

 0   Â

  Â

Â

)DUDGLRV

<ODFDUJDSRGHPRVFDOFXODUODWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXH& T9SRUHOOR
T & 9  
 Â Â  FRXO

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


 127$6<&20(17$5,26
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  

 ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG 

(/(&7520$*1(7,602

 'HQRPLQDPRV DFXDOTXLHUFXHUSRTXHWLHQHODIDFXOWDGGHDWUDHU
$,PDQHV\PDJQHWLVPR

WUR]RVGHKLHUUR\VHOODPD DODSURSLHGDGHQYLUWXGGHODFXDO
LPiQ

VHSURGXFHHVDDWUDFFLyQ
PDJQHWLVPR

 6LLQWURGXFLPRVXQLPiQHQOLPDGXUDVGHKLHUUR\ORUHWLUDPRVYHUHPRV
TXHODVOLPDGXUDVVHDGKLHUHQIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQORVH[WUHPRVSRUHOOR
GHQRPLQDPRV DORVH[WUHPRVGHOLPiQ$XQTXHDPERVSRORVDWUDHQODV
OLPDGXUDV QR VRQ LJXDOHV 6L WRPDPRV GRV EDUUDV PDJQpWLFDV FRQ SRORV
SRORV

ORFDOL]DGRVHQORVH[WUHPRV\ODVVXVSHQGHPRVDGLVWDQFLDFRQVLGHUDEOHXQD
GHODRWUD\GHFXDOTXLHURWURLPiQRFXHUSRGHKLHUURGHIRUPDTXHSXHGDQ
JLUDUOLEUHPHQWHHQXQSODQRKRUL]RQWDOREVHUYDUHPRVTXHODVGRVVHXELFDQ
VLJXLHQGRODRULHQWDFLyQ1RUWH6XUWDOFRPRORKDUtDODDJXMDGHXQDEU~MXOD
6LDKRUDODVDSUR[LPDPRVYHUHPRVTXHORVSRORVTXHDSXQWDEDQDO1RUWHVH
UHSHOHQHQWUHVt\ORPLVPRRFXUUHFRQORVTXHDSXQWDEDQDO6XUSHURVH
DWUDHQHOSRORTXHDSXQWDEDDO1RUWHGHXQDFRQHOTXHDSXQWDEDDO6XUGHOD
RWUD 
 $OSRORTXHVHxDODEDDO1RUWHVHGHQRPLQD GHOLPiQ\DO
/RVSRORVLJXDOHVVHUHSHOHQ

RWUR GHOLPiQ/D7LHUUDHVXQLPiQFRQORVSRORVVLWXDGRVGHQWURGH
SROR QRUWH

ORV&tUFXORV3RODUHVÈUWLFR\$QWiUWLFRSHURQRFRLQFLGLHQGRFRQORVH[WUHPRV
SRORVXU

GHO HMH GH URWDFLyQ SRU HVR KDEODPRV GH SRORV JHRJUiILFRV \ SRORV
PDJQpWLFRVGHOD7LHUUDKD\TXHDFODUDUTXHHOSROR1RUWHGHOD7LHUUDHV
HVWULFWDPHQWHXQSRORVXUVLODFRQVLGHUDPRVXQLPiQ
 /DVIXHU]DVGHDWUDFFLyQ\UHSXOVLyQPDJQpWLFDVVRQWDQIXQGDPHQWDOHV
FRPRODVGHDWUDFFLyQ\UHSXOVLyQHQWUHFDUJDVHOpFWULFDV\ODVGHDWUDFFLyQGH
OD JUDYHGDG FRQRFHPRV VXV OH\HV \ ODV XWLOL]DPRV LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH VX
QDWXUDOH]D3RGHPRVVtDGHODQWDUTXHH[LVWHXQDPDUFDGDVLPLOLWXGHQWUHODV
IXHU]DVHOpFWULFDV\ODVPDJQpWLFDV\ODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHDPERVHVSDFLRVHV
TXHSRGHPRVWHQHUFDUJDVHOpFWULFDVLQGLYLGXDOHVSRVLWLYDV\RQHJDWLYDVSHUR
ORVLPDQHVDSDUHFHQVLHPSUHFRPRSDUHVIRUPDQGR 
(OHVSDFLRTXHURGHDDOLPiQ\D
GLSRORVPDJQpWLFRV

WUDYpV GHO FXDO HMHUFH VX

LQIOXHQFLD VH OODPD FDPSR
PDJQpWLFRGHOLPiQ7HyULFDPHQWH
VHH[WLHQGHKDVWDHOLQILQLWRSHUR
HQ OD SUiFWLFD VHFRQVLGHUDKDVWD
GRQGH VH GHWHFWD VX LQIOXHQFLD \
HOORGHSHQGHGHODVHQVLELOLGDGGHO
LQVWUXPHQWR TXH XVHPRV /R
PLVPR TXH HO FDPSR HOpFWULFR
JHQHUDGRSRUXQDFDUJDHOpFWULFD
8QSRORQRUWHPDJQpWLFRFRORFDGR
HQ XQ SXQWR GHO FDPSR HVWi
VRPHWLGRDXQDIXHU]DTXHWLHQGH
D PRYHUOR HQ XQ VHQWLGR
GHWHUPLQDGRXQSRORVXUFRORFDGR
HQHOPLVPRSXQWRHVWiVRPHWLGR
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF
DXQDIXHU]DTXHWLHQGHDPRYHUOR
 


HQ VHQWLGR FRQWUDULR (Q
FRQVHFXHQFLD VL FRORFDPRV XQD
SHTXHxD DJXMD LPDQWDGD HQ HO
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$


GH XQD EDUUD PDJQpWLFD DLVODGD VH FRORFDUi HQ OD GLUHFFLyQ GHO FDPSR
VHxDODQGRVXSRORQRUWHHQHOVHQWLGRHQTXHVHPRYHUtDXQSRORQRUWHOLEUH\
VXSRORVXUHQHOTXHVHPRYHUtDXQSRORVXULJXDOPHQWHOLEUH6LPRYHPRV
HQWRQFHVODDJXMDVLJXLHQGRVLHPSUHHOVHQWLGRHQHOFXDOHVWiDSXQWDQGRVX
SRORQRUWHVXWUD\HFWRULDVHUiXQDFXUYDSODQDTXHWHUPLQDHQHOSRORVXUGH
ODEDUUD/DFXUYDSXHGHFRPSOHWDUVHOOHYDQGRODDJXMDDODSRVLFLyQLQLFLDO\
GHVSOD]iQGROD HQ HO VHQWLGR TXH VHxDOD HO SROR VXU (Q HVWH FDVR VH
HQFRQWUDUiTXHODWUD\HFWRULDWHUPLQDHQHOSRORQRUWHGHODEDUUD8QDOtQHD
WUD]DGD GH HVWH PRGR GH SROR D SROR VH GHQRPLQD 
 SDUD GLVWLQJXLUOD GH OD REWHQLGD HQ XQ
OtQHD GH IXHU]D

FDPSRHOpFWULFR5HSLWLHQGRHVWHSURFHVRSDUDGLVWLQWDVSRVLFLRQHVLQLFLDOHV
PDJQpWLFD R OtQHD GH LQGXFFLyQ

GHODDJXMDLPDQWDGDSXHGHGLEXMDUVHHOFDPSRPDJQpWLFRGHXQLPiQ/DV
OtQHDVUHSUHVHQWDQHQFDGDSXQWRHOVHQWLGRGHOFDPSRPDJQpWLFR\QRKD\
OtPLWHSDUDHOQ~PHURGHOtQHDVTXHSXHGHQGLEXMDUVHVLQHPEDUJRHQFLHUWRV
FDVRVVHXWLOL]DHOQ~PHURGHOtQHDVSRUXQLGDGGHiUHDFHQWtPHWURFXDGUDGR
SRUHMHPSORSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUODLQWHQVLGDGGHOFDPSRHQFDGDSXQWR
 &RPRREVHUYDPRVHQHOJUiILFRDQWHULRUKD\XQDGLIHUHQFLDLPSRUWDQWH
HQODVOtQHDVGHLQGXFFLyQFRQUHVSHFWRDODVGHIXHU]DGHXQFDPSRHOpFWULFR
HQODVGHLQGXFFLyQYHPRVTXHQRSDUWHQGHXQ~QLFRSXQWRDXQTXHKD\XQD
PD\RU FRQFHQWUDFLyQ HQ ORV SRORV OD UD]yQ HV VLPSOH QR KD\ SRORV
PDJQpWLFRVOLEUHVVLHPSUHHQFRQWUDPRVGLSRORVPDJQpWLFRV
 ,GHDOPHQWH VH KD LQWURGXFLGR HO SROR PDJQpWLFR XQLGDG FRPR XQ
PDQDQWLDOSXQWXDOGHOFXDOSDUWHQOtQHDVUHFWDVUDGLDOHVGHIXHU]DPDJQpWLFD
XQLIRUPHPHQWHUHSDUWLGDVVXYDORUVHKDILMDGRSDUDTXHGRVSRORVXQLGDG
LGpQWLFRVVHSDUDGRVDODGLVWDQFLDGHXQFHQWtPHWURVHUHSHODQFRQODIXHU]D
GHXQDGLQD6HUHLWHUDHVXQHOHPHQWRLGHDO
 /DLQWHQVLGDGGHXQFDPSRPDJQpWLFRHQFXDOTXLHUSXQWRGHOHVSDFLRVH
GHILQH FRPR OD IXHU]D HQ GLQDV TXH HO FDPSR HMHUFHUtD VREUH HO SROR
PDJQpWLFRXQLGDGFRORFDGRHQGLFKRSXQWRHOVtPERORXWLOL]DGRSDUDLQGLFDUOD
LQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSRPDJQpWLFRHVODOHWUD 3DUDHOVLVWHPDFJVODXQLGDGGH
FDPSRHVHO 
+
2HUVWHG

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  

$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 &XDQGRGHGHVHDUHSUHVHQWDUWDQWRHOVHQWLGRFRPRODLQWHQVLGDGGHXQ
FDPSRPDJQpWLFRODOtQHDUHFLEHXQVLJQLILFDGRFXDQWLWDWLYR\HOQ~PHURGH
HOODV GLEXMDGDV R LPDJLQDGDV SRU FHQWtPHWUR FXDGUDGR GH VXSHUILFLH
SHUSHQGLFXODUDOFDPSRVHKDFHLJXDODODLQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSR$KRUDELpQ
FRPRHOiUHDGHODVXSHUILFLHGHXQDHVIHUDGHXQFHQWtPHWURGHUDGLRHVGH
πFP VHGHGXFHTXHHOQ~PHURWRWDOGHOtQHDVGHLQGXFFLyQTXHSDUWHQGH


XQSRORPDJQpWLFRXQLGDGHVGHπ
 3XHGHIDEULFDUVHXQLPiQKDFLHQGRFLUFXODUXQDFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFDSRU
XQ FRQGXFWRU DLVODGR HQUROODGR DOUHGHGRU GH XQ FXHUSR GH KLHUUR 6L HO
PDWHULDO HV XQ DFHUR GXOFH UHFRFLGR VHUi IiFLO PDJQHWL]DUOR SHUR SHUGHUi
UiSLGDPHQWH HVD SURSLHGDG FXDQGR GHMHPRV GH KDFHU FLUFXODU OD FRUULHQWH
WHQGUtDPRVDVtXQ TXHSRGHPRVJREHUQDU
 (Q FDPELR VL XWLOL]DPRV FLHUWRV DFHURV GXURV VHUi PiV GLItFLO VX
HOHFWURLPiQ

LPDQWDFLyQ SHUR OD FRQVHUYDUiQ PXFKR WLHPSR REWHQLHQGR

GHP~OWLSOHVXVRV
LPDQHV


SHUPDQHQWHV

 (Q2HUVWHGGHVFXEULyTXHODFLUFXODFLyQGHXQDFRUULHQWHSRUXQ
%0DJQHWLVPR\FDUJDHOpFWULFD

FRQGXFWRU HV GHFLU OD FLUFXODFLyQ GH FDUJDV HOpFWULFDV SURGXFtDQ HIHFWRV
PDJQpWLFRVODFRUULHQWHGHVSOD]DEDODDJXMDPDJQHWL]DGDWDOFRPRORKDFtD
XQLPiQ
 ([WHQGHUHPRVHQWRQFHVHOFRQFHSWRGHFDPSRPDJQpWLFRDOFDPSRHQ
OD SUR[LPLGDGHV GH XQ LPiQ R GH XQ FRQGXFWRU SRU GRQGH FLUFXOD XQD
FRUULHQWH HOpFWULFD (O YHFWRU GH FDPSR PDJQpWLFR IXQGDPHQWDO VH OODPD
VHLQGLFDFRQ \VHSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUSRUPHGLRGH
ODVOtQHDVGHLQGXFFLyQ
LQGXFFLyQPDJQpWLFD %
$ HVWH YHFWRU OR GHILQLUHPRV SRU PHGLR GH XQDFDUJD
HOpFWULFDGHSUXHEDGLVSDUDGDFRQXQDYHORFLGDGDUELWUDULDYSRUHOSXQWR36L


REUDVREUHHOODXQDIXHU]D)TXHODGHVYtHODWHUDOPHQWHDILUPDPRVTXHH[LVWH

 6LYDULDPRVODGLUHFFLyQGHODYHORFLGDG SRUHOSXQWR3VLQYDULDUVX
XQFDPSRPDJQpWLFRHQ3

PDJQLWXG REVHUYDUHPRV TXH DXQTXH VH PDQWLHQH SHUSHQGLFXODU D  OD

Y

IXHU]D  YDUtD VX PDJQLWXG 3DUD XQD FLHUWD GLUHFFLyQ \ VHQWLGR GH  \
Y

WDPELpQ HO VHQWLGR RSXHVWR  OD IXHU]D  VH DQXOD 'HILQLUHPRV D HVD
) Y

GLUHFFLyQFRPRODGLUHFFLyQGH 
Y )

 (QFRQWUDGDODGLUHFFLyQGH SRGHPRVRULHQWDUODYHORFLGDGGHODFDUJD
%

GHSUXHEDGHIRUPDTXHVHDSHUSHQGLFXODUD FRQHVWRODIXHU]DVHUiOD
%

Pi[LPD<DKRUDHVWDPRVHQFRQGLFLRQHVGHGHILQLUODPDJQLWXGGHOFDPSR 
%

SRUODUHODFLyQ
%

_%_ _)Pi[ _TÂ_Y_

GRQGHT HVODFDUJDHOpFWULFDGHODFDUJDGHSUXHED HVODIXHU]DPi[LPD

SHUSHQGLFXODU D OD WUD\HFWRULD \  HV OD PDJQLWXG GH OD YHORFLGDG GH OD
 )

FDUJDGHSUXHED
_Y_

 (QORVGRVSiUUDIRVDQWHULRUHVKHPRVGHILQLGRODGLUHFFLyQ\ODPDJQLWXG
GH DKRUDODGHILQLUHPRVFRPSOHWDPHQWH

%

6LXQDFDUJDHOpFWULFDSRVLWLYDGHSUXHEDT VHGLVSDUDFRQODYHORFLGDG


YSRU XQ SXQWR 3 \VLREUDVREUHHOODXQDIXHU]DODWHUDO )KD\XQDLQGXFFLyQ
PDJQpWLFD%HQHOSXQWR3VLHQGR%HOYHFWRUTXHVDWLVIDFHODUHODFLyQ

) TÂY[%
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$


GRQGH \ VRQFDQWLGDGHVYHFWRULDOHV
T HVHVFDODUWRGDVVHPLGHQ\
) Y
LQGLFD
]


