Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
This chapter will focus upon for four types of not-for-profit / service organizations, namely:
1. The professional organization
2. The privately organized education institutions – school, college, university
3. The private organized hospital; and
4. The cooperative
This statement provides relevant information about the liquidity, financial flexibility and interrelationship of
an organization’s asset and liabilities in order to let the external users of such be able to assess the organization’s
ability to continue providing the services, to meet obligations, and needs for external financing.
Information about the nature and amounts of different types of permanent restrictions or temporary
restrictions shall be provided either by reporting their amounts on the face of the statement or by including relevant
details in notes to financial statements. Separate line items maybe reported within permanent restrictions for
holding of :
a. assets, such as land or works of art, donated with stipulations that they be used for a specified purpose, be
preserved and not be sold or;
b. assets donated with stipulations that they be invested to provide permanent source of income such as gifts
that create permanent endowment funds.
Separate line items may be reported within temporarily restricted net assets or in notes to financial statements
to distinguish between temporary restrictions for:
STATEMENTS OF ACTIVITIES
This statement shows the revenues, gains, expenses and losses. The primary purpose of this statement is to
provide relevant information about:
a. the effects of transactions and other events and circumstances that change the amount and nature of net
asset,
b. the relationships of those transactions and other events and circumstances to each other, and
c. how the organization’s resources are used in providing various programs or services.
The information in this statement used with related disclosures and information in other financial statements,
helps donors, creditors and others to
This statement provides relevant information about the cash receipts and cash payments of an organization
during a period. Although this statement may be using either of the two methods, direct and indirect, only the direct
method is illustrated below.
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION
There are more than 40 professional organizations accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission. These
associations or institutions have their head offices in Metro Manila, but their chapters are found all over the country.
Their operations are generally financed by membership dues that are paid annually. Sharing of these membership
fees among the different chapters, regional councils and head office are provided for in their by-laws. Bigger
organizations have established regional councils which oversee the chapters. Each organization has its own mission
and vision and its activities shall be towards the attainment of these goals.
Their operations are characterized by having a board of directors establishing the policies and guidelines based
in the by-laws whish are implemented by means of a set of officers elected from among the members of the board.
Every year elections are conducted nationwide. Various committees are created with a chairman and members who
give their time and effort voluntarily to achieve the objectives of the organizations. Full accrual basis is used
whenever practicable, depreciation is provided but is not considered in determining the excess of receipts over
disbursements. Two kinds of net assets are commonly accounted for, unrestricted or general and restricted or
special net assets. The spreadsheet is used to summarize daily transactions in these two types of assets. An updated
list of members is a requirement for the sure accounting of annual dues in arrears to support the receivable
accounts. Collections are normally done by the chapters and monthly reports are prepared to account for the
remittances due to the head office and the regional councils. Restricted net asset are created every time collections
would include receipts for subscription to the periodic journal or for the additions or betterment of the building.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
a. Instructional - include both resident and extension instruction, public service, organized researched and the
operation of libraries.
b. Administrative - auxiliary include staffing and promotion, registration and enrollment, operation of the
business office, and operation and maintenance of the educational plant
c. Auxiliary services include the operation of the residence halls, dining rooms, college unions and bookstores,
health centers, and athletic and cultural programs.
Revenues in support of these different activities are provided by such varied sources as contributions,
government appropriations, student fees, endowment income, and revenues from the sale of goods and
services.
There are six major fund groupings for educational institutions, namely:
1. Current funds
Accounting for non-profit organizations is essentially “fund accounting”. This means that the internal accounting for
many non-profit organizations is the fund which is an accounting entity with a self-balancing set of accounts
recording cash and other financial resources together with related liabilities and changes therein. Accounting is
based on FASB SFAS 116, SFAS 117, SFAS 124 and AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide for health care organizations.
1. Unrestricted fund
2. Restricted fund
3. Endowment funds
4. Agency fund
5. Annuity fund and life income fund
6. Loan fund
7. Plant fund
This is also known as the general fun which includes all the assets of a non-profit organization that are available for
use as authorized by the governing board and are not restricted for specific purposes. The revenue and gains of
unrestricted funds are derived from a number of sources. It is used in fund accounting.
