100 nporjJeCCI10HanbHblx

COBeTOB MMHcTPYMeHToB

Poti, ClJnMKeHrep

O"REILLY®

3KeM

Y,UI<.681.3 EEK32.97

CV72

~JiHKe.H~P p. B3J{D.M:hI F:I a8cTpoitI(3. LINUX. 100 npoc)JeoclfOHaJIhHbIX COBeTOB H_lUlCTpYMeATo'B, IIpaKT. noco6./cDJimte:i-rrep P.; Ilep.:c mlJI.-

M.: Pl3)!1;are.llhc;rno3KOM, 2006.-

288 c.: HM.

ISBN.5~ 7163-0:1'21-5

KHIfra· I'IQCJICrllDMlCT
PaQCMa!F_Pl:U!aIOTC~

cd60tt e6'o.pHIII<

rtpoQieCCj{OHaJIhHbiX

coseron,

WHIl. rrdlibICWl".B a$iJ;l~K'ilfBIfQel'j,_ paGon;f; CCpDepOlJ._· 110.(i ,ynfla~eHl:leM

oe Linnx.

lIQ;lBO.(UIIO-

~JJrellYKi-lIIlle Tt:MJ;!: ott{P'B].\I cepsepoe, XoHTpbJU,Bepcl1l1 yrtq,ai1JlOBli Ill'<p\i3\lplllme }COIIHPOB.3.1'U1(!,. a50ta B ceT!'!, MO!mrOpHHJ pap 6on.FcepBepli, lIo)lp.Qt;bl: 3i1IllII1'i.I 'IfH¢QPMalliIDl;,Har!l.j~iHl-le clIel-ilijmeiJ mHI31JKe Perl,
pa~lli,lix
a T.3.K*C Tpll
11

IHI.1t60".rrce

Ba)!{1{))!)( IJPOfp.3.MMb'
aa

AW!CDtj.
KHIH1l paCC'lHUHa'

flo,n: oe

Linux ~ Bind 9, MySQL

~b.n:D30Ba'!;eJ1c:l1 omroit C\f;CTeMbl.

He 4iilitx,

XeJ1alGwn<l:

aIlMMHHcTparopoB .cercj:j pa 3J!l1 'Ill Of 0 ypO]lIiJl, a T~lGKe TJly('iJkeI:l3Y'1IlThB03MOJKl-lO:crn atcn onepauu-

ISBNtI-55J6-0046h3 ISBN 5-1163-0121-5

(aars.)

(pye.)

eopyri!jht © 2004 O'Reilly Media, Inc. All righ lli ~re,"e,rved. © PycCK1'!iI nepeson, A!13aH:H. U3.lIateJJ"CTBO 8KOM, 2006

KaK CTaTb

X8KepOM

CJIOEO

«xaxep»

COBpeMeHHOM

MMpe. HMe'e'{' M:HO)!(eCT13a

TOJIKOBaHMYr..
llItI:pOKO

Bee

OHM II3.JlO)KelThI

B TaK Ha3hIBaeMOM

npocrpairea

B HHTepHere.

Jargon File,

KOToPhli1:

pac-

OCHOBHOM, xaKepOM Ha3'hIBaJOT

-tenoaexa, no-

nyqaJOlIIere paaocrs

OT reHepMpOB8HMJI HeCTaH.l1apTHhIX,H3Hl.1J:HbIX peiue-

HHll CJlO)I{lih1X ,3a,.na'4:, HMeIOmero O'leHb BhlCOKYID KBaJIH$:HKaIJ;11lO 11 aUbIT, caoerepozre IT -anpryosa. Cymeerayer nenoe cOOOllleCTBO, HeKaH 66ma$!" KyJIbTYpa KBaJIlHturu:npoBaHHhIX TIporpaMMFrC1'OB H Beo-Mac'repoB, acropmo KOTOptn( MO)KHO npoC]Je.l1lITb .l10 rrepsstx :tYlliHHKOMnl>lOTepOB 'H 3Kcne,pHMeH'ra 0 ARPAnet -

npoobpasa ceromcnunen cern HHTepHeT. I1MeHHOIIJIeH&I.llaHHoYr. JCY]TbTYphi 11 MCnOJIh30BaJllI snepaste TepMHFI«xa.Kep)}. l1MeHHo OHM OOTBOPHJiw BceMlipHYro nayraxy, Xaxepsi cnenamt onepauaoaayto CHCTeMY Unix raKOM, KiiKQ'H OH::1BblfJIa,mtT c~rOnHH, 3arryCTFIJllI Usenet, sacranana paootars Ceii'b mrrepaer, EeJlN BbI ID3.JI.HeTeCb '-IaCThIO ,3Ton KYJIbTYPbI, BHeCJrR
CBOR B:K.lI:a)J;B

ee pa3BllTHe,

I-I .upynie

JIlO,JJ;H, C<IH'mrolliJ;le·

K,llaHHoMycoOOll{eCTBY,

3HalOT, KTOBhI TaKoH,

MhlCJIen
xaxepa

ceon_ rrpH4aCTHbIMlI H nessraaiorxaxeposr, 3HaTOJThKO IIpO-

'IHT, BlI TaKOBbIM H si:BJf.ll'eTeCb.

qPHBbl':moI:t:f
HanpHMep,

oopa3'

HeorpaHWfHBae:TC}l B ITpJffiI.I.l1ne,

rpaMM.1IhlM QQec.meqeHHeM.3TH JIlO)J.M liMeJOT CBQRB3fJIM H na

ilPyme"BeIU,H:"
Bol MO)i{'eTe

3JJeKTPwrnylO

l1e1{H"HKy I1...1TH MY3bfKY;

llX Cpe.l1H 9KCIIepToB JIJOoon ofinacrn HayKM JIHOO MCKYccTBa. KOMIrbIOTepHI>Ie,XaKepbl Y3HaIO'r cnouxcoriparse» Be3:n:e,'taIbke HaShIBaaJfX xaxepasra - H ;n;eRCT'BM'i'eJIbHO, nexoropsre C'IH'I'ilJOT, -rroaarypa xaxepa He
3aBRCMT OT TOM cpeb;hl, 6Y.lleT nocssnterro B KOTOPOn Ii OH pafioraer • .n:a:nbHet1.:wee nOBeCTBoBaHHe KMeHHO KOMlThIOTepHbIX HaBbl.KUM

scrperan,

oopaay

MblllIJIemrn

H Tpa,IlJ:Lu,H,HM oomeR KYJIbTypbl, KOTOpaJI nOpOftIDIa 3101 repMI1H. Cynrecrayer a,Upyra5I rpynna ][lo,IIefi, xoropsre BO BceYCJIhlmaHJIe }Ia3hIBalOT ceo:}] xaKepaMN, HO aa nene TaKOBbI.MI'I He ID3JUlJOTCJJ;. 3TH mo,n:H, B oe.

xaxepos

HOBHOM nO,!l;pOCTKM M),)!{cI(oro reJIeq,OHRbfXC1'fCTeM.

nona, Cnan}lTc_.q B3J[OMOM KOlViIThIOTepHI>IX M Hacrosnure xaxepu Ha3bIBafOT T3K:H:X mO,!l;eM B;lJlOM-

14

KIXlKepuMM), He )!C_eJl.aI'! lIMeTI, C HllMliHJfq:erO o6lu;ero. HaeroID:lJ;fl¢ xaxepsr C'1HTalOT KpaKepOH.JleHMBbIMM,6e3_c.;)TBeTCTBe:mfb\Mn'O'Re no,!J;aroIQHMII oco6:oU{ Ha;rlie)l(JJ;: :ITO KaK :yMeWHe 3a~eCnj:-CMal:Ul'ffiY 6ea .i9lJOLfa 3aMKHYB rrpcsona CHCTeMBI _3roiGITaiiaJI He )J;,e.rraeTBaCaBTOMOOnJI:1IibThf MJ-f)i<:eHepoM. K coxanenmo, MRorl1e; JKypHaJIHCTI:.r :H IIM:CaTeJIHrryrator 3TH _ TepMfIHbI, Ha3..blBaK X3Ke'paMHo6bILIHhIXB3JIOMllJJ:IKOB-KpaKepOB, 'ITO spesBhlQattHo pa3,[\piDlGreT HcTIiH1fI,rx xaItepOB. Basonoe pa3JIrIlJMe COCT011T B T01-4~

IUH~aMl'i:(JaJUf

lITO xaJ(epbl

c03MnaIOT, a
XOT11'te crers Kpal{epOM

Kptn::epbI -

paspymaror.
rrpO.1l0Jl)l('anTe qlITaTb

_
KID1TH.

ECJIM Bbl'
MelITaeTe6bITh

XaT<epOM, IIpOBeCl'H

eCJIM BM

[JO,UKJtlOlIaRTecb

II' MOpaJIhHo

rorossrecs

K rpynrre HOBocTei1 alt.2600 cnezrytotuae ner 5-103(1 peme'mell, no-

C}Ie Taro KaT< 06HaIJY)KMTCn, 'ITO BbI He H,WTO,T!lbKO YMHDt, KaK cefie MC'b.BOT:U nee, 'ITO 51XOTen CKa3;;tTb 0 xpaxepax,

Ka3a-

CbIUIOCoqIHSI xaK.epa

Xaxepu peruator
6pOBOJlbliYlO

np06JIeMbi

H IffO-'TO

C03,UalOT, OHH :Be1l~ B ·cBo6o.1lY

npl1HRTbIJI.:[ B xaKepCKOM

H .l10--

B3aHMOnOMOlIlb.

llTOObI6blTb ':I106bI

c:006~

tuecrae,
3TY
BepBT!>

Heo5xo,UMMQ seera

ee6SI 'l'aK, KaK 6Y;!J.TO ITOJIHOCTf,lO.

pa3)J;eJUIeTe

CHOTeMY

neaaocrea. A B nee II paaaenars.

1Ke BhI

seCTU" ce68

TaK,

Hy)KHO

HacaMOM

,ltene

ECllH

nonaraere,

lITO K)'"llhT11BaIlHR

raxoro

OTHollleHH.SJ

CJIY*JiIT

scero mUlih crtocofioje nOJIylH~H.lliIo,Uo6peHruI B ,UaHHOM coorintecree, TO ynycxaere caMYJOcyrs, KaK B mo60M BH,1le TBOpQeCma,C3Mb1jt 3c;pcpeKT1:JBcsoero ,UeJI:a,MaCTepOM, 3aKJIlO<meTCJ'I B' )'Meoopa3 MhIlIIJIeHH5I MaCTepa - npM"ICM He TOJIh1(O B IDlTeJIJIeKTYaJIJ)ROM, HO IT B 3MCUMOHaJI"hHOM nnane, ilm1, KaK ros:opl:lT qnmoco¢HH ,IJ;3eH, "ImohI npOilT:M IIYTb M_acTe_pa, H)')KI-:io: <iCTpeMHTI>CH MacTepy, K
Hhn1
01'aTb 3Hal0KOM

crtoccti

HMB nepeH5ITh

CJIe,llOBaTh sa MacrepOM,: HAJJ{ pH;UOM C MaCTepOM, BH,Ue'fh MacTepa CTaTh H-aCKB03b,

MacrepO],f».
nOBTOpJIHTE: 3TH CrpOKH LlO rex

IT03TOMY, eOJIH BbI XOTMTe.crars xaxepou,

nop noxa He Ha'IHeTe B RMX aepars, t,

MHP nOnOH YAHBI1TenbHblX
EblTb

npo6neM,

.KOTOpble O)IU1,QatoT C.BOerO ipelll'eHl111

pa3J:19BHJlHOCTh MH-

xaKepOM };lHTepeCHQ,
3aml'TJUI,

OLIHUKO,:;JT9 RMe1-IROTa
HeMq.nhlXYCI1JTIlli"

repecaoro

KQTOPasI -Tpe6yeT

a YCY,IJIH.H'fpe6yJOJ"

MQTHBau:un.

Ycrrentaue arnersr

qepnaJOT MQTHIlauruo

B npilyqeJrnH KflK cr:aTbxflitepoM

qJH3J1.j;I 15

'Iet:Koro KZj.Kxaxep

YPPBOillC'l;mUl"

Q'f COBepIl1eHCTBOna'HH5l

CO CTBeHHoro

TeJIa, saBBI o'I1;a'llicAenaTb

,e:raBJTlJ$' ceOll rrpeo.rr:01reBH~rb!il!.H3H<,Ie0JQl1e orpaF£Hl.lel-llUI. ,lJ;OJDKfj'bI 1JQJTy'-raTh Y,lJ;QBOJIhQTBl1C.OT petneaaa

A..HanOrJf1-IHO,

npooneM, Baa ¢o6CTBe:mffiJe HaBblKH J1;7peHlfpY~I CBOM:HHTeJTJle'KT. l.1'fb5.h1 C'l'aTbxaJ(epoM, Ta.KOa crrocoe MI.1lJJl(eRI:'UI nee6XO.!J;RMO
)J,JBI

B npOTI1BHOM BJleHCRO TaK1IM"i4 3aIDT'Ylf9M.0', K'aK cexc,

ce6:>r ecmctB':afHtTM.

cJI'Y'lae same BHRMaH:.Me 6y,n:eT ;o:r~apa6ar1IBaHH·e neHer M noasnue-

HRe COUHMbHoro

Kpoue.roro, Heo6xo;UHMO

craryca.

p,l':;l'BlITb

B Ce.6eBepy B enocooaoers

K o6y-

'-IeHllIo, ttrOoPI ,n;a}l(e npn OTCYTCTl3l:1.HBcei1I1HWOpMEtlJ;MH, Hco6Xo.n.HMOi1: ,Ull3lpellJeHl1JI npQ6neMhT, l;"I3lJThC5I sa pemeune ee 'laCTH, npl105peCTlI OTUilT M penrars, QnarO,l(ap5I eMY, CJTe.zzyIOll..\YJQ. ':[aCTh npOOlleMhl ~ 11 T.n~" rtoxa OHa He 6y.ueT p~meHa QeJHIKoM.

2. He HY>KHOBTOpO~ paa H30opeTaTbBenocHne,q

Anil pew.eHItR 1t.3B.ecTHo~· npofineMbI
TBOpLJeClGIH YM npenorannaer coooa ueHHbIH,. ao QJ1)aHM'le.HHhIH pecypc, He CJIe.uyeT sparan-erc nonyery aa ITOBTqpHoe M306peTeHHe BeJIQCHneAa, Kor,n;!'l soxpyr O)lQ1,n;aeTcBoero -raca MHQ)f(eCTBOHOBbIX npOPJIeM. Q'I06hI HaY'UfThC5I Be.CTM Ge6H KaK xaxep, H)0KH'P II'OHD].{aTb, 'ITO Bp'eMJI, rrorpa-renaoe ua pemeHi1:&npo6JTeM,l(pyti1M1:I xakepaM'U, HacToJipKo npasoU;eHHO, qyO BaIiU:fM MopanhHbIM nOJ1TOM .lIBJUIeTCR. nO:rJ;eJIMThCR upllo6peTeHHo'j1 I1H$opMaU,lfei1: M Hui1:neHHliIMH pellteHU5IMH C :rJ;pyrHMH, Q'r06bl re, ,n;pyrHe, CMOrJTH rrorpsrwrr, 3TO BpeMH Ha pemenne HOSb!X npo6ileM, BMe&ro

roro qTo6bI rrOCT05lliRO B03Bp,,!-llJ;aTbCH K CTaphlM. COBceM aeo6JJ;3aTenhHO .neJIHTbCJl B'CeMM CBOJfMH lBOp'leCKHMH KaMH, XOT5I XaKepbh
TO'lHOrb

HaXOA~

CJlI:::,n;yIO~lle ~OMYnpaBMJlY, GHH'CKilllll Ha116o..1lbillee 3 ysaJli;:e;HIfe cpenn .1J;pyntX 'IrreHOB .naHHoro coaOr.ueCTBa. l1pO,l(a5i(a ;[(,OCT<lKOJIJ1'!eCTsaCBOHX

3HaHll"ij ,WH1TOrO,

qT00.11

NMeTh

.B03MO)i'(HQ"CTh

I1MTani'CJl., nnarnrs aa KBapTHpy M noxvnan, H0BYlO KOMTIblol'epHyro rexHMKY, BTIOJIHe cornacyercs c. Wffnoc0tPflePr xaxepa. MCnOJTh:30BaTh 0B011' XaKepCKRe HaBhlKW )I,.IT5l IJOMep)[(KH CeMbPl M na)Ke MR roro, '!T06hI czte-

narsca 60raTbIM,
K:OJIJlerax, 9TQ

noxa

HEr nOMHlj:l'e

CBoeR

npenannocra ,n;eJIY II

CHOHX

npaSNJTbHo.

3. CKYKa It PYTItHa -:no

sno

Xaxepoa, KaK M rsopseoxirx JTlb,neH B u;eJIOM, aaxorna HeJIb3)J! rtpMHY2KJJ:aTb CKY'IHoti: H MOHoToHHoitpa60Tt:, K T.K. 3T0 OyneT oaaaxars, 'ITO OHIl He Mcnom.3yroT CHOH cnocoeaocra ,!J)f5I pememm ROBbI)( rrp0611:eM.. I10'[(o6Hoe pacrO'rnTeJ1&CTBO Bpe.!JJ1T sceM. I103TOJ';1Y CKYKa II PYTl:lJIa He npQCTO HenplliiTl:lhle Bell]J1- 3TO ncnraaoe 3)10 M.Il xaxepa,
16 I KaK craIb xaKepOM

,lJ;ocraT01.£HO ClfJJ.bHO,

QTo,6J>I HaYlffi'FLGJl BeCTFi ce651 KaK xa1K'~p, Hy)l(J:fO B'epl'lTb B 01'0 y!5e*AeRl:re'11'001>1 saxorers MaKcRMaJfHlO aBTOMaTlISHVOBaTJ;, see pY'Tfnrnble3JfeMeRTb~ paOOTbI, npH'lyM He TOJTb-MO tiJJ_fJ 'C~6H, ,HO f:I: ,tC;ra.n;P¥rax, OC06~HHO '~CJH1 OHM Tp2Ke 5IBJlJnO:TCJI .;KaKep?l-MM. 3,n6_Ch CYllleC'fByeT O)lJH) 01jeBH-Jl1IOe FicKlIlQY'eHl1e. Haerna ;ta;-KepbI .ue1ti).-

1:01'sennr, Ka;KY1mte-csr CKyLIHbIMI-I JIN60 rrOBTOp,HIOUJ;lfMHC,ll AAHCTOPO HIotero HaOJ1l0,naTe.rr.R, RarIPMMep, B nenax «_Q'lllCTKU M;Q3TOI!» JJ;i:lOOD)rn rrp->toope-teHM5! HaBb1KOB }fJIH npaxranecxore cmblta.,KOTophIH He MO)KeT obtrb nony"feH l'fH'bI:M:.nyreM.
TOPruI HaDeBae!

Halite

31'0

cyry60

,U05POBOJI:bHO

Hll e,UKH MhlCJHIIq:lIh

B CMTyawuo< 1<0-

HR,!I.MBJ1.LIYYM He ,lJ;OJDKeH 6b1Tb npMHY,UHTeJi.bHo

nonemea

na nero

CKY-KY.

4. CBooo,Qa -3TOXOPOWo
Xaxepst no
BJIaCTI:I.

080e11

rrpapone

JlBJUI:IOTc5f rrpO.THBHHKaMH
npI1Ka3LI, MelUaeT HMeHHO

3BTop:arapl-tofi
psnremoo rrpoCJI~,n;y.51; 06-

JIKi6oH,

KTO MO*eT

omasars

6neM, zoropsre

TpeoyetcH

pennrr»

cel1l:mc. Ilpn 3TOM,

pasy

MbICJIeH 8BTOpI:fT"!PlLhIX

PYKoBo,UHTeneii',

6Y,lleT ofissarensuo

npH1?e..p:e-

sa HeKOTopaR JIBaO mynaH rrpWU1H·a,nOqeMy3TQ H)l)KHo; C:;!leJIal'b. II091'0MY X-aKepbl 06>l3aH.l>T OOPO'l"hC>l nporaa BC5.l1(Oro np05fBJIetlJ-HI a.B-TOplf'I'ap~SMa, noaa 3IOT aBTopYlr3pn3M H~ ycne-.n- IIplf,il,YUUfffi nae :anI{ APyn·'IxxaKepoB_ He nyraH1'e60pb5y C aBTOplITaPl13MOM C 6op1>6ofi npOTl:IB. BJIacT;lfmb'6€J;(ii
pa:3HOBMnH'OCTH
HH'KOB3aKJllOQaTb

..

npRMe-py,

,lleTeit

ffeo6xo,lllfMO ooe30naCMTbOI

HadrfiBJIflTh,a
FHX

rrpecTYfl'ITO,

B TIOPbMY,

lno6bI

d6mecTBo. Xaxep

npaeaner

aexorepste

BliJlhl BJlactH .wIll

nOJIY'IemLH nero-ro,

MHeliJflO, CTO:ar_OWThme., geM BpeMH, ITOTpaqeHHQe aa

RCnOJTHeHHe

no ero pacno-

pJDKeHMPi_ H09TO, KaK IIpaBHJlO, C03HiilIeJlbHa5I C,lleJlKa,_):IettcTBYIOIU3$'[ OI'pauw:reHHoe BpeM'>J:; H1U1BH,UYYMI>I, IWTOPpH, COr]IaCHhl naCTOIlHRQ)le1tcTW

BORaTh TId

aenernno

aBtopHTapH1.nt.
aa cser if

PYKQ-BO):IHTenei1, H CeKpeJ'HCJctH.