HOSURGXFWRYHFWRULDO
 [

 'HO GLEXMR GHGXFLPRV TXH  VHUi

)
\


VLHPSUHSHUSHQGLFXODUDODWUD\HFWRULDGH
)
ž


ODFDUJDGHSUXHED SRVLWLYDODFRUULHQWH
HOpFWULFD \ D OD LQGXFFLyQ
%

 IXHU]D VH DQXOD FXDQGRPDJQpWLFD 

Y 3

(VD  \  VRQ
%


Y

SDUDOHODVRDQWLSDUDOHODV\UHVXOWDPi[LPD
Y %


FXDQGRVRQSHUSHQGLFXODUHV/DXQLGDGGH θ


LQGXFFLyQPDJQpWLFDTXHVHGHGXFHGHODV [


H[SUHVLRQHV DQWHULRUHV HV

GLPHQVLRQDOPHQWH QHZWRQFXORPELR

GLYLGLGRPHWURVHJXQGR\VHOHKDGDGR

HOQRPEUHGH R
WHVOD ZHEHUP1 newton



1 weber/m 2
=
coulombio ( metro/segundo )
 =
1 newton
amper ∗ metro
 2WUDXQLGDGPiVDQWLJXDHVHOJDXVVTXHVHUHODFLRQDFRQHOZHEHUP  

SRUODUHODFLyQZHEHUP   JDXVV  

 $KRUD HVWDPRV HQ FRQGLFLRQHV GH FDOFXODU HO HIHFWR GH OD DFFLyQ
FRQMXQWDGHORVFDPSRVHOpFWULFR\PDJQpWLFRVREUHXQDFDUJDHOpFWULFD
 T T Â [ 
) ( Y %

IyUPXODTXHVHODFRQRFHFRPRUHODFLyQGH/RUHQW]


 8QDFRUULHQWHHVXQFRQMXQWRGHFDUJDVHQPRYLPLHQWRFRQVHFXHQWHVH
HMHUFHUi XQD IXHU]D ODWHUDO VREUH XQ DODPEUH TXH OOHYH FRUULHQWH VL VH
HQFXHQWUDHQXQFDPSRPDJQpWLFR/DFRUULHQWHVHGHILQHSRUODFDQWLGDGGH
FDUJD TXH DWUDYLHVD XQD VHFFLyQ GHOFRQGXFWRUHQ OD XQLGDGGHWLHPSRHV
GHFLU
i =
q
t

'RQGH  VH H[SUHVD HQ  VL OD FDQWLGDG GH FDUJD  HVWi GDGD HQ
\HOWLHPSRHQVHJXQGRV
L DPSHULRV T

 8QPHWDOFRQGXFHODFRUULHQWHSRUPHGLRGHORVHOHFWURQHVOLEUHVVLHQGR
FXORPELRV

ODFDQWLGDGGHHOORVSRUXQLGDGGHYROXPHQGHODODPEUHSRUHMHPSORSDUD
HO FREUH SXHGH GHFLUVH TXH KD\    HOHFWURQHV OLEUHV SRU FHQWtPHWUR
Q
 

F~ELFR \ OD FDUJD HOpFWULFD HV  3RU HOOR VH SXHGH

Â
 

HVFULELUTXH
H  Â  FRXO

q = n ∗ e ∗ l ∗ A
GRQGH HVODGLVWDQFLDSURPHGLRUHFRUULGDHQXQVHJXQGRSRUORVHOHFWURQHV
\ HVHOiUHDGHODVHFFLyQGHOFRQGXFWRUFRQORTXHVXSURGXFWRQRVGDHO
O

YROXPHQGHFRQGXFWRU
$

 /XHJRSRGHPRVHVFULELUTXH
i = n ∗ e ∗ v ∗ A d

GRQGH HVODYHORFLGDGGHDUUDVWUHGDGDSRU >PHWURV@ >VHJXQGR@

 /DPDJQLWXGGHODIXHU]DVREUHFDGDHOHFWUyQHVWiGDGDSRUODUHODFLyQ
YG O W

TXH\DYLPRVDVXPLHQGRTXHODGLUHFFLyQGHODFRUULHQWHHVSHUSHQGLFXODUDO
YHFWRU FRQORTXHθ žWHQGUHPRVTXH
%
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

    F' = q ∗ v ∗ B ∗ sen  = e ∗ v ∗ B 
0 d

 /DORQJLWXG GHODODPEUHWLHQHXQDFDQWLGDGGHHOHFWURQHVLJXDODQÂ$ÂO
VLHQGR $ÂO HO YROXPHQ GHO DODPEUH 3RU OR WDQWR OD IXHU]D WRWDO VREUH HO
O

DODPEUHVHUi
    F = (n ∗ A ∗ l) ∗ F' = (n ∗ A ∗ l) ∗ e ∗ v ∗ B  d

GRQGHSRGHPRVLQWURGXFLUODFRUULHQWHGDGDSRU QRVTXHGD
TXHODIXHU]DODWHUDOVREUHHODODPEUHHV
L QÂHÂYG Â$

  __ )  _ _  RSDUDFXDOTXLHUiQJXORθ  LÂ [ 

LÂOÂ % ) O %

 $HVWDH[SUHVLyQVHSXHGHOOHJDUWRPDQGRHQFXHQWDTXHODGHQVLGDGGH
FRUULHQWHHQODVHFFLyQGHOFRQGXFWRUHVWiGDGDSRU 
FRQORTXHODYHORFLGDGGHDUUDVWUHUHVXOWDLJXDOD &RQHOOROD
-  L  $  Q Â H Â YG

IXHU]DVREUHFDGDHOHFWUyQHV
YG  MQÂH

F' = e ∗
j
n ∗ e
∗B =
j∗B
n

\ODIXHU]DWRWDO
F = (n ∗ A ∗ l) ∗ F' = (n ∗ A ∗ l) ∗
j ∗B
n

 ,QWURGXFLHQGRODLQWHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWH TXHGD
L MÂ$

  __ )  _ _  RSDUDFXDOTXLHUiQJXORθ  LÂ [ 

LÂOÂ % ) O %

GRQGHOD[LQGLFDHOSURGXFWRYHFWRULDO&RQHOORODIXHU]D HVXQYHFWRUFX\D
PDJQLWXGHV _ _ θODGLUHFFLyQHVSHUSHQGLFXODUDOSODQR
)

GHILQLGR SRU HO YHFWRU ORQJLWXG  \ HO YHFWRU LQGXFFLyQ PDJQpWLFD  \ HO
_)_  L Â O Â % VHQ

VHQWLGRHVHOGHDYDQFHGHXQWRUQLOORURVFDGHUHFKDTXHJLUHHQHOVHQWLGRGH
O %

KDFLD VLJXLHQGRHOPHQRUiQJXOR
 (VWD IXHU]D HV OD TXH FRQVWLWX\H HO SULQFLSLR GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO
O %

PRWRUHOpFWULFRGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHPHGLFLyQDDJXMD\GHORVURWDWLYRV
FRPRORVPHGLGRUHVGHHQHUJtD3HURWDPELpQWLHQHOXJDUHOHIHFWRFRQWUDULR
VLPRYHPRVXQFRQGXFWRUHQXQFDPSRPDJQpWLFRRYDULDPRVpVWHKDUHPRV
FLUFXODUXQDFRUULHQWHFRPRYHUHPRVHQHOSXQWRVLJXLHQWH
 (V LPSRUWDQWH HVWDEOHFHU RWUR FRQFHSWR D SDUWLU GH OD LQGXFFLyQ
PDJQpWLFD HVHOFRQFHSWRGH DWUDYpVGHXQDVXSHUILFLH
SHUSHQGLFXODUDODGLUHFFLyQGH HVWHIOXMRLQGLFDGRSRUODOHWUDJULHJDSKL
% IOXMR PDJQpWLFR

Φ HVWiGDGRSRUHOSURGXFWRGHODLQGXFFLyQSRUHOiUHDFRQVLGHUDGD
%

    Φ  %Â$

 /DXQLGDGGHHVWHSDUiPHWURHVHO  ZHEHU


(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 3RGHPRVUHDOL]DUHOH[SHULPHQWRGHFRQHFWDUXQDPSHUtPHWURVHQVLEOHD
&/H\GH)DUDGD\

ORV ERUQHV GH XQD ERELQD VLQ FRORFDU QLQJXQD IXHQWH GH HQHUJtD (Q HVDV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDVQRSRGHPRVHVSHUDUTXHFLUFXOHXQDFRUULHQWHSRUHOFLUFXLWR
6LQ HPEDUJR VL DFHUFDPRV XQ LPiQ D OD ERELQD FRQ OR TXH HO FDPSR
PDJQpWLFR HQ OD ERELQD FDPELDUi QRWDUHPRV TXH HO LQVWUXPHQWR DFXVD HO
SDVR GH XQD FRUULHQWH PLHQWUDV HVWHPRV PRYLHQGR HO LPiQ HO VHQWLGR GHO
PRYLPLHQWRDOHMiQGRVHRDFHUFiQGRVHKDUiFLUFXODUODFRUULHQWHHQVHQWLGRV
RSXHVWRV
/DFRUULHQWHFLUFXODQWHHVXQD
/RTXHLPSRUWDHVHOPRYLPLHQWRUHODWLYRHQWUHODERELQD\HOLPiQ

SRUXQD 
QRLPSRUWDFXDOVHPXHYDRVLDPERVORKDFHQ

 2WURH[SHULPHQWRHVFRORFDUHOGLVSRVLWLYRDQWHULRUFRQHOLQVWUXPHQWR\
FRUULHQWHLQGXFLGD IXHU]DHOHFWURPRWUL]LQGXFLGD

FHUFD GH OD ERELQD FRORFDU RWUR FLUFXLWR FRQ XQD ERELQD VLPLODU SHUR
DOLPHQWDGDSRUXQDEDWHUtDFRQXQLQWHUUXSWRU6LORVGRVFRQMXQWRVHVWiQHQ
UHSRVR HQWUH Vt QRWDUHPRV HQ HO SULPHU FLUFXLWR OD FLUFXODFLyQ EUHYH GH
FRUULHQWH VyOR HQ HO PRPHQWR HQ TXH HQ HO VHJXQGR FLUFXLWR FHUUDPRV R
DEULPRVHOLQWHUUXSWRU\QRFXDQGRORPDQWHQHPRVDELHUWRRFHUUDGR
 )DUDGD\VHGLRFXHQWDTXHKDEUiIXHU]DHOHFWURPRWUL]LQGXFLGDVLHPSUH
TXH FDPELH OD FRUULHQWH GH OD VHJXQGD ERELQD \ HVWD IXHU]D HOHFWURPRWUL]
GHSHQGH GH OD YHORFLGDG GH FDPELR \ QR GH OD PDJQLWXG GH OD FRUULHQWH
)DUDGD\HVWDEOHFLyVXOH\GLFLHQGRTXH
 /D IXHU]D HOHFWURPRWUL] LQGXFLGD ε HQ XQ FLUFXLWR HV LJXDO DO YDORU
QHJDWLYRGHODUDSLGH]FRQODFXDOHVWiFDPELDQGRHOIOXMRTXHDWUDYLHVDHO
FLUFXLWR
   ε ∆Φ ∆    W

 3DUDHOFDVRGH1HVSLUDVVHUi
   ε ∆Φ ∆
 1 Φ
 W G1 GW

GRQGHGLQGLFDODIXQFLyQGLIHUHQFLDO


 8QDFDUJDHOpFWULFDGHFRXOVHPXHYHKRUL]RQWDOPHQWHKDFLDOD
'(MHPSORVGHFiOFXORV

GHUHFKDFRQXQDYHORFLGDGXQLIRUPHGHFPVHQXQFDPSRPDJQpWLFR


XQLIRUPHYHUWLFDOKDFLDDEDMRGHXQDLQGXFFLyQPDJQpWLFDGHWHVODV¢FXiO
HVODPDJQLWXGGLUHFFLyQ\VHQWLGRGHODIXHU]DTXHVHHMHUFHVREUHHOOD"
6ROXFLyQ )XHU]D
/DHFXDFLyQTXHUHVXHOYHHOSUREOHPDHV
)0 TÂ [ ODPDJQLWXGGHODIXHU]DHV
 Y %

_) _ T _Y_ _%_VHQθθHVLJXDODž

 Â
9HORFLGD

0

_)0_      

Â

  Â
ž
1 G
/DGLUHFFLyQGHODIXHU]DHVSHUSHQGLFX
ODUDOSODQRGHOSDSHO6XVHQWLGRHVWi ,QGXFFLy
GDGRSRUODUHJODGHOWRUQLOORJLUDQGRGHO
VHQWLGRGHODYHORFLGDGDOGHODLQGXFFLyQ Q
(OVHQWLGRHVKDFLDDGHQWURSHUSHQGLFXODU
DOSODQRGHILQLGRSRUODYHORFLGDG\ODLQGXFFLyQWDOFRPRORLQGLFDHOVLJQRGH
ODIXHU]DUHVXOWDQWH
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
D
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 6L HQ HO HMHPSOR DQWHULRU H[LVWH DGHPiV XQ FDPSR HOpFWULFR

XQLIRUPHYHUWLFDOKDFLDDUULEDGH1FRXO¢FXiOHVODIXHU]DUHVXOWDQWHVREUH
ODFDUJD"
6ROXFLyQ
$OUHVXOWDGRDQWHULRUGHEHPRVVXPDUOHYHFWRULDOPHQWHODIXHU]DTXHHMHUFHHO
FDPSRHOpFWULFRFX\DGLUHFFLyQ\VHQWLGRHVODPLVPDGHOFDPSRSRUVHUOD
FDUJD SRVLWLYD (VWR SRGHPRV LQGLFDUOR FRPR TXH HV YHUWLFDO KDFLD DUULED
FRQWUDULRDOGHODLQGXFFLyQHQHOJUiILFR
/DPDJQLWXGGHODIXHU]DHV T _(_      

3DUD REWHQHU OD VXPD GHEHPRV FRQVLGHUDU TXH ODV GRV IXHU]DV HVWiQ HQ
_)(_ Â Â Â 1

FXDGUDWXUD D ž \ SRGHPRV H[SUHVDUODV FRPR YHFWRUHV GH XQD VROD

FRPSRQHQWH)  >1@\
)   >1@ODVXPDGHDPEDVGDFRPRUHVXOWDGR
0 N 

( Â M

HQIRUPDSRODUVHUtD_) _ 1\ORV
iQJXORVVRQ
)5    L  M   N >1@ 5

α žβ ž
\γ ž

)5 žž
ž
1HZWRQV


ž
\ )5

 )(
 ž
)0

 
 ž

Y [





%
]






  8QD FDUJD HOpFWULFD GH  FRXO HV ODQ]DGD FRQ XQD YHORFLGDG
UHFWLOtQHD\XQLIRUPHGDGDSRU   PVHQXQFDPSRPDJQpWLFR


XQLIRUPHFX\DLQGXFFLyQPDJQpWLFDHVWiGDGDSRU   ZP 

L M N


$GHPiVHVWiHQXQFDPSRHOpFWULFRGHLQWHQVLGDGGDGDSRU   

L M N

1FRXO'HWHUPLQDUODIXHU]DHMHUFLGDVREUHODFDUJD
L M N

6ROXFLyQ
/DUHODFLyQGH/RUHQW]QRVLQGLFDTXH
)5 T  T  [  T   [  
 Â ( Â Y % Â ( Y %

  >      [   @   
 

>   

 L M N L M N L M N Â
L M N
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

   @      

L M N Â
 
L M N   L  M 
NQHZWRQV












(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  

 ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

&255,(17((/e&75,&$
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG 

3-A) Intensidad
 (Q ORV SUREOHPDV HOHFWURVWiWLFRV WUDWDPRV ODV IXHU]DV HMHUFLGDV HQWUH
FDUJDVHOHVWDGRILQDOHVWDFLRQDULRGHODGLVWULEXFLyQGHFDUJDVSURGXFLGRSRU
HVWDVIXHU]DV\HOPRYLPLHQWRGHSDUWtFXODVFDUJDGDVHQHOYDFtR9DPRVD
WUDWDU DKRUD HO PRYLPLHQWR GH FDUJDV GHQWUR GH XQ FRQGXFWRU FXDQGR VH
PDQWLHQHXQFDPSRHOpFWULFRGHQWURGHOPLVPR(VWHPRYLPLHQWRFRQVWLWX\H
XQD 
 8QFRQGXFWRUIXHGHILQLGRFRPRXQFXHUSRHQFX\RLQWHULRUKD\FDUJDV
FRUULHQWH