These are the receipts of resources that are to be used in special activities such as publication of a periodic journal or
construction of a building for the unit.
Cash contributions or donations are reported as revenue in the year received even though there are donor-imposed
uses or time restrictions on the donation. The entry for the cash contribution or donation is:
Cash xxx
Contributions revenue xxx
If the donor imposes use or time restriction, the cash contribution or donation is reported as “temporary restricted
revenue” on the statement of activities.
recorded at fair value i.e. if a hospital receives free drugs or a university receives free operating supplies,
the entry is
Inventory xxx
Contributions revenue xxx
Contributed services are recognized in the statement of activities if either of the following conditions is met:
b. The services require specialized skills, are provided by individuals possessing those skills and would typically
need to be purchase if not provided by donations.
Contributed services rendered by skilled individuals are recognized at the going rate for comparable employees or
contractors of the entity less any meals or other living costs absorbed by the nonprofit organization.
To increase expense and increase unrestricted revenue, contributed services is recorded as follows:
Contributed facilities are recognized at fair value either to an asset or expense account. For example, if a university
receives a new building from a generous benefactor to be used as one of its colleges, the entry is:
Building xxx
Contributions revenue xxx
Another example, a building is used by a university on a rental basis. However, the owner waives rental payment.
This is recorded at the fair value of the rental as follows:
1. Program services – these are the organizations activities that result in the distribution of goods and services
to beneficiaries, customers or members that fulfill the purposes or mission of the organization.
All expense of a non profit organization is reported as unrestricted in the statement of activities. This means that
expenses are deducted only from unrestricted revenue.
This is used to account for assets available for current use but expandable only as authorized by the donor of the
assets. The donor may impose either “use” restriction or “time restriction” or both. Assets of the restricted fund are
not derived from the operations of the nonprofit organization.
A “permanent endowment fund” is one for which the principal must be maintained indefinitely in revenue producing
investment. Only the revenue from the investments may be expended. A permanent endowment fund is also known
as “regular endowment”. A permanent endowment fund or “permanently restricted” but the revenue from the fund
is “temporarily restricted”.
A term “endowment fund” is one for which the principal may be expended after the passage of certain period or the
occurrence of an event specified by the donor. The term is “temporarily restricted”.
A “quasi-endowment fund” is a fund established by the governing board of the nonprofit organization. At the option
of the board, the principal may later be expended.
Accordingly, a quasi-endowment fund is included on “unrestricted net assets” because this is established using
unrestricted net assets.
Agency Fund
Example: A university may act as custodian of cash of a student organization. The university disburses cash
as directed by the officers of the student organization.
Undistributed cash of the student organizations is reported as liability of the university's agency fund
because the university has no equity in the fund.
Annuity Fund
Established when assets are contributed to the nonprofit organization with the stipulation that the
organization shall pay specified fixed amount to a designated beneficiary periodically during a specified
period of time.
At the end of the specified period for the specified payments, the unexpended assets of the annuity fund
are transferred to the unrestricted fund, restricted fund or endowment fund as instructed by the donor.
Used to account for stipulated payments to a named beneficiary during the beneficiary’s lifetime.
Only the income on the fund is paid to the beneficiary’s payment from a life income fund varies form period
to period comparing to annuity fund that is fixed.
Loan Fund
Established by colleges and university for the purpose of granting loans to students to satisfy their school
needs.
Students loans funds are generally revolving – as old loans are repaid, new loans are made for the receipts.
Plant Fund
It may also include cash and investments earmarked for additions to plant or payments of liabilities
collateralized by the plant assets.
Sinking fund assets set aside for retirement of debt incurred to acquire plant assets is also included.
1. Statement of Financial Position – reports that “ assets should equal liabilities and net assets”
2. Statement of Activities – reports the “changes in net assets” and their revenue, gains, expenses and losses.
This is equivalent to income statement in commercial accounting.
- It reports gross amount of revenue and expenses, except that investment revenue may be reported net of
expenses, and gains and losses on disposals of plant assets may be reported net.
