Example 1.

Find network and broadcast addresses, and valid host range.

192.168.10.118 /28
As this is a Class C address, we know it has 24 bits for the network,
we take this away from the mask of 28 bits.
/28-24 = 4 (remember this number, 4).
As we can see there are 4 bits in the subnet mask of the 4th octet.
Here's how the subnet mask is in binary:
11111111 11111111 11111111 111110000
subnet mask:-128-192-224---240---248-252-254-255
binary value:--128--64--32----16-----8---4----2---1
subnet mask:---1-----1---1-----1------1--0----0---0
We can see that subnet mask 240, equates to 16 on the binary value.
This is what our network multiples are.
We go up in 16's until we find the value BEFORE & AFTER the number
in the forth octet in our address
16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 ......
So that's 112 & 128
So lets put it together now:
192.168.10.112 /28 is the network address
192.168.10.127 is the BC address
192.168.10.113 - 192.168.10.126 are the valid hosts

Example 2
Find network and broadcast addresses, and valid host range.
172.16.195.160 255.255.248.0
As this is a Class B address, we know it has 16 bits for the network,
we take this away from the mask of 21 bits.
/21-16 = 5 (Remember this number, 5)
As we can see there are 5 bits in the subnet mask of the 3rd octet.
Here's how the subnet mask is in binary:
11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000
subnet mask:-128-192-224-240---248---252-254-255
binary value:--128--64--32---16-----8-----4----2---1
subnet mask:---1-----1---1----1------1-----0----0---0
We can see that subnet mask 248, equates to 8 on the binary value.
This is what our network multiples are.1
We go up in 8's until we find the value BEFORE & AFTER the number
in the forth octet in our address
8 16 24 32 40...96 104...184 192 200 208 .....
192 & 200
So lets put it together now:
172.16.192.0 /21 is the network address
172.16.199.255 is the BC address
172.16.192.1 - 172.16.199.254 is the valid range.

Summary:
Example 1:
Subnet masks have fixed muliples which are:
255.255.255.240
subnet mask: 128-192-224---240---248-252-254-255
binary value: -128--64--32----16-----8----4----2---1
/28-24=4-------1-----2----3-----4-----5----6----7---8
So If you see a subnet mask of 240
the multiples are ALWAYS = 16

Example 2:
Subnet masks have fixed muliples which are:
255.255.248.0
subnet mask: 128-192-224-240---248---252-254-255
binary value: -128--64--32--16-----8------4----2---1
/21-16=5--------1-----2----3---4-----5------6----7---8

So If you see a subnet mask of 248

the multiples are ALWAYS = 8

Memorise the above table.

TIP 1:
When you see the address & mask, ask yourself:
1st. What class is it, so we know how many clasful network bits there are.
2nd. What the mask is and in what octet.
Then you know what the multiples are and what octet to work on.
TIP2
To find out the network number of say Example 2.
Instead of counting up in 8s, you can count in any multiple of 8
e.g. 8x10 = 80. 80 x 2 = 180
Then add 180 + 8 until you get to 192