OLEUHV TXH VH PXHYHQ SRU OD IXHU]D HMHUFLGD VREUH HOODV SRU XQ FDPSR
HOpFWULFR/DVFDUJDVOLEUHVHQXQPHWDOVRQORVHOHFWURQHVQHJDWLYRVHQXQ
HOHFWUROLWR VRQ LRQHV SRVLWLYRV R QHJDWLYRV \ HQ XQ JDV HQ FRQGLFLRQHV
DGHFXDGDVLRQHVSRVLWLYRV\QHJDWLYRV\HOHFWURQHV
 &XDQGR FRORFDPRV XQ FRQGXFWRU DLVODGR HQ XQ FDPSR HOpFWULFR ODV
FDUJDVVHUHDJUXSDQGHIRUPDGHTXHHOLQWHULRUGHOFRQGXFWRUVHDXQDUHJLyQ
OLEUHGHFDPSR(VWHPRYLPLHQWRGHFDUJDVFRQVWLWX\HWDPELpQXQDFRUULHQWH
GH FRUWD GXUDFLyQ OODPDGD WUDQVLWRULD 6L GHVHDPRV TXH XQD FRUULHQWH
FRQWLQ~H IOX\HQGR GHEHPRV PDQWHQHU HO FDPSR R JUDGLHQWH GH SRWHQFLDO
GHQWURGHpO6LHOFDPSRWLHQHVLHPSUHHOPLVPRVHQWLGRDXQTXHYDUtHVX
LQWHQVLGDGREWHQHPRVXQDFRUULHQWHFRQWLQ~DVLFDPELDGHVHQWLGRGXUDQWH
HO LQWHUYDOR FRQVLGHUDGR GHFLPRV TXH OD FRUULHQWH HV DOWHUQDGD (VWD
FODVLILFDFLyQHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODOH\GHYDULDFLyQTXHWHQJD
 9DPRVDFRQVLGHUDUHQSULPHUDLQVWDQFLDFDPSRVFRQWLQXRVFRQVWDQWHV
HVGHFLUDTXHOORVTXHPDQWLHQHQFRQVWDQWHVVXLQWHQVLGDG
 6LDSOLFDPRVXQDGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOGHYROWLRV\HODODPEUHHV
XQLIRUPHGHPHWURVGHODUJRODLQWHQVLGDGGHFDPSRVHUiGHYROWLRVPHWUR
HQFXDOTXLHUSXQWR(VWHFDPSRDFWXDUiVREUHORVHOHFWURQHVOLEUHV\OHVGDUi
XQ PRYLPLHQWR QHWR HQ OD GLUHFFLyQ  'HFLPRV HQWRQFHV TXH VH KD
HVWDEOHFLGRXQDFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFD VLSDVDXQDFDUJDQHWD SRUXQDVHFFLyQ
±(

WUDQVYHUVDO FXDOTXLHUD GHO FRQGXFWRU HQHO WLHPSR  ODFRUULHQWH VXSXHVWD

L T

FRQVWDQWHHV
W

     L TW

 /DV XQLGDGHVPNVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVVRQ  SDUD ODFRUULHQWH

 SDUD OD FDUJD \  SDUD HO WLHPSR FRQ OR TXH VH
DPSHULRV

GHVSUHQGH TXH ODV GLPHQVLRQHV GHO DPSHU R DPSHULR VRQ FXORPELR SRU
FXORPELRV VHJXQGRV

VHJXQGR
 +D\ TXH QRWDU TXH QR KD\ H[FHVR GH FDUJDV HQ XQ FRQGXFWRU TXH
WUDQVSRUWD FRUULHQWH SRU VHU LJXDOHV ODV FDUJDV SRVLWLYDV \ QHJDWLYDV SRU
XQLGDGGHYROXPHQ
 /D GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH HQ HO FRQGXFWRU LQGLFDGD FRQ  VH GHILQH
FRPRODUHODFLyQHQWUHODLQWHQVLGDGGHODFRUULHQWHDODVHFFLyQWUDQVYHUVDO
-

     - L$

 /DFDQWLGDGGHFDUJD TXHVHDWUDYLHVDODVHFFLyQ GHOFRQGXFWRU

HQXQWLHPSRGDGR SXHGHFDOFXODUVHFRPRHOSURGXFWRGHODFDQWLGDGGH
T $

SRUWDGRUHVOLEUHVSRUXQLGDGGHYROXPHQ ODFDUJDGHFDGDXQRGHHOORV
W
Q

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

  \ SRU VX YHORFLGDG PHGLD   YHORFLGDG GH DUUDVWUH HV GHFLU VL
VXSRQHPRVFRQGLFLRQHVXQLIRUPHV
H YG

     T QHYG$W

3RUORWDQWR
     L 
QHYG$

<
     - 
QHYG

 3RGHPRVFDOFXODUODYHORFLGDGPHGLDGHORVHOHFWURQHVHQXQFRQGXFWRU
GHFREUHGHXQFHQWtPHWURGHGLiPHWURDWUDYHVDGRSRUXQDFRUULHQWHGH
DPSHUHV3DUDHOORGHEHPRVWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHHQHOFREUHKD\DOUHGHGRU
GH  HOHFWURQHVOLEUHVSRUFP 
Â
 

  - L$ >π @   $P 

Â
 

  Y  -QH           PVHJ

Â

Â

 Â

Â


 (VGHFLUXQDYHORFLGDGPX\SHTXHxDTXHQRGHEHFRQIXQGLUVHFRQOD
G

YHORFLGDGGHSURSDJDFLyQGHODVRQGDVHOHFWURPDJQpWLFDVTXHHVVLPLODUDOD
GHODOX]
 3RGUtDPRV DVLJQDUOH D OD FRUULHQWH HO VHQWLGR TXH WLHQH HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHORVSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDHOpFWULFDSHURFRQODH[FHSFLyQ
GHORVFRQGXFWRUHVPHWiOLFRVSXURVHQORVFXDOHVORV~QLFRVSRUWDGRUHVVRQORV
HOHFWURQHVOLEUHVVLHPSUHH[LVWHQSRUWDGRUHVSRVLWLYRV\QHJDWLYRV'HKHFKR
HOUHVXOWDGRGHSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUJDQHJDWLYDTXHVHPXHYHQGHL]TXLHUGDD
GHUHFKDSRUHMHPSORHVHOPLVPRTXHHOSURGXFLGRSRUSRUWDGRUHVGHLJXDO
FDUJDSHURQHJDWLYDTXHVHPXHYHQHQHOVHQWLGRFRQWUDULR
 &RPRORVSULPHURVHVWXGLRVIXHURQUHDOL]DGRVXWLOL]DQGRHOHFWUROLWRV VH


DVLJQy FRPR VHQWLGR GH OD FRUULHQWH DO TXH WHQGUtDQ ORV SRUWDGRUHV SRVLWLYRV


SDUDGHVSOD]DUODPLVPDFDUJD

3-B) Circuito completo. Ley de Ohm.

 &XDQGR VH FRQHFWDQ ORV H[WUHPRV GHXQKLORFRQGXFWRUDGRVSXQWRV
PDQWHQLGRVDSRWHQFLDOHVILMRVSHURGLVWLQWRVSRUHMHPSORORVERUQHVGHXQD
SLODRJHQHUDGRUVHHVWDEOHFHUiXQDFRUULHQWHHQHOKLORSHURHOSRWHQFLDOGH
FDGDSXQWRGHOPLVPRSHUPDQHFHFRQVWDQWHHQHOWLHPSR6LFRQVLGHUDPRVXQ
HOHPHQWRGHOKLOROLPLWDGRSRUGRVSODQRVWUDQVYHUVDOHV\VXSRQHPRVTXHORV
HOHFWURQHVVHPXHYHQGHL]TXLHUGDDGHUHFKDHVWDUiHQWUDQGRFDUJDQHJDWLYD
DO HOHPHQWR SRU VX FDUD L]TXLHUGD \ VDOLHQGR SRU VX FDUD GHUHFKD 6L OD
FDQWLGDGGHFDUJDTXHHQWUDDOHOHPHQWRQRIXHUDLJXDODODTXHVDOHKDEUtD
YDULDFLyQ GH FDUJD HQ FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD YDULDUtD HO SRWHQFLDO 'H OR
DQWHGLFKR VH GHGXFH TXH OD LQWHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH GHEH VHU OD PLVPD HQ
DPEDVFDUDVGHOHOHPHQWR\SRUH[WHQVLyQHQWRGRHOKLORFRQGXFWRU
 6L OD VHFFLyQ GHO KLOR QR IXHUD FRQVWDQWH FDPELDUtD OD GHQVLGDG GH
FRUULHQWH SHURQRVXLQWHQVLGDG
 (O KLOR \ OD SLOD D OD TXH HVWiQ FRQHFWDGRV VXV H[WUHPRV IRUPDQ XQ
-

 R FRPSOHWR 6yOR SXHGH KDEHU FRUULHQWH VL HO FLUFXLWR

SHUPDQHFH FHUUDGR FDVR FRQWUDULR WHQGUHPRV XQ  VLQ
FLUFXLWR FHUUDGR

FRUULHQWH
FLUFXLWR DELHUWR

 3DUD PDQWHQHU XQD FRUULHQWH HQ XQ FRQGXFWRU DGHPiV GH HVWDU HO
FLUFXLWR FHUUDGR GHEH PDQWHQHUVH XQ FDPSR HOpFWULFR R JUDGLHQWH GH
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

SRWHQFLDO GHQWUR GH pO /RV PDWHULDOHV GLILHUHQ HQWUH Vt HQ HO YDORU GH OD
GHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHHVWDEOHFLGDSRUXQFDPSRHOpFWULFRGDGR/DUD]yQGHOD
GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH HOpFWULFD D OD LQWHQVLGDG GH FDPSR HOpFWULFR VH
GHQRPLQD \VHUHSUHVHQWDSRUσVLJPD
RELHQ σ 
FRQGXFWLELOLGDGHOpFWULFD
σ
 6LUHHPSOD]DPRV SRU ∆ ∆ \ SRU VHWLHQHTXH
 -(  -  (

RVHDTXH
(  9 [ - L$ L$ 
σ ∆ ∆
 9 [

σ ∆ L ∆  $ 9 [

 (VWD H[SUHVLyQ HV GH OD PLVPD IRUPD TXH OD HFXDFLyQ GH OD
FRQGXFWLELOLGDGFDORUtILFDHVWDFLRQDULD
∆ ∆
(VWD DQDORJtDHVGHELGD DOKHFKR TXHORVHOHFWURQHVOLEUHVGHVHPSHxDQXQ
+ .$ W [

SDSHOLPSRUWDQWHHQODFRQGXFFLyQGHOFDORU
 $XQTXH σ HVODUHODFLyQIXQGDPHQWDOGHODFRQGXFFLyQHOpFWULFD
HV PiV FyPRGR WUDEDMDU FRQ LQWHQVLGDGHV GH FRUULHQWH \ GLIHUHQFLDV GH
-  (

SRWHQFLDOVRQPiVIiFLOPHQWHPHGLEOHVTXHFRQGHQVLGDGHVGHFRUULHQWHH

LQWHQVLGDGHVGHFDPSR
 3DUWLUHPRVGHODH[SUHVLyQ σ ∆ ∆ FRQVLGHUDUHPRVXQ
FRQGXFWRU GH ORQJLWXG  \ VHFFLyQ FRQVWDQWH  SRU HO FXDO FLUFXOD XQD
L     $  9  [

LQWHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWH \TXHVHDQ \ ORVSRWHQFLDOHVHQVXVH[WUHPRV

/ $

9DPRVDUHVWULQJLUHOHVWXGLRDOFDVRHQTXHODFRQGXFWLYLGDGGHOPDWHULDOHV
L 9D 9E

LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH OD GHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH \ TXH OD WHPSHUDWXUD \ GHPiV
FRQGLFLRQHV TXH LQIOX\HQ VREUH σ VH PDQWLHQHQ FRQVWDQWHV (Q WDOHV
FRQGLFLRQHVVHPDQWLHQHQFRQVWDQWHV  σ \ \SRGHPRVH[WHQGHULQWHJUDU
ODH[SUHVLyQDWRGDODORQJLWXGGHOFRQGXFWRUTXHGDQGR
L  $

∆
L [ σ ∆
Î
 $ 9 σ  Î
L/  $9D σ  
9E  L  $/9D 9E

 (VWD HV OD UHODFLyQ GHVHDGD HQWUH OD LQWHQVLGDG GH OD FRUULHQWH HQ HO
FRQGXFWRU\ODGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQVXVH[WUHPRV(OIDFWRU σ 
VHGHQRPLQD GHOKLORFRQGXFWRU$PD\RUFRQGXFWDQFLDPD\RU
*  $/

LQWHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHSDUDXQDGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOGDGD/DLQYHUVDGH
FRQGXFWDQFLD

OD FRQGXFWDQFLD HV GHQRPLQDGD  σ 

FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHPHQWH OD LQYHUVD GH OD FRQGXFWLYLGDG VH GHQRPLQD
UHVLVWHQFLD 5  /   $

 ρ σFRQORTXHODUHVLVWHQFLDVHH[SUHVDFRPR ρ

UHVLVWLYLGDG    5  /

 3RGHPRVDKRUDFDOFXODUODLQWHQVLGDGGHODFRUULHQWHFRPR
$

L 
9D
Î
9E5 
Î L 
9DE5  9DE L5

 6yORVL σHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHGH ODUHVLVWHQFLDHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHGH \

ODGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQWUHORVERUQHVHVIXQFLyQOLQHDOGHODFRUULHQWH
- L

(VWDSURSRUFLRQDOLGDGGHGHQRPLQD RUHODFLyQYROWDPSHUH
 /DXQLGDGPNVGHODUHVLVWHQFLDGHULYDGDGHOD~OWLPDH[SUHVLyQHVHO
/H\GH2KP

YROWLR SRU DPSHULR \ VH GHQRPLQD  X RKP \ VH LQGLFD FRQ Ω /D
UHFtSURFDOD TXHVHLQGLFDFRQODOHWUD VHH[SUHVDHQ R
RKPLR

Ÿ FRQGXFWDQFLD * PKR

 R 
 8QFLUFXLWRHOpFWULFRHVWDUiHQWRQFHVFRQVWLWXLGRSRUXQDRPiVIXHQWHV
VLHPHQV 6

GHHQHUJtDTXHDSDUHFHUiQFRPRJHQHUDGRUHVGHWHQVLyQRGHFRUULHQWH\GH
UHVLVWHQFLDVFRQHFWDGRVHQWUHVtSRUFRQGXFWRUHVTXHVXSRQGUHPRVQRWLHQHQ
UHVLVWHQFLD/RVVtPERORVSXHGHQVHUYDULRVXQDGHODVIRUPDVSXHGHVHU
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$