- It reports expenses by functional classification such as program services and supporting services.
5. Statement of Functional Expenses – required only to voluntary health and welfare organizations – this
reports expenses both by function (program and supporting ) and natural classification (salaries,
depreciation etc. )
2. Temporarily restricted net asset – assets in the restricted fund, loan fund, term endowment fund,
annuity fund, life income fund and plant fund.
Reported in the period pledges are made not in the period of cash collection.
Contribution will not be received until next year, the contribution will be reported as increase in
temporarily restricted net assets for the current year because of time restriction.
Conditional promise to give is considered unconditional if the possibility that the condition will not be met
is remote.
Example: In prior year, a benefactor made a contribution to a private nonprofit university with the stipulation that
the donation be used for faculty travel during the current year.
This contribution is reported under temporarily restricted net assets in the prior year.
When the contribution is used for faculty travel in the current year, it is reported as “reclassification” in the
current year's statement of activities. Re-classifications are reported in the statement of activities as “net
assets released from restrictions”.
This reclassification is reported in the current year as negative amount for temporarily restricted net assets
and positive amount for restricted net assets.
The travel expense is reported in the current year's statement of activities as deduction from unrestricted
net assets. All expenses are decrease in unrestricted net assets.
The use of the contribution for faculty travel has no effect on unrestricted net assets at the current year end
because the effect is offsetting, meaning, increase in unrestricted net assets upon reclassification from
“temporarily restricted to unrestricted” and decrease in unrestricted net assets when the contribution is
used or expended.
Classifications of Cash flow or Non Profit Organizations in the Cash Flow Statements
1. Operating Activities – includes “unrestricted” cash contributions, unrestricted revenues and expenses.
2. Investing activities – includes cash flows from acquisition and disposal of property, plant and equipment,
investments, and other long-term assets.
3. Financing activities – includes temporarily or permanently “restricted” cash contributions and cash flows
from borrowings and repayment of borrowings.
XXX Organization
Statement of Financial Position
December 31, 20x1 and 20x2
(In thousands)
ASSETS 20X1 20X2
Cash and cash equivalent P xxx P xxx
Receivables xxx xxx
Inventories and prepaid expenses xxx xxx
Assets restricted to investment in building and equipment xxx xxx
Land, building and equipment xxx xxx
TOTAL ASSETS P XXX P XXX
XXX Organization
Statement of Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2ox1
Temporarily Permanently
Unrestricted Restricted Restricted Total
Revenues, gains and other support:
Contributions P xxx P xxx P xxx P xxx
Fees xxx xxx
Total P xxx P xxx
Expenses and losses
Program A P xxx P xxx
Program B xxx xxx
Management and General xxx xxx
Fund Raising xxx xxx
Total P xxx P xxx
Change in net assets P xxx P xxx P xxx P xxx
Net assets at beginning of year xxx xxx xxx xxx
Net assets at end of year P xxx P xxx P xxx P xxx
XXX Organization
Statement of Cash Flow
For the year ended December 31, 20X1
LOAN FUNDS
Resources are balanced by the account Loan Fund Balance/ Loan Fund Net Assets.
Note: The Accounts are hypothetical In nature to illustrate the entries.
NPO University
Loan Fund
Statement of Financial Position
June 30, 20B
ASSETS
Cash P13,550
Investments 25,000
Notes Receivable 12,200
TOTAL ASSETS P 50,750
Revenues:
Interest on investments P900
Interest on loans 150 1,050
Less: Expenses/ losses:
Uncollectible loans written off 300
Excess of revenue over expenses P 750
NPO University
Loan Fund
Statement of Cash Flows
For the year ended June 30, 20B
Cash P 50,000
Due from restricted current funds 10,000
Pooled cash 317,500
Pooled investments:
Ordinary shares P 750,000
Bonds 900,000
Unamortized bond premium 2,500 1,692,500
Land 125,000
Buildings P 175,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation 10,000 165,000
Fund held by trustee 400,000
TOTAL ASSETS P 2,760,000
1. Receipt of cash of P125,000 subject to condition that P5,000 per year be paid to the donor during his lifetime, any
balance available for educational and general purposes.