Harvuf

ne

paccMaTpHBaiOTC.lI_ ABTOpMTapHble.BJIaCTH)KJ1Byr

u;eS3yphl

OHl'f

He no-

neparor
l.\liH -

,l106:POBOJlbHOJ;!: qTQ6:61

xoonepatran

npnmmrry

paB,UeJIeIDIJI HH<;j:loPMa-

VIM HpaBRTci} TOll"bKO re BH;1llJ «(KOOIIepaW'J1iI~>

zoropsre

no,u;BJ[ac'.I'l-thI

BeCTH ce65J KaK xaxep, H)')I9'£O B1>Ipa5OTaTh B ceee i1:HCnJ:HKTHBHoe nenpxarae n;eH3ypbI, cexperaocra II npl1MeHeHflH ClUIbI JIWOO )Kym,HIILIeCl'Ba ,IT.JlH IT0'u"'lllliCHIDI mone-n_ KpOMe, Taro, H)')K,-HO OblTI, npenonOJIHetlJf.blM J{{e1I8JIIDJ ,rr;ei1C'i'BOB3Tb cersracao CBOID.{ yi5e)K,Uemt5IM.
HX KOH'lJ)OJII0-

5. OUIOWeHl1e He saMeHReT KOMneTeHijlollt

QT-001J crars X3KepoM, Heo6x:0.llH.MO BbIpa6OT;:lTb B ce6e nOJIo)!{eH:li\l :,lTOH C1'(C'feMhI nennocren. Ho O.ll;:H;OKOIJMpOBaHMe e€l He ClJ.e)J3eT nac xaKepo],{, KaK'He C_;IJ:eJ1aeT qeMllfOHOM no. JIe.r1:wiiaTJl(;!THKe JIH6.opoK-3BeJ,Uoit IlpQ:"

KaK: Glan. xaKelloM

17

uece

ROOTH

¢:mi, no "yBroKaTb KbM'm::reHtaoCTb JI106oro pozta. Xar<:epbI He D03HOJl}!,T 3K~ saMelfaTopaM TpaTJITb csoe coecraeaaoe BpeMR, H0 OHB.ITO"q1:IT3IOT OMne~ K T€:HIIHlO B mo60M sIIf.n.e .lle}1TeJIbHOOTR - B ooci!)eBHOCTH 'ITO xacaerca
xaxepcrsa, MROfHe KOMneteHTHOCTb B OTBeTO'rBeHH.I:tTX 06JISCTID:., 0 KOTOpbrMJ:f He-

IloaroMY

li:pe:apaWeHHJI Ii XtLKep:a Tpe6yet ,n;eny II: TIDKeJIQTO 'tpy.n3.

ae06XO.lUIMO HaY"IM'i'bcR

yqacT}f.l'l

HHT~Jt.lI¢KTa,

rrpaK'f¥lKH. nep-

He ,lJ;OBepHTb O)J;HOH ·TOJ1bKOCP.UIOCO-

BCOCTOHHMH cnpaBHTbCf[,

Ii;e·mrrcf{ oco6eH"H0

BbICOKO,

a ssmre see-

ro - B 'rex c¢epax, xoropsre Tpe6)'lOT TOlfHOCTM YMa".llOBKOCTH 11KOHll.eHTpaUMa. BonH Bbi raxxe 'lTHTe KOMueTel.iTHOOTb Bblpa6aThlBaiITe ee 'B ce6e. IiIrorna TJOKKI-rPl: -rpy.ll H rrpeaaaaocn, .n;eJIY cTaFIYI: llpM3HaKaJ,fH CHJlbHot!: nrpbl, HO He PYTi:tHhl.Taxoe oraoarenxe .)!{fi3HeHf-ro Reo6xO:,ll}lMQ ,!l)HI craaoaneanss porta xaxepa, nOJIHYro crarsro aa 9'11' TeMY MO)[{HOHafiTM B cera HHTepHeT TIO anpecy:

http://www.tuJJedo.orgj-esrl!aqs/hacker-howto
«The Cathedraland
)Ke BbIIIymeHHotI

the Bazaar»

.. tml v; h

B npMJlO)l{emnl If .lIpMapKa»),

KHM.rH TaK-

(<<:Ka¢leJJ;paJIJ?Hbli%

co6op

H3,llaTeJ1bOTBOM

O'Reilly,
3Pl'iK C.
P.:lIJMOHJl

(Eric S. Raymond)

3pw{ C. PaiJMoHiJ.Jlell1lemCJI aemopo« «Hoe020 csoeapnxasepa», 6a3upylOU{eiocJl na <]Jd(jjje »capeoua (Jargon File) U.f3fl.GM8uumOM ecce «Ka¢e8pa.JlbHbtU co6op U flpMap'(,a», tcemopoe .noCJIYJlCU/lO «amanusamopom oeuJfCeUUJI cmoponuusoe «OmKpblmblx KOf)O(1)>. Tescm OOltHQeO ecmynumensnoso enoea npeacmafJJlJlem co6ou 8bl{)ep:JjClCiJ!U3 eeoemamsu 1996c;oaa «Kmo maxoii xsICep?». P3'UMOHO npueooum apzyMenmbl6 noaae:pWCKY C80820 )l!JieHUi/.. 0 mOM, 'fmo xaicep(i/ftUCJleoyein Ha3bl(J"am'p Haxofj!f.u8blX Juo{}eu, pel{l(UoUl,Ux uumepecnue iipo6Jlelft.bl . .'3moi:t ufJeeu .ftjJOl-lUKHymbl K.HUZU«xctICepCl,of1» eepuu ueoamemcmea O'Reilly.

Me

18

.KaKClaTb xaKcpoM

XaICepbl C'floc66Hbt p.tJJu IJlf/t)1JU Ha, mo, nmo Jpyeue fie eoenatom u sa qei:lMU.

-lusr/game,s/fQrturfe

OrOBO npueu (B )laHHOM er MHO)J(~CTB6 pa3Jl1{QHbIX

xoarexerepe-n, H)leT 0 xaxepcxax npneMax) MM~3Ha-qeIDIit. t,XOPOlliHM llpUeMOM'l' Ha3bIBalOl' naH.lIy'mIilli cI16eOO BbIXO)la "3 cJIO)KJmmerrc5I cluyaUIlI1 C l1t:nO.JIh30BaIiJ{eM: scex llO.npyqHl>IX pecypCOB.«)lypHbIM rrpneMOM» Ha3bIBaKiT ncnonsaona-

HIfe HaMMeHee· OLJeBH)lHoro 11: rrOH5ITHOrO cnocotia perneHH5I: npooneMbT, XGrs MHome «xoponme npHeMbl» raicse MOTYl' rrOKa3aThC>I HenOH>ITIfb[MlI AJl_f[ HeCBeJlYllJ;MJf. 3Q_:l¢.eJcrHBHOCTb npMeMa MSMepB",eTCSlB aCH:0BHOM snoco6HOCTblO peureHM51Qllpe.!I.eneHHoHTeXHWIecKbl1
rrponopuMOHaJlbHOH

rrp06JTeMDI M rrpH3TOM JIBJmeTCSl06parno

.rr;OlDKH_hI 6bITb rrorpaqeHbI 'IeJTOBeKbM, '±fOO'!;l sror npMeM HalJ:3]I paOOT4Tb.. Hexoropsre noztxe.abl 5IBJI5IlOTCSlM8.ClllTaOnpyeMbTMM IT ,Ua}J(e npMeMJIeMbThfH ..ITpl1e.Mbl, KOTOpne HCTIOJIb3)1JOTCH Te'Iem-Ie .llOBOJIbHO norrroro Bp'eMeHH 60JIblllMHCTBOM B xaxepon, npespararaci, B onpenenenaoro pona crauaapr, nQMo:raJOm;u~ Jtl306peTaTb HOBble TIpl1eMbI. X9POmH:ti npTJeM cynteetsyerno rex nop, IIO-

Komrqec_TBY yCH.l'lUil:; xoropsre

xa He n 051BfiTCl'i n:yqmrrll.
XaKepC:KJrn: rrpn eM paclqtbIBae'r CB}l3b M:.e*.tty a6erpaK'tH1JMM YLU-fBI4TeJIhlib CJIO:iKI-IblM HHTeJIJIeKTOMpa3pa6ornnca M HeocnopHMblM H rpy6blM onsrTOMlJ:eJlOBe.4ecKHX II0TtleGHocTeit

liHdma

pemeHffll-BbITJIH,lJ;HT abi30JIbHd

oe305pas'Ho B npo.aOJDKaroTcYlUeCTBOB3Tb TOJIbKO rroToMY, 'lTO Y KOTO~Tb (,3aQeCamICb PYKM.» HX C03,!laTb. AmI l'IFDi<elIepa TIpHeM npe,UCTaB'JIHeT C050M nOJIHQe n:gIpaJKe,HMeoruoureaasecnenaa CaMlf: Hl{KTOHe ROHMer, K3K yeoBeplUeJ)'CTBOBaTb MeTO)lJl)"IDle, 'IeM 'IeKOBeK, 'KOTQPhm nepBHit
B3HJIO!I~3·a

pemeime non rrpo5JleMbl. Ecmr JIH'IHOCTh) CKJIOHHEHI xpenremao npo6JIeM,. csaraer, -rro .n;aJIHbltl: npl1eM peaJIU30BaH 5e306pa3Ho, OHa nony-nrr bTmrQHyJO MOl'HBamiIO )J)"l5I coaepnrencraesanaapetneaaa - £i, 13 lZoHIl;e KOHii;t:lB, Hafi,Ue1' ere, K qeMY Mbl rrp113bIBileM Bce:< ql.J:TflTeJIeitHameR KH11TJ1.
1,9

Bem, .IlroKe caMbIi'! Mtuum.ri'i eepnep C MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MO;:):{HbIM KqJIH<{eC'fBONf 03Yl1 C3MOij 5DtC'rpo.lldtCTByJb;m;ei1 H CBo6:b.llHO pacrrpocrpaaaeM.oj;t onepaHHoHHo'J.if CllCTeMon H3 JTJIaneTy npeneraanner co60Pi: npoere Cpe,n;CTBO penreaas 'i'eKytl:Oitx :riPQ6J1e:~'l, ucnOJlI>3ye":t:Oe narus AO TeX nop, TIOKa He lfO-.:iHI1:KtieT Heo6xQ.llHMQCTb B n:yqrneM, 60JIee 6blC:TPOM 116o.rr_e'e nemeBOM cnoceoe C.IlenaT:bsro, KaKOH)f(e BhlBO.ll.llOJDKe-H BhITb c,UeJIaH 113 ncex 3THXnCeB)l:6~¢HJ[6coc:pCJq1X R33rJ1arOJIbCTBO:S3mft1? Ey.n;eM HMe.5J:ThCR', 'ITO omr,r:wzyT BaM OCHOBY UOHIfMaH.IUI roro c~m:!:~aYM_3,. KOTOPhltt rroztcsasan Heo6xo)J,HMOCTb coc_taB:JIeHIDI
C.QBeTOR

3To11: KOJIJleKUHwpemwmt,

Ha3BaHHbiX

H(LMH

,«100

X\lKe:PCKHX

.IlJHI cepsepa Linux». OJlHHCOBeTbI $lBJlmOTC;r rrpOCThlMH Ii xparKlI~n1, .llpyni:e J10CT8TO'ffiO CJIo5K:H:bThfl1. Ka.JR):(brit HS. H}fX pa3pa6OT8.H n;J151 pe1.mmU5IKOHKpeTHOH TexHlflleCKQI1 npb6neMhl. Ha;l(ee1v1C.II XOT5I 6:OT naPO"lKa COBeTOB HS 3TO'j.f.KHHfM npnrb):U'ITC5I ilaM )J)l.>r pelllemffi HaOOJ1eBI1IHX lJP0 OJIeM,. 6Y.D:l>BbIHOBWIOKJuI60 OITbITHbIH a;:U,:rn1HIcrpaTOp cepnepon non

yrtpannenaeuLin

UX.

CTpYKryp'a

KHl1rl!

KOMITeTeHTHult CMCTeMHb1U <iJlMI-lHMC'TpaTOp Ll:oJDkeH 6:hlTb «M8.CTepOM aa Bee PYKH». qTo6bI pa:6bTa oI>illa MaKtF1MaTlbHO 8cpq;,6KTHBHolt, He66xo,llaMa YMeTb peman, nJ66bIe rrpd5neMbl, KOTophle Ilo'[(6paCI>IlIiJ.eT cncrewa, OT BKJIlO'lem-JJll llmaIDr5! H ,1l0 ee 6JIOKlfp0B1rn. ,1:(a61>1 OMa'll> l3 310M, BbIHOn CI1M He sam cy,n; 3TY KOllJIeKl.\I11O HQBaTOpCKJ1X nonxonoa ,llJI'1lpellleHR)! noBC:~JlHeBmlX 3.a)l~':I a;rJ:Ml-IJ-uICTpaTopa, KOTophre ,AqIDKHh! C3KOHOMI1Tb name ,U;paro.ue:EJHOeBpeM)I. B uensx ynO'pJI,ilO'llfB<lHlliI coseroa no TeMaT~KeKHMfa IIOJleJleHaHil BQC'eM1>fJImJ·:

TJIaBa 1. Cepsep:

OC-KOBLl

HatnrHaeTCH c paCCMOTpeHIDI Ha116on:ee TMrmtlHbIX %UW-I, C KOTOpI>IMll Ka~bIH .IleHb cramoraarercs 3.1lMHHMCTpaTOpbJ: yrrparureIDIe rrponeccox, sarpysxa, HaUJ110JleHlle 11 peryJJJ1:pOBamre HCnOJIbSOJ3aHWI pecypcos CH'CTeMOn, JWCTpoltKa pmJlll'llThIX nap.aMeTpOEi .sIJlpa Linux pa,I(H ,l:(Gc1}1)j(eHUrr MaKC'HMam!Hbi1_s¢¢eKTIlB-HOCT.I1.. STY rnasy HeKWH Ha3_J3aTb BBene,HHeM B CHCTe.MH~eaIlMJ11{rtCTp:l-iPOBaHl1e': CKOPe-e, eecnenyer c'il-ITaTh cBoe06p&3HOli TO"lKo:l-i3peHM Ira HaH6D'J1ee 3cpcp-eKTHBHble, HO He J3CeT:D;3 6QeBl1;rHhle'teXH(}JIOrHl1, xoropne Hepe,lJ,KO MTHOp.Hpyro'r ,tta)Ke OTThITHble
CllCTeMHbJe

'a,rJ;MlfHHCTpaTOpbI.

DIaBa

1. KOHTPOJIbBCPCHH

IIpe)J;CTaBJ111eT COOOM KpaTK:I1i1 KYPC ITO HCnO)Th30BaHFHO .IlBYX PCHQBHhlX CRC-TeM KOHrpOJI5I Be-peHH:. RCS l-'I CVS. B03MO!KHOCTh Bbcc;:raHOBJIeHHH npe)J;bT,LzylI(J;iX BepCJ11H cpaHJlo:s· KOHI!:nnYPa:L\uft, HCXO;1J.HhP;' 1<:0:11.01> JIH60

E;:tlKYMel'l':taDJl14 TpY.Il:.

KpflTH'-fHaa

(PYHiaJ,IUl,

n03BoruJJOTI(a'JI

66epe;\I.b Bam

CJlillIll<oM MHOrm! n:p61jJeccHOHarIbHJ:t:M a,lJ;MlfH'Mt:Tl'HfTOpa]\,f He XBaTaeT 6a30BhIX.:nlllHliU no T"eMe KOH'fPOJJ.H BepOH'M, no npHlnme "lero OI:Ul npennosmator C,03,Il,aBaTh HeHsMeHHhle pe:3epBHbie KomU1 rana .old HJIH .orig, He ITOMaIol1]J{eC5I KaKOMY~Jnr6b 06cJly:bmalrnIQ. 8Ta TJIaBa
HayqRT paGman C B'hITIIeynoMHffytI'>1Jl..ill MHCTpYK1l;MH. CIfCTeMaMM KOH'IpOmr BepciUt C llOMOll1,hIO COOTBeTCTBYIOIJ]l1X

KOMaH;a,H KpaTKHX, xecaroutaxcs

TQJIBKO

naRROTO

.aonpoca,

I'nasa.S,

Pe3epBHOe KOIQIPOBamt:e
rnaae paCCMHTp,il[BaJOTC:R

,nbI X'paHeID:J$l K36.f;lTO'UlbIX

npocrsre M ./teTKJie B peaJIT13aUJ1H MeTO~ KOTIl:Ifi. BiHlrHX ,UaHHbIX. Ocoocre BHffiI1aIDIe Y.lleJIeHO pe3'epBHOMY KOIDJPOBaHHIO nocera, ytJIJIHTe tsyriCH pa6rlTe"cd CTaH;a:apr:aMR ISO. 3necb raxxe ;a:eMoHcTpHp~eTcH rH6KocTh Cl'aF!4ap'I~
HbIX CHCTeMHbIX cpencrspeaepaaoro CI{CT~MbI KOIII1POBaHID(
I{

B .3TOH

,lJ,8){{e QOHCbLBaeT-

CH O;1lMHliS cnoeorion C03,lJ,aHlrn

pery,Ju:rpHbIx<lMrHoB~HHJjIXKOfIw::n»

C9-

CT05I}I:HR ¢.aMJIOBo!1:
K.Il}ICKOB0lV1Y

(6_es o:pe)J._p51BJIeI;lHH ocotiax

npOCTpaH;GTBy

,ll,J1£I H!I\'

xpaHemur).
Ha€ia3()Bofi

Tpe6omurru1:

I'naaa 4. Ce'fb Tnaaaoe BHJifMaHHe cocpencroseao He

H MaprnpyrH3aqHH,

IPYHKlI;I!:OHaJII,HOCTH

a na p5i.li;.eHeOqeBJ:UT;HbIX,HO Q;pe3BI>NaITHO nO]Je3HblX npl1eMOB, IJ03BOJI5I1OIl1J1X HCIJOJIb30aaTb cers HeCT3Wl,apTHbIMH cnocotiaMH.

Pess

rro~eT

06

IP~TYHHeJI51x,

pa60Te c NAT tl

HeKQTOpbIX

pacnra-

-reXHOJ:[onHIX, rr03BOJIHl'OlJlHx peaJIJ1;BO:Bbrn3Tb HHTepeCHoe. nOB~,Il;eHl:li:; B, 3aBllC.HMOCIH O'ISa.lI.aaaeMbIX rra.p,aMe'T'pOB. BoI KOf)lil-Hlli5Y:llJ;, XOTe:J1:HBhI6,rtpaTb cnot66 o6pa6oTIGI TI3KeT3 aa OCHO'Be era CO,llep)KlfMopeHHblX TO?

Ilposrare

,lJ,aHHyJo

rnasy.

I'nasa 5., Momrropanr Ilpeacraanser co6otl: 3KJJeKTH'lHo.e 11 cpencra, TIs>3BOJJ5119mHX BhlJICHHTb,

C]Hf.5lHHe 'leM

pa8JIJ-I'lHhIX

CTIOC,o.fioB:

33H51T Balll

cMOTpeHbI Her<btophIe CTaH;IJ;apTHble.11 a6¢O]fIOTHQ OWUJ]',HbIei>-faK€,'rbI, xoropste MOrYI' .uaTbMaccy IfH1'epeCHoH HH$QPMa~ I UHH aTOM, KTO; rne If "lTQ ,Il;eJ1ReT BteTI1. KPOMe Taro, 3;lletb n3Jlo)!(eBO
HeCK6JIbKO crrOCOOOB C-M5:[fqeHI1.II rtoCJIe.n;CTBuH

3Aecb. paeHe(i6XOIDlMble<~orrua ~

cepnep,

cGoeB,

TaIDKe

ITO]Ih30BaTeJIei1:

HeH30e)[(HblX CH.C-TeMHbIJ( nOITblTOK «HeXOpdllII1X» c,U;eJIaTb C Ballie:i1 CaTbIO HelITOHerrpl1eN)JLeMoe.