 R
  
5


,


*
9


 *HQHUDGRU *HQHUDGRU 5HVLVWHQFLDR
 GHWHQVLyQ GHFRUULHQWH &RQGXFWDQFL
 D

3-C) Ley de Joule
 $XQTXHKHPRVFRQVLGHUDGRODFRUULHQWHFRPRVLWRGRVORVSRUWDGRUHVVH
PRYLHUDQDYHORFLGDGFRQVWDQWHODUHDOLGDGHVTXHORVHOHFWURQHVVHGHVSOD]DQ
FRQ PRYLPLHQWRV DFHOHUDGRV TXH WHUPLQDQ HQ FKRTXHV FRQWUD XQD GH ODV
SDUWtFXODVILMDVGHOFRQGXFWRU/RVHOHFWURQHVJDQDQHQHUJtDFLQpWLFDGXUDQWH
VXGHVSOD]DPLHQWR\ODFHGHQHQHOFKRTXHVXEVLJXLHQWH/DHQHUJtDDGTXLULGD
SRU ODV SDUWtFXODVILMDV ILMDV SRU VX SRVLFLyQ PHGLD VRODPHQWHDXPHQWDOD
DPSOLWXGGHVXYLEUDFLyQRVHDVHFRQYLHUWHHQFDORU
 6XSRQJDPRV XQD SDUWH GH XQ FLUFXLWR HQ HO FXDO KD\ XQD FRUULHQWH
FRQYHQFLRQDOLTXHFLUFXODGHL]TXLHUGDDGHUHFKD9 \9 VRQORVSRWHQFLDOHV
HQ ORV ERUQHV D \ E /D QDWXUDOH]D GHO FLUFXLWR FRPSUHQGLGR SXHGH VHU
D E

FXDOTXLHUD(QXQLQWHUYDORGHWLHPSR∆WHQWUDSRUHOERUQHD\VDOHSRUHOE
XQDFDQWLGDGGHFDUJD∆T L∆W/DHQHUJtDFHGLGDSRUODFDUJDHV∆: T
9 ±9  L∆W9 \ODSRWHQFLDVXPLQLVWUDGDHV
D E DE

∆ 3 ∆ : W L9DE

 /DSRWHQFLDHVLJXDODOSURGXFWRGHODLQWHQVLGDGGHODFRUULHQWHSRUOD
GLIHUHQFLD GH SRWHQFLDO 6L OD FRUULHQWH VH H[SUHVD HQ DPSHULRV
FXORPELRVVHJXQGR\ODGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQYROWLRVMXOLRVFXORPELRV
ODSRWHQFLDUHVXOWDPHGLGDHQMXOLRVVHJXQGRRYDWLRV
 (QHOFDVRGHXQDUHVLVWHQFLDSXUD5WRGDODHQHUJtDVHFRQYLHUWHHQ
FDORU\UHVXOWDTXH Î 
9DE L5  3 L9DE L 5

 3RGHPRVSRQHUVLHQGR∆+ODFDQWLGDGGHFDORUSURGXFLGDHQHOWLHPSR
∆WTXH
∆ ∆ + W

L 5

 6LHOFRQGXFWRUHVOLQHDO5HVLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHLODFDQWLGDGGHFDORU
SURGXFLGD SRU VHJXQGR HV GLUHFWDPHQWH SURSRUFLRQDO DO FXDGUDGR GH OD
LQWHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH (VWR HV HO HQXQFLDGR GH OD /H\ GH -RXOH 8QD
VXEVWDQFLDTXHREHGHFHDODOH\GH2KPREHGHFHQHFHVDULDPHQWHDODOH\GH
-RXOH \ HVWDV GRV OH\HV QR VRQ LQGHSHQGLHQWHV /D FDQWLGDG GH FDORU
GHVDUUROODGDSXHGHH[SUHVDUVHHQFDORUtDVSRUODUHODFLyQFDORUtD 
MXOLRV

3-D) Circuitos eléctricos
 &RQVLGHUHPRV XQ FLUFXLWR FRQ XQD UHVLVWHQFLD FRQHFWDGD PHGLDQWH
FRQGXFWRUHV GH UHVLVWHQFLD GHVSUHFLDEOH D XQ JHQHUDGRU FX\D IXHU]D
HOHFWURPRWUL]HV ε\VHDLODFRUULHQWHFLUFXODQWH&XDQGRVHFRQHFWDFLHUWR
Q~PHUR GH HOHPHQWRV HQ XQ FLUFXLWR IRUPDQGR XQD VROD WUD\HFWRULD
FRQGXFWRUDVHGLFHTXHHVWiQHQVHULH
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$


 ε  D E 5

  L



 6LHOVHQWLGRGHODFRUULHQWHHQODUHVLVWHQFLDHVGHDKDFLDEHOSRWHQFLDO
9 HVPD\RUTXHHOSRWHQFLDO9 HLQGLFDPRVHVWDFLUFXQVWDQFLDFRORFDQGRXQ
VLJQRHQHOWHUPLQDOD\XQVLJQRHQHOWHUPLQDOE$XQTXHHQULJRUOD
D E

IXHU]D HOHFWURPRWUL] \ OD GLIHUHQFLD GH SRWHQFLDO QR VRQ YHFWRULDOHV HV ~WLO
DVLJQDUOHXQVHQWLGRRSRODULGDG'HQWURGHOJHQHUDGRUODFRUULHQWHFLUFXODUi
GH±D
 (QODUHVLVWHQFLDH[WHULRUVHSURGXFHFDORUDUD]yQGH∆+∆W L 5 

XQLGDGHVSRUVHJXQGR7RGRJHQHUDGRUUHDOWLHQHUHVLVWHQFLDOODPDGDLQWHUQD
TXHLQGLFDPRVSRUU(QHOODWDPELpQKD\SURGXFFLyQGHFDORUFXDQWLILFDEOH
FRPR L  U /DVXPD GH HVWDV GRV HQHUJtDV FHGLGDVSRU ODFDUJDFLUFXODQWH


GHEHVHUSURYLVWDSRUHOJHQHUDGRUSRUORWDQWR
Î
ε L
 
L 5L U  ε  L  5U

 (O SULQFLSLR GH FRQVHUYDFLyQ GH OD HQHUJtD QRV SHUPLWH HVFULELU OD
HFXDFLyQ GHO FLUFXLWR (Q ORV PRGHORV FLUFXLWDOHV VH GHVFRPSRQHQ ORV
JHQHUDGRUHV FRPR XQ JHQHUDGRU LGHDO VLQ UHVLVWHQFLD LQWHUQD HQ VHULH
FXDQGRQRVHODGHVSUHFLDFRQXQDUHVLVWHQFLDTXHPRGHODODLQWHUQD

 
U
D E 5

  ε L




 3RGHPRVH[WHQGHUODHFXDFLyQGHOFLUFXLWRSDUDXQFDVRPiVFRPSOHMR
FRQGLVWLQWRVJHQHUDGRUHV\UHVLVWHQFLDVFRQHFWDGDVHQVHULH\DTXHOD~OWLPD
H[SUHVLyQSXHGHSRQHUVH
Î ε Î Σε Σ
ε  L5U  L5U     L5 

 /DVXPDGHODVIXHU]DVHOHFWURPRWULFHVHVLJXDODODVXPDGHODVFDLGDV
GHSRWHQFLDOHQWRGRFLUFXLWRHQVHULHFHUUDGR/DHYDOXDFLyQDOJHEUiLFDSXHGH
VLPSOLILFDUVHFRQVLGHUDQGR TXHFRPRHQUHDOLGDGRFXUUHQRKD\GLIHUHQFLD
IXQFLRQDO HQWUH XQD GLIHUHQFLD GH SRWHQFLDO GHELGD D XQD IXHQWH \ RWUD
SURGXFLGDSRUODFLUFXODFLyQGHXQDFRUULHQWHSRUXQDUHVLVWHQFLD/DIRUPD
KDELWXDO HV FRQVLGHUDU XQ VHQWLGR GH FLUFXODFLyQ SRU HO FLUFXLWR TXH SXHGH
FRLQFLGLUFRQHOVHQWLGRGHODFRUULHQWHHVWDEOHFLGDSDUDHOPLVPR\SDUWLHQGR
GHXQSXQWRFXDOTXLHUDVXPDUODVWHQVLRQHVVREUHORVHOHPHQWRVDVLJQiQGROH
VLJQRSRVLWLYRFXDQGRHQFRQWUDPRVSULPHURODSRODULGDGSRVLWLYDRQHJDWLYRVL
RFXUUHORFRQWUDULRKDVWDOOHJDUDOSXQWRLQLFLDO(VDVXPDGHEHVHULJXDOD
FHURVLHOVLVWHPDHVFRQVHUYDFLRQDO
 3RGHPRVJHQHUDOL]DUHVWRGLFLHQGRTXHVLHOVLVWHPDHVFRQVHUYDFLRQDO
ODVXPDDOJHEUiLFDGHODVWHQVLRQHVDORODUJRGHXQFLUFXLWRFHUUDGRGHEHVHU

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 OR TXH FRQVWLWX\H OD  R OH\ GH ODV

WHQVLRQHVROH\GHODVPDOODV
LJXDO D FHUR 6HJXQGD /H\ GH .LUFKKRII

 /DV HVWUXFWXUDV GH ORV FLUFXLWRV TXH YLPRV HVWDEDQ IRUPDGDV SRU
HOHPHQWRVFRQHFWDGRVHQVHULHHVGHFLUXQRDFRQWLQXDFLyQGHRWURGHIRUPD
WDOTXHHUDQUHFRUULGRVSRUODPLVPDFRUULHQWHVLHOFLUFXLWRHUDFHUUDGR(VWD
IRUPD GH FRQH[LyQ QR HV OD ~QLFD \D TXH SXHGHQ FRORFDUVH ORV HOHPHQWRV
HQWUHGRVSXQWRVGHIRUPDWDOTXHHVWpQVRPHWLGRVDODPLVPDGLIHUHQFLDGH
SRWHQFLDOHVWDFRQH[LyQVHGHQRPLQDHQSDUDOHORSRUVXHVTXHPDJUiILFR
 (VWD FRQH[LyQ HV OD JHQHUDOL]DGD SDUD WRGDV ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV /RV
GLVSRVLWLYRVHVWiQGLVHxDGRVSDUDIXQFLRQDUFRQXQDWHQVLyQGHWHUPLQDGDOD
GHODUHG\HVWDFRQGLFLyQQRVHGDVLORVFRQHFWDPRVHQVHULH

  D L L L
   


 9 5 5 5

  E


 /D FRQH[LyQ HQ SDUDOHOR LPSOLFD HQWRQFHV \D TXH ODV GLIHUHQFLDV GH
SRWHQFLDO GHEHQ VHU ODV PLVPDV SDUD WRGRV ORV HOHPHQWRV ODV FRUULHQWHV
VHUiQHQJHQHUDOGLVWLQWDVSDUDDMXVWDUVHDHVWR5HFRUGHPRVTXHFRQIRUPH
DODOH\GH2KPODUHVLVWHQFLDGHOFLUFXLWRQRHVGHSHQGLHQWHGHODWHQVLyQ
DSOLFDGDQLGHODFRUULHQWHTXHODDWUDYLHVDSHURVtHVWDEOHFHODUHODFLyQHQWUH
HOODV
 6L VXSRQHPRV GRV UHVLVWHQFLDV 5  \ 5  FRQHFWDGDV DPEDV HQWUH ORV
ERUQHVD\EGHOFLUFXLWR\DWUDYHVDGDVSRUODVFRUULHQWHVL HL WHQGUHPRV
 

TXH
 

9DE LÂ5 LÂ5

 3RUFRQVLJXLHQWH
LL 55

 /D UHODFLyQ HQWUH ODV FRUULHQWHV VREUH UHVLVWHQFLDV HQ SDUDOHOR HV
LQYHUVDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDODODUHODFLyQHQWUHODVUHVLVWHQFLDV
 (QHOSiUUDIR%GLMLPRVTXHODFDQWLGDGGHFDUJDTXHHQWUDSRUXQ
HOHPHQWR GHO FLUFXLWR GHEHVHU LJXDO DOD TXHVDOH SRUTXHVLQR IXHUDDVt
KDEUtDYDULDFLyQHQHOSRWHQFLDO/RTXHFDPELDUtDHVODGHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWH
VLVHPRGLILFDUDODVHFFLyQGHOFRQGXFWRU(VWRORSRGHPRVDSOLFDUDOERUQHD
GHO FLUFXLWR UHFLpQ YLVWR RDO E \DVXPLUTXH ODDSHUWXUDHQ GRV FDPLQRV
HTXLYDOH D TXH VH PRGLILFD OD VHFFLyQ GHO FRQGXFWRU HVWR QRV SHUPLWLUi
DVHJXUDUTXHODFDQWLGDGGHFDUJDHOpFWULFDTXHHQWUDDOERUQHGHEHVHULJXDO
D OD TXH VDOH GHO PLVPR \ TXH FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH OD FRUULHQWH WRWDO TXH
GHEHVHUSURYLVWDSRUHOJHQHUDGRU\TXHHQWUDDOERUQHVHUiLJXDODODVXPD
GHODVFRUULHQWHVTXHDWUDYLHVDQORVHOHPHQWRVVDOLHQGRGHOPLVPR
 3RGHPRVJHQHUDOL]DUHVWRGLFLHQGRTXHVLHOVLVWHPDHVFRQVHUYDFLRQDO
ORTXHFRQVWLWX\HOD ROH\GHODV
ODVXPDDOJHEUiLFDGHODVFRUULHQWHVTXHLQJUHVDQDXQSXQWRGHOFLUFXLWRGHEH

FRUULHQWHVROH\GHORVQRGRV
VHU LJXDO D FHUR 3ULPHUD /H\ GH .LUFKKRII

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  

$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 &RQ ODV OH\HV GH 2KP GH .LUFKKRII \ GH -RXOH DSOLFDGDV
DGHFXDGDPHQWHSRGUHPRVUHVROYHUFXDOTXLHUSUREOHPDFLUFXLWDOHOpFWULFR

 +HPRV VXSXHVWR KDVWD DKRUD TXH OD HQHUJtD SXHVWD HQ MXHJR HQ ORV
(/DFRUULHQWHDOWHUQD

FLUFXLWRVHUDSURGXFLGDSRUXQDWHQVLyQRXQDFRUULHQWHFRQWLQXDHVWRHVTXH
SHUPDQHFtDFRQVWDQWHDORODUJRGHOWLHPSR(VODHQHUJtDGLVSRQLEOHDSDUWLU
GHXQDSLODRGHXQDEDWHUtD&RPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHHOORODVWHQVLRQHV\ODV
FRUULHQWHVHQWRGRHOFLUFXLWRVRQGHOPLVPRWLSR\ORV~QLFRVHOHPHQWRVTXH
ODVPRGLILFDQVRQODVUHVLVWHQFLDV
 /DJHQHUDFLyQLQGXVWULDO\GHDOWDSRWHQFLDQRHVSURGXFWRGHUHDFFLRQHV
ItVLFRTXtPLFDVVLQRGHSURFHVRVHOHFWURPHFiQLFRV%iVLFDPHQWHSRUODURWDFLyQ
GHHVSLUDVGHFRQGXFWRUHVHQFDPSRVPDJQpWLFRVVHREWLHQHQWHQVLRQHVFX\D
OH\GHYDULDFLyQHVODVHQRLGDOWDOFRPRHOPRYLPLHQWRGHXQSpQGXOR(VWD
IRUPDGHYDULDFLyQHVFRQRFLGDFRPRDOWHUQDRDOWHUQDGDSRUHOKHFKRGH
RVFLODUHQWUHGRVYDORUHVGHLJXDOPDJQLWXGSHURGHSRODULGDGHVRSXHVWDV
 6LQ HQWUDU HQ GHWDOOHV \ MXVWLILFDFLRQHV TXH SXHGHQ REWHQHUVH GH ORV
WH[WRVGH)tVLFDRGH(OHFWURPDJQHWLVPRGLUHPRVTXHHVWDYDULDFLyQGHOD
HQHUJtD SURGXFH HIHFWRV GLVWLQWRV HQ RWURV GRV WLSRV GH HOHPHQWRV GH ORV
FLUFXLWRV DGHPiV GH OD \D YLVWD UHVLVWHQFLD HQ OD ERELQD R LQGXFWDQFLD
FRQGXFWRUDUUROODGRVREUHXQQ~FOHR\HQHOFRQGHQVDGRURFDSDFLWRUGRV
SODFDVHQIUHQWDGDVVHSDUDGDVSRUXQDLVODQWH
 )RUPDOPHQWH ODV H[SUHVLRQHV GH XQD WHQVLyQ \ GH XQD FRUULHQWH HQ
IXQFLyQGHOWLHPSRHVWiQGDGDVSRU
YW π φ
9PD[FRVHQR ÂIÂW \ LW π θ
,PD[FRVHQR ÂIÂW 