Account Titles Debit Credit
Cash 125,000
Annuity net assets 125,000
3. Collections of income for the year ended June 30, 20B, P9,500.
Account Titles Debit Credit
Cash 9,500
Accrued interest 2,000
Annuity net assets 7,500
5. Amount becoming available for educational and general purposes according to annuity agreement, P2,500.
Account Titles Debit Credit
Annuity net assets 2,500
Due to Unrestricted Current Fund 2,500
NPO University
Annuity Fund
Statement of Financial Position
June 30, 20B
ASSETS
Cash P 14,500
Investments 118,000
TOTAL ASSETS P132,500
LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS
Due to annuitant P5,000
Due to unrestricted current fund 2,500
Annuity net assets 125,000
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS P 50,750
PLANT FUNDS
Three groups:
1. Resources that are held for plant expansion and replacement
2. Resources that are held for retirement of long-term debt incurred in the acquisition of the plant
3. The specific physical resources comprising the plant.
Three balancing groups of accounts for plant resources:
1. Unexpended plant funds- consist of cash, securities, receivables and other assets that are used for the
acquisition of new plant or replacement of existing plant. The difference between the assets and liabilities.
This balance is commonly divided into (1) the portion to be applied to plant additions and (2) the portion to
be applied to renewals and replacements.
2. Retirement of indebtedness funds- consist of cash, securities, and other assets that are to be used for the
retirement of plant indebtedness. Fund accounts are balanced by a single fund balance reporting total
resources available for retirement of indebtedness.
3. Invested in plant- consist of the individual property items that compose the educational plant. Carries any
long-term indebtedness relating to plant acquisitions. The difference between plant assets and related
liabilities. This balance is commonly divided to show the different sources of plant financing- gifts, current
funds, and endowment funds.
1. Receipt of gift of land, buildings, and equipment for educational and general purposes valued at P4,000,000;
properties are subject to mortgage for P1,000,000.
Land 850,000
Improvements other than buildings 150,000
Buildings 2,500,000
Equipment 500,000
Mortgage payable 1,000,000
Investment in plant- from gifts 3,000,000
2. Addition to buildings financed by gifts reported in unexpected plant funds, P85,000.
Buildings 85,000
Investment in plant- from gifts 85,000
3. Issue of bonds to be used for construction of buildings, P1,500,000
Buildings to be acquired 1,500,000
Bonds payable 1,500,000
4. Completion of buildings financed by bond issue
Buildings 1,500,000
Buildings to be acquired 1,500,000
ASSETS
Unexpended Plant Funds:
Cash P 15,750
Investments 30,000 P 45,750
Retirement of indebtedness funds:
Cash 75,000
Invested in Plant:
Land P975,000
Improvements other than Buildings 150,000
Buildings P4,260,000
Less: Accum. Depreciation 10,000 4,250,000
Equipment 510,000
Total P5,885,000
Less: Items carried in Endowment funds 290,000 5,595,000
TOTAL ASSETS P 5,715,750
7. Agency
- Educational institution acts as an agent or trustee, holding certain assets on behalf of others.
- when agency operations are:
- simple and limited duration=both asset accounts and accounts expressing the institution’s accountability to
others may be carried in the general or current fund.
- involved and continuing=an agency fund may be recognized and special agency books established for the
properties subject to agency control
- agency funds may be established for pension and retirement resources, special organization resources,
student deposits, and tax withholding amounts.
HOSPITALS
*Functions:
- Provide for reception, care and medical and surgical treatment of the sick or injured
- rooms are provided and foods are supplied
- major activities center about inpatients, but frequently render outpatient care and emergency services
- carry on special activities such as research and nurses training
- operate number of auxiliary enterprises such as pharmacies for outpatients and cafeterias for staff
members and visitors
- its operations call for important administrative activities like:
hospital staffing
registration of patients
operation of the physical plant
food
laundry and housekeeping management and budgeting
accounting
billing and collecting
The major source of hospital support is normally charges that that are made to patients for services.
However, such charges frequently fail to cover the full cost of hospital operations, and significant sums must be
sought from contributions and grants from private, public and charitable sources.