CBoeBpeMel:THOfO OOHapy)!0eHIDI

rJIam16,3arn,HlII;eHHaH 060JIO'lKa SSH QWChIB<leT pnj;JJWIMble CI1,QCn6bl Hc.rrOJJ:b3013nHHS ssh.xpanrorpadarsecKIf ytToia'llIBOH IiYAHBRT-eJJ:bHO rnoKofiymJIllTbI ,!JlIg paQOThl B cem . .IJ:JtJI brrepaUlfOHHott CH¢TeMbl Linux cytnecrsyer HecI{OJJ:bKo B-epCHa 9Tbf!

np ell It enos iIel2'1

yrHJUIThl,

XpT5I 6QnbJJ.!i1HcTBo llepCl1ij,

paCCMOTpeHFlliIX

np;VIeMO:B ,JJ:OJl)fQ-IbI pa.. ITpOBepJl:-

60,TaTh 13 JIIo(5oil:

y4.TJ11:e" 'ITO ax-pa:60T€lCnoco6H0CTb

It<tCb B BepeK.Iit OpenSSHv3.4pL D1HBa 7,. Hall.Hca,lIJIe c:IJ:enap1:leB YBOWlT HeMHOI'O B OTOpOB)' OT'tJCHO:BHOM leMhI xnnm, 06p-amlla same BHl'I}.faHHe HH paeCMOTpemie pa3Hob6pa3HhlX Ha6bpbB.KbMaH;J:J;, xorepue npOCTO HeB03NIci::KHO YMeCTHTh B citlHbi1: KOMaH,UiIoJf: CTpOKe.,3tH Meto-

;:J;PI 3KOHOMiIT BpeM5l H ITOCJI)QKaT B xasecrne fIpKNIepOB C HapMeB oOono'{KH if cnenapaea Ha.l{3hIKe Perl.

nanacatras

cue-

Duma 8, lIHrpopMaQHOHftl>Ie
Ilocasmerra

cepeepsr

paUHOHRO:ll f;JIaBbI Heo6xo'[!JIM06orra)laTb

paccMoTpeH~. rpex HaM6oJIe.e Ba,*Hbj;( npliJI02K€mrn oneeJ1cTeM:bILinux BIND 9, MySQL H Apache . .llM npOtITeH1r)'r
Ga30BbIMH HaBbfKaMH

rro liCJIOJlh30BaHHJO
pa60TaTh

3TIIX JIaKeTOB, IIoCKolthKY II He:lll1,UeT pasrosop 0 cnocooax JIOBbIllIeHHJl' 6bT.CTPO,UdlcIBIDL H 3<PWeKT.HBHOCIU paGaTbI CJ1y%:6 6e3 OC06blX YCI1JII1i1:

C nanrea
crpee,

6TOpOHbI.

Bsr

y-3HaeTe-.

KaKsacraaars

cepsep

euie

6hI-

MeTanhl, nosaonsionure JIePKQ BbmQJlHHThMaCIllTaQl;!pOBaHJ1:e,CHCTeM,.H cnOC06hl3!1:0}{OMlfHBpeMeHlI, P'J.CTpa__qHB~ei\WrOna J:IaC'TpOHi<ylI 06cJIY)!(u:saHII<:{.

llsy'u-ne

KaK nOnb30BaTbC$l3TOR KHMrOM

B03MO)K}10, C APyroM. Apyra, BM

33XOTHTe

rrporrecrs.sry

KlINry

or

KOp1G1l\O

KopKH,

no-

CKOJIbKY see :H3JlO)KeHHDleBHef.t

Texr

COI!eTM He KOTOPhl M 06P33,OM

CB5I3aHhl )lpyr

He Meli'\:;e, I1X MQ)K_HO paCCi'\-UI.TpHBan,

II He3aBMCI1MQApyr
OlTpe,UeJIeHHhri1

OT

JIOCKOJlbKY

K'3iKllE?IH

cot5, pelJ1eRl:i.lJ

KOHKpeTHoit

coGoi1 3a,!lar.rn:. C3tbit ueJlbJoom·1

COBeT npenerasmer

CnOrro

paccopraposanu

teM;'tM, BhUl:eJIeHHhl1v1 .BOT.n;elThmremaBbJ,

HD u_pn 3:TOM B Tef<:cre CQBerO;B

l1MeiOTl2~ nepexpecrasreccsmxa,
H3 KOTbPbfX
MO;;lK}{O llO'IepITHYTh

a TaK)!(e CChIJlKM na ,Upyrne }1CTO"IHffKH, 60nee nOJIHYID nmpopMaJJ;lliO, Sro He 03-

aa-raer crpororo p~.ueJIeHIDI no TeMaM: CKopee,9TO CJTYJKFITUelH'rM cacreMan-I3a'UHM· CX02KHX, liQE-TO *e BpeMJI He3aB}fCHMbIX MeTOJlOB~ IIpu '-Il'eHHH M02KHO n'cnO.ij.b30BaTh H TIPI11fIUIIT :se6-crp_aHaU: lia4aTb. C T9FO, 'lTe> HHTepecyer B nepBYJO O'I~pe.IT;b,· a06Hap)')K.JfB F;Ie3f{aKOMhfH" MaTeplHIJI, cnenosars no YKa:ml;JHhIM CCbIJIKaM)1}UI IIonyqeIDfJI

60nee nO.llpo6Bott

ltHcPopMaUJ1H.

06p.aTHaRCBfl3..b BGa: HH¢OpMaUlif51, H3JIO)KeHHaH B ,n;aHROl1

06pa30M
KHHre,

6:&ma

T1UfiTeJIhHemn-ll"M

ctJYR.KUllJf

rtponepeua,
Onl1CaBHBIX

O.ll;_HaKO BJIOJrHe MO)KeT oxasarsea, 'ITO nexoropsre 3.lleCb lfficrpYMeHTaJIbHpIX cpencra 6bIID( H3:_MeHeHbJ

22 .1 npenIlCJ10_Blle

(Hnn:)Ke MhlBCe",TaKH ,[tOrryCTIlJIM H(~EOTQPhIe orpexal). rrpOCHM nao eoofimW'fb !ThE< HeTO'IHOcT:>rX, RhI MO)l(eTe

HaM 060. ncex o6Hap),)KeHHhIX'B ,l.'(aHHOH xaare orpexax, TIyraHMue B BliIp<tKeI-IIDlX

CBJI3aThCSI C HaMM no a,upet:y:

onnrfiK'ax, Jm60 06

zrorrymen-

onexarxax,
.

O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 1005 Gravenstein HwyN .. Sebastopol, CA 95472 (BOO) 998-9938 (B CIlIA. If Kaaaae) (707)829-0515 (,l.Il1Jl ncex OCTaJIhHbIX) (707) 829-0104 (<paKC)
TeXHIflIeCKMe sonpocsr
1lH60 KOMMeHTapFfH KaCaTeJIhHO

TeKCTa

KHklTR

orcunanre

no 3JIertpoHHoi1 rroure:
V H!P OpMiil1H

bookquestionsssoreilly.com
.1lo11QJIHHreJIbHYJO 10, xacarotuyroea nOMep~

.1I.amrQa

KRHTll, BKJIIOqasJTeXCThI npi1Mep'OIl If

CllJtcIlli"o:m:'iIarOK,

Bbl M02Kete RaHTll

mi orpHUM.aJThHOMBeo-caRre-

noanpesy:

http·l/www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxsvthatk
EOJIee l1QJIPo6H)'lO HHWOPM-aI1J.fIO
HJ:,IXH3;llaJle..1TbCTBOM

O'Reilly,

MO)lQ-IO HaJ:t"fH

06 3TOH: Ii .n:pymx Kl'IHfax, BbIJIYl.ijeHaa BeQ-caPire KQMnUBHH:

http://www.oreilly.com
XonlTe nOAefll1TbCll 'CBO.I1MI1 npJ.leMaMJ.I? EoI HanJ1CaJil:I COOCTBeHfII,Iit cu;eHapntf,
C5I c

APYB-IMI1? IIpceTHTe nplffia,llJIe)!(aIIll1iH

pa3.JIl1'fHhIX

cRRw;eHlfbn1: orracaaaio

xaxepcxax

KOTOphTh1xorena 6.bI nOJIeJll'l'TbKOMIIaHI-IH O'Reilly catrr, nonpHe,MoB, ITt) a,upecy:

http://hacks.OI:eilly..com
3L(eCb BbI phI

HaHL(eTe pecypcu, cmr33HHhle C TeMoH .DJlHHOHKHl'ii'i1" np.I1Me.,. XUKepCKMX npHeMOB M HOBble xaxepcsore MeTO,llEI, paspa60Tamfbie naH '1l1TaTemIMR. 0 MH<;p0pMaUIIIO

lllMMI<1 llOJlli30BaTeJUI),{H lIy'l}1Th CQBeThl,».

KpOMe T-orq, AOnOJIIDITeJIbHbIX KHMIax

sa

caare

MO)!(J-:IO ITO.,.
,«xaKepCKHe

Fr3 cepEn

npe.llHCJ10Bllle

I, 23

r.nABA 1

CepBep:
COSeTbl

OCHOBbl

NQ1-22

AKl'lfBHa,$l Linux -CMCTeMa npezrerannaer coGan <;JIo2f(Hoe B3a.ffMone.i:IcTBHe armaparnoro 11nporpasonroro o6eCne,QeHM:sI, B KOTOPOM HeBH,uHMbIe ,ueMOH11 BblDOJIH5II:OT pacnopzxeuaa nOJTh30BaTei15f nOj:( HeYChlTIllhIM npaCMOTPOM PYKOBOJIJITeJHi ~ JI,Upa Liriux, ' OHa M{})KeT GhTTb HaCTpQeHa aa BbUlOJl,HeH1:Ie CftMhIX pa:moo6pa3HhIX sa,Ua1:J. Ia rrepCOHaJlhHOM F j(OMTIbIQTepe_ q-OJfbLUa5l <raCTb'BpeMeHkI Linux rpaTMTCli na ynpaBJ1el:!J{y rpaq:n-f"IeCKlIM HRTep,cpenCOM - npopHCOBJ(ol1 OKOH H peaTHPC)BaHHeM Ha.~Ka:>K.lloeJl:ejifcTBfJ;eHJlJ1 KoMHH,Uy rrOJIh3QB-aTeJI{J. Taxas cl{cteMa ,llOJI*-lia 6:nlThOqeUb m6iJ(Q'll (n 3aHHMa'reJIbHofi)., B KOTbpoctl Ba)Kflee, scero '6hICTpOTa'pearn-p()Bamur H HHTepiiK'fHBHOCTb. C npyrofi CTOPOHb1,cepnep n 0:[[. ynpaBJTem-ieM Linux, KaK npaann 0, ripenHa3Ha-ge-H JIflJI BbffiOJIReHl:lJI He6oJThlIIOrO <mOJIa sa,n;-a'l', cB5:m~n-lFlliIX. rrepec

Mem,eHHeM HHr:POPM'3W1H ITO cera c M<J;KCHMa.JlbHPiii: CKOpOCI11O. BCM WJ~ F[a~TOJI-bHOpt CHC1'eMbI Heo6xoJl;I1Mo Hmrn'll1eKpaCQ'lHbIX xp<lI-ll1'reneti: 9xpana If 4?YHKUI10FlaJIbHOCTI1 _rpar:PJfl-Iecxoro MHTep¢e,ttca nOJIb3DBaTe:JIH" 1'9 YCTI'eJiIHhtM cepseposr Linux MO)!(HO ttII1taTJ> enCTeMY, npenccraanarouryro lIotTYJ] K HH<pbpM3U}:lI1: H3CTbJibKa OblCTPO If 9l;j,1cjJeKTlmaO, HaCI(OJIhKO :5rTO
B03MO)KHO.
HnocraB.IDlTb m-I60

ina, narrpnxep nepes

TaKoH cepsep ,IlOJDKel-I ,lJ,66bIB3Tb HHr:PdpMaU:vno Fr3 XpaHl1mfr:PaID-rOBOH dHCTeMbI, 6a:;rbI ,UaHHbTx i1.JIH npyroro lviecn cern, ee TeM, KTO B HeR HYJ'I<,UaeTC51., 6Y,llb TO rrOJIb30BaTeJ!b" _110.1;1;•
K

KJIJ01l]1BlllHMC51 nopr

seti-cepuepy nna zrpyroro.cepneoa.

pap'OTaJOlllJ1t1:

C 060JIQ'IKOfi

JIOKaJIEHO

B raKIDI. 060TO~ITeJlbCTBaXCl1CTeMHbrn a,JJJ\-n-tHllbTparop npe,llCTaBJI5IeTC)I KeM-To Me)lQiy 6b)KecTBoM 11npB:CJIY)KHllKOM. B KOHe'llIOJvI ci:Ie'Ie, eI'opa6bra CBOlU-ITca K ofiecnevemtro ,Uoctyna i< CHCTeMHbIM pecypcau HaCTOJIbKO
o!:.ICTpO R 6eCrrpHCTpaOTHO, HacKOJIbKO 3to "Boo6rn,e raiose B03MO}KHO.

B era

sana-

rrn: sxomrr
uraecs

}/MeHYre rrpoexraposars
cymecTBYIOrn,11X

HOBbH~ cncreusr,

HHofpa

aCHoKblBaIDHaMeKa tra

Ha)')Ke

pemermsx.a

TaJIalJ:T

ftTeprreHRerrpfI-

6HpaTb3a mo.[(bMH, J.iCITOJIh3YJQll..(HMi1 CHcTeM)' 6e3 MaTleillirero ITOHHMaHHe KOHuerrUHM «ynpaaneaas pecypoaMl1».

2.4

Hoe 3'f!1 3@a'lliivro)(llio nepeiIOfKllTI> aa !T]le':fl1 KOMJIl,]OTepa. Do1t&3oJ3ate:ru. pa6my Ci{CTeMHqro aJJ;NIJImMc'rpaTQpa 3q)(:pe~:niBRofi, eCJfH rrero pacnop5QKemrn lifMeID'IiCR see cpeacrsa, Heo6xQIlJfMhIe,IJ;JJSf BbrrtO.rllH!HF.IJIpa80TEL
Q'llITaeT qm6hI .n;06ff'fbCJi

.BonJIOmeIUfJt:

:3Tott,

3ByqalUe:i1

HerrpaB,Il;OIIO;J;66HO,

3a,n;a<J11,.

CMCTeMHbma'[J;MJIHHCTpaTop;J;OJDKeH n0JTh30BaTeJUl]if

)'J'I4"eTb ITpe,£(yta.n;bmaTb

rroTpe6ROCTl1 CHCTyMbJ nOll: 3a;J;aq 11

Hay:rn:T.E;C9[8cPcPeIG'Himo HcrroJlli3o!Ban. IDvIeiOmMeC5f pecypcu,

rrcenaxosorrecs. co

Bnanane BM

crrocofiaxra
TOJlbKO

OIITHM1f3aul1.B

yrrpaaneanex Linux .ILIDI BbIIIOJIHeHl191 .n;oTBparu;eIDl5l rparsr rrpo ueccopsnax

npMMeph~ 06CJJ)GlKMBaHlfIO HBOCf(0lffi30aaTbC1J

J-feo5X9.rurMI>1X
S3.llnlffi

rrpe-

1{MKJI OR BX:OJIOCTYlO.·

TI plme;ueHR~le
@;6~
KO003-

IIOKIDICYT, KftK B('j'3,llO)KHTb ira CHcreMY ee cF:pLlTbIMH

ITO co.6cTBeHHQMY (B'IaC1'tH)CTH, TeXHOJIOnrn.,

JIerqe}fll}[ p-a6oTbI. Hexoropue paaaensr .n;aHHol1 rnasu MaH.mmaerpoxa H yrrpaeneaae pecypcatnr) orracsraaror
BOJUliOIll1Ie cnocobsr

B03Mo)j(HoCUIMMWBl.

aoccosaan,
nosmuenns

06IJ.zylO KapTl1HY HCrrOJIh30BaHM>I npOJ.:l'3BOJUiTe;ra,HoGTM. 3HaJ(OMGTBO

CHCTeMhf 11 Hattm C CHCTeMOi1

CJIen.YIDlll.)1e paanensr rtpenrtonaratoreaure

Me,}lM
KOTOpOH i3bI cooJfpae:recb pa60Te

B qaCTHOCTIi, B~;D;OJDKH:&I 6;rra,uaHlllOnpamuvm: nomeosarens 0

3KCrrepIUvfeHTHpOBaTb, CTBOBaTb

root aa cnere-

Li:nuX.

if KOMcPOPTHO'IYB-

KOMaHAHol1 Cl'pOKH.K_poMe TOTe, 'Heo6XO,IJ;J>IMO xopomo 3KaTE> cern Ii CmH.llapTHoe cerence o6opynmmHlIe. Xo1'51: 3JIO)f(eHHbIe R B niuil·rotl: KHlIre TIpMe}.H.I nocrarcsxo I1HcPopMaT~mHbI, l1X BPJr.n;1TH MO)KHO H33BaTb BBeLI,eHHeM B a,nM1lHHCTpM.ponaHMe· cl1CTeM IIO.n;ynpaBJIeID[eM OC Linux, qTQ6bl Donee ,1l;eTaJIbHO pa:;m6pau,cH B sonpqcax, CEJInpM C 060JIO'-IKOH 3aHHbIX c TeXHOJIOnUiMI1 ~Ll11HICTpHp0J3aHl'I5I,

ce6JI

peKOMeH.llyeM o6paTHTl>CJ.I

Guide» "-«Essential System Administration», B:brnyweHHbIM H3;!laTeJ1b:CTBOM O'Reilly & ASSociates. Bee COBeThlB 3T0}1 rnase trpymIHpOBaH:bI B.IDITb 6J!oKo'B: BpeM5l3arpY3:-KH, KOMaH,lJiHa5i crpoxa, 3BToMaT1l3aUIDI, ynpalmeffiIe pecypoasnr, traerpomca anpa:
Bpe-M[l3aepy3lCl{
• «OmKilJOlf:efille HeUCnOJ1 b3ye.Mba

K KHlftaM «Lirrux Network

Administrator's

c.aYj/c6» [COBer N~11;

iniu [CoBer N~41.

• «Om/MI3 om nOalfJUiJ!1eitu5I " fCO/tCOJU,I-f> [GoBer N~·21;

• «Hautionee pacnpoempauenuue napoMeihpbl. sa;;pysKw> [CoBer Nn 3];

• «Cosdauue
nOCmOJlHllO pa6omalOUJ,e,:;_o iJe.MOHG c nOMoUJ,blO KOMaHiJHQR cmposa • «1'1

>&m:

nepeHanpa8JlellUe OUIU601(»-

emaniiapmnux

8blXOiJHblX

iJaHl-ibIX

cman-

(lapmHblx

[CoBeT N~5];

• « Cocm a ene« ue .eJlOJ)CH;bIXKOiyltlHQf/.blX CI11POK» [CoBer N~61; • «Pa6oft1l1 ctjJaU/1,(jJf-!.u npu nQMOUJ,u y'muilu!nbl xargs» [CaBer N2 7]; • «HeU3Me'H:fleMble ¢ai:iJJbl eextl/ext2» [CaBer Ng8]; • «Ycj(.ope1-(ue«oununnuuu» [Coser N~ 9].
Fnasa 1. CepBep: otHDBbl

I 2.5

AemoMtifftuSilWl.Jl ~ -«Ka/( JJ.Y6cfti'8of?timb te651 1(OMq;opmHo /3 0601l()I{Ke kOMllHQ1fQ,i/.cmp01(Jui). [COBeT Ng 101; • elloua« u yiJirAefllie tjJdiJA06c ycmasoenennuuu 6UmliMu s);tuid/sergiiP [CoBeT Ng 111; . . . • «3acmaeuM npoepauuy suda pa66mamb nenoxeaoan PJ!K»' [CoBeT Ng 12]; • '«ilpuMefwHlIe ymu.nun1b1 Makejiie OJ/Jlaemouamusauuu saba« a(}MuHucmpamopa» [CoseT Nq131; e- <dlqiJ6op soeoeo iJoMeHl-t()aOUMeHU» (COBer Ng 141 Ynpa6JJimue pecypccrMu • «Ox()ma ua nOJlcupameJleUilUC1W60ao npoCmpOHCfri8tJ».[GoBer Ng151; e «P03IJIl€'leflUJU:/proO) [GoBer Ng16]; . e «Onepupoem-lUe-CUM6011bHbtMU UMeHaMu npoueccoe eproeps» [COBer N~171; e «Paenpeiienenue cuemeuuux peCy_PC08 Me"l/Ca~omiJeilb1i ~IMU npoueecauu» [Coser Ng181; • «Yi)cmeHue 'X80Cm:08" sa 6bI8lj,JUMU (iOA,b308ameJljl,Mu» {COBe'T N.g19].