(QHVWDVH[SUHVLRQHVIUHSUHVHQWDOD GDGDHQFLFORVSRUVHJXQGR
R +HUW] OD W HV OD YDULDEOH WLHPSR HQ VHJXQGRV  H   VRQ ODV
IUHFXHQFLD

 YDORUHV Pi[LPRV GH OD WHQVLyQ GDGD HQ YROWLRV \ GH OD
9PD[ ,PD[

FRUULHQWHRLQWHQVLGDGGDGDHQDPSHULRVODVOHWUDVJULHJDV φILRSKL\ θ

DPSOLWXGHV

WLWD R WKHWD LQGLFDQ XQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GHO DUJXPHQWR GH OD IXQFLyQ
GHQRPLQDGR TXHHQJHQHUDOHVGLVWLQWRHQODWHQVLyQTXHHQ
ODFRUULHQWH
iQJXORGHIDVH

 ,JXDOPHQWH SRGUtDPRV KDEHU XWLOL]DGR OD IXQFLyQ VHQR HQ OXJDU GHO
FRVHQR\DTXHOD~QLFDGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHDPEDVIXQFLRQHVWULJRQRPpWULFDVHV
XQDIDVHGHπGHž
 (OSURGXFWR π UHSUHVHQWDOD R TXHVH
LQGLFDQRUPDOPHQWHFRQODOHWUDJULHJDRPHJDPLQ~VFXOD ω\HVWiH[SUHVDGD
 ÂI IUHFXHQFLDDQJXODU SXOVDFLyQ

HQUDGLDQHVSRUVHJXQGRRHQJUDGRVSRUVHJXQGRGHSHQGLHQGRGHFRPRVH
H[SUHVHHOiQJXORGHIDVH$GHPiVODGLIHUHQFLDGHORViQJXORVGHIDVHHQWUH
GRVWHQVLRQHVRGRVFRUULHQWHVRHQWUHXQDWHQVLyQ\XQDFRUULHQWHVLHPSUH
TXH VHDQ GH OD PLVPD IUHFXHQFLD VH GHQRPLQD  R
 \ VH H[SUHVD HQ ODV PLVPDV XQLGDGHV GH iQJXOR (O JUiILFR
GLIHUHQFLD GH IDVH

PXHVWUDXQDWHQVLyQDOWHUQDFRPRIXQFLyQGHOWLHPSRFRQXQDDPSOLWXGGH
GHVIDVDMH

YROWLRVXQDIUHFXHQFLDLJXDODπHTXLYDOHQWHDXQDSXOVDFLyQXQLWDULD
\ XQ iQJXOR GH IDVH GH π H[SUHVDGR HQ UDGLDQHV HTXLYDOHQWH D ž
VH[DJHVLPDOHV


(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$



 voltios

 20

 YW FRVW
 π
15

 10



5

 0

 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7

 -5
tiempo [s]


-10

 -15



-20


 

 +DEtDPRV LQGLFDGR HQ HO SXQWR / TXH OD WHQVLyQ HQ XQD UHVLVWHQFLD
GHELGRDOSDVRGHXQDFRUULHQWHSRUHOODHVWDEDGDGRSRUHOSURGXFWRGHOYDORU
GH OD UHVLVWHQFLD SRU OD FRUULHQWH OD OODPDGD /H\ GH 2KP TXH SRGHPRV
UHHVFULELUDKRUDFRPR
Y W 5ÂL W RWDPELpQTXH L W Y W5

5 5 5 5

 L W 5

 
5

 + Y W −
 
5

UHHPSOD]DQGRSDUDODWHQVLyQ
Y W 5Â, FRVπÂIÂWθ 9 FRVπÂIÂWθ
\REVHUYDUHPRVTXHOD~QLFDGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODIXQFLyQH[FLWDFLyQ\ODIXQFLyQ
5 5PD[ 5PD[

UHVSXHVWDHVWiHQODDPSOLWXG9  5Â, \DTXHODOH\GHYDULDFLyQQR

FDPELD \ HO iQJXOR GH IDVH WDPSRFR /R PLVPR RFXUULUi VL FDOFXODPRV OD
PD[ PD[

FRUULHQWH (VWR OR SRGHPRV H[SUHVDU GLFLHQGR TXH


HO GHVIDVDMH HQWUH OD

 3DUDORVFDVRVGHODLQGXFWDQFLD\GHOFDSDFLWRUODVFRVDVQRVRQWDQ
WHQVLyQ\ODFRUULHQWHHQXQDUHVLVWHQFLDHVLJXDODFHUR

VLPSOHVOD/H\GH2KPSDUDHOORVHVGLIHUHQWH6LLQGLFDPRVHOYDORUGHOD
LQGXFWDQFLD FRQ OD OHWUD / \ OD H[SUHVDPRV HQ KHQULRVL OD
W OH\ GH 2KP VH
H[SUHVDFRPR 
/
/

 v (t ) = L didt(t ) = L × d [I cosdt ( & t +  )] 

L Lmax
+ Y W −

L /


<ODOHHPRVFRPR
/DGHULYDGD
ODWHQVLyQHQODLQGXFWDQFLDHVWiGDGDSRUHOSURGXFWRGHOD

HV XQD RSHUDFLyQ PDWHPiWLFD TXH REWLHQH OD SHQGLHQWH GH OD IXQFLyQ SDUD
LQGXFWDQFLDSRU OD GHULYDGDGH OD FRUULHQWHUHVSHFWRGHOWLHPSR

FDGDLQVWDQWH(OUHVXOWDGRGHHVDRSHUDFLyQHVTXH
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

  v (t ) = L didt(t ) = L × & × I cos ( & t +  + Œ 2 )

L
L
Lmax

TXHSRGHPRVOHHUFRPRTXH OD DPSOLWXG GH OD WHQVLyQ HQ OD LQGXFWDQFLD HVWi

\TXHDGHPiV
GDGD SRU HO SURGXFWR GHO YDORU GH OD LQGXFWDQFLD SRU OD SXOVDFLyQ \ SRU OD

π 6HGLFHTXH
DPSOLWXGGHODFRUULHQWH KD\XQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHODIDVHHQ
  π
HQODLQGXFWDQFLDODWHQVLyQ DGHODQWDDODFRUULHQWHHQ 

 (OSURGXFWRGHODLQGXFWDQFLDSRUODSXOVDFLyQVHGHQRPLQD
UDGLDQHV

VHLQGLFDFRQ; \VHH[SUHVDHQRKPLRVFRPRODUHVLVWHQFLD\D
UHDFWDQFLD

TXHODVGLPHQVLRQHVVRQODVPLVPDV
LQGXFWLYD /

  v (t ) = X × I cos ( & t +  + Œ 2 ) = V cos ( & t +  + Œ 2 )

 3DUD HO FDSDFLWRU R FRQGHQVDGRU OD UHODFLyQ GH OD WHQVLyQ FRQ OD
L L Lmax Lmax

FRUULHQWH HVWi GDGD VL & HV HO YDORU GH OD FDSDFLGDG GHO FRQGHQVDGRU
H[SUHVDGRHQ SRU L W &


IDUDGLRV &

cos ( & t +  ) dt  Y W −
C ∫ C ∫
t t
1 1
v (t ) = i (t ) dt = I +

C C Cmax &
−∞ −∞


TXH OHHPRV

OD WHQVLyQ HQ XQ FDSDFLWRU HVWi GDGD SRU HO SURGXFWR GH OD

/D LQWHJUDO HV OD RSHUDFLyQ UHFtSURFD D OD GHULYDGD (O UHVXOWDGR GH HVD
UHFtSURFD GH OD FDSDFLGDG SRU OD LQWHJUDO GH ODFRUULHQWH UHVSHFWR GHO WLHPSR

RSHUDFLyQHVTXH
cos ( & t +  − Œ 2 )
∫
t
1 1 1
v (t ) =C i (t ) dt = C × × I Cmax
C C
−∞ &
TXHSRGHPRVOHHUFRPRTXH ODDPSOLWXGGHODWHQVLyQHQHOFRQGHQVDGRUHVWi

 \ TXH DGHPiV
GDGD SRU HO SURGXFWR GH OD UHFtSURFD GHO SURGXFWR GHO YDORU GH OD FDSDFLGDG

π 6HGLFHTXH
SRU OD SXOVDFLyQ SRU OD DPSOLWXG GH OD FRUULHQWH KD\ XQ


GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH OD IDVH HQ   HQ OD FDSDFLGDG OD WHQVLyQ
π
DWUDVDDODFRUULHQWHHQ UDGLDQHV
 /DUHFtSURFDGHOSURGXFWRGHODFDSDFLGDGSRUODSXOVDFLyQVHGHQRPLQD
 VH LQGLFD FRQ ;  \ VH H[SUHVD HQ RKPLRV FRPR OD
UHVLVWHQFLD\DTXHODVGLPHQVLRQHVVRQODVPLVPDV
UHDFWDQFLD FDSDFLWLYD &

  v (t ) = X × I cos ( & t +  − Œ 2 ) = V cos ( & t +  − Œ 2 )

C C Cmax Cmax

 (Q HO WUDEDMR QRUPDO VH XWLOL]D HO OODPDGR  TXH

UHH[SUHVDODVHFXDFLRQHVPRVWUDGDVTXHHVWiQHQHO 
FiOFXOR VLPEyOLFR

HQ IXQFLyQ GHO WLHPSR SRU H[SUHVLRQHV TXH HVWiQ HQ HO
GRPLQLR GHO WLHPSR

 VLHPSUH TXH VH WUDWH GH IXQFLRQHV GH OD PLVPD IUHFXHQFLD
GRPLQLR GH OD

7DOHVUHH[SUHVLRQHVQRFRQVWLWX\HQLJXDOGDGHVSHURQRVSHUPLWHQREWHQHUODV
IUHFXHQFLD

FDQWLGDGHVVLJQLILFDWLYDVSDUDXQDIXQFLyQVHQRLGDOTXHVRQODDPSOLWXG\HO
iQJXOR GH IDVH (Q HVH FiOFXOR VLPEyOLFR VH VREUHHQWLHQGH TXH WRGDV ODV
WHQVLRQHV\FRUULHQWHVVHWLHQHQFRPRIXQFLRQHVVHQRRFRVHQRDGHPiVGHVHU
GHODPLVPDIUHFXHQFLD
/DFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDVHHVWDEOHFHXWLOL]DQGRORVQ~PHURVFRPSOHMRV\WHQLHQGR
HQFXHQWDTXHPXOWLSOLFDUXQQ~PHURSRUHORSHUDGRULPDJLQDULRMHQOXJDU
GHLSDUDQRFRQIXQGLUVHFRQODLQWHQVLGDGHTXLYDOHDURWDUORXQiQJXORGH
π\TXHPXOWLSOLFDUORSRUMHTXLYDOHQWHDGLYLGLUORSRUMORURWDHQπ
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 $VtSRGHPRVHVWDEOHFHUOD/H\GH2KPSDUDORVHOHPHQWRVHQHOFiOFXOR
VLPEyOLFRFRPR
 5HVLVWHQFLD 95 5Â,5

   ,5 955 *Â95

 ,QGXFWDQFLD 9 / Mω/Â,/  M;/Â,/

   , / Mω/Â9/ Mω/Â9/ M%/Â9/

 &DSDFLGDG 9& Mω&Â,& Mω&Â,& M;&Â9& 

   ,& Mω&Â9& M%&Â9&

 $TXtHVWiQLQGLFDGDVODVUHFtSURFDVGHODUHVLVWHQFLDODFRQGXFWDQFLD*
\ GH ODV UHDFWDQFLDV ODV  %  \ %  LQGXFWLYD \ FDSDFLWLYD
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH TXH DGHPiV GH VHU UHFtSURFDV HQ VXV YDORUHV HVWiQ
VXVFHSWDQFLDV / &

DFRPSDxDGDVSRU XQ FDPELR GHVLJQRHQHORSHUDGRULPDJLQDULRM(VWROR

SRGHPRV H[SOLFDU FRQFHSWXDOPHQWH GLFLHQGR TXH VL HQ XQD LQGXFWDQFLD OD
WHQVLyQDGHODQWDUHVSHFWRGHODFRUULHQWHODFRUULHQWHDWUDVDUHVSHFWRGHOD
WHQVLyQ<HQODFDSDFLGDGGRQGHODWHQVLyQDWUDVDUHVSHFWRGHODFRUULHQWHOD
FRUULHQWHDGHODQWDUHVSHFWRGHODWHQVLyQ
 $VtFRPRODFRQGXFWDQFLDVHLQGLFDHQVLHPHQVRHQPKRVORPLVPR
RFXUUHFRQODVVXVFHSWDQFLDV


 &RPRHVGHHVSHUDUXQFLUFXLWRFRPSXHVWRSRUHOHPHQWRVGHGLVWLQWR
)/RVFRQFHSWRVGHLPSHGDQFLD\GHDGPLWDQFLD

WLSRSRUHMHPSORUHVLVWHQFLDVLQGXFWDQFLDV\FDSDFLWRUHVHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWR
YDHVWDULQIOXHQFLDGRSRUWRGRVODVDPSOLWXGHVGHSHQGHUiQGHORVHOHPHQWRV
\HOiQJXORGHIDVHHQWUHODWHQVLyQ\ODFRUULHQWH\DQRVHUiQLGHFHURFRPR
HQODUHVLVWHQFLDQLGH“πFRPRHQODVUHDFWDQFLDV
 3DUDHOHPHQWRVFRQHFWDGRVHQVHULHUHVXOWDTXHODUHVSXHVWDFRQMXQWD
HVWiGDGDSRUOD =H[SUHVDGDHQRKPLRV\TXHVHREWLHQHGH
LPSHGDQFLD

= 5M;/;& ω• ω•
5M / &

GRQGH5UHSUHVHQWDODVXPDGHWRGDVODVUHVLVWHQFLDVGHODVHULH; ODVXPD
GH WRGDV ODV UHDFWDQFLDV LQGXFWLYDV \ ;  OD VXPD GH WRGDV ODV UHDFWDQFLDV
/

FDSDFLWLYDV
&

 3DUD HOHPHQWRV FRQHFWDGRV HQ SDUDOHOR UHVXOWD TXH OD UHVSXHVWD

FRQMXQWDHVWiGDGDSRUOD <H[SUHVDGDHQVLHPHQVRPKRV\
TXHVHREWLHQHGH
DGPLWDQFLD

< *M%&%/ ω• ω•

*M & /

GRQGH*UHSUHVHQWDODVXPDGHWRGDVODVFRQGXFWDQFLDVSXHVWDVHQSDUDOHOR
% ODVXPDGHWRGDVODVVXVFHSWDQFLDVLQGXFWLYDV\% ODVXPDGHWRGDVODV
VXVFHSWDQFLDVFDSDFLWLYDV
/ &

 /DV H[SUHVLRQHV GH OD /H\ GH 2KP ODV UHODFLRQHV YROWDPSHU YLVWDV
SDUDODUHVLVWHQFLDSXHGHQSRQHUVHHQIRUPDJHQHUDOL]DGDSDUDHOFDVRGH
FRUULHQWHDOWHUQDGDFRPR
9 =Â,  H  , 9= <Â9