- Accounting for hospitals are similar to educational institutions that acquires a revenues that must be applied
to specific objectives.
- There’s also certain accounting differences that should be pointed out
- Hospital generally does not require variety of funds required by the educational institution. Differences of
the two units are found to their operating summaries.
Educational Institution
Hospitals
analysis and a summary of operations that comes closer to that of private business is normally warranted
sell specific services
expectation by patients, group purchasers of insurance protection, and insurance companies selling hospital
protection that charges for services will bear a close relationship to the costs of these services.
although contributions may be available suggest that hospital revenues should be set at levels that will
provide for the ultimate replacements of properties
these factors suggest that revenues, be compared with expenses, that a “full accrual basis” be employed,
and that depreciation of hospital properties be recognized in arriving at total operating costs.
*To illustrate the accounting for the general fund transactions affecting the general fund of NPO Hospital and entries
to record these transactions are listed below.
1. Charges for services to patients for year ended December 31,20B,P580000 of which P45000 is still due:
adjustments and allowances of P60000 apply to charges.
Cash P475000
Accounts Receivable 45000
Free service and adjustment-contractual patients 40000
Free service and adjustment-general patients 16500
Courtesy and miscellaneous allowances 3500
Earnings from routine services-inpatients P320000
Earnings from routine services-outpatients 50000
Earnings from special services 210000
2. Other hospital revenues, P420000 of which P10000 is still due from temporary fund in reimbursement of research
expenses.
Cash P410000
Due from temporary fund 10000
General contribution, donations, legacies and bequests P180000
Grants from community chests, foundations 122000
Donated services and commodities 10,000
Income transfers from temporary funds 57,500
Miscellaneous revenues 50,000
3. Collections of interest and dividends on endowment funds securities, P85000 of which P5000 is due from
endowment fund #1 representing bond premium amortization.
Depreciation P85000
General or current fund balance P85000
10. To close general operating revenue and expenses accounts at the end of the period.
11. To close other revenue and expenses accounts at the end of the period.
B.TEMPORARY FUNDS
Composed of current resources that, while available for current purposes, are subject to certain limitations
in their use
For example, resources from gifts on grants and income from endowment funds that can be spent only for
specified purposes, such as research, a medical library, or nurses training, would be reported as temporary
funds
Temporary funds are identical in nature and functions to the restricted current funds of the educational
institution.
Temporary fund transactions of NPO Hospital and the entries to summarize these are listed below:
Cash P10000
Temporary fund balance P10000
4. Sale of securities, book value, P25000, for P23500
Cash P23500
Temporary fund A balance 1500
Temporary investment -fund A P25000
5. Collections of interest and dividends
Cash P5000
Temporary fund A balance P5000
6. Expenditures during year by general fund for research chargeable to temporary fund A, P50000; cash transferred
to general fund, P40000.
In the example, the temporary fund books summarize two temporary fund, and a separate fund balances are
maintained to report the respective fund equities. It should be observed that changes in temporary fund balances
arising from revenues, expenses and distributions are recorded directly in the fund balances; when there are many
changes and these are to be reported in special operating statements, nominal accounts would be established to
accumulate profit and loss derail.
C.ENDOWMENT FUNDS
represent resources that have been transferred under conditions that limit expenditures to the income that
is produced by such resources.
Assets may be transferred directly to the hospital, or they may be transferred to a trustee who administers
them for the benefit of the institution
May also be created by the action of the governing board of the hospital.
Terms of it may place no restrictions on the use of the endowment income, or they may specify a particular
purpose for which the income is to be used.
In the absence of restrictions, its income becomes available to the general fund; when there are restrictions;
income is in a temporary fund.
Endowment fund transactions of NPO Hospital and the entries to summarize these are listed below.
1. Receipt of bonds in establishment of Endowment fund #1 as follows: Co.S bonds Face value, P500000, market
value on date of transfer, P470000.
2. Receipt of cash in establishment of Endowment fund # 2, P250000.Endowment income is to be used for specified
research projects.