HiICmpoiixGJliJpa
• «YaaYli3Hue HeUCnOJlb3yeMbtX iJpaiieep06 U3JlOpa cuameuus e «/fcnOJl'b308QHUe6oJlbUUIX 06oeM08~ 03.Y»< [GoBer N~ 21]; e ehdparm: mOHICOJlnacmpoiuca napaMempo8IDE-ycmpoucme» [COBeT Ng 20); [CoBer

Ng 221.

ceDET

OTKfllO'feHllle HeJllcnonb3yeMblX cnYJK6

(HacTpoHTe, cepBep AnllltCnOflb300aHltll TonbKO Heo6XOAIIMblX cny)Ko)

N!!1

YCTaIiomm

OnpeAeJIeHH1Ie

cepsepa rronpasysaeaaer c03AaHHe cHcteMhI, ti1inoJl1unoru;e}l: <PYI-II(IJ,11H CMaKCKMan1HO B03MO)l(HOH CKOpOGThlO IT s¢-

$eKTHBHoCThJO.
K BHYIpeHHI1M,.

Xora

BHellIHHe

cnY)!('8hl

He HMeJOT I;UfKHKqro

oraomeaxs

OHM Moryl: IIQTpe6JJllTh pecypcsr

CO:_3,1J;aB.aT.bUpJIHeitIUY10

Yct3H8BJIHBaa cepsep, Heo6xo,IJ;IfMGi nOCTOHHHO cnpatrncsan, ce6$I:. 'ITO .uoJDKHa AeJIaTh AaHiia.1I cHcTeMa? .J_J;e'ifcTBHTelIbHO Heo6xo;UI1MO HaJfH'llle JIH CJIY)K6hI FTP aa seti-cepaepe? HY*Ha JIM CJI~6a NFS (ceresojt cpaiiTroBo1l:
CHCTeMbI) H3

oannvro c OCHOBHhIMH

HB HeKO!OpbIX CJIyqa5IX Hepa3:6ep:M)W B pa6o:r~CJIy%6, aGcOJI-IQTliO He c)m~ 06g3HHHOCTJIMn cepsepa.

Mble

pecypcsr?

DNS-cepllepe,eC)UI He sxcnoprapyiorea H)'2KHa JID CJI)?KOaaBTQMaTWIeCKor()

liHNOlKMe

paaaenae-

nO;:(I<JllO'qeHi1".>i TOMOB

(automount),

eCJIH nee 'lG.Ma YCTaHaBJIHBaJOTC»" C'l'aIWIecrn?

tITQQhl Bl>lIICHMTh, Krurn:e W)'HKI1.HI1 B'bmOJIHlIe:r BaJ_I]eepsep, npocroaanyCTHr-eKOMaH;:ryps ax. ECJIH B.u.aH,Hbltt MQMeJU E: CJigreMe.1fHK'TO l1e-n0.IJ:.KJl!d"-Ie-H, 1'0 pe3YJIbTaTOM BblTIO)JHe:HJ:UJ:.KOMaHAhl GY)l.eT crmcox aKTHI}HbIX npoLleccOB BCli)'CTeMe B Te:[{Ylil;i1tt MOMeH'F :speMem'l;. MO)K}IO ITpOCMOTpeTh

26 I rnaB!! 1...CBpBep.: OCHO.Bbl

tUBeT

N~ ,1.

OJKJlIO~e.Kl!e lIeHCnQnb3yeMbiX

cn'lJ'l{6 I}0;1l-

CIlliCOK nporp?cMM,
lqllt)qt~lnfi:t,c

JIlI5I KQTbp:&IX .ue.MOH inetd pff3pl}llIaeT. Yc:raHOBKY

grep -v "#/att/inetd ..conf nn6b (sro 6JIFbK'e; K 1'eMe) .i(01.{aH,UbI netstat -lp.. IIe.pBaH. KOMaH,lla B:QIBe,ueT 3KpaHBee neaana KOMMeflTI1pOBaHHhle C1POKlf <l;!aillIa inetd.conf, rorna K3K llTOPaR KOMaa;n;a, 3an~eHHl:HI C IJpaaaMH n0JIb30BaTeJlH root, BblBe.ue't nHcpopMau;mono Belm nopra», miXO,DJlmflM.C5I B pe)J{ilMengoCJFy'IIDIBamUI. B H)J;eane MO)({HO CBeCllM o6'bejl,.f I-fH¢OpMaumr, BhIBO,ll;HMOH KOMaHJ;l;OH psax, K O,UHOi1:'-crpam1Ue:H Me .. aee, sanperan cepaepu c BeTBJIeH:IDIMJ1, TaId1e KaK httpd.
IlOMOll(hlOK'OMaHll:1>I

Hnxe

llPHBQ,UHTC5I

CIll1COK

06me113BeCTHl5IX

CJ1}'2K6, BKJ1109ae'MQIX

no

YMQJ1Qal-U11O BO-MHOI':ne

,llliCTpH6ynfBbl:

portmap, rpc.mountd, rpe.nfsd

,CJIY)lt6hl (NFS), 3arrycacresse cepsep NFS? Tpeoyerc» JIM nO,lU<JIIQ'Iemfe Y.1l:a.n:eHHblXp2i3.ueJT5IeMhlX pecypcon NFS? Ecnn HeT orseraena» XOTH 6bI

meR

,HBJIH.lQTC5I <IaCTblO ·C.eTeBoH Q_:iaitJIOBOR CBCTeMbi

BaIneR

JIH

aa

na alum HS srax norrpocon, TO BbIIIIeynoMflHyrhle CJlY)KOH He JIY)KtiR OCBOQO):{MTe 31lHHMae"MhIe l1MH pecypcsr 11 J130aa.oTe ce05I or rroreanaaJIl?HbIX yrpos BallIeit 6e30naeHOCTH.

smbd wnmbd
3TH ,lIeMUHbl }i'Me:lOT ornomeuae K cepnepy Samba. H)")KHO JlH sxcnopTHpoBaTb pasJ(eiI5feMbIe pecypcsrteroxa cepsepasrx oooow:emLit (SMB) aWindows-cacresrsr IDIl1 na JJ;pyrne KOMTIbI01'eP!>I? ECIIn «(He'J1», Tor,ua MO)I{HO OTKJIlO~I11Tb 3TH

npoueccu.

automount
.IOUI' aBTbMaTH':l:e'cKOjj" YQTaHoBl:Gi ¢a11JlOBbIXCwcTeM npeno.llptnm no rpecosaaaro K JJOKaJI1>HbfM m:r60 C'eTeBbIMqHlj;j:JTODhlM CHCTeMaM, He Tpe6y5I np"aBTIOJIb30aaTeJrH. root. ('[:lyHKuM3i y,UoEiH8: Fra 1<)111eHTCKMX'CHc-reMax" B kCiTOPblX nomconaremo HeoEixo}l,mvl .uocryn K cMeHH.hIM HOCl1Ten,slM HHg:>0PMaUl1H (CD Hnl1 ,[lHCKeThl) J11:1'60 ceressrx pecypcaa, B TO )!<:;e BpeMH 1:I:a cepnepe, BbI,lI;eJIeJ-UiOM )lJIf1_ BhlrrO}lHeHI15I _F;mmpe;rHbIX aanas, JlaHH;afl CJIY-1K5'aaqcOJIIOTH0Re H)?K_Ha, E.c;JIU G,l1:CTt;:Ma He npenocraanaer ICOHC0JIbHbiH .)J:O¢JYn l-f He 1fcnOJlh3yeT cerensre pas,tteJmeMhle pecypci», O-TlOlib'llITe cny)K6y automount H3a,n;ai1Te YCTaHOBKY Bcex Heo6xo;m-1M'bIX ¢a:i1JroBbIX CHcTeM CTaTH'Y'eCK11~ B cj:mHJle !etclfsUib,
IIporpaMMa CmBJUIer

naMed ,lJ;mI BbmOJIHeHIDI paspeurerms

CereBbIXHMeH
IJpeJJ:Ha3HaQeIiPI

poeK!etc!reso!v,con!w
6a,llOMeHHhI:X

<pafuI

HaCTCJIy,.lK-

6M6JiM,OTeKl1 npHB513101. ECJ1H Bl:lM He 1J)e6yerc5l

HMe-H )1)])1 06CJIY)1CRB@HHfI.upyrj'DCKOMIIhID:re_PQB

M He 3arrYJJJ;eH

cepnep

Ki;lIlIllpOBaHIDI

DNS

(eM.

«HacmpolJx(J ssuiupoeauus. DNS c npaea»

Ng 78]) ,CJzy)l{6a
nallledHe

MU O.llJl.IJOKWI"!:>Hb/x OOMel106~

[COBer

lI)l.)IP:Ia..

rnaEla 1.CepBep: OC.HDBb.1

I 21

coset

N!! 1. O:nUlIO'leHMe' Hellcno,llb3yeMI>I,X

CIl\f)j(6

lpd
IJe:qaTaeTe Jill :Bbl KOTJ1'ac"H146YJll> onoMoII{blO
}leYRO, TaK<tSIBep051THOcTbcyw;ecTByeT,eOJlli

)J;aHHQro KOMUblOTepa?

Ko-

C rrQMQlUhlO 9TOro cepnepa

ocyrueCTB)Hre'rCH HaB:fITaUM5I no cern Hl-lTepHer.,o;llHaJ(O B JUQ60MCJ:lyqae rro,Uo6HaH Cl1:CT¢MaHe )lQJI)B<H3 npR'IDIMaTI,3,anpOCDl rra rresars. Y,Uwurre
)leMOH

neQaTI1,

ecna uertnaimpyerea

ero

IIqIfo~ciBaTJ:"

finetd
ECJIlI HCnoJIh3yeTcH GJI)')K6a TOJlbKO 58h, sarrymennasr B m:iTOliOMHOM

pe2KlU\1e,

JUl:60 BhI pa6.Q,TaeTe

C aBTOHOMHb!M:!i JI1160

Apache,

BIND, MySQL

ProFTPD)

rrporpaMMaMW (nnrnMH KaK - HarIH'lMe inetd M3JlI:1IllHe ..

;1iUJYGKKaiQiX 'CJIYlK63q;Jlafl llpH IIOMQllI,M KoM3,H)l!>I qrep -v -etc/ihetd.conf. Ecnn Me CJl~bI .'3aKQMMeHTIl.pb'BaHbI, rorna 3al{eM 'BO~ oome aarryczart • .!l,'eMOlia? Y.urullue ero H3 rrepei.:ilHl. 8:BT03arpy31<ll: U3 CIl.~ CTeMHhlx pecypcon (rc) JUf60 c riOMOUJ;biO rrpOC'TOH' KOMaH,1lbI chmod -x

Ilponepsre,

/usr/sbin/in.etd).

'

telnet, Hagin! rexec.ftp

TeMaM,

i.I>YHl<U,HlI 9T:HX cJI)r:)!{6, CB.lI3aHlihle c Y.1larre~IM nO.1lKJIJOlfeHl1eM K CHCY;!larreHHbIM BbIIIciJIH~}:IlleM rrperpauxnoro KO,UaI;!' IIepeJlaq~R <pafuros; ceronna B3~Jii:l na ce651 liX aaanora: 'CJIYX5bI 5s11Il. ssp, 06JIa;ua~ fOUJ;He 60nee I116KMlviH B03MOJKHOCT.lIMJf 'if 3aIIUIToi1 C nOMoriJ,bio lillICPPO~ nam15r.Ecml HeT;ttoC'i:aTO'IHO BecIG!X OCHOB3HI1l1, 4T06bl ocraBMT'b BbI~ llleynOM:lIHYThle Heo6X9JlHl,{QCTl:!'
CJI)')K6pI, 2KeJIareJrbHo

ynaJll1Th

J1X 113 Cl1'CTeM·I>I ..

Upn

rrOmrep2K.KH nO.!l,/<1IIOl[eH:I1H nocrronssyrtreet, Ttp IlQrrOJJ~ HlITeJ1MihlM MOJlY.JIeM mod_:sql ,!I)LH proftpd (OM. pa3;.[\eJI «J1cnOJlb30661Hl.(e proftpd c uCmO}1HUK&M aymeHfnurpUICOliuu;inysq[,> [COBer NQ BS]),

finger,comsat, chargen, echo, identd

ilpHMeHeHHe,
}fa OTKpbITOrQ

OJI)'*:o HQ

finger H cornsat .RBJIHJrOCh OIJpail,[(aRHbIM BO apexexorna

HHTepHe'fa"

rrOJIb30BaTeJlli

6blJII:!

'lpe3Bbf'!aihro

JIlO~

6,OllblTHbIMH)

B nama

.n;RH

rrpH3TOM, B OCHOBHOM, ID1eJIlf HaJIl1TiHH rrporpaMM,JlJIH c;a::pblToro

xoponrae

HaMepeHH?I:

CK'aHHpOB3HIDl

rrqpTQB

H YAaJI;eHHOfQ HchOJTh30BamI5I 'OUIufioK :nepeIl0J1HeHI151: 6,y¢epa, ;3arrYC1{ B'lleml!UX cn]')l(6, npMOCTi:lBJlffioIl:i;MX llRcpop'MaURlO 0 cepsepe, np1fHHTO C'lliTaTb IWOXf)ii H,Ueett: ITOpTbI,. RCI1QJll,3yellil>le c_rry)K6aMH chargen H echo, npJ!lMemieMbte Kdrn;a~To WUlTecTHpOBaHH5.1 pa6oTOcnoco6HocTHcern, Teilepb .IfB.IDIlOTC)l CJIIDIIKOM rrpHB.Ji:eK3TeJIbHblmr )1,JiH: aeceaxmroaapoBaHRoro
M,Ha:KoHen,

acncnsaosaaaa
cJIY)K6a

identd,

cepsepa. KOTopaH

xorna-ro

£IBJIMaCl>

BruKHhThf 11snacep-

"Im.tDTM I:1CTO'-IHHKOM HHJPOpMawm

0 IlQJllUIlOq·eHRl>lX IIOJIb30BaTemr

K yt:\aJIeHRbIlV( H

BepaM rrOJIli.30BaTeJUIX.
AJI51 3KCITJryaT3UflH

K necaacrsro,

B HamH ,UHll npOrpa.MMHOrO xona

nplfBH.lXeTl1fi

root

pacneocrpaaemer

28

Inaaa 1 .. Cepeoep:

OCHOBbl

C(llleTN~ 2. OTKas nr n(l.tl":.rH<J~eHIlIf.K kIJHC(lffll

HaCTOJIbHhrX

id en td,

CHCTeM non

yrrpaBlIeHJ,IeM

Linnx

YCTaHOBJIeHHaa

cJlY)l(6a

06 blY.HO D;31OIUa$:(JI.o)K}fyJOID-iQ;l0PM:iU,ID6a

nO,l'l.'RJIIOy.eH'H srx

K Clit-

CTeMe'llOJIb30BaTe)]5IX, Bcipe'IaeTC5I TaJ( sacro, qTO 60Jli,illMHCTBO Be:5,caRToB rrpoero HfHOPHPyJo'i' 81y JfHcpbpMaIJ,lIlo. A nOCKOJIhKY CJIyYKua

identd rrepecranatisrrs
MaWlM, 3aqeM

3f1CJI}')k_MBaIOlUI1M

;uoBepIDf

l'IC1'0'UlliK0M

J1Ji!:j;lop-

BOOOJlle ee BIOnOl:IaTb? ffeHCnOJll,3yeMnIX CJI}0i<6 UeOOX0)l;HMO BH<l,"IaJIe aasep-

amI DTKJIIOQeHl151

urars ux papory:

KOMaH.LJ;bl aervice stop B nanke/eYe/rt. d/init. d nyreM yuarreBi'fJl, l;lX H3cpaMlI,a /etc/i netd. conf JU100 YHl{Q'TO)!(3111:lX BPY'1.1HY10 koMafUI;QH kill. Y,!l;aJIiue 3aIUl:cH'0 cll)0K6ax J13 <paMllOB /ettJ,/fc.d/*; "IT@Dbl ol--iJ1:He 3anYCKamICb BO' .speM5ICJleLJ;yromeJi: sarpysxa. I1a6arnmllLl1cb 01 scex H~brx CJIYJKO, nepesarpysare cueresry il nposepsre Ta6:rmuy axIIpJ;i ITOMOIrlI1

THBHblX IIp0l\.eCCOB eme pas. ECllM He.JII)351 .OOMT.fl.Cb. 33nYC\Ka na Barne}1 CI1CTeM~H!<~3aru"uu:eHHoIX O oe3 c/ly21C6, BOCllQJlb\3YHTe;Cb ynaKOBlIrl1KaMM tcp JJH60 JlOKaJll>HbIM 6pa}I.nMay3~-

pOM M51 Il'p'e,L(oc0faBJIemlH nocryna

B'HTeJThHQB
HeM H)0K.n,aJOTG5!.

ToJt1Ko

T¢M KJl..HeHTaM,

KOTOpbJe .lletieT-

,llonOJlHI1TeJlbH aft I1HcjmpMallltR: • «CQ3QaHUe6paHaMaY3pa [COBeT NQ 45J; [CoseT NQ 78];.

• 41cnoJlb30eaHue
U3KOJlWHiJHPU cmpoKu 11106020

cepaepa,>

• «YC11l.tlflOSi<tt K3Ulup06aHUJl_DNS

c npaeaMti

JiOfCClJl6lfbiX im:M.eH06»

projtpd

UPiiO'IJ-IUKOM 4yriJeHmurjJU1Wu,Uu mysql»

[CoseT NQ 85].

COBET

OTKa3 or nOAKnJO'leHIti1 K KOHCOmt

(J:Iocryn K KOMnblorepy 6e3 napollJ'lj

N!i!2

OLJ;Ha'lKnbI sro QOJI3areJ[hHO CJlYQHTcJl - BaM rrOHa)lOOHTCJI nopatioren, na KOMlIbI0Tepe BMec'to .upyra liJU1 KJIl1eHTa;. CMeHl1:BlUerO napom, 1l0J[b30Bare)1:5I root, na KOTOpOM y aac oreyrcrsyer co6tTBeH}Ja5l )"-IeTH3r,H 3aTIWCb.
ECJIM I1MeeTC5I ,uocryU1<KOHCOJU1:l1 KOMilblOTep He rrepeaarpyxancs, .rry.JIllHM peureaaen HBIDIeTC>rsarpysxa CI1CTeMj;,I B OLOIOllOllh30B3TeJThOKOM pe")l{ftMe.. 06'QIQHO nocne Ha)[{aTl-HI l(JWB~nu Ctrl-Alt-Del Hep6xoE,;I1MO.uO)KLJ;a'TbC~OKqWlaIUlll TeCTHpO-BaHM:5I POST, Qm6bI nepenari, napasrerp single .B .lInpo sarpY31QI. Hanpnxep, B npHrJIaWeHF,t11 KOll'taH,ll;HO}'l CTpOKH LILO 31'0 6y;ueT BbII'.Jlil;l:eTb KaK:

ULQ:Unux single

rnaB3 1 • CepBep: Q&HOBbl I 29

eooer Pezy;rffiTaT -

t{g

i. Onal

OT nOAKmO~eHIt" I{ KOHeanlt

6J[arorro;zyqHoe rronanaaae B OOOJIO'IKYITOID>30naTe.IDI oot. r Hfl HeKOTopMX CI,fCTeMax,. HatrpHMep Redl-lat, B03MO)KH'O nonyaeHHe cnenytomero IIpe,IJYIIpe)!Q:(eJ;l1.'I5I:
O,IU-IaKO

r nOflb:>01JaTehjt toot Il.1l!t r 3J:Aal1Te tlap:onb Ctrl-D WHt rrpoAonmEm:WR

mt60 Ha}t{MI1Te

Give root p:assi"toi'tl for maintenance or type Control-D for normal startup

1JblTIOnJ:{eltl<tR06cJlll}tm.1JaRI1R o6bNH0i1 3arpy:iKl-t M3BecT~H,

ECJI.lif Ohl
J[OObI.

rrapOJIh nOJIh30Balerr51 root OhIrr

CTpOKH _,LutiInO.JIh'30MTeJHl

npn5.ne:Mbr.He :6LI-

Hprr YC]fOBFHI onpertenenrroro neaemrs, cu;eHapw'i1 iUB1:ll,i4arm3aI.1}UI (init) paaperunr BaMHa)KaTh AC na )laHHOM srane H nonacrs B rtpnrnaureHHe KOMaH)J:HOM
60JIbIIII1fICTBO

root.