GRQGH9,=H<VRQFDQWLGDGHVFRPSOHMDVTXHSRGUiQWHQHUSDUWHUHDOR
LPDJLQDULD HYHQWXDOPHQWH QXOD SHUR TXH GHEHUHPRV RSHUDU XWLOL]DQGR ORV
HOHPHQWRVGHOiOJHEUDFRPSOHMDYHUHOSXQWR+
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 ,QVLVWLPRVHVWRHVYiOLGRVLHVWDPRVWUDEDMDQGRFRQVHxDOHVWHQVLRQHV
\ FRUULHQWHV GH  \ KHPRV SDUWLGR GH H[SUHVLRQHV
SXHVWDV 
XQD PLVPD IUHFXHQFLD

 &RPRSRGHPRVGHGXFLUGHODVH[SUHVLRQHVHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHXQ
WRGDVFRPRIXQFLRQHVGHVHQRVRWRGDVGHFRVHQRV

FLUFXLWR SXHGH VHU GHVGH LQGXFWLYR SXUR D FDSDFLWLYR SXUR SDVDQGR SRU
UHVLVWLYR SXUR GHSHQGLHQGR GH ORV YDORUHV GH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV \ GH OD
IUHFXHQFLD(QJHQHUDOWHQGUiXQFRPSRUWDPLHQWRLQGXFWLYRXQDGHODQWRGHOD
WHQVLyQ UHVSHFWR GH OD FRUULHQWH SHUR GH PHQRV GH π R XQ DWUDVR GH OD
WHQVLyQUHVSHFWRGHODFRUULHQWHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRFDSDFLWLYRWDPELpQPHQRU
GH π (VWR VLHPSUH TXH KD\D FRPSRQHQWHV UHVLVWLYRV FDVR FRQWUDULR HO
GHVIDVDMHVHUiGH πH[FHSWRHQHOFDVRHQODVXPDGHODVUHDFWDQFLDVRGH
ODVVXVFHSWDQFLDVVHDLJXDODFHURHQTXHHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVHUiUHVLVWLYR
SXURDXQTXHHVWpFRQIRUPDGRSRULQGXFWDQFLDV\FDSDFLWRUHV(VWDPRVDQWHHO
FDVRGH TXHUHTXLHUHXQWUDWDPLHQWRHVSHFLDOTXH
QRYDPRVDFRQVLGHUDUDKRUD
UHVRQDQFLD GHO FLUFXLWR

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 (OFRQFHSWRGHSRWHQFLDTXHYLPRVHQHOWHPD0VREUHOD/H\GH-RXOH
*/DSRWHQFLDHQFRUULHQWHDOWHUQDGD

WLHQH WDPELpQ DSOLFDFLyQ HQ FRUULHQWH DOWHUQD SHUR HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HV
GLVWLQWRSRU FXDQWRQLODLQGXFWDQFLDQLHOFDSDFLWRUGLVLSDQHQHUJtDORTXH
KDFHQ HV DOPDFHQDUOD \ GHYROYHUOD DO JHQHUDGRU DOWHUQDWLYDPHQWH 6H GLFH
TXHHQWUHWLHQHQHQHUJtD
 $SOLFDQGR ORV FRQFHSWRV YLVWRV SXHGH GHPRVWUDUVH TXH OD SRWHQFLD
DFWLYDRSRWHQFLDPHGLDGLVLSDGDSRUXQFLUFXLWRHVWiGDGDSRU
  P = V 2× I cos (3 −  ) = V 2 × I 2 cos ϕ 
max max max max

 /DSRWHQFLD3HVWDUiGDGDHQYDWLRVZDWWVVL9 HVWiHQYROWLRV\, 

HQDPSHULRV(OIDFWRU ϕOODPDGR HVWiGDGRSRUHO
PD[ PD[

GHVIDVDMHGHODWHQVLyQUHVSHFWRGHODFRUULHQWH/DVDPSOLWXGHVGLYLGLGDVSRU
FRV IDFWRU GH SRWHQFLD

UDt] GH  VRQ ORV GHQRPLQDGRV  GH OD WHQVLyQ \ GH OD
FRUULHQWHSRUTXHVXSURGXFWRGDODSRWHQFLDVREUHXQDUHVLVWHQFLDSXUDFRVϕ
YDORUHV HILFDFHV

6RQORVYDORUHVHTXLYDOHQWHVGHXQDFRUULHQWHFRQWLQXDTXHGHVDUUROODOD
PLVPDSRWHQFLDTXHODDOWHUQD
 (VRVYDORUHVVRQORVXWLOL]DGRVSDUDLQGLFDUODVWHQVLRQHV\ODVFRUULHQWHV
HQHOPXQGRHOpFWULFRORVYROWLRVGHQXHVWUDGLVWULEXFLyQGRPLFLOLDULDVRQ


 YROWLRV HILFDFHV OD DPSOLWXG GH HVD WHQVLyQ HV GH  YROWLRV SLFR R

 3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHODSRWHQFLDODYDPRVDH[SUHVDUFRPR
Pi[LPRV

3 ϕ[
9Â,ÂFRV ]
YDWLRV: 

\DTXHQRHVQHFHVDULRLQGLFDUTXHVHWUDWDGHYDORUHVHILFDFHVSRUTXHHVDVt
DPHQRVTXHVHLQGLTXHORFRQWUDULR
 (V IUHFXHQWH XWLOL]DU HO SURGXFWR GH OD WHQVLyQ SRU OD FRUULHQWH VLQ
FRQVLGHUDU HO IDFWRU GH SRWHQFLD \ VH REWLHQH DVt OD SRWHQFLDDSDUHQWH TXH
REWHQGUtDPRVGHPHGLUDPEDVFRQXQPXOWtPHWURRWHVWHU\PXOWLSOLFDUODV
6 9Â,>YROWDPSHULRV9$@

FRPR REVHUYDPRV ODV GRV SRWHQFLDV WLHQHQ GLVWLQWR VtPEROR \ WDPELpQ

GLVWLQWDVXQLGDGHVDXQTXHODGLPHQVLyQGHDPEDVHVODPLVPD\DTXHHOFRV
ϕ HVDGLPHQVLRQDO

 3DUDFRQVROLGDUORVFRQFHSWRVGDGRVUHDOL]DUHPRVDOJXQRVFiOFXORVHQ
+(MHPSORVGHFiOFXOR

FLUFXLWRVGHFRUULHQWHFRQWtQXD\DOWHUQD
5HVROYHUHOFLUFXLWRGHODILJXUD
GRQGH
  5 5


$

5 RKPV  5 RKPV  

5 RKPV  5 RKPV


5 RKPV  5 RKPV 5 , 9% , 5

9 YROWLRV   

6ROXFLyQ


(OFLUFXLWRSUHVHQWDXQJHQHUDGRULGHDOGH %

WHQVLyQ TXH DOLPHQWD D GRV UDPDV HQ 5 5

SDUDOHOR IRUPDGDV SRU WUHV UHVLVWHQFLDV HQ VHULH $SOLFDQGR OD IyUPXOD GH
 

UHVLVWHQFLDV HQ VHULH REWHQHPRV TXH OD UDPD GH OD L]TXLHUGD WLHQH XQD
UHVLVWHQFLDHTXLYDOHQWHGH
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

5  5 5 5   RKPLRV

(VWD UHVLVWHQFLD HVWi DOLPHQWDGD SRU HO JHQHUDGRU SRU HOOD FLUFXODUi XQD
   

FRUULHQWHGH
,  95   $PSHULRV
/DWHQVLyQGHVDUUROODGDVREUHFDGDUHVLVWHQFLDGHODUDPDWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWD
 

HOVHQWLGRGHODFRUULHQWHLQGLFDGRVHUi
5  ,   5  ,  \ 5  , 

9   Â  YROWLRV 9   Â  YROWLRV 9   Â  

/DVXPDGHODVWUHVWHQVLRQHVGHEHGDULJXDODODGHOJHQHUDGRUYROWLRV
YROWLRV

3DUDODRWUDUDPD
5  5 5 5   RKPLRV
,  95   $PSHULRV
   

5  ,   5  ,   \ 5  ,  
 


9   Â  YROWLRV 9  Â  YROWLRV 9  Â 

7DPELpQVHREWLHQHQYROWLRVSDUDVXVXPD)LQDOPHQWHWHQHPRVTXHODV
YROWLRV

GRV FRUULHQWHV VRQ VXPLQLVWUDGDV SRU HO JHQHUDGRU WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD OD
SULPHUD OH\ GH .LUFKKRII HQ HO QRGR $ R % SRU OR WDQWR OD FRUULHQWH TXH
VXPLQLVWUDVHUi
, ,   
/DSRWHQFLDVXPLQLVWUDGDHV
,9   DPSHULRV

, 9  


:* *Â Â YDWLRV

 5HVROYHUHOFLUFXLWRGHODILJXUD
GRQGH

5 5

5  RKPV  5  RKPV
5  RKPV  5  RKPV  
 
 

5  RKPV  
 

 
9  YROWLRV 9  YROWLRV
 , 9% , 5
9$

6ROXFLyQ
$ %  

(QHVWHFDVRODUDPDGHODGHUHFKDVH
UHVXHOYHLJXDOTXHHQHOFDVRDQWHULRU 5 5
5  5 5 5   Ω
,  9 5   $PSHULR
     

5  ,   5  ,   \ 5  ,  
 % 


9   Â  YROWLRV 9  Â  YROWLRV 9  Â  
YROWLRV

/DUDPDGHODL]TXLHUGDHVWiIRUPDGDSRUXQJHQHUDGRU\GRVUHVLVWHQFLDVVL
DSOLFDPRVODVHJXQGDOH\GH.LUFKKRIIWHQGUHPRVTXH
9 9 9 9  ,  5 9 ,  5 9  9 9 , 5 5 
(OVLJQRGH9 HVQHJDWLYRSRUHQFRQWUDUVHHQRSRVLFLyQD9 'HVSHMDQGR
 $  %  Â  $  Â  % $ %   

,  9 9 5 5   $PSHULR

% $

5  ,   \ 5  ,   
 $ %  

9  Â YROWLRV 9 Â YROWLRV

/DFRUULHQWHSRU9 HVODPLVPD, \ODSRU

   

9 HVODVXPDGHODVGRVPDOODV
$ 

,    , ,  
%
,


,$   DPS ,%   
$ 5 %
DPS



,


 5HVROYHUHOFLUFXLWRGHODILJXUD

5 5



 
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  ,*
 5
9$
 

5 5
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

GRQGH
5 RKPV  5 RKPV
5 RKPV 5 RKPV
5 RKPV  5 RKPV
9 YROWLRV
6ROXFLyQ
$KRUDHOSUREOHPDHVDOJRPiVFRPSOHMR
7HQHPRVHOPRQWDMHFRPELQDGRGHUHVLVWHQFLDVHQVHULH\SDUDOHOR\VHGHEH
UHVROYHUSRUSDUWHV
5 VHULH 5 5   Ω
5 SDUDOHORGH5 \5  5 5 5 5    
  

Ω
   Â    Â

5 VHULH5 5 5 \5  5 5 5 5  Ω

/DFRUULHQWHTXHVXPLQLVWUDHOJHQHUDGRUUHVXOWD
5        

95   
(VWDPLVPDFRUULHQWHFLUFXODSRUODVUHVLVWHQFLDVGHODVHULH5 5 5 \5 
,*  5 DPS

6REUHOD5 GHVDUUROODXQDWHQVLyQGH
   

9  5  ,    YROWLRV



(VDWHQVLyQKDFHFLUFXODUSRU5 ODFRUULHQWH
  Â * Â

,  9 5  DPS


/RTXHQRVSHUPLWHLQGLFDUTXH\DTXHHVWiQHQVHULH
  

,    ,   
,  5    ,  5   
,  DPS ,  DPS

/DWHQVLyQ9 WDPELpQHVWiVREUH5 \ODFRUULHQWHTXHFLUFXODSRUHOODHV

9   Â  YROWLRV 9   Â  YROWLRV

9 5   
 

9  ,  5  
,   DPS

6LDSOLFDPRVODSULPHUDOH\GH.LUFKKRIIHQHOQRGR$RHQHO%YHPRVTXHVH
9   Â  YROWLRV

FXPSOHTXH, ,  , 
,   ,   H ,   
  *

,  5     ,  5   \ ,  5   

,  * DPS ,  * DPS , * DPS

/DSRWHQFLDHQWUHJDGDSRUHOJHQHUDGRU\GLVLSDGDHQODVUHVLVWHQFLDVHQ
9  * Â  Â 9 9  * Â  9 9   * Â  9

IRUPDGHFDORUHV
9 ,    

:* Â * Â YDWLRV

 5HVROYHUHOFLUFXLWRGHODILJXUD ,

GRQGH

5

5  RKPV  5  RKPV

,

5  RKPV 5  RKPV
 




5  RKPV  
  5 5


9  YROWLRV 9  YROWLRV
(VWDPRVDQWHHOPLVPRFDVRGHOSUREOHPD 

9%

6ROXFLyQ
$ % 9$ ,*

DQWHULRU HQ FXDQWR DO PRQWDMH GH ODV

UHVLVWHQFLDV\DOFDVRGHODPDOODL]TXLHUGD 5 5

GHOSUREOHPDQž3RUORWDQWR
5 VHULH 5 5   Ω
5 SDUDOHORGH5 \5  5 5 5 5    
  

Ω
   Â    Â

5 VHULH5 5 \5  5 5 5  Ω

5      

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  

$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

/DFRUULHQWHTXHVXPLQLVWUDQORVJHQHUDGRUHVUHVXOWD
9 9 5   
(VWDPLVPDFRUULHQWHFLUFXODSRUODVUHVLVWHQFLDVGHODVHULH5 5 \5 
,*  $ % 5 DPS

6REUHOD5 GHVDUUROODXQDWHQVLyQGH
  

9  5  ,    YROWLRV



(VDWHQVLyQKDFHFLUFXODUSRU5 ODFRUULHQWH
  Â * Â

,  9 5  DPS


/RTXHQRVSHUPLWHLQGLFDUTXH\DTXHHVWiQHQVHULH
  

,    ,   
,  5      ,  5     
,  DPS ,  DPS

/DWHQVLyQ9 WDPELpQHVWiVREUH5 \ODFRUULHQWHTXHFLUFXODSRUHOODHV

9    Â  Â YROWLRV 9   Â  Â YROWLRV

9 5   
 

9  ,  5    
,   DPS

6LDSOLFDPRVODSULPHUDOH\GH.LUFKKRIIHQHOQRGR$RHQHO%YHPRVTXHVH
9    Â  Â YROWLRV

FXPSOHTXH, ,  , 
,  H ,   
  *

,  5    \ ,  5     

,  * DPS ,   * DPS

/DSRWHQFLDHQWUHJDGDSRUFDGDJHQHUDGRU\GLVLSDGDHQODVUHVLVWHQFLDVHQ
9   * Â  Â 9 9   * Â  Â 9

IRUPDGHFDORUHV
9  ,    
(QHOJHQHUDGRU%ODFRUULHQWHFLUFXODUHVSHFWRDODWHQVLyQHQIRUPDFRQWUDULD
:*$ $ Â * Â YDWLRV

DORTXHRFXUUHHQHO$(VDVLWXDFLyQODSRQHPRVGHPDQLILHVWRHQODIyUPXOD
FRQHOVLJQRPHQRV
9  ,    
(V GHFLU TXH HVWH JHQHUDGRU UHFLEH HQHUJtD GHO RWUR QR DSRUWD QDGD DO
:*% % Â * Â YDWLRV