Cash P250000
Endowment fund #1 balance P250000
3. Purchase of 1000 shares of Co.T preference shares, P240000.
Cash P250000
Investments-unamortized bond discount (Endowment fund #1) 15000
Investments-at bonds at fair value(Endowment fund #1) P250000
Endowment fund #1 balance 15000
In the example, Endowment fund books summarize to endowment and separate endowment fund balances
summarize their respective fund equities. It should be observed in the example that endowment fund income is
reported directly in the fund that in entitled to such income. When revenue and expense are involved in a
determination of net income, revenue and expense can be summarized in the Endowment funds books; the fund net
income, when determined is then transferred to the appropriate fund.
D.PLANT FUNDS
Although the two asset of groups are recognized, hospitals would nevertheless combined these within a single plant
funds category
When there are claims against plant fund resources in connection with original financing of properties, construction
in progress, or current property acquisitions, such obligations would be recognized in the plant funds.
1. Investment in plant
Transactions affecting the plant funds of NPO Hospital and the entries to record these transactions are shown below:
1. Acquisition of land construction of hospital financed by gifts of cash, P1500000 and cash raised through a
mortgage, P1000000.
Land P250000
Building 1750000
Equipment 500000
Mortgage Payable 1000000
Investment in Plant 1500000
Cash P50000
Investments 100000
Reserve for plant improvement and replacements P150000
3. Acquisition of equipment, P30000 mortgage, P1000000.
Equipment P30000
Investment in Plant P30000
4. Payment by general fund of mortgage installment, P50000.
Alternative approaches have been suggested for analyzing and recording plant funds transactions of the hospital.
Probably the best approach would recognize two self-balancing sets of accounts, one summarizing the existing
physical plant and the other summarizing resources that are held for plant improvement and replacement.
With such an approach, the analysis of transactions affecting hospital plant assets, liabilities, and fund balances or
net assets is the same as that employed for the educational unit. However, the entries relating to existing plant and
to improvement and replacement resources are made in self-balancing from within a single set of books instead of in
separate sets of books as in the case of the educational unit.
COOPERATIVES
A cooperative is a business organization owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual
benefit. Cooperatives are defined by the International Co-operative Alliance's Statement on the Co-operative Identity
as autonomous associations of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs
and aspirations through jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprises. A cooperative may also be defined
A credit cooperative is financial organization owned and operated by its member with the following objectives:
Current accounting policies and procedures adopted by credit cooperatives were used as basis in
development of this manual. Key officers of cooperatives were interviewed and financial statements and relevant
reference materials were gathered from organizations during capacity building for cooperatives.
1. Separate Enterprise
Each cooperative is a separate business enterprise requiring the maintenance of comprehensive accounting
records and financial reporting practices to provide meaningful information to members, officers, directors and audit
committee of cooperative, government agencies, the apex organization and other interested third parties.
2. "Going Concern" Concept
Each credit cooperative should normally maintain its account s as "going concern: on the basis that its
operation will continue definitely. Therefore , Assets and liabilities should be presented in the financial statement at
historical cost and not as liquidation value.
3. Monetary Basis of Accounting
Financial Statements in the Philippines are expressed in terms of Philippine Peso (Php), hence, accounts of
credit cooperative should be stated in peso amounts involve at the time the transaction occur
4. Consistency in Accounting Practice From Period to Period.
Consistent accounting practices should be followed by each cooperative from one accounting period to the
next.
5. Timely Recognition in Accounting Records
Accounting record should be recorded on a timely basis so that all material information applicable to each
accounting period will be shown in the record. To properly recognize in accounting record and financial reports the
reasonable value of assets, liabilities, equity revenues and expenses, each credit cooperative should make provision
for losses that may be sustained I the collection or conversion of loans and other assets by charge against current
operation.
6. Materiality
Material fact relating to the credit cooperative's activity must be recognize in the accounts of said
cooperative and reports in its financial statements. A statement, fact or item is material if, fiving full consideration to
the surrounding circumstances as they exist at the time, it is of such a nature that its disclosure would likely influence
or "make a difference" in the judgment and conduct of a reasonable person.
7. Principle of Disclosure