Omtaxo

IIO)J;aBJHllOIUee

npoueeccs

init

«YMHee;»,

H B flMX

ocyrn;eCT.BJIJIeT051

nepe-

XBaT H~aTIUI3To.H KO'M6HHa~HH. taK)leifcTBOBaTbB 1'aKOM cnysae? Pa3YMe.eTC5I, BCema MO)fcHO 3arpY3:FlThC5I C .QftCI(a aBaplfM:H.orO BOCCTaHOBnemflI

If C6pOCHTh rtapons, O)J:RaKQ, rrpe)J:tIQJ1O)KJiM, PYKOH JI.R60 B KOMJIhlOTepe ol'CYTcTByeT Cfr-rrpaaozr, qae enre.ae see nOTe.p5HfO! Haoepare B nparnamernrn
Kl'i

'qTQ ,Ua)[e

'era trer non B .9ToMcny-

KOMaHJJ;HoH

crpo-

LILO:
LILO: linux i'n1t=/binjbash

3Ta K0Maa,ua BMe0rq 3anYCKa IIpO£{eCCa AbinjiniJ H nepexona K BhlITO]Juemno 06bP!HhIX npouenyp U3 /etc/rc_d/*33cTaBIDIeT ,7IJlPOorpaHH'Ii1Thi:;5I

pcmej;i"
K

npe)J.ocTaMeHHeM)loCT)'na HMKaJi;:liX nposepox

kdoonOqKe,

KOM3H.llHOfi KOMaH.D:HOH

erpoxa ..HHKaKi1X

rra-

q:farn-rOBOHCHCTeMl>I, HB TO)fce BpeMJI DhIc1jJoe

C'I'pOKH

rrOJlyqtmUe

M1f nOJIh30BaTeIDI

,rroc:rymi K nparnaureumo root (n09To!'<'y HeIlh3H

C nOJlHOMO'HUl-

CO.(KaJIeHHlO,

q>aHnOBa5I CMGTeMa nOJIh30B3Te)J7I

HM np013epHTh ~e,

root 6y,o;eT ,Uoc1}'1THa

TOJIbKO j,\JJ5I 'ITeRi'Hl

Hl1 nep:eycTaHQIq1Th

B xaneerae ,[lQcTYITHofi ,IJ\JHI 'UeHH5I/3arrMCH,). KpaMerOTO, Hellb;llJ pa501a'th C oersro, a B cncreve He 6Y)J:eT sarrymen uU O)lID{ H3'o6hI'-lHNX cl1'<':TeMr-U,IX MO,UyJIefi. Btl': [ITO MO)KHO CA¢Jrath c 91'RM npJ1TJIanreHffeM KOMaH,UHOH crpoxa -3TO cGPubHThTIapOflb IniGo HaCTpOMTb-O,UI1H - ;[(Sa¢ai1JI1L Ho rJIaB~ Hoe: He HaJKHMaM:Te.'AD MHe Ha6HjJai1Te Exit, rrOCKOJThK)' 13 310M cnyqae

obonosxa

KOMaH,uHoi1 CTPOKH ft CJiCTeMHoe Mpo penrar, 'ITO BJi,IXOTHTe BOoGrue BLIMTH as QIIepaUHOHH0H CliLcteJ\1b[ Linux, Kill<)Ke pafiorarr, c ¢afiJIqB01'l:cn:creuo.ri B cUTyainrn, xorna OHa }lBJU{eTC7I.n:ocrynBQ.H TQJIhKO )lJUI '1TeITorrpo6yitTy
-0

HUH?

CJ1e)lYIDuzyJO Is:0jl,{aH.llY:

1/ mount
B Ka<rec'tBe

remount.rw /
I;rbIIIOJIHe:r-rIDI craner

Pe3YllbTaTOM'ee:
M'aH.ll\Oftpasswd
nns

yetaHOl3Ka

cf?afmoIl0'H

cMdTe,MhI

Toot
KO~

.li;0CTYrtHOM JJ:JI5I"lTemrn

11 sarDlCJ1 . .il:anee TIOJIh3oBa:Temi

BCicITOJ1b3yi1Tec1:. WOfH;eCJlH

MSMeire.HIfJ! napons

npensr-

30 I riiaBa 1. Gep·Bop.:IJCHOBhl

Gooer N~ 3. Hall6oneepacnpli.crpaHeHHble

nap.3MeTpbl 3arpY3KH

p;yulII~

.61>1orrtre

a.L\MFIH:HCTpa-rOp yrepan rrapons, 116A)'Ma:iiTe; '!CaK Cp;eJTaTb TaK, 'ITQIIOTepSIJI ero B ,n;aJI:OHe~meM. ITocJIe c6poca DapOJUI HE llEPE3AfPY)l(Af[TE KOMIlbIOTEP. IIoCKOJIbKYB 3TO BpeMH HlfKaKoH cneaapan init He aarryrnen, fiecorracao 3a-

nepnnrn. pa60TY cacrexrsr ae y.n,acTC$I. CaMhrH OhICTpbIM:cnocofi 6e30nacHoro3aBeprueHH5l paGoTbJ KOMnbIOTepa3aKJ11OlJ:aeTC5I B nOBTopHOH
YCIftHOBKecpaRJIOBOR CllCTeMhI:

# mount

-0

remount,ro j
cHcTeMY C ,UOCT)'JIOMTOJIbKO ,lJ)UIllTemUI, HIDKMlif-

YctaHoBliIB<paitJIOByro cryrnrre K peaJIhHoit

re xa KHOIIKY Reset, nepeti.l(HTe BOp;HOrrOJIl>30BaTeJIbCkHR pe)l(f[ly{M rrpapariore.

Ii

COBET

HaM60nee pacnpOCTpaHBHHble napaMBTpbl 3arpY3Kl1

(1r13MeHeHl!e

Ng3

napaaerpoa

IIApa BO BpeMIi 3arpV3KI!)

Kat rrOKa3;;tHO B paaaene «DmtU13 om

nOdK.l1lO'leHUJl

3a,ttaHMenapaaerpon
osepem.

anpa

iI nparnamemra

K KOHCOJtUl> [CoBeT N~ 21,. KOMaH.n;Hot:i: CTpOIQi LILa rr03BO-

naer MeIDlTb rtporpasory,

ll3MeHeHHe

sarrycxaesryro B xozreaarpysxa CHCTeMbl B nepB)'Kl cueaapns init c IIOMOlIlbIO KOMaH,llbI init=jbinjbp.sh -

3TO nann, OAMa 113MHQ)KeCTBa nOJIe3HbIX OnUH.H, xoropaa MO)l(eT sanaaarsca BO BpeM5I 3arpy.3I01. Hanfiorree qaCTO HCnOJU,3yeMble rrapasrerpsr sarpyaKMTaKOB!>I:

single
IIo3BolIHeT BbITIOJIHat1 3ariW3KY 13o,uHonO]Th30BareJIbCKOM pe)!(]i[Me.

root=
lf3MeIDIeTycTPotkTBO, YCTaHOBJreHHOe B KalJeCTBe

j. Harrpnsrep,

KOMaH~a:

root-ydev/sdca B.KJffOqaeT3arpY3KY c qeTBepTOTO pasnena rpersero rpysosmoro.pasnena, aanarmoro no YMOrrq·amfio).

,uHCKa scsi (BMec'ro aa-

hdX= IIQ3BoJUJeTMeHJITb reoverpmo

B

IDE-YCTpol1'CJBa. 3Ta CPYHKUHJI noneaaa

cnysae I!..bI,!l;aq.H

BIOS He~oppeKTHon HHcpQPMaUIiu:

hda~3694,255,63 hdd-cdrom

KOMaR,!l,a 3a,!l,aer B xasecrse serrynreto IDE~ycTpDj1CTBa )l(eCTIori1: ,n;HC.K 06'beMOM 30 [6 B pe)l(HMe LBA, a B xaxecrse aenosroro IDE-ycTpoJtCT.Ba -

CD- npasozr.
Fnasa 1. CepBep: OCHOBbl I 31

DOBer N!S ..!:Ial!6oJlee pacllllocrpaHeHHble

napaMe1'pbJ 3arpY3KIl

console=
3a,L1aeT KOHCOJIb nOCJIe,UosaTeJThHOro rropra

Will 5r.D;pa,

rronnepsersascuie-

fa )I;a,HHYIO

Q:JYHKIzyI1O:
192001'18'1

console~ttySO,

IT0MQmbIQ

3TOM

KOMaH)Il>I

nOCneJlPBaTeJIbHJ;.rH iSo./l, 6e3 l{OHTPOJUI"Ie1'HOC;TH, 86lITOB,[l.aBHbIX, MRHHe; llTOObl rrony!.HfTb .noctyn :R HaCT05lur;eil:
YCTP01iCTBO

ttySO

6rePBbfrt

3aA~;LeTC5IBhIBOP: coa6llj;erUIM
nOlYT),

3arpY3KJI

na CKOPOCTH

19200

ua

I cron-oar. Ooparnre BHllnOCJIe.uOBareJThHOM xoncoCJ1e)zy1OmyJO

.inf,. Heo6xoAHMO JlQ6aBHTb B <paMn /etc/inittab

Sl:1.2345.:respi3.,wi1:.jsbiri!ageUy"1920D ttyS,d vt100

CTPOKY:

nosmp
OTKJrIfJ<fae'f B HApe ¢~ SMP, eCJIkiPHa BKJIJO'qePIa ~TO .. peUIliITi> B03M02KHhie np65JleMbI na MYJIbTHnp6uecCopHoHcltcTeMe.
rr03BQ.I1llT

mem=
Onpeztenser o6mee KoiIWleCTBO
nOilb3(j8QHUe6oAblJ1UX o{j:r;,eM06 CB(60)IHOR rraMHTH

03Y»

(CM. pasnen «Jfc-

[COBer N~211).

ro
Ka'q:eC;TBe ,UocrynHoro rtocne earrycxa eTCH rrCIBTOpHQ C npaBaMIT nocryna uanrenae/samrcr.).
B

y cranaameaaer

pa~)];eJI /

(OOblq}4:otaK IT rrp'OJ1C){OlUIT,a sarex,

fsck,

TOJIhKO )1)I5I qTe'lfMll

OH YGT.:ulaBJ1HB3-

tw
33;Uaer nocryn K paa)Ie.ny/ na pajaerpst rw
. ~.

llTemre!3aITMCh. .

3~aR~

B KOMaH)Ieinit na-

init"/binjbash rw, LITo6hT Hnoc.ne;UC'rB:r1R He IlPRIDno,Ch

BhmOJIHJITb

KoMaH,llY

mount -0

remount.rw,
[COBer Ng 2].

ynOM5IHytylO

'pa3;!leJre «OmlW3

om nOdKJlfO'feHuiI. te IWflCOilU»

KpOMe TOTO, MO)J(1:IO nepenasars o6ecne:qeHHj'[.K~bIM.upatl:Bep

sa;n;aBaTb

napaaerpu

ilJUI KOHTpOJIJlepOB

SCSx,

ycrpoacrs IDE, 3BYKOBhIX xapr, r.e. n:paKTH'leCKl'1rnofioro

n03BOilHIJ01"

armapamorc

llMeer CBOM OTJIU<fIl>I, HO 06bl'lHO OHl1 rrpepliLBaHH5I, Q330Bbte anpeca BBO./la;-BbI.BQ)];a;KOHTPOJIf> HeTHQCTll, C.KOp0 QTf::, rrapaicerpsr aBTot.;faTINecI{OrO , noncxa YCT-

paiieIB (auto probing)

II OHJ1aMHOBOa

H r.n,

Eonee. rronporuro

06 3TOM M02KHO rrpO<feCTb

JrdKYMe:HT<iIU11i.

32

rnasa

1.CepBep:

OCHOBbl

CoseT N~ 4. C03naS!le rID CTOll II 110pa60Talt1l.!lero ll'eM01l3 C nOMoUlbHl, Inlt

Aon OflHHTenbHali HtlcPOPM3QIfR:

• pyrcOBO.uCT.BO ITO:IIb30i3aTeJIJino rrapaMeTp1tM :aarpy3KIf (KOMHH.o:aman

bootparam) ; • /usr/Yrc/linuxIDocumentation/*.
C03RainIJe nO'CTORHHO pafioTalOlQe,rO ReMOHa ,C nOMOlQblO

In'it

(Y6eAKTeCb, 'ITO npouaec pa60raeT

He3aBloICKMO OT ,{cnoBIli!)

B cnysae Henpe.uyCMOTp€1iHOrO 3aBeprueIDUJ ercpatiorsr. np111l-n~jJaxoro CueHapl15l npuaenea r HVDK€:

$ while :.; doecho "Run some cede here, ...,"i<sleepl; done ECJIH
I!MeCTOCTpoKI1

Cynrecrsyer

Macoa cnOC:Q60B

aBToMa!If'lee.KOrb

rrepesanycxa

npouecca

IIpocTe'tf1i:tJ-1:it

ecpo3arryClT>l1h!PO,HOBhIM

rrpeaeec.vo

(l)H 6y..o;eT8b1-

110]lIDITBClI

mmpephIBH9lffiH,

ITO KpaHHej:i- Mepe, 6Y,ttYT rrOCT05lHffO

:OpO-~3-

aomm.cs nomrncaero sanycxa,

oeCKOlfe'laO
II 3'[OM

Cl1MBOJI : 3acT3BuT

(TaKoJi: rrpHeM60nee

UllKJI while pa60r&Tb 3G?(j;JeKTMBeH,_ 'leM (bin/true, nOCKO.l1hKY

KOMaMbI

cnyqae Herro':i'pe6yeTC5I

cosnatrae sneunren

rour

Ka0!<::qO'W

BMeCTO KOMaH,tthi echo, eCHHHe xonrre3arpY3Krb Ta6millY rrpoueccoa - Be,ttb KOMaJ-I,ttawhile aanYCIHT CTOJl.hKO q,OHOBhIX nponecccn, CKPJIl>KO CMO)KeT, ,lJ;eJUlSI 'Ji'o K8)K3 ,ttyro ceKYH.uy .. OJJ;HaKoeCmI MbIXOTJ.IM pe,aJIM3.0BaI't,,6oJIee 'CepI>_e3H~lit xaKepCKJXM npliepl., TO q,ym.'::U110H<lJJhHOQ-TlI KPMaH)lbI while 5IBHO He XMTUT. liTO npOIIC):O.D:HT,KOrila upouecc rronanaer n aaap:rti1'Hble ycn01U:f5I'? OH
HeMe;llJIeHHO

HTepaUM11:). n03TOMY

He sarrYCKaMTe <pOHOBbIH npouecc

sanepmaerca, nOCJIe -rero CHCTeMa 5y,neT

JIblTa1'bC5I

sarryc-

7li1'berO Ka)J{LI,~IO ceKYH,!ly, He cooriuras 0 B03HHKHOHemUI rrp06:JTeMbI, ecna TO]l1KO 13npoueccexe rrpenycsrorpetro BetJ:eHl1e COOCTBeHHoro .lKYPnana JIH6Q B:bI30B CJIy.f(5hI syslog, B 'raKOM cnyqae H)I)KHO BeCTJ1 FIaomop:eHMe aa nporreccev, l.-nu6.hl npexparnrs na_J[bHeftlliITe' nOTIbITJ<;U3anYC;Ka

nocne HeqKOJIhKH): Hey.uaq, B JIIo60:ti Lirrux-caereae cymecrsyer YTI:!lIMra, K:{Hopag :tvLo),Ke,TJ:e:JJaTJ>·3ToaBTQMaIM~lecK-a: init, Ta xe np6rpaMMa, J
l}TO orsexaer Ha3HaQ·eHHe.
,l];o6aB1Te B ¢-albI ete/inittab I1P0:l13B0J11HbTe OTpOKH, 3a.n;aJO]]]J1_e rtporp3MMbI,_3<!<KOTOpbIMJil ,IlOJI)KeH CJIeAHTJ)queHapHi1 init:

sa aarpyaxy

CFlCT6MbI H HaCTpOMKytepM:HHanOB/

ntW{O)JJ;IT

.uJUInpOBepK11 nO'CTO>IHHOM pa6b'rhl

npor:paMM

-3TO

H eCT!, ee OCHOBHoe

zz:12345 :respawn;jusr!loc-al!sbin/my

_da.emon

CrpOKa inittab COCTOi1T 113·I'l:,n,eHTHWHKaTopa (YHHKa1I:bHOe c_oqeTaHIle' ,ttB)'X npoaeaonsaux CID.ffiOJlQB - B HaIUeM enysae STOZZ), sa R'OTOPbfM' cnezryer cnHCOK yp.tmHeil 3::mYCKa ,1J)I5I,n;aHH:ott npotpaMMN, KtriotfeBo"e 'C-JIolld respawn M rrOJIHblH llyn, K HYJKHort KOMaH,L(e..B 9TOM rrpl1Mepe, nOIZKOJlbKy
rllaa8

1. CopBep:

OCHOBbl1

33

KOMaJ-I,llia my_daemon cKoHqlliITYPHpOBaHa ,!1,mI3arryc:Kaff Q;lOHOBOM peJKIIMe" cueHap_1;[M init ITOPO,llJIT HOBYJb xonmo He3aBHCIdMO err GYlU~cTBOBaHI151 _upe,llhI.uym.:e"t1'. I10cJIe BHeceRHll ff3MeHemIit B inittabrre 3a6Y;UbTe mrnonHHTp KQM.al:l,uy HUP (Ilepesnrars <j;1<inJI) rrpoueccy inir, rroene qero TOT .,uOJDKJ<H nOI\TOpRO 3arpy3MTh J{3MeHeHH.&Ie aacrpoaxa. O..o;IDI M3 5BlCTPhlX cnoco60BC)J;e.l1aTh ,,:,,I'TO raxna:

# kill- HUP 1
ECJIH HOBbIe/KoMal-UUJ

6y,n;yr rropOjJ()J;aTbCa
pecypcos.

cmIDlKOM 6hICTpO, nporpasr-

M'a init OTnO')lCHTHX B£mOJIHeHHe

nornomeaaa ncex ,lIOC-ryHHhIX

Mil HeKOTopoe I1peNiJI,.'1T06hl He JlOnYC'rMTh

Hanpnsrep:

zZ:1'2345:respawn:jbin/touch /tl'np/timestamp

B pe3YJIbTaTe K cj_:JaPiJIY /tmp/time,stamp o5pamemre Gyp:eT rrpoM3Be,n;eHO HecKOJlhXO pas sa ceKYH;Q:Y,IIOKa'Cl.ILeHapMH init He permrr, ·'lTO.3IOro.,n;OC'Fa,..
TOqHb. flpa.KTHqeCKH cpasJ( B.)!(,'YpmlJle .!leTb CJl.e;DYlOmee coo6uremre:

/v(tr/l(Jg/m.essages

M())[{RO 6YJleT YBH-

Sep 811:28::23 catlin init: Id "ZZ"W$p\lw.hing teo fast: disabled for 5 minutes lJepe3 IDti'h MMH)'Trrporpasoea initrromrraercs 3aIIY'CTHTh,!lamlyJ6 KOMaH,n;y UOBTOPJ-iO,H eG]IH cHzyamrn: nOBTOpJHCH, ee sartycx 6y,UeT CIlOEa OTJIO)l{eH. .STOT Me'fO,Il,.xopolllonO)l,XotJ"HT WUI Il'blllOJIHe;HlfJI KOMaH,U c npllBHJIenUlMH rrOJIb30BaTeJIw(Oot, ao -rroecmr BaM nOn3,Ua6l\1TCJI aBTOMaTl!'lec;Kli nopO)I(AaThnpoueccs» or m{i;iHH npyroro IIOJIh30B_a::relIJI? HliKa!<;:HX np06J1eM: B 3TOMnojroxer nporpaMMa sudo: zz:12345:n:spawn:/usrfbin/sudo
06paTHTe
BaTeIDI Jlhl

-urob/b.in/tou:c:t't /tmpjtimestamp
3arry:meHa
nplIl\ilep1J OT llMeH:MllOJTh30B T:OM )ICe BhJ BbllJOJIH5IeTe

B KaKPM OHM CJIe,UYJOTB TeKCTe KHMf}l, He

roo, a He
Hl_j_P

BHlfMaHHe:
root.

KOMaH,Ua touch fiyner

ECllM

110pMKe)

sudo

Y.llaJIHT.&

3a6y,ru>re nepe)l3a.nYCKOM KOMaH~ cyrqecTByroll.lHtl:· ¢aUJIjtmp/timestamp.3a<reM, ernpaaan

init,

J(OM:al'f)lY

rrporpaMMe

B3f]UIHHTe

aa <paliJl.

timestamp:

'I_ob@catlin:-#ts -al(tmp/timestarnp -rw-r--r--1 rob users 0 Sep 8 1l:28/tmp/timestamp

)J,)HI sanycxa Heo6xo)lJfMhlX BaM npotreeBO- nepsstx, npM,ueTC$I· 3aJ<OMMeHTHpOB_iln. COOTBeTCTB¥fOnzyIO CTpOKY 13: $a11ne inittab, Qr06bJ o11<JllO'lliT1 nponece (noCK(}JIhKY ecmr npocro 3arryCTIlTb KOM"aH)ly kill )J,m;r era yi-rnlITO)l}eHl:l.II, npouecc 6y,UeT floP9::K,[l'e.Hsanono), a BO-BTOP;bIX" BHQCflTb H3MeHeRM B CPaHJ1 ifiitttib, MQ)l{6T TOJIbKG nOJIh3DBaTe)I1 root. HbeCJ1H UeJIbIQ '5IBJI}lerc.II coxpaReHlfe rtporrecca B pa601{etvl CdQTO.HHHll npH JIro6bIX YC]fOBU:ax; rorna rtporpaxora init - 310 aM6HHO '1:o.,'1To. rpe6yeTC5£. . ITpHMeHeliHe'
COB

rrporpaxeuainit

HMeer,l1;B8

He,uOCTaTKa:

34 I fn3n 1.CepBep-: OCHOBbl

COBel

Ni1;

5. n>&m: nepeHanp3BJleHKe

C13HJlapntblX 8bl)(OAHblX 1l.3HHbl){ MeTall):l.apTHblx DlUh60K

)lonOJ1HlnenbHBH ~H$OpMBllHlt • <i3acma&UM npO'2pa'MM)! sudo pe,60mamb

He'nOKIU'10051 PJ!IC» (COBeT

NQ121.

.' ~'.'. casu

n>&m:ne

peHanpasneH Me CT3HAapTHbiX BblXOAHiblX Aa HHblX

..

N!!5

ftlCTaHAapTHblXOWftl6PK
(ne:peHanpaB1l8Hl1e CTaHAapTHblX BblXOAHblX .AaHH.bIXIo1CTaHAapTHblX oWIo16oK ua IlP0l13BOJlbHOe YCTpoAcTBO Bblsoj:ia I1HcjloIJMBtjHlIj

}'MOIDIaHHIQC.oODIUeRMJI 0 c:raH..!lapTHbLX oillI16xax KOMaH,lI; Hanpa!13~ )UnOTC5J na nam TepM1ilian. Craaaaprasre BblXO/l:Hbfe,!J;aHHbIe MOryT J3b1BO,!J;l.ITbc5J: a TepMMH3JI H Han

no

JtHODnepeuanpannsrscsr
otiparasre

1Cy.n:a.,.JIH6oerue

(pipe)"JHt60

.'3aiUTlOtfaTbGJI:B

KaBbJ.qKU

(II rpMfl" xa(bac.ktick:s).

fla

Hnorna

MO)IC'eT n03HHKHy:rb

Heo6xo)l,J.1.MOCTbB Bbirro.11HeEI1:II'ofDpi8THQH
GUI,H,llapTijI>le B.hTXO,lIlible; }laHa~e_

np9ue;J:YPPI.
3JtpaR

HaIIPMNfep,

ornpaaa'rs

coo6ru;eHll$f 06 oIDHQKax B o6paTHhlx Kfll3.hlHKa-¥:;:rrJI6Q nepenanpaanrt, crannaprtrue BJ;>IXO,llHble ,ll3HH.hle Bq,aHn, a c'ra,F:I1r;apTHhre cbo6m:eHMH 06 ·oIUH6:K.ll.XB KaHaJI, BK6M:af1,1l;Y o6paoOTKH om1I6oK. Eac,cMoHcoxpaHHTh

Tp1l.'M peaJH'13.ll.UI1IOSTOl1rrpoucnypu
JIQ'[IK3

C;!l,eJI'3'rh ~TO He YMeeT.

cpatiJIOB

P3MlCax OOOJIQlfKH Bourne, t.le

CTaH.U3pTl-IhIM CB5JSaHbl

060-

D.ecKp.HnTOP11

0, 1 11 2

COOTBeTCTBYIOT

BXO):{-

HDlM .llRHH.hIM,
OIlIH6p:.:aM,

CTaH.llapTHhIM

CQOTBeTCTBeRHO.

TepMIDfaJi.a
BOJI.hHbIit BUTh,

Idev/tty.

no

BhIXO.llHbIlIf )l,_3HHbIM 11 CTaH,!J;apTHBIM

YMOJIyaHlllD

oaa

'«

.¢lai'j:noM'

MO)!(HO rrepenanpru311111I10opj:"r

neCKpl1flTOP.B np01131(0-

¢latiJI - eCJlU, KClH<NHO; asaecrso

ero MMH" l:ITo6.hI nepeaarrpaB ¢aj1JI i:fftjile, H36epH'reB'

K npJiJ\1:epy, ¢aitJroBhljj·,UeCKpl1DTOp MaH,!]J{(ijlj: crpoxe:

,$

UMll_KO).IUflOLl

2> errfile cTaH,UapTHblx

BbIXO,n;HhIX)J;aHHbIX Qpr.ll.H]130BaHO

IlepeHa)Jpall)IeHl1e

.rax-

)l(e genes
$

K3H:M l:l 0_6paTHhle.KaBhl'IKW

1 ••• \

$ UMR __{OM,al-H1LI }
HO,ITOGKOJTbKY

var='UMJI_1{OMa1-10Ll'

c K3HaJ[OM

JUI60

06paTH.hIM.H

KaBbNKaMH

He CB.II3'aFIO

I1MH ¢al1Jla, HeJ1b3J1 BOCtroJIh30BaTbC5l nepeHanpaBJIeHrreM >2 M rrp,M.n:;eTcH nepeaasuesnrt, c_Pa:i1JIoBhle .n:eCKp}lIIrOppl, He 3Hi1..ll, K;;tlG:l:e <l_)anJ1bI (H xe . .
T..OJlbKO ¢a~1.lIjI)

Ha tf'HeM
,n;apn-IhIX

c HffM:H CB5f3aHf,I. ,Il;arree rrO>;lCH,qeTc.II.,.KaIC3TO c,Uena-'I'h. 1r3,UarJeKa, C OTnpaBKl1 'CTaH.!lapTHhlX .BhlXOaHblX ,[(-QHl-l])IX 0 C<TaHOml:f0oJ(' B KaHaJJ lurK o6_paTHbIe .KallbI'lKH . .l.13MecHBTb c_PMl:JlbI it MD2KI-IO

¢a'k1'1l6Bbrenecr<pw:nTopbI

rrpM

ITO'MOIUM

orreparopa

n>&m

060-

JIb<fK1f Bourne. )J,eMcTBluf, BhmOJIlli!eMble a'aHlfhIM' orrepaToJ_)oM, UO)KHQ, OTIMcaTb Kat ,1C/l:'e,JIaTb TaK, 'iTo6bI ¢atulOBbli<i.n:~CKPHTITOp n YKa3hlBarJ H3 TOT)J{e ipaj;j:Jr, ':ITO I1wattrroBblH .n:ecKpJ.:IllIOp rns-. BOOITOJIJ,3Ye.MCJl3TlfM

Inaea 1. CepBep:.

OCHOBIiI

35

napraux
,o:allHhfe;

onepaTQP9M

)l)IH

TIpe,ll;bIJJ:Yrn;erO

np:MMepa,

HaeTpOMB

rrepecsrnxy CTaB-

OlllW6oKTYVJ:a

)ICe, K~YJJ:a lvffiI I+anpaBHJUI

crannaprrraennxoztasre

$ ~MIl_KOMaHa:bl

2>&1

I..,.
J\..iO)!}HO IiC'TOJIKOBaTb ]'{ax

$ var",,'uMJ!:_KoMaH'8bl 2>&1'

B o6ol!i::.l pHMepaX oneparop 2>&1 n

JIaTh ci'3H.llapTHhle OIllHGKH

«nepecsr-

(cpaRJIbBbrH zrecxpnrrrop 2) B'TO )Ke C3Moe MetTO, 'ITO II CT3l:lJJ;atiTHbIe BbIxCi;n:Hble .llaHHbie (cpaHJlOBhIH :neCK]:JI1JITOp 1»),. MOJlKHO HcrroJib30BaTh H OAROll crpoxe He O,[{l1H orreparop n>&m. 06bJlOlJ.Na :rrpOHQ)J;11T rpaMManrqeOJCUll pasriop KOMaH,lUi:O.H CTpOKli nepen ee
BhlTIOJIHeHlfe:M

C]lCBa. aanpaso.

,llat;lT.i!hHl BbIXD,llHple

cxaxere Bnl. - 3HalJ11T, 5.f MOry ITOMeIDlTh Mec::raMMCTaH.namu,re 11 cTaH)J,apTHb1e Oll{HGKJiI- nanpaBIffh stderr B K:aHaJI, a stdout na ar<paH!»
<~OTJlHqIfO!·-

UJo1.1u{oj.{t:n(8:bl

2>& 1 1>&2

I... (fIE~BepHo)
1>&2, o6bJIoHH q,aiij:no:shlil

YBbr!

Ilpoaeas

rpaMM3TH'!e'CKI1M pasfiop cTpoKH·2>&1

OITepaTOp -

xa .aaaxane

m.mOJIHWT npHMep'4

2>&1.

MbI

y)!(e

BH,lleJU1 pe3YJIbT3Thl

npensmytnero
Blii' KpHTITOP

cpaflJfOBblH ,ueCKpHITTOp B TO )Ke casroe

2 (stderr) nepeuarrpalI'm

CT3,H,a:apTH.ble OIlHf6KR

MeCTO,

1 (stdout).
neCKpj,unQP

T0.)1bK03aTeM yr<33:bfBae'f )!{it

Ot}O)follKa BbmoJIHHT

orreparop

)lec1>&2.

B mote

stdout (1) rrepeaanpassrr

)laJfHbTe'rY,lla

)fee, Ky,lla

1(0, H TaK YJKe'cC.bIJIaeTCH B TO

HO: B xanan,

CTaH,crapT!Hhle BbIXO,llHbIe .n:ecK1?llTITtip stderr (2), KOT()Pbflf, omsaMeCTO:, 'ITO 11.rieCKpFfllTOp stdout, it HM8.HHeo6xQ.!1}fMOCTh B HCrrOJIb30-

BaJUlHtJ;0IIOJIHJiTeJIbHbIX )J,eCKpJfIIT'oPOB, C 3. no 9. liMH llO)1h~ylOTC?1 nosqJIbHO pe.!JJ(0, .fI 0)J)tlH H3 mIX MO%RO HCH('jJIb30BaTb B xasecrae ~JI1:IeHKH
rraMR.TH»,

mo MMeHHO

TOT CJIy<IaH, KOI',ua B031iHKaeT

XpaH.!Illl,eM J:m¢QPMau;m00

TOM, KY)la CCb(JraeTC}.I.!'l;pyroH,Uec-

KpIl'nTOp. Hanpmsep, orreparop 3>&2 MoJmO IilCTOJIKO:BaTh K'aK~3aCTaBlfIl' ,lleCKpHIITOP 3 CChIJW.TbCH na 1'0 >Ke Metto,':lro H ,lJ;eeNtnm'1'Op 2?>. locne.saI .llaHJ.fH sroro oneparopa aacrporrrs ,lJ;eCKpMnTOp 2 T3K, l!:r06br OlI YKa3bIBaJI
aa KaE.:oe-TO npyroe MecTO.

3aTeM uacrpoare

cpa:M:llOElblH)l,eeKpwnTop

1,

"lTOQM OR CChlJIaJIc:H TYJJ;a, K)';r(a paasure YK:a,sQH~Jur<ll,ail'JIOB1>Ii1,lleOKpWrITOp (H Ky.lla'Tenep:hYK3.3I:.TB;:t@TcpaHJIOBbIii ,ll({CKPHTIT0P 3). B '1'aKOM cnyqae, IIOH3,Uo6HT"CH Ha6paTh Cne.llYlOlil:YlQ KOMaH.ltY: $ U.MIl_Ifl)MQHObl 3>&2 2>&1 1>&3 I... $ vafP'UMR_I{O.MaHl1bl ,3:>&2 2>&11>&3'

Bee

OTKPbIThrecp:afi.JIb13aK;p:bIBarorC5Ia

BTOMaTM'feCIGi rrcsaaepnreaaa
9TH ¢aHJ1bl 9Tl:iM)!{e BpY<rnylO.

rrpbuecca.O,lUfaKO 6e'30rraCHee saK'pI>IBaTh CJIyqae, ecmr BbI 3a6)1 ,!leTe H BOCnOJIb3yeTecb 36 I rnaBa 1. CepBep:ocHOBbl

9TOM TI03;.U-

.neCKpmITOpOM

OOBer N~6. Oocraonelille

C1l0lKHbIX. KOMalljJHbJX

CTPPK

'ropy

Hee.rvr.,q '1ero,..Hl16Y,Ub enre, HRfIPHMe"P, b6paTJfFeCb K ·cPatIJWBOM}f ,n;ecKp¥rr3 AJ111 rrepeHanpaBJr"eHIDI IdtKOFi:-10 .n;pyrol1 KOMaH,D;b[ MOO tOT)!(J€ neeKPHtrTOP 6y,n;eT BbI3Brm B'JIo)!(eu HhIM TIpGUeCCOM, TO 33:III,HTJ1Te ce6.l1 or B03,..
KOHcPJrnKTFIbIX

HHKHOBeHR.lI

.lleQlqmITTOp
a

BXO)lHBIX )J,3HHbIX
¢ai1JIOB.b:lli

'1TOOhl

3aKpbITb

t::fT06hl 3axpbIThcpa1t1IoBhIl1 HeoJ5xo.llM.MO BbIJIO.ITHJ-1Th orteparop .m<&-, )leCKpMnTQP l3'bIXO.H:HhlX ,o:aHHhIX III - onepacMTyau;HH:.

TQpm>&-.

To eelh,)J)l.l1

~ar<:pblTH.lICTaH,ijapTHblXBxO)J;HhIX.JJ:aHHhIX <&;'-;bl1epaTOp

..D:HMQ acnonsaosarsorreparep
KphIBaeTctaH.uap.THbH~·.Bb1XOnHbje

>&-,

B GBOID

Hep6x::oo'lepe.Ub, aa-

.D:aHHhIe. 0 It
C03,(1alll111coctaBHblX

CoClaBneH ~e
(BCTaBKa

en O>KHbIX KOM3HAHblxcrp
KOMa.H,(IB 3a.KOH'leflHble ·a·6aallbl,(lml

npeersn

oT~eroB.)

I13Y4eilIte·CMCTeNfbI MKorOM HanoMlli:Iaer

Linux,

KaK:·lf JTJ06~on pa3HO.BH;JJ.HOCTH J{3bFita.

HSY<feHMeMHoc'rprumoro cnoaa, Heo6xonlIMO

HaortpenenennPQB ceoe. CB.Il3liBl%

OC Unix,

)0

HOM

orarre offiYQeii:M5I;, rrocne

¢pa3

TOtrn KaK BH nayquJiHCh

1'Ia'lHHaTI> .. B KOHIJ,e KC>HUOB,

npoH3HociITb
rrocrpoernre

CT.bIe O,QHOCJIO)l(l{bie.

o6i:u;eyrrOTpeUJ!ITe.JfhHbIX

Bbl 061;[ap)')K11"te

cnoC06HOC'I"h Bl>Ipa)!(aThC5I

nOJ1HOueHRbJII1H

Unix

lotCMO)J(eTe cOCpe,nOTOqMThGSI

rrpe.u.rro)!(eHIHIMYI aa 1I31~IKe HCKJlK)'qHTeJIhHO na peurenmr B03iH1-

Kq,lOllJ;JIX rrp"06Jf~M, a He Ha CJ;:IHTaKClice, Totf lUIff I1Hotl: I<QMalfil.bT. Ho, rrO)106HO TQMY KaK 'cTyneHTbl,06Yi,iaRllUI1.ecJ;t J.;IHo.cTPalffiOMY ;H3'hIj<y B
BhlCiIietl: «-KaK IllKOJIe, BHaqaJIe

rparar
Linux

GbJlhmYio
Ha'1HHaeTC5(

'-HiCTb BpeMeHI1

Ha aorrpocu

fIP0ilTH typ:a-To';l» 11 pa3'M1CH&HI1H no npestcrannaer nateJIl>HblM naaex, raxn rryrr,

KOM KOMaHnHoFi: BbIX CJIOjJ .. CTPOKI1

nOBo;ay
K

taro,

oemOMY

qTO do66~';f BIT-a,t1;e.HHID :H3bI~

~lfe-

C HSYQe:Hl1-.1j: epaux n

060JI0'1K1i ~QMaflnHoFi: C'TpOK]1 ,!:(OCTaTOJ.I.HO TepneJTMBRHCnoco6Ha «';BbICJ1yIUJ{BaT.b» K;l)IQ:l:Qe sante BhICKa3brfla,H.rte:~ IT0Ka: OHO He,06peTeT 3aKoH'<fej{-

Hyro rpOPMY. JIIQ6aw KOMamta lvi:.o)i\:eT acrynars n B. xaseerae BXOD.H.hlX·D.aH,. HeKOl'Op.Cii1: .upyroH KOMaH.D:bI, TI03130J1IDl C"03.D:asaTh B Unix ,!:(OBOJ1"bHOHHTepecHbre«(npe)J)I02KeHWl.»'. BOCrrOJlb30Bmi1lJ)\fCb KJia13lfrne:tt

asrx MJl

«crpenxa asepx», MO">KHO CB.lIS3Tb R onay neno-ncy pasee BBe.rtyHHhle KOMaHD.h! ,n.!lf,l peanasauaa CJIOIK:HOfO nOBe;ueHMJl. ITpeJlIlOJIO)lQ[M, '-ITO nepe,[{BaMlt .GTOHT aaaasa BhI..lIcHHTh,. rro'1eM)' qep~
onpe,[{eneHHhle npO!\fe~
BpeMemr:

OIIII166ii::. ECJ1li J3:hIHa6epere

B J:(OMi:tH.EQ{OJl[ GTiJOK~ less

Be6-te;l=lBep Bh1;ThIBat?T ueJI!:i{}f pHJl errorIoq, TO YBH,[(me

cnRcok oIllU6oK, CBH3<lHHblX C rrpbnyme:HHl>IMH rpacpl1m:'CKl1M.H (J1M60 Herr}faBHJlbH03~aHmTh1H CCbTJIKaM:H na HHX):.

qmRJIaMl:!

['l\.te Aug 27 00:22:382002] [error] [client 17.136.12.171] File does not e;dst:/htdocs/imag,es/spacer.gif .

rnana.

1. CepBep: OCII.ORbl I 37

CooeT

Ng 6.

COI:TaaneHKe

I:nOlKHblX KOMaHAHblX ctpoK

(Tue Aug 27 00,:31:142002] [error] [client 95.168.19.341 File does not exist: /htdocs/images/trans.gif . (Tue Aug 2700:36:57 2002] [error] [client 2.188.2.75] Pile does not exist: /h tdocs/itnagesjlin ux/ arrows-lin ux -back, gif [Iue Auq 27 00:40:37 2002J [error] [client 2.188.2.75) File does not exist; /htdocsjii)J.agesjlinux/arrows-linux-back.gif [Tue Aug 27 00:41:43 2002) [error] [client 6. 9'3.4.85J File does not exist: /htddcs/irnagesjlinux/hub-linux.jpg . . ['fue Aug 27 00:41:44 '2002J [error] [client 6.93k85j File does not exist:

jhtdor;sjimag:es/li.nm;jhuh-xml.jp,9" [Tue Aug 27 00;42;13 '2002] [error] [client 6 .. 3.4.8-5] me does not exist; 9
/ht-docs/images/linuxjhub-linux.jpg [1\1eAug 27 00:42:13 2002] [error] [clierit 6.93.4,85] File does not exist: jhtdocsjimagesjlinux/htihxml.jpg
If

T.tJ:. 3~myC1HB rraKer,lJJffi Be,uemrn JKYPHlma,

omH6oK

TaKo'tt,

KaK, H<frrpHMep,

analog,

BJ:,r no-

Y3HaeTe, CKOJIbKO RM:emiO .IlP06HOCTH

ttpoasoumo

aa .IleHb, H .IlOOKe HeKOTop:1le

('ao rr03BOIDIeT

Bl..UIBJUIT.b npODlleMbI,

1pe6yroIIDIe nepaooaepenao-

TO :BMema-reJU>crBa). E5Jlli--3<lXOTHTe npOCMQ'I'peTb cpaH,rr )l{yp:Hana HanpIDyryIO, TO cMOiKeTe:nO'lepllHYTh l;l3 Hero MeJIbqaFtllm~·.neramr, O.lJlIaKOB ueJIOM 3TOTcpatUi

cot(epJKlIT CJIIDI1KOM'MHoroHH$opMarnur
Hal:JReMC

rrpocroto. Cymecrsyror nlI.upynre OUlHGKl:l., He CB5f3aHRhle COTcyrCT13y:IOID;HMII ¢ahrrru.ul? Bo-nepssrx, lie06xO,lun,ro BbUlCIDITl., CKOJIbKO scero olIIHooK.rnellO MeCTO sa cero.n;WIl.1IHI1i1.n;~Hb:
$ we -1 error_log 1265 error_lo:g

,WC5I3cPcPercrKBHo.i1:o6pa6OTKll.

Terteps

Bbl5lCJ:U{M,

CKOJThKO 0ill1160K CB7I33HO C.OTCYTCTBYJOllTJIM}I_ <patm~MH:

$ grep "File does not exist:" error_log 1265 error__:log

Iwe-l
ll:SBeCTlfO, tfTO.Ilpyrnx

Xopomee nanano. TeiJepD)110 KpaHHei1 Mepe,

6Jle-M fiJIK OITm60K, CBH3amlbIX ro, TRna oum50K IOIlJ;l1MH !}>a:i!naMI1

npo-

e reHepall,Hea;:J;HH-aMII'leCKOrO ReT. ECJIl1 OllIH6KId CB5I3aHhI B

cO;:J;ep2KHMOC OTcyrCTBy-

cueaapaes cgi,

111160 OJIeqaTKaMH

CCl.UIKax

BHyrPll

earvanaa
KOTophle

He 5ll3JmeT051 KPIfTfltrHoi-t He Gf,lJUf_ i-IaH.n;eHbl.

Cq,0pMHpyiITe

Ha)K1.{}-tTe KTIamUllY

HTML-Ko.ua, TO CIlliCOK ID.leH cjJaillIOB, «crpenxa ssepx» H orpe-

;:J;aKT,gPYllTe

npensnrymyrc

KOMaH,llYCJIem'IOIURM OOpasOM:

$ grep "file does ri.ot exist:" error_log

I awk
13-M

{print $13}'

I less
HO B 3TOM crracxe

ayO

HMeHHO

TO, '-:I:TOIfY}KHO R Te )!(e

(B

rrone

CO,!J;ep)l(IfTCJf I1_l'd)I q,aHlla),

ceKYR.IlO'IKY!

Omor

I'IMeHa

cpaJtJlOB IlOBTOPIDOTC2

MHoro pas. OTq:lI1:llbTpyihe

lIOCl. TOJlhKO O,Ul1H

crrHCOKTaK,

':ITo6'&I ~a)J(,Uoe llWl: cpa1trra ncrpeua-

pas:

$ grep "File does not exist:" error_log I awk '{print $13}' I sort I uniq I less

38 I Fnaaa 1. CepBep:

OCHOB"J

CoaeT N~6. CO.ClaBllCHMe cnll'iKHb.lX KlIM3HAHblX

CTpOK·

3aMel:IHTe.onepal'Op less HliWC -1, qTQ61:il Y3Hal'l,KOITM!Ie'CTBoo:rcyrCT'BYJblUHX cPal1:J10B.Ho 3TO H~ peuraer rrp:06J1eMY B U€UIOI).f. B03M05KHO, K ozraoMY H3 31'H:'{ cpal1.JlOB 6blJIO nponaaeneuo TOJ1bKbo;rtHo 66paItieffile, 'ror.u:a KaK JJ:pyrOE: q,afiJr 3anpallIHBaFrC5I HeCKOJ[hKO COTeHpas. K:aK rtpaassno, eCJII'frneTO B cCJ:,IJIxenpaoyrcrsyer onesra'rxe, BnbcJIeJJ:CTBllH Mhl CTRITlffiBaeMC5I CQ MHO)KeC1J30M :t8rrpOCOB K O,:UHOMY H TOMy )Ke ¢ai't.n;y. O.llH3JW KOMaliW.a:H~ ,gaeT HMK3KOrO npe_,I1;CTa:BJIemf5L 0 TOM,- K KaKOMY liS cPa1!i1l0B61;>1110 IIPPli3lf~',!J;e:HO HaH6pJU;uree KOJIJi!lfeCTBO. o6;pameJ--tJtiii. 3m penraercn C IJOMOID;&IO
KQMaHJlHOH cTPOlQ1 bash; .ltOCTQ1WlliO BOcnO.!lb30Ban,C1l MaH~HoB:CTpOJ(oJi llJutcCl3,[(aHk'f5I rrHkJXa for:
ODOJIO"lKH

Kb:~

eehe-n

$ for x in 'gtep "File does notexist:"error_log "$x ; ";g-rep $x error_log I we -1; done

awk '{print U3}' .1 sort I tlniq'; do \

HcrrOm>3yitre 06paT.t{b1e KaBhlr.rKH ('J, 'IT06hl IIOJIHOCThfO BhInQ,lTHlITb KO,,MaH,ny H3 np~llpTAYIUerO IlpMMepa, nepeHanpaBl'JB p.e3YJII;TaTbI eeBhI:l]OJIH'efijif.[ B UHKJI for. IT]3H KaJKEI:OH lITepaU;ffnnepeMe.HH35I $X:3a,1laeTrrepexo.u, K r.:;J1ellytOmerI CTp:oxe B1>IXo,n:HblX)l,aHHbIX oPMtHHaJIbHOij, KQMaH,LiJiI, r.e, f( CJIe:.QYIome,MY YW1KMbHOMY HMeHrr::bT-CyT'CTByIDIIJ;erO qyai1rra. IIpHMeHHTe KdMaff:lliY_g~P,II)IH: ,[I;<lHHoro HMeHl1 t'j:lallJia 13JKYPHaJIe error_log H rrO~"lliTat1Te, CKOJibKo paa :ITa crpoxa ncrpe-raerca B $a:fiJrelKY_flHaJIa. Koxaruta echo, B CBotO o<.fepe.uh1 ssrae,neT pe3YJlbT8Tbl HaillicnJIe&t B YOJIOBl{O yn,OOHOM.rom 1freHMJ( <jJopMaTe. B£ffiO,[(IIMNe peSXJIbTaTI>I yc;roBHo Y_,I1;oGm.I)l.JI/I '!TeH.IDr, T. K. aa SK;paIf Elk" Bo,lJ.JfTC5I lfHcPopualum ITO O,[{HOKpaTHO!;lCTp,e'{aIOIUH1\!C5I OUU-IGKaJv): (6y.ueM C'lIHTilTh,. tITOol:m Hac B,!J;aHHDM-c£Iyq:ae MarIO U'HTeps;cylOT), pe3y..rn.TaTBJ He
OTcpopM'aTMpoBaHbl

Ii llIDK¢ ne

OTC.OpTl1pO'BaHbI!

3aJlaifTe

C;0PTlfP_OBKYJIO

KO.. J'JnqeC1'BY Oill110bK; CBH:3aHRb[X C OIIp~e.tJ;e£IeHHf:,[MI1MeHeM qiaMJIa, 6Jlarb,nap51 ",eM)' <jJaMJlbI, K KOTOPblM ObIJIO rrpOH3Bl~)J;eR(j Ha116oJ1f>lliee KOJi'fP'feOTBO o6ptuueHMM, OKaJKyrCH 'B aasane cnI1CK-a, a CaM CIIIfCOK JJ:Ba.uu:a1J;IO HaH60JIee '1aGTO .BCTpe'faIOlIi,HMllC-.H ¢aH£IaMlt:

orpanmsre

$ for it in 'grep "File does not exist:" error_tbg l.awk '{print $13}' I sort I unitt; do\ grep $xerrQclog I we .. 1 tr -d '\n'; 1 etho": !Ox";done I sort +2 -rn I head ·20

Tar<;OM q,OpMaT aaMHOf0 y,[(Gl6Hee,,a.rr.ll: ~rreHM5I PI aaanaaa, a 'lTo'6bI rra6pilTh 9TY KOMaH,UY B KOMaH,If.HoH crpoxe, rroHa,n:06HtOJ! BpeMeHl.f nesraMHoro 60Jllime, "'eM B npeAhIAymeM npHMep-e. KOMai'I)lH tr Heo6xo,ltHM<l
.llJHI BKJIIQ'1eHI151 KM C.HMBO.Jla

aosspara xaperxn.nocne

CHM,BO)lOB H9Boft

CTP_O-

Bo:?BP?-I-l-IeHHbIXKOMaH_,r:wJt we (rrOqeMY BC;a,MOM KOMa!fJJ:e OTcyrCTByeT TaKOlf uepexmosarens, HenOlLHTHO). Pesynsrar 6y.lte'f BI>lr.rm.1le'Th npH:6..i1U3MTe!LbHO TaE::
~t9:kjhtdvcs/im,,§,es/pixel-onlamp.gif.gif 156: /htd6ts/lffiCJ.Qe/trans.,gif '

apesynsrarax,

rJiaBa

LCepBep:

OCHOB"]

39

CODeT N~ 7. Pafiorac

!jJaiinaM>I IIPM 1l0.M.OIII" yrlln>lTbl ~ar!lS

13 9: /htdocs/irnages/lhlux/arrows"linux-bacl!:.gif 68: /htdoCS/fJUb/a/ onjava./jaya:cook/imagesjspacer .. if g 50: /htdoc.s/javascript/2.001/d3/23/example.S/ta.rger,gif

U33'l'01'0 QTIfe'l"a JH1,ll;tfO,QTO

no'ITH rrOJ]o:sHHa olllu6oK

csasaaa e orresar-

ua Be6-pecypc (o,6paTWTe BHUMarure Ha.gif.gifB Ko~elIepBorr G.TPOJG1).CJ!e,ll.YIOlUa5I oll1R6E;'a cnssaaa c One~laTKoj:j: B nynr (CI.<0:pee Bcero,HMenaCb B BfUlY TIaITKa /images, a He jirnage). C OCTaJ:ihHhTl\{fi 9111a6KaMH TIp H,UeTC)I pa36I1"];laTbC.H rpymre o.6CJ1y)KMBaHn~ Be6..!cepBepa, KOTopO:A Mi.1 BbiUJJIeM OTQeT IT"o3JIe.J<TpOllHoJt nOl:["re: KOll 13ccLIJ!Ke

$ (echci "Here's a report of the top 20 'missiIig' files in the error_log."; echo; \ $"for x in. 'grep "File does not exist:'fe.rror_lqg I awk'{print $13}' I sort I uniq': do \ grep $x error_log I we -11 tr .d,\n'; eehe " : S-x"; ,lionel sort +2-m l'hea4 -2Q' I mail-s "Mis,singfile report" webmaster@oreiUynet.com ,a O,lI;Hy TBep.rzyIO Kbrn1I0~ B03MO)KHQ,! npH,lI;eTCH pacne-tarars BCTpmll pa3pa6oT'IItKoB:
,r(JI5I e)!(eHe-

,lJ;eJlhHOH

$ for ~ in 'grep "FH\!'does not exist:" erYof_logI awk '{print $13}' I son Iuniq'; dd\ grep$x error_log I we -11 tr -d '\n'; , echo" : Sx"; done I 'sort +2 -rn I head -20 I enscript XaKepCKHIt COBer AllJI .XaKepCKOPOcosera
e,rr:llHHTb. II nenorrxy

Korna BM rrpaasnorere MCrrOJfb30BaTl> rpyrrna KOMaB.ll, TO CMo)!{eTe 06'0.pe3yJIhT"&ThI HX IllimO,JTHeHH511 CQ3,1laBaa JIio6bfe ]3M,llbI
TIOTeKa .llaHHbIX.

QTQeTQB., Heo6xO;llHMbLX .il,JHI:$QPMHpOBaHH5I aJcrWBHoro

IIpn

HeOQXo,rr:MMOCTll ITOCTOJIHHO.fO
,!lJUl HerOOT,rr:eJIbRbW

BJ,JIIO;rn;eW'UI

HeKOTOpopO

npoirecca

cueHapJ:Iilf otlQJlO'lIQt (m:[OO )1JHI 60JThllIeii ,3q,q,eKTllBHOC'IH peanasonan, ClJ;enupflM lia, .sI3bIKe Perl HJIll Python, rrobKO]lbKY HCnOJIb30BaHne B KOMaH,DiHotlcTpoKe I oarrasaer ITGpmfQJ:emre )lpyrbti nporpaMMliI). Ha COBpeMe.HHD1X Mannrn:ax pasHllua Bp5Ul . JIH6Y,lleT 3aMerHa, 0,11}IaK'0 aanacanae c.u:eHap1TII cxaraercs '60lIee rrpaHHJThHOfi Q;lOPMOH peureana .np()6J1eMbI. A B K0MaH,IlHott crpoJ(..e )lOCT3'TOIfMOJKHO narracan,

HO MeCTa,.il,JIJr:peaJUI3aIJ;HH caMbIX,paaHo.o6p~HhIKXaKep'CImX

ITpHeMoB.

U.

CDBET

PaDora c

N27

(06pa6oTKB rpynn clra:RlloB, BilMeKaXKOTopblX COAep)f(aTCIl npo6enbl 11APyrl1e aanpeuiennue cl1MBllnblj

rjlaUJ),3MU

npl-' nOMOU,u1 yntmnbl xargs

sanpemeansre 'CHMBOJIbI, MOrYTB03HMKHyrb CJIO)!(HOC)FIC I1X o6pa:6oTKO:H.I10JIf;30BaTeJlli CTMIalllaJQTC;lI C 9TOYrnp06JIeMOhl Bee saute, ocobemro

EelIH IDI1ena cp'aJtrtoIi co.a,ep)KaT npci6eJIhIl

xpyrnsre

CKODKH H JI;pyme

40 1 Fnasa 1.C~pDep:

OC.HIIBbl

COller

Nn. Pa.fiOT3 c [~aA1laMH

np!1 nOMOllj~ VTHnliTl>! xargs

B CBH3.H co B3j:J'}.IBtLbWpo6;1'OM norzyJUlplW¢Tll UKWPOB_ofi MYBHKI!(. K csacTbIO,B dfioJTO'!Ke bash ,WmCi6pa6o_Tr(M_ QT;1l;e;n>H'[,IX¢aftJIOB rrpenycMoTpeHo HCnOJIb30naHHe, 3aB~e:prnaKrmei1 Ta6YJf:RUMlf. Hal1pHMep:

rob@~atlin:-/Music$
Hallucinogen

ts
-rf Mise\ .\ Pure\

Tob@c~tlin;...,/Music$ rm -rf Mis~[Tab] rop@catlin:"/Mu~k$l"tn Disco/

Misc - Pure Disco

- The Lone Deranqer

Ha)I{ame

KJfaBlfurn:

Ta6YmII.l,ull TAB

B KOHu;e CTpOKlfl1POH3BO;lU:IT

.3a3'"re'-

HY O){HOj'j:KOMaR){H'OH crpOKli na npYfYlO, TIp]>n~eAeHHyro nOGJIe CilhfBtJJI:;t Ta6YJnrIDI:H, B.pe3YJIb-Ta.Te "<fero KoppeKTRo ClQpa6a"fSlBftJOTcH see cneUllimhmle CMMBOJIbI., co,ne_p)Jtaml-{eCHB MMeHJf·q)anJIa. 31'01' rrpueM XOP0llr AID! 06pa6c'lT!illi onaoro 1:iiUtna. A ecmr Heo6xo.a;HMO IihmoJiHWI'b d6pa6oJ'KY HeCKOJlbKKX ¢al?tnoB, nanpmeep, rrep eHMel-lOB an, rpynny MY3b(]C3JibHBIX cpatinoBTaK, tITo6bl BKJli0CfHTh B mf5I c_Pa11JTa Ha3BnH:He aJIb6oMa? B3rn-~Hre aa cJIe,llYlOlUH:H rrpl11\1ep: rob@catHn:-/Music$ cd Hall [tA.B] . rob@catlin:-/Mll-sic$ cd Hanuc~nogen \ ~\ 'The\ Lone\DeEangel'/ rob@caflin;-/Music/Hallucinogen - The Lone Deranger$ Is Hallucinogen - 01 -Dementipn.mp3 Hallucinogen - 02 ... Snakey Shaker.mps Hallucincqsn - Q3 - Irancespotter.mps Hallucinogen'" Q4 ... Honorgra:r;u.m-p.3 Hallucinogen-OS - .Snarling (Remix).rnp3 Halludnogen - 06 - Gamma Goblins Pt. 2;rnp3
Hallucinoqen - 07 - Deranger.mp3 Hallucinogen - 08 - Jiggle of the Sp,hinx.rnp3 . . rob,@catlin;""/Music/HaUudnogen - The lone Deranger$

ITPH nbIiDI1'Ke OJl,HOnpeMeHHOH MammYJmU1ll1

cMTynUIDI BI1JIhHO

HeCKonblCllMff

<fJaJlJIaMR

Hel\mOro

ycn:Q)KfmTCH.

oQpaoarhiBalOT

EOJIbilJlilHCTEO CMc'feMHbIX YTli.IIHT HennaI!p00 ensnsre CHMBOJ\hl, BbJ,!l;aBa5I )13Q['ITO'IlfQe· KOJrn-

LleCT;Em rropnnn

,!l;aI-lHbIX, ;moe;. aasepnraror OBOIO pa:601;Y C ollIXf6Koij, eqJ1H B"CTpeT>lTB nll-fecHl:!¢laM.rra KaKHe-Jli150 ·Cm6KM~ 0 J1JIH CJle.a;OBaTl}JIhH-O, Hy)KeB. raKofi pa3ll_em1TeJIb/ KOTOP.bll1 rapaaTnp.o:saHHb 6yner BC1'p¢tjan" C5I 13l-1NleHll ¢aj(j-.rra. YnUJ:H'Ia xargs rr03BOJlJl:eT rrpeonorreaari, np06JTeMhT C NULL-cHMBoJia-

He

n.

)I;(fl.

PaCCMOrpHM

cJIe;lG'lO_lIIllli cueHapntt

nKCTItHr:

albumJze.

#!jbin/sh if,[ ·JZ "$ ALBUM " J; then echo 'You must s_~t the ALBUM name first (eg.e:xpol't ALBUM~"Grt!atest Hits~)' I .41

Tn3B3 1. CepBep:

OCHOBbJ

Couecr No 7, Pa60rIJ

ijlaiinaMA IIpil

nOMoll\1I vnmI1T61X:a~gs

#~ BHa:'J;aJfe HeOQ1WA):t:Mo3M3Tb' Ha:3lirume<i:.iJJ,60Ma #(flanpJ.JM.ep: AlBtlM:","Jljl'illHteXI1Tb!") exit 1

Ii for x in ~;d8 echo -n $x; ~cho -ne '\000' echo -m ':echo, $xlcut -f 1 -d'-"
-Il " -

'echo sche done

-n

$ALBUM- " 'ecflo$;-::Ic~t -i 2I xarqs ,-0 -n2 mv:

-d '-";

echo one '\OOQ' Bo-nepssrx,

C03,U3H Crr:IdCOK 0Pl1fH",.. HOBbIe I1Mel::la, IIpH-

$;IJ;eCb KpoeTG>I

ABOJ1HaII

XHTPOCTI,.

HaJIbHBIX HM'eH ¢aim,oB>

aa I<;:01'QPbtMH.6y,Uyr

cnenoaan.

CBaHBaeMbte

fIpn nQMOlll,H KOMaH,Uhl mv H p\1.3j:1.eJleHHbte NULL~etIMBror:aMJ:I WLlI Bce;X.¢:;lH}IOB BTeKyITlerr .)l;HpeKTOpHll. 3aTW\1 3701' GHMCo.K rrepe,ll3eTC5J l1pdrpaMMe xargs C .D;ByM.i;I nepeKKIO'l.3TeJIHMM: rrepe9THM¢a#naM KJIKlqaTe:JIb

-0003HaHaeT~ ''ITO, B Ka:qetc,I"Be pa3)leJIHTeneJlJ HCITOJlb3)1IDTC>i NULL-CI1MEOJIbI (BMeCTO rrpo6e:n:hH1IX CIfMBOJfOB II CH1-lB:OJIOB HOaOHGTpO-

xorare

rn),3 rrepexmovarem, -n2 osaanaer, qT03a OilHHpaa KbM8..H,llenv 6y;nyr IIer penaearscanne apryMema. Coxpanare cuenapJ.di: rrOJl.Ha3I1aHI1eM-jqin/ 'albumiie. II~peil era sarryc... J(OM HR;3Ha'lbTe nepeMeHHoi'r cpe,Ubl $ALBU_M CTPOKY C.H:MBOJIQB, KOTopyro
.l106:aBl11'h B HN1HQ:'Jaitml cpasy nocne nepBOfO

Tl1pe,(":). Paf;:CM01PI1M

rrpl:fMt;p: lOb.@catlin:~/Music/HaltudnDgen
Deranger"

- The Lone Deranger$ export AlBUM","The Lone

_

rob@catlin>-/Musk/HaUucinogen - The Lone Deranger$ albumiae tob@catlin:-/Mus-ic/Hatllidnbge_n - The Lone Derange>r.$ls' Hallucinogen - The Lone Deran£leJ - 01 - Dernentlon.mps Hallucinogen - The Lone Deranqer - 02 - Snakey Shflk:er.mp3 Hallucinogen - The Lone Deranqer - 03 - 'fiancespotter..mp:i Hallu9Iioge.n - The Lone Deranner - 04 '- Hotro-rgram.mp3 Hallucinogen - The Lone Deranger - os - S.n1ulihg (Rem:J:x),mp3 Hallucinogen - The Lone Deranqer - 0.6 - Gamma Goblins Pt. 2.mp_3 'HaUuQno,gen -1:he lone Deranger - 0.7 - D;etarrger.mp3 Hallucinogen - The Lons Deranger - 08 - Jiggle of,tlie Sphinx.mp3 rob@Gatlin:~/Musfc/Halludnogen - The Lone Deranger$ qTo
HMelLeM H)')KHQ

caenars,

'lTOOhl

y.aanl:fTI;> Ha3I1aHll!!;

arrbPO.Ma-, Mil HMe:-H ¢aH'era TIQ;U

;r:LO.B?IIOIIpOOYH'Fe

HaI1J1caTb

CJIe.rr;yIOLUHM CU:~HapHit,coxpmllm

-/bitr/ de(J(bumi?e:

#·!fbin/sh for xin *; do. echo -n $x; echo -ne '\000' echo "H 'echo $Xlcut -f 1 -d '-"; echo -n' - ' echo -n 'echo $x cut -f )- ~d '-";,echo -ne ,\000' done I xarqs -0 -nz mv
H eatrycrare

era:
OCHOBbl

42

I r.naaa 1. Cep,oep:

COB er N.!!8 .. HeM 3MeH ReMbTe.¢la All bl B

exlUext3

rob@ca.:tlin::-!Music/HaUuqI\og.E!'n - The LortelJerangeI$ dealbi.Hut.te rO.~@catlim-/MU'sic/HaUuci'riogen - The Lone Derangetfls Hallucinogen - 01 - Demention.mpJ Hallucineqen - 02 - Snakey Shaker.mp3 0.4 - Horrorgr.a.m.:mP3 05 -Snailing (RemiX)clnp3 06 - Gamma Goblins R 2.rnP3 07 - Deranger.mp3 Hallucinogen - 08 - Jiggle of the Sphinx.mpa rcib@caltin:-/MmdcjHa:Uucinogen -1he Lone Derangei"$ HaUudnpg:en Hahucinogen Hallucinogen Halludnogen
Hallucinogen

- 03 - IranteS'potter,mp3

nepeKmO'IareJlb printO (xoropaa

q1MBolIaMH

-0

saero HCrrbJIb3ye'FCa B coseraann BbffiOAHT

MO)K~T~

06bI'HlO
SM

.HMeHa wai1noB,
CTpOF01). ,!J;e;rSTb BCe,'ITO

paaneneansre

C oJIIJ;Rejf rroncxa NULLK KqHa,ITy N:QMaH-

BMeCTQ C:!1MBOJIOBHOBOH

ITPHMCHHB

AY find

H.ITH

xargs,

1<OJl\iQe;CTBOM ¢laMoB,. CJIMllIJ(OM iJ)UIRfil,IM

H OpR 310M HeT yrp03M crtKCKbM apryMe1:l:TOB:

SaX;01!!1Te, C lflt'J,61>lM QIU:ll61G1, CBH3iUIHQlL 'CO

rob@catlin:-!Pjt~of too trianyf{les$ Is bash: jbinjls: Argument list too long

CO'leTaIDfe KOMaH,l{

find/xa.rgs
\tlai1]J.oB"

n03BOJJ:5l'eT He3aBI1C}IMO

BhTTIOJJHllTb OT

6hlCTPYlQ

05paooT-

KY BI>IIUeynoMffilYTbrX

ax Ha3BaHlfJl:

rab@catlin: ../Pit of too. many files$ find -type f "l,nin:tO is Ha rm.

I xargs
,.

-0 Is

Lf,JuJ y.naneffii.>r 9TKX ¢aMOE· JIPOC:TO3aMeHHTe saaepnraiomyro

KOMaH;UY

HeW.3MeHJleMble ¢laMflbl B ext2/ext3

(Co3AaHKe $aliJ1(J!I, KOTOPb!MI!.He CMOlKeT onepl1pOsaTh Aa)Ke n0J1b30Rareijb root)

, IIpe,a;noRomuM,

BaM n;OHMo6J1JIOCb

BhI cToiIJ<HY)UICb co CJIe.rryIOI1J;J-fMH c00611l;emHIMH

O'flfCTHT.b)JJ1peKTOpruo limp 0601I1ll6Kax:

HBJJ:pyr

4 14:45 .f drvr.{'TWXIWt toot root 409 6 Sep 4 14:45 ../ 13 ··\"w-r--r-·1 root root 4096 Sep 4 14:43 stubborn.txt
rm: 'remove write-proteded
ro.ot@catlin:jtmtl/junk#

t6tal40 , drwxr-xr-x 2 loot root 4095 Sep

toot@catlin:/tm[JHm ..rf junk/ rm: cannot unlink' 'junk/stubborn.txt': Operation not permitted rm: cannotremove directory Ju.nk': Directory not empty root@catlin:jtmp# cdjunk/ root@cs,tUn:/tmpjjunk# ls -al

rm ./stubbQm.tx:t

rrn: cannot unlink '.jstubbom.

file' ./stubb0 rn..t;rt'? y txt': 'Operation not permitted

Jnasa 1. CepsE\p: .DC.HOSbl

I :43

-qro)j{e Taf?Mq

3TO TftKOe?
O'll1'CTIITb

Passe

BIOI tie HEjMeyeCb nOJ[b$O;l3aTe,llelyl

mot?

Ilonaera:

CO.LJ;eR)f(HMOe (j:Jattrra, BMeCTO Taro

QTOO$1 Y,n;aJU1Tb

root@catliri:/tmp/junk# cp /dev/nuU stubborn.txt rp: cannot create regular {lIe 'stubborn.txt': Permission d-enied IQot@catlin:/lrnp/junk# ""stubborn. txt bash: stubborn.txt: Permission denied

Bep:b
'-.IreHH5I.

o'IeB:l-r,ll.Ho

>

'-.ITO nanxa

/tmp He Mo)keT

6l:>lTh Y0TaH0BJIeHa

TOJIbJ(O .alBr

B QeM)J(e syutecrsyer

TOTJJ:3rrpo6JIeMa?

ext:2 H ext3, T10MUMO CHiH)J,3.pTl!hIX 6MTOB, M5I . . p5I)l.n:onOJIHHTeJIbH.b~X'aTpH6YTOB, ,iloe:ryn K KOTOPJ.,lM MQ)KHO nO.JI¥'JHTh npa nOMOJ_QHYTHJTtlTbIchmod. E9.l1H Ba-retAO CJ:IXnop He 1?_aitJroBhTX

cacrexax

W§ll1JIOB

npl-iXO,Il;:k'lJiOCh c aIlMl'rcraJn(l-1BaTbCn, Oapa!I1'FeCh KCTpaRl).U31!-{ PYKOBO.LJ;CTsa no KOMaH)le chattr n ee aaanory, KOi\-faH,ne lsattr .. O.LJ;HI1M H3BeCbMa no-ne3HDIX HOBbIX <irpH6yroB .lfBJUletC5I q,na)KOK -i (im-

ECJiH 91'01' aTpM6'yr 3a;uaH ,l1ftHorrpe,ueneHlioro nOri1>lTKHero riepe1tMeHOBaHIUI~, yaaJIi:~HH51 CCbIJ[OK ira nero, rrepesanaca JIuGo np:Ucoe,!J)1HeHWl K <pai1JIYaO[JOJIHHTe)I~Hojii HHc]:lOl_}M.aUMH .aanpeutemr. 3anpemeHO ,!UI)Ke osnauae )KeCTKHXCCblJlOK_ (hard links), c T.e. HeJIb3HH;X C03.!J.an~, a 33'feMOTpe;CIaKTHpOBaTb. If .i:J:3;)Ke HaJIR'fHe npKBUJIerHM IIOJIh3QIiaTeJ1J'[ root Be n03BoJIJIeT llOJiYQa1b'.lliOCTYJI -K ¢:aRJIY: mutable ~HeH3MeIDreMbli-1).
<paJtn:a1 Bee

rbb@catrin:-/tmp/junklilnstubborn.txtanother.txt In: creating hard link 'another.txt' to 'stUl;rboIj},:Ut'; Op.eration not

perrnittsd

$aHJJOBOii

llro6hI rrpocaorpers 33)laHHbIe)lllil ¢aj;trr3 BcrrOMOraTe]IblJl>Te q:ma)J(IGj CHCTeJ>;[br ext, BQCnOJIb!3YMTeCb KD,MBH;11.0H lsattr:
rob@catlin:.,.jtmp/junk# lsattr -"i~--_____:_" .stubborn. txt

aznta

YCTaHO:BIC-f q:ma:>KkoB

aH3.rfonFIHO

f(OM3.F-!;£le chmodBOCITOJlb3yHTeCb

KOMaH,llOH

chattr:

rbb@c:a:tlili;"/tI_i)p/junk!ichattr -i stubborn.txt rob@catlin:-/tmp/junk# rm stubborn.txt

rci,b@catlin:-/tInP/junklt

31a. c]JYHKIIIDIo6ecrre';UillaeT ,UonOJIJiHTeJII,HYIDS3uuny cpam:rOB; _B IroTO~ psre BLI He COOHpaeTeCh Kor:n:a-JIiIO'Q Bi-IbtHTb H3MeHeHH5i,. HarrpHMep fPafiJIhI /etc/rc.d/* JI:l<roQpa3JJ:i'lQHb[e (P.aHJIhl :r<:oHqmrypa;uHM. He:nsMeRHe.Mhre Qjaitn::bl nepecTaHyr 6bTT:h '[(OG'I)'llHOM)«eptBoi1: arax nyreM rre_pe3arrJ1Cl1co CTOPOH'EJ

npynrx npoueccoa,
Cymecrayior

,!J;a)Ke c.rUf resarryureasr OTHMeHH IlOJIb30B'3TeJUl root. e ej:lJIWKKM c2KaTIffi, 6e30nacHoro Y,QMeHIDI, HeB03MO)f(}{OCTH Y.!J.aJIemrn, CHI-lXpmIHOM aarmcx H tlP. Ha MOMeRT HamfCaHIDI .o;ariHol1
TIlRJd(e

44 I

rnasa

1.CepBep:

O"HOBbI

-KmrrH

3'fOMY CJIe.uitre3a

Ml:i:orneJJ;onOJfHMTeJIbl-tbleaTpI16yrI:if erne He 6hffil1 pea.rm30_B_aI:JE!I,nsHOShIM}! pa3pa6oTldlMl1 B 66:rraC'fH (j_)aJ1J10BOH CklCTI}'M"l;>iext.

VCKtipeHHe*nMnHnnqHH
(Y6ellltTeCb, 'ITO Hit OAltHlt3 npeueccopna He-np()CTaItBaer)

EC1Uf B.bI papQTaeTe l-i'a' lI1Horonpol!:eCCopRO}jG.MCTeMe

rorue:0. cpe)J;IIUMl1
"H3BO,lll1TeJIbHOCH1;, HHe kOMITHJI5r[!MH,

05beMaMH eCJIH

03Y,

MO)!(:Hp3HatJ.,HTe,flbHO

(SMP) , 05JIaiQ:a.Bb1i11"P_aTb J3 npoEiblITO!liHe-

aa)J.aTh B

KOMaH,iJ;e

make

napannem.noe
3Ha'lfM.TCJ.[bHbTFi:

nOllYlfH'lf

TeM

'caMbiM

TIP-llPOCT

npOM3I!OtlJITeJIbHOCTH ITO cpastremno e nocnenoearerrsnon KOMJIlllJ,}11I,J'lea, IJcnOJIb3yeMoH no YMOJTqaHH]o. lJrn61J paapennrre BO BpeMH KOMlIH_JULUHM BbIrlOJIHeHHe 60JIee tleM 3yil1ecb l1epeJ9IlO'laTe.JIeM -j: onaoro

)lOY.J:epHe-ro npoirecea,

B.QcnqJI1'-

rob@m(Jl.\se:~/lin1lX$ make -j4; make -j4 modules

Hekofopsre
KOMTIHltJI[!ID1,

IipoeK:thl
TI03TOMY,

npOGTO He npezmaaaaaeasi ,njnr nap:lJ:IJiellbHoit

tCJIH K3KHe-To sacm npoexra

6Y.!IYr'

C03)l;3Hbi

pansnre,
PhIX_QIfH Jnl[!HIO ;r:rllCb_Ha

LJe:M3aKOHQH1"C:H KOMIIHmIU;IUI
CHJ';IaJIa}

pO)J;HTeJIhCKI1X

OfueKTO_B,

or ~OTnK@1'ItIll1""

3aB11O:51T, R03MO)KHO B03HHKHOBeHI'le upo6JIeM'. Hasnare y.z:r;aJHUl M3 1(OMJH,Il;HOi1 CTPQKI1 q:.JI3)J(OX -j. p5l.!J: TeCTOR

c 1 rs 03Y. B bzJ!rnf!,ge'M$I Linux 2.4.19 (cranzrapnrsre BbIxQ.ul-If,le )l3HHble STDOUT rrepenarrpaanaIDICh rra ycrpojicrao /dev/null), a rrepen Haqa..rrOM KaJK;IT;O,M'HOBOR rron&ITKdi1:

.iXByX:rrpoueccoPHoi!! C!l:CTeMec,JtByMH PIII/600, Mru K<OK,lJ;6M cnysae BhlIIOJ!H5IJI3Ch KOMllHJI-ffi],1f5i rrporpaM,M],I

HIDKe np:UBe-.ueH

na

CKOPOQT-b KoMnJfJI,51UIlJ1

.. QHW UPQBO)Ul-

,lJ;epeBO HCXOJ(HhP':KO,lJ;OBy,uaJI:llJlOC-b. time make.bzlmaqer

real 7m 1. 640s user 6m44.710s f;ljS Om25.26.Os

time make -j2 bzlmage: re_;JJ m43.126s 3 user 6m48 ..080s syj;Om26.42ps time make -j4 bzImage:
real 3l,1137.687 s SYs< Om'l6. 3505

user 6'm44.98-Qs

rJ13B3 1. CepBep: OCHOBbl 1 45

time make -jlO bzhn:age: real 3 m 45 ,0 5tls, user 6m53.970s sy~ Om27.240s
KaK

BH,IJ;1ITe,HaJJHJJ:O Cyru€CTBeHHOe
ITepeKJIlOQaTeJHI

YCKOpeHKe KOMIDIJImJ;ffi!'

IIplI

no-

6almeF!Hlf

make coxparanocs

-j2. PeaJIl:;HOe BpeMJI .BbIllOJIHeHHJl l<OMaH.1lbl C 7 MHHYTDio:? MlfHyr 43 ceK)lH.1l;. 3a!laHl1e nepexmosa-

i'eJUI-j4 n03BOJU1JlO eoxparars BP~M.II lCOMI1WJUfUflMeurena HeCKOJI:bKOCeKyHn,e H-O II_PH HCnOJIb3QBaH.IDf. ¢fra;:RKa -j 10 BbIDOJIHeHHelC"oMTII1Jl.IIIUffI, 1;I.a060pOT, Ha He'CKOJIbKO cekyHn 3aMenm'IJIOc.b. 06patI:ne BHHMaHHe: BpeMeHHhTe IIOKa3aTMH .nIT.II user R sys npaKTWleCKH He OTJIH.'4'aIDTCH RD

scex

'1eTbIpeX

cnyqaax.

KOHue

KOHUOB)

BaM lfY)KHO 06pa60TaTb

O,llHO 1110

xe KOJllIqeCTBo 6MT, npOCTO c nOMOmI:irO $JIal,KKa -j RbI MO)KeTe nOnemrrb . .. 3TY 3a,a,aqy Me)J(}J;Y H6CKPJIbJ{HlIfM np.Q.uecCOpHMJ-L KaK 'I.yacTBoo3Tb Ce6R KO"MltJOPTHO 060nO'IKe B KOM3Hl:I,HO" CTPOKM (nepeMeHHb!e CpeAb! nenafOT paoclTY C o6ono'IKoH bash 6o.neeYAo6Hoii)
QTeHl'Ie

orteperasnero

pYKoBo.!l;cma

rr0060JIO'olKe

bash

MO)!{eT 3aIDITb

~fHOro BpeMeHM, ocooenao eCJIH HbI He siraere roxao, 'iTO HaM HYJKHO 11CKaTb, Ho KOf,Il;U B1:o!HatiueTe BpeM:lI, KQToppeCMO)KeTe nOCtl5l'l'MTbCrO tHemHO, - 065;1'saTeJI1HO nponrnre. 3m o6oJIo'IKa 60ntra ua pa3JfMtfHhIe CKphI'rue, HO .Il.ej:fcTIHIT€!)ThFl;O
no

llOJIe3HbIe 1;iYH.KllfU'I;

60JIbllIMHG:TBO

KOTOP6IX H 3Ha-

rrpCCT00TKJIlOQeHO

YMoJlliamuo.
6bITI> nm:r HlIX 3a,[(aE-IhI:

Ha'4'HCM o paocMCiTpeIDI51 J{eKoTopbIX rrOJIesHbTXTIepeMemIbIxt:peD,hl

qeHHit, xoropsre MOryT

3.7m '"

export PSl ..'echo -ne "\033 (O;34m \u@\h:\033[0;36m\w\o33[d;34m\$\033[0;

KaK

1131leCTHO,

n:epeMeHHRIl PSI

orsesaer

sa HaCTpoHKy

nparnanresma HHTep-

KOMaH'[(Holl CTPOKM CjJ-CTeMhl no YMO)J1IaI-Hno

II aBTOMan1'leCKYlO

rrperamuo
anars,

ESC-ITOCJle,[(oBareJIbHt)CTeH,

BaTeJI5I) HmI

\w

(nns

TCK}'Illeti

TaKMX KaK \u (wuI J1MeHH rronssopa60QeHllHpeh."'TOpHH). 0 '{eM BbI MO)KeTe He 3aKO,!lHpOBaTb

TaK 3TO Q BOSMO)KHOCTH

ESC-

nOCne.llOBaTeJlbHOCTl1

ANSIB
.[(aHHhIX. ,[(aHHaij

J1pl-ffJIarneHMH KOJl.-faH)I}IottC1"POKH Mll: «paCI<paCKH.»

BbmOLJ;M.MhTX
('), qTOpbI3a-

Msr

SaI<.JJ:lOQH]IH BCro CTpO"KY B

o}nmapHble

KaHbI"OOI

CTaBlITb KOMallny
KOMaH)la

·echoteHepHp0BaTb Mam:qecKHti ESC-CijMHOJl ASCII. Bbmom'U1eTC)IO,llJ\'H pas, IToC;:JIe sere peaYJlbTa:r ee BbIIIOJI-

HeHJIJI..coxpaaaercs
re na .IlamiyiO K KOllY ANSI: 46 I

B IIepeMeHHo.~

PSI. Erne paa

BHMMareJThHO

ITOOMOrpI1-

CTpOKY, Bbl,!lemIB

)Kl-fpHl>IM

lllP«qnoM

see, "ITO Heo1HOCHTCSI

rnaaa

1. Cepaep:oCItDBbl

expprt PS1",' echo -rre "\033 [O;34m \ u@\h:\033[Oi3,6m\w\013[0;34m\$\033[0; 37m '"

HeTPY.llHO Y3H;ani upnr,;rame;ane t:l1:l!0aH.D;HtllH CTpQK:M'\u@\h:\W\$c' K0TOpoe nee XOPOlliO ,3fIalOT. MeHJUI qItc.n<!-, cne,ll<Y!OIII;He_roene KMK;1IorO)J;Boe:ror
cfH5I, MO)!{H.O 3a;uaTi:. UBeTa WI$! Ka)!(Uoii qacTP[

rrpnrnanreaasr

KOMaR.!lHoH

oT'POKH, a'FalOKe KbMaHtIS" KOTopaH 6y,neT RhmOlIHWTbCH Ka)J(,lJ;bffi pas nepen BhIBO,!lOM rrpllfrraIllel-{JU!KOMal-i)lHOH CTPOK}! 060J101:fKOH bash: "

export RROM'LCOMMAND ..'echo"ne

3Jl,eCb otJ;MHapHble KaBWIKN

"\033JO;${USER}@${HOSTNAME}:
He Hy}KHbf, nOCKOJ1bKYB

${PWD}\OO7'"
o'60;r.I<:>"'l'-

KaBbltIKq:X

xa bash O)l(1'L1laeT YBN,QeTh Pe:aJIbHYlO K0MaH)lY,

a He- C:rpOKY CW:MBOliOB. ESC.,.

nOCM.uOBaTeJIbHOCTh H03BOmfe.T MeHRTb crpoKy3arolloBKaBPOJIblUllHC1'Be .oxon repMJ1HaJIa (TaKHX Ka'J( xterm, rxvt, eterm, gnometermn r.z.), CHMBOJfbf, pa3M.-eIUeHHbie JDITbC}1 B

Me}!Ql;Y TO"IKOH c- 3aIDITOll

K'a5iQJ:blH

n: \007,

Bee

6Yn:yr )Jo6aB-

KOMaH.rUIqJ1.CTpOKM. B .u:aHHOMcrryqae Ha 3KpaH BbIIW,w.rrC5