FLUFXLWR
7DO FRQGLFLyQ OD SRGUtDPRV YHU FDOFXODQGR OD HQHUJtD GLVLSDGD HQ FDGD
UHVLVWHQFLD
:  5  ,     ::  ::  ::  :\:  
 

:
  Â  Â    

/DVXPDGHHVDVSRWHQFLDVGLVLSDGDVHVGH:TXHVXPDGDDODDEVRUELGD
SRUHOJHQHUDGRU%GDHOWRWDOGH:VXPLQLVWUDGRVSRUHOJHQHUDGRU$

  5HVROYHU HO FLUFXLWR GH OD
ILJXUD
 5 5
$

GRQGH  

5  RKPV  5  RKPV
5  RKPV 5  RKPV
 
5 , , , 5

5  RKPV  5  RKPV
 
  

, DPSHULRV

 

6ROXFLyQ %

3DUD OD VROXFLyQ GHO SUREOHPD HV 5 5

QHFHVDULRHQFRQWUDUODWHQVLyQHQ$%3DUDHVRGHEHFDOFXODUVHODUHVLVWHQFLD  

FRQHFWDGDDORVERUQHVGHOJHQHUDGRUGHFRUULHQWH
5  5 5 5   Ω
5  5 5 5   Ω
   

5  5 5    Ω

   

$KRUDSRGHPRVFDOFXODUODWHQVLyQ$%
5   Â

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

9  5  ,   9ROWLRV

/DVFRUULHQWHVHQFDGDPDOODVHUiQSRUORWDQWR
$% 5 Â Â

,  9 5   $PS

,  9 5   $PS
 $% 

5 Â,  Â 
 $% 

5  ,    
9    9ROWLRV

5  ,    
9  Â  Â 9ROWLRV

5  ,    
9  Â  Â 9ROWLRV

5  ,    
9  Â  Â 9ROWLRV

5  ,     
9  Â  Â 9ROWLRV

9 9 9   9

9  Â  Â 9ROWLRV

9 9 9   9

  

,  \ ,  
  

/DSRWHQFLDVXPLQLVWUDGDSRUHOJHQHUDGRUGHFRUULHQWHUHVXOWD
, , ,  $PS , , ,  $PS

9  ,    RN:


:* $% Â Â YDWLRV

 &DOFXODUODUHDFWDQFLDLQGXFWLYDSDUDXQDIUHFXHQFLDGH+HUW]GH
XQDERELQDFX\DLQGXFWDQFLDHVGH+HQULRV



   ;  πÂIÂ/  RKPV
/


/

 &DOFXODUODUHDFWDQFLDFDSDFLWLYDSDUDXQDIUHFXHQFLDGH+HUW]GH
XQFRQGHQVDGRUFX\DFDSDFLWDQFLDHVGH)DUDGLRV



   ;   πÂIÂ& ÂÂÂ 
&

RKPV
&


 &DOFXODUODLPSHGDQFLDGHXQFLUFXLWRTXHWHQJDORVGRVHOHPHQWRV
DQWHULRUHV PiVXQD UHVLVWHQFLDGH RKPLRVWRGRVFRQHFWDGRVHQVHULH\


SDUDODPLVPDIUHFXHQFLD
       = 5M; ;  
        M 
/ &
;/  ;& 5

        MRKPV


 &DOFXODUODFRUULHQWHTXHFLUFXODUtDSRUHVHFLUFXLWRVLVHOHDSOLFDXQD
WHQVLyQ GHLJXDOIUHFXHQFLD+HUW]XQDPDJQLWXGGHYROWLRV\XQ


iQJXORGHIDVHGHž
 /DFRUULHQWHHVWiGDGDSRUODUHODFLyQGHOD/H\GH2KP, 9=R, 
9Â<&RPRWHQHPRVODWHQVLyQH[SUHVDGDHQIRUPDSRODUGHEHUtDPRVOOHYDUD
ODLPSHGDQFLDDODPLVPDIRUPDSDUDKDFHUOXHJRPiVVLPSOHHOFiOFXOR
  _=_ 5 ;     Ω
   

  ϕ  DUFWJ ž


=

  = ž
Ω
$KRUD
  , 9= žYROWVž
Ω 
ž
$PS
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 /D FRUULHQWH UHVXOWDQWH WLHQH XQYDORU HILFD] GH  DPSHULRV \ XQ
iQJXORGHIDVHGHž
(OGHVIDVDMHHQWUHODWHQVLyQ\ODFRUULHQWHUHVXOWD
H[DFWDPHQWHLJXDODOiQJXORGHODLPSHGDQFLDTXHGHWHUPLQDVXUHODFLyQ

 &DOFXODUODSRWHQFLDPHGLDGHVDUUROODGDHQHOFLUFXLWR
 +DEtDPRV YLVWR TXH OD SRWHQFLD HVWDED GDGD SRU HO SURGXFWR GH ORV


YDORUHVHILFDFHVGHODWHQVLyQ\ODFRUULHQWH\SRUHOFRVHQRGHOiQJXORHQWUH
HOORVOXHJR
  3 9Â,ÂFRV ϕ  ÂÂFRVž
 
YDWLRV
=


,3UREOHPDVSUiFWLFRV

 'DGR XQ FLUFXLWR VHULH FRQ 5   Ω /   +\ \ &   µ)G


GHWHUPLQDU OD WHQVLyQ HQ FDGD HOHPHQWR \ OD WRWDO VL HV UHFRUULGR SRU XQD


FRUULHQWHGHDPSHULRVFRQXQDSXOVDFLyQGHω    

95 99/ M99& M99 M9

 3DUD HO FLUFXLWR DQWHULRU FDOFXODU OD FRUULHQWH TXH OR DWUDYHVDUi VL HV


DOLPHQWDGR SRU XQD WHQVLyQ GH  YROWLRV FRQ XQD IUHFXHQFLD GH I 


KHUW]LRV'HWHUPLQDUDGHPiVODWHQVLyQVREUHODLQGXFWDQFLD 
, M$9/ M9

 'DGR XQ FLUFXLWR SDUDOHOR FRQ *   6 /   +\ \ &   µ)G


GHWHUPLQDUODFRUULHQWHHQFDGDHOHPHQWR\ODWRWDOVLHVDOLPHQWDGRSRUXQD


WHQVLyQGHYROWLRVFRQXQDSXOVDFLyQGHω   
,5 $,/ M$,& M$, M$

3DUDHOFLUFXLWRDQWHULRUFDOFXODUODWHQVLyQTXHWHQGUiVREUHVXVHOHPHQWRV


VLHVDOLPHQWDGRSRUXQDFRUULHQWHGHDPSHULRVFRQXQDIUHFXHQFLDGHI 


KHUW]LRV'HWHUPLQDUDGHPiVODFRUULHQWHVREUHODFDSDFLGDG 
&DOFXODUHOiQJXORGHIDVHHQWUHODWHQVLyQ\ODFRUULHQWHWRWDOGHOSUREOHPD
9 M9,& M$

DQWHULRUDVXPLHQGRTXHODFRUULHQWHWLHQHiQJXORGHIDVHLJXDODFHUR, 


M
ϕ
3DUDHOSUREOHPDQžFDOFXODUODVSRWHQFLDPHGLD\DSDUHQWHVREUHFDGD
 ž


HOHPHQWR\ODVWRWDOHV8WLOL]DUORVGDWRV\DREWHQLGRVVLFRUUHVSRQGH 


65 :6/ M9$U6& M9$U6 M

9$

/RPLVPRTXHHODQWHULRUSDUDHOSUREOHPDQž 


65 :6/ M9$U6& M9$U6 M9$

 ¢4Xp FRQFOXVLRQHV SXHGH VDFDU GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH ORV GRV SUREOHPDV


DQWHULRUHVWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDORVHUURUHVGHSUHFLVLyQ"


(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODVFRQFOXVLRQHVDQWHULRUHVFDOFXODUODSRWHQFLDPHGLD
GHVDUUROODGDVREUHHOFLUFXLWRGHORVSUREOHPDVQž\Qž 


6 M9$6 M9$

&DOFXODUODFRUULHQWHTXHFRQVXPHXQPRQLWRUVLVXSODFDLQGLFDTXHHVWi


GLVHxDGRSDUDYROWV\WRPDXQDSRWHQFLDPHGLDGHYDWLRVFRQXQ


IDFWRUGHSRWHQFLDGH)3 
, $

 3DUD HVSHFLILFDU XQD OODYH WHUPRPDJQpWLFD GH SURWHFFLyQ SDUD OD



LQVWDODFLyQHVQHFHVDULRFRQRFHUHOPyGXORGHODFRUULHQWHWRWDOTXHFRQVXPH


/RVHOHPHQWRVTXHODLQWHJUDQVRQ
8Q JDELQHWH SULQFLSDO TXH LQGLFD  YROWLRV  DPSHULRV )3   XQ
PRQLWRU TXH HVSHFLILFD  YROWLRV  YROWDPSHULRV )3   XQD
LPSUHVRUDOiVHUFX\DSODFDLQGLFDYROWLRVDPSHULRV)3  
 , $

3DUDSRGHUHVSHFLILFDUXQDIXHQWHQRLQWHUUXPSLEOH836DGHPiVGHO



WLHPSR GH SURWHFFLyQ PtQLPR UHTXHULGR PH HV LPSUHVFLQGLEOH LQGLFDU OD


SRWHQFLDPHGLD\ODDSDUHQWHTXHLQVXPHODLQVWDODFLyQDQWHULRU¢&XDOHVVRQ
HVRVYDORUHV"
3 :6 9$

 &RQ ORV GDWRV GH OD LQVWDODFLyQ DQWHULRU ¢&XiO HV OD LPSHGDQFLD


HTXLYDOHQWHGHODLQVWDODFLyQ" 


= MΩ

*UDILTXHHQWUHVJUiILFRVLQGHSHQGLHQWHVDODLPSHGDQFLDEODWHQVLyQ



\ODFRUULHQWHXVHGLIHUHQWHVHVFDODV\FRORUHVSDUDFDGDXQD\FODSRWHQFLD



YHFWRULDO
6DTXHFRQFOXVLRQHVGHHOORV





(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  

 ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

127$6<&20(17$5,26
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG 

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  


$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

$SpQGLFH$






$12&,21(6%È6,&$6(/(0(17$/(6'(&255,(17((/e&75,&$

 $QWHVGHLQGLFDUFRPRVHPLGHQORVSDUiPHWURVHOpFWULFRVTXHKHPRV
FLWDGRYDPRVDYHUDOJXQRVFRQFHSWRVEiVLFRVUHIHULGRVDHOORV
 /D HVODGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHOpFWULFRHQWUHGRVSXQWRVGH
XQ VLVWHPD 7DPELpQ VH OR FRQRFH FRPR  SRUTXH OD XQLGDG GH
WHQVLyQ

PHGLFLyQHVHO R (VDGLIHUHQFLDVXUJHGHUHDFFLRQHVTXtPLFDVHQ

YROWDMH

ODV SLODV FRPXQHV HQ ODV EDWHUtDV \ HOHPHQWRV VLPLODUHV WDPELpQ SXHGHQ
YROW YROWLR

SURGXFLUVHSRUHIHFWRVItVLFRVHQODVFHOGDVVRODUHV\HQODVWHUPRSLODV\SRU
PHGLRV HOHFWURPHFiQLFRV HQ ORV JHQHUDGRUHV \ ODV GtQDPRV /RV VtPERORV
XWLOL]DGRVSDUDLQGLFDUODVRQ  R WDQWRPLQ~VFXODVFRPRPD\~VFXODV
 /DFRPSDxtDGHHOHFWULFLGDGTXHQRVODSURYHHGHEHVXPLQLVWUDUQRVXQD
Y H X

WHQVLyQ HVSHFtILFD TXH SRGHPRV FRQWURODU HQ FXDOTXLHU WRPD GH QXHVWUDV
FDVDV PLGLHQGR HVD WHQVLyQ HQWUH ORV GRV FRQWDFWRV GHO WRPD (Q OD
JHQHUDOLGDG GH ODV LQVWDODFLRQHV GRPLFLOLDULDV GH QXHVWUR SDtV HV GH 
YROWLRVGHDOWHUQD&RPRFRPSDUDFLyQXQDSLODFRP~QGHOLQWHUQDSURYHHXQD
WHQVLyQGHYROWLRVHQFRQWLQXDXQDEDWHUtDGHDXWRPyYLOHVGHYROWLRV
WDPELpQGHFRQWLQXD\HOWXERGHXQWHOHYLVRURODVEXMtDVGHXQDXWRSXHGHQ
WUDEDMDUFRQWHQVLRQHVGHYROWV
 /D WHQVLyQ TXH VXPLQLVWUD XQ GLVSRVLWLYR R OD TXH UHTXLHUH SDUD VX
IXQFLRQDPLHQWRQRUPDOHVWiVLHPSUHLQGLFDGR3RUHMHPSORVLREVHUYDPRVXQD
OiPSDUD FRP~Q YHUHPRV TXH WLHQH OD LQVFULSFLyQ  9 R  9 ODV
UHIRU]DGDV/DOHWUD HVODDEUHYLDWXUDVWDQGDUGSDUDODXQLGDGGHWHQVLyQ
 /D HOpFWULFDHVODFLUFXODFLyQGHFDUJDVHOpFWULFDVDWUDYpVGH
9

XQHOHPHQWRGHELGRDODH[LVWHQFLDGHXQDWHQVLyQHQORVWHUPLQDOHV\DOD
FRUULHQWH

SRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHOORRFXUUDGDGDSRUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOHOHPHQWR3RU
HMHPSORODVOiPSDUDVVRQHOHPHQWRVTXHSHUPLWHQODFLUFXODFLyQGHFRUULHQWH
SRUHOODVGHVGHXQWHUPLQDODRWURGHVGHHOFDVTXLOORURVFDGR\HOFRQWDFWRGH
IRQGRSHURQRWRGDVVRQLJXDOHV$OJXQDVSHUPLWHQXQDPD\RUFLUFXODFLyQGH
FRUULHQWH TXH RWUDV SDUD OD PLVPD WHQVLyQ HQ VXV WHUPLQDOHV FRPR
FRQVHFXHQFLDGHHOORODVSULPHUDVGDQPiVOX]TXHODVRWUDV
 /D FRUULHQWH HOpFWULFD TXH WDPELpQ VH FRQRFH FRPR  \
JHQpULFDPHQWHVHLQGLFDFRQ R VHPLGHHQ R \HO
LQWHQVLGDG

VtPEROR GH OD XQLGDG HV OD OHWUD  (VD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD SXHGH R QR YHQLU
L , DPSHUHV DPSHULRV

LQGLFDGDHQORVGLVSRVLWLYRVSHURHQORVGHPDUFDHVFDVLXQDQRUPDTXHOR
$

H[SUHVHQ
 6L YROYHPRV DO FDVR GH ODV OiPSDUDV YHUHPRV TXH FRPR LQGLFDFLyQ
PXHVWUDQODWHQVLyQTXH\DLQGLFDPRV\RWURSDUiPHWURLQGLFDGRSRU SRU
HMHPSOR:HVWRHVOD  TXHFRQVXPHODOiPSDUDH[SUHVDGD
:

HQ  R  (VWH YDORU VH REWLHQH GH PXOWLSOLFDU OD WHQVLyQ SRU OD
SRWHQFLD 3

FRUULHQWHTXHFLUFXODSRUHOHOHPHQWR
YDWLRV ZDWWV


    3 9Â,

(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

3RU OR WDQWR SRGHPRV FDOFXODU OD FRUULHQWH GLYLGLHQGR OD SRWHQFLD SRU OD
WHQVLyQ3DUDHOFDVRGDGRWHQGUtDPRVTXHODFRUULHQWHHQXQDOiPSDUDGH
YDWLRVDYROWLRVVHUiGH $RP$PLOLDPSHUHV
 /D FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH SHUPLWHQ XQD PD\RU R PHQRU
FLUFXODFLyQ GH FRUULHQWH VH GHQRPLQD  HOpFWULFD R VLPSOHPHQWH
UHVLVWHQFLD (VH SDUiPHWUR GHWHUPLQD OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH OD WHQVLyQ \ OD
UHVLVWHQFLD

FRUULHQWHVXPDJQLWXGVHH[SUHVDHQ X \VHLQGLFDFRQODOHWUD

JULHJDPD\~VFXODRPHJD
RKPLRV RKPV


    5 9,

9ROYLHQGR DO FDVR DQWHULRU GH OD OiPSDUD VX UHVLVWHQFLD VHUi LJXDO D OD
GLYLVLyQGHODWHQVLyQSRUODFRUULHQWHHVGHFLUTXHVHUi 
RKPLRV
 +HPRVFLWDGRDOKDEODUGHODWHQVLyQTXHSRGtDVHUFRQWLQXDRDOWHUQD
/DGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHHOODVHVWiGDGDSRUODYDULDFLyQTXHH[SHULPHQWDQHQHO
WLHPSR/DFRQWLQXDSHUPDQHFHVLHPSUHLJXDOPLHQWUDVTXHODDOWHUQDHVWi
RVFLODQGRHQIRUPDVHQRLGDOHQWUHXQPi[LPRSRVLWLYR\XQRQHJDWLYRGHLJXDO
PDJQLWXGGHQRPLQDGR RYDORUSLFR(VWDRVFLODFLyQODUHDOL]D
XQQ~PHURHVWDEOHFLGRGHYHFHVSRUVHJXQGRTXHVHGHQRPLQDOD 
YDORU Pi[LPR

VLHQGR OD XQLGDG HO  R  LQGLFDGD SRU  (Q

IUHFXHQFLD

QXHVWUDVFDVDVHVGH+HUW]RVHDTXHUHDOL]DODYDULDFLyQFRPSOHWD
+HUW] FLFORV SRU VHJXQGR +]

YHFHVSRUVHJXQGR
 )RUPDOPHQWH ODV H[SUHVLRQHV GH XQD WHQVLyQ \ GH XQD FRUULHQWH HQ
IXQFLyQGHOWLHPSRHVWiQGDGDVSRU

  YW 9 FRVHQRπÂIÂWφ \ LW , FRVHQRπÂIÂW
θ
PD[ PD[


 'RQGH HVODIUHFXHQFLD\ HVODYDULDEOHWLHPSR6LELHQODYDULDFLyQ
GH OD WHQVLyQ WLHQH OD PLVPD IRUPD \ IUHFXHQFLD TXH OD GH OD FRUULHQWH
I W

QRUPDOPHQWH QR HVWiQ VLQFURQL]DGDV \ HVD GLIHUHQFLD OD VHxDODQ ORV

FRHILFLHQWHVφ\θHQODVH[SUHVLRQHVOODPDGRV (VWRLPSOLFD
TXH KD\ XQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH OD FXUYD TXH UHSUHVHQWD D OD WHQVLyQ FRQ
iQJXORVGHIDVH

UHVSHFWRDODGHODFRUULHQWHHVHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVHGHQRPLQD \
VHH[SUHVDFRPR JHQHUDOPHQWHFRQODOHWUDJULHJDSKL
GHVIDVDMH

ϕ = φ − θ
GLIHUHQFLDGHIDVH


 voltios am perios

 18
π
YW FRVW



15 θ φ

 12
π

LW FRVW 
9

 6

 3

 0

 -0 , 0 ,3 0 ,8 1 ,3 1 ,8 2 ,3 2 ,8 3 ,3 3 ,8 4 ,3 4 ,8 5 ,3 5 ,8 6 ,3 6 ,8 tie m p o
-3
-62
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
-9

-1 2
-1 5
-1 8
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$









 $GHPiV FRPR HO YDORULQVWDQWiQHR GHODWHQVLyQ\GHODFRUULHQWHHV
VLHPSUHFDPELDQWHHOUHVXOWDGRGHVXSURGXFWRSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODSRWHQFLD
WDPELpQHVFDPELDQWH\GHSHQGHWDQWRGHODVDPSOLWXGHVFRPRGHOGHVIDVDMH
3RU HOOR VH KD GHILQLGR HO  FRPR HO YDORU GH XQD WHQVLyQ R
FRUULHQWHFRQWtQXDTXHSURGXFHODPLVPDSRWHQFLDTXHHOYDORUPHGLRGHOD
YDORU HILFD]

SRWHQFLD GH XQD WHQVLyQ R FRUULHQWH DOWHUQD (VH YDORU HVWi GDGR SRU OD
DPSOLWXGGHODWHQVLyQRFRUULHQWHDOWHUQDGLYLGLGDSRUODUDt]GH

   9  9    ,  , 

HI PD[ HI PD[

 (VWHYDORUHVHOTXHVHXVDQRUPDOPHQWHSDUDHYDOXDUODVWHQVLRQHV\
FRUULHQWHV DOWHUQDV HQ OXJDU GHO OD DPSOLWXG R YDORU SLFR (O YDORU GH 
YROWLRV GH OD WHQVLyQ GH GLVWULEXFLyQ GRPLFLOLDULD HV HO YDORU HILFD] GH XQD
WHQVLyQFX\DDPSOLWXGRYDORUPi[LPRHVGHYROWLRV\ORVYDORUHVGHO
JUiILFR VH FRUUHVSRQGHUtDQ FRQ XQD WHQVLyQ FX\R YDORU HILFD] HV GH 
YROWLRV\XQDFRUULHQWHGHDPSHULRV
 &RQ ORV FRQFHSWRV GH GHVIDVDMH HQWUH OD WHQVLyQ \ OD FRUULHQWH \
WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDORVYDORUHVHILFDFHVOD VH
LQGLFDGHGRVIRUPDV
SRWHQFLDHQFRUULHQWHDOWHUQD


  RDFWLYDGDGDSRU  3 9Â,ÂFRVϕ HQ
YDWLRV>:@
3RWHQFLD PHGLD


 \OD  GDGDSRU  6 9Â, HQ
YROWDPSHULRV>9$@
3RWHQFLD DSDUHQWH



$862'(,167580(1726'(0(',&,Ï1

 'DGR TXH WUDEDMDUHPRV FRQ HQHUJtD HOpFWULFD FUHHPRV FRQYHQLHQWH



WHQHUFRQRFLPLHQWRVGHFyPRXVDUXQLQVWUXPHQWRGHPHGLFLyQGHYDULDEOHV
HOpFWULFDV $FWXDOPHQWH VRQ GH EDMR FRVWR \ SXHGHQ VHUYLU SDUD UHVROYHU
SUREOHPDV\WDPELpQSDUDHYLWDUORVHQQXHVWURVHTXLSRV
 $O LQVWUXPHQWR TXH KDUHPRV UHIHUHQFLD HV DO  FRQRFLGR
FRPR TXHQRVSHUPLWHPHGLUWHQVLRQHVFRUULHQWHV\UHVLVWHQFLDVHQ
PXOWtPHWUR

DOJXQRVFDVRVWDPELpQRWURVSDUiPHWURV
WHVWHU

 /RVLQVWUXPHQWRVGLVSRQLEOHVVRQGHGLVWLQWRVWLSRV\WHFQRORJtDVGHVGH
ORV VLPSOHV GH DJXMD D ORV VRILVWLFDGRV HOHFWUyQLFRV SRU HOOR ODV
FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV TXH GDUHPRV DTXt VRQ JHQHUDOHV HQ SDUWLFXODU KDEUi TXH
REVHUYDU HO PXOWtPHWUR GLVSRQLEOH \ OHHU HO PDQXDO SDUD GHWHUPLQDU ODV
SUHVWDFLRQHV\ODVSUHFDXFLRQHVDWHQHUHQFXHQWDSDUDXWLOL]DUOR
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$

 'HEHPRV WHQHU PXFKD SUHFDXFLyQ SDUD XWLOL]DU WDQWR XQ PXOWtPHWUR

FRPRFXDOTXLHURWURLQVWUXPHQWRGHPHGLFLyQ(OFRQHFWDUPDOXQLQVWUXPHQWR
SXHGH FDXVDU HO GDxR LUUHSDUDEOH GHO HOHPHQWR EDMR PHGLFLyQ \R GHO
LQVWUXPHQWRDGHPiVGHVHULRVGDxRVSDUDHOXVXDULR
 $QWHV GH UHDOL]DU PHGLFLRQHV VRORV HV DFRQVHMDEOH OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH
SUiFWLFDVEDMRODVXSHUYLVLyQGHDOJXLHQTXHWHQJDH[SHULHQFLD


&RQ OD HOHFWULFLGDG QR VH MXHJD ODPHQWDEOHPHQWH QR VH YH SHUR

 1XQFDWRTXHPRVODVSDUWHVPHWiOLFDVGHXQFLUFXLWRPDQLSXOHPRVORV
VLHVWiODVHQWLUHPRV\WDOYH]VHDOR~OWLPRTXHVLQWDPRV

HOHPHQWRV GH FRQH[LyQ SRU VXV SDUWHV DLVODGDV SUHSDUDGDV SDUD HOOR QR
DSR\HPRVHOPXOWtPHWURVREUHHOFLUFXLWRTXHHVWHPRVPLGLHQGR
 (OPiVVLPSOHGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVSRVHHGRVWHUPLQDOHVXQRPDUFDGR
FRPR  R FRP~Q \ HO RWUR PDUFDGR FRPR  (Q HVRV WHUPLQDOHV VH
FRQHFWDQODV JHQHUDOPHQWHXQDQHJUDHQHO\RWUD
URMDHQHO2WURVWUDHQDGHPiVWHUPLQDOHVSDUDRWUDVIXQFLRQHV
 SXQWDV GH SUXHED

 $QWHV GH FRQHFWDU HO LQVWUXPHQWR GHEHPRV DVHJXUDUQRV TXH HVWi

SUHSDUDGRSDUDODPHGLFLyQTXHTXHUHPRVKDFHU3DUDHOORVHGLVSRQHGHXQ
VHOHFWRU TXH WLHQH YDULDV SRVLFLRQHV  LQGLFDGD FRQ 9 FRQ YDULDV
HVFDODV GH FRQWLQXD \ DOWHUQD  R LQWHQVLGDG LQGLFDGD FRQ , D
WHQVLyQ

YHFHV FRQ $ SRU OD XQLGDG GH PHGLFLyQ WDPELpQ FRQ YDULDV HVFDODV GH
FRUULHQWH

FRQWLQXD\QRVLHPSUHGHDOWHUQD\ LQGLFDGDFRQ5RFRQ 
FRQ YDULDV HVFDODV $OJXQRV LQVWUXPHQWRV VRQ PXOWLIXQFLRQDOHV \ SRVHHQ
UHVLVWHQFLD

GLVWLQWRV WLSRV GH FRQHFWRUHV SDUD ORV GLVWLQWRV ILQHV (Q HVWRV FDVRV \ HQ
DOJXQRVPXOWtPHWURVVLPSOHVKD\TXHXVDUHOVHOHFWRU\DGHPiVFDPELDUOD
FRQH[LyQ GH ODV SXQWDV GH SUXHED SDUD HOHJLU OD IXQFLyQ \R HO UDQJR
GHVHDGRV
 'LMLPRVTXHOD HV GRVSXQWRVSRUORTXHSDUDPHGLUODR
XWLOL]DUODGHEHPRVFRQHFWDUQXHVWURGLVSRVLWLYRHQWUHHVRVGRVSXQWRVXQD
WHQVLyQ HQWUH

SXQWDGHSUXHEDRXQWHUPLQDOHQXQSXQWR\HOUHVWDQWHHQHORWURGHFLPRV
TXHVHFRQHFWDQHQ 7RGRVORVHOHPHQWRVTXHGDQDOLPHQWDGRVSRUOD
PLVPDWHQVLyQHVORTXHRFXUUHFXDQGRXWLOL]DPRVXQWULSOHHQXQWRPDGH
SDUDOHOR

QXHVWUDVFDVDV


  

 7HQVLyQD 9 

 PHGLU




 /D  FLUFXOD HOHOHPHQWRSDUDPHGLUODGHEHUHPRVKDFHU
FLUFXODUHVDFRUULHQWHSRUHOLQVWUXPHQWRGHEHUHPRVLQWHUFDODUORHQXQRGH
FRUULHQWH SRU

ORV WHUPLQDOHV OD FRQH[LyQ HV HQ  $Vt HV FRPR FRQHFWDPRV ORV
LQWHUUXSWRUHVROODYHVGHOX]SDUDFRUWDUODFRUULHQWHRDSDJDU\RSUHQGHU
VHULH

ODVOXFHV

  
 (OHPHQWRD
$ 
7HQVLyQGH

 
(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF  
PHGLUOHOD
DOLPHQWDFLyQ
 FRUULHQWH
$SXQWHVGH(OHFWULFLGDG  ,QJ-RUJH0%8&&(//$







 7DQWRSDUDPHGLUWHQVLRQHVFRPRFRUULHQWHVGHEHPRVWHQHUHQFXHQWD
GRV FRVDV PX\ LPSRUWDQWHV D DVHJXUDUQRV GH ODV SRODULGDGHV GH ODV
WHQVLRQHVVLHVWDPRVHQFRQWtQXDFRQHFWDQGRORVHOHPHQWRVFRPRORLQGLFDQ
ORVGLDJUDPDVDQWHULRUHV\EXWLOL]DUXQDHVFDODTXHWHQJDXQDFDSDFLGDG
Pi[LPD PD\RU TXH HO YDORU GHO SDUiPHWUR D PHGLU (Q FDVR GH GXGD
HPSHFHPRVFRQODPi[LPDGLVSRQLEOH\OXHJRVLHVQHFHVDULREDMHPRVOD
HVFDOD
 3DUDPHGLU HOFLUFXLWRGHEHHVWDUVLQWHQVLyQHVGHFLUQR
GHEH HVWDU FRQHFWDGR 6L OR HVWi QRV TXHGDUHPRV VLQ LQVWUXPHQWR /D
UHVLVWHQFLD

PHGLFLyQGHODUHVLVWHQFLDVHUHDOL]DKDFLHQGRFLUFXODUXQDFRUULHQWHSRUHOOD
HVWDFRUULHQWHHVVXPLQLVWUDGDSRUHOPLVPRLQVWUXPHQWRSDUDHOORGLVSRQH
GHSLODVREDWHUtDVDGHPiVGHODVQHFHVDULDVSDUDVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWRQRUPDO
VLHVHOHFWUyQLFRVLKD\RWUDFRUULHQWHHQHOFLUFXLWRORPHQRVTXHYDDRFXUULU
HV TXH OD PHGLFLyQ VHD LQFRUUHFWD SHUR LQVLVWLPRV OR PiV SUREDEOH HV HO
GDxRGHOPXOWtPHWUR
 8QD
YH]VHOHFFLRQDGDODHVFDODGHVHDGDVHSRQHQHQFRQWDFWRODVSXQWDVGHODV
1RUPDOPHQWH SDUD PHGLU UHVLVWHQFLDV KD\ TXH DMXVWDU HO PHGLGRU

SXQWDV GH SUXHED \ FRQ XQD SHULOOD DO HIHFWR DMXVWDPRV SDUD WHQHU XQD
OHFWXUD GH FHUR VHD FRQ OD DJXMD R HQ HO GLVSOD\ /XHJR UHDOL]DPRV OD
PHGLFLyQ FRORFDQGR ODV SXQWDV GH SUXHED HQ ORV WHUPLQDOHV R ERUQHV GH
FRQH[LyQGHOHOHPHQWRDPHGLU


(/(&75,&,'$'&203/(72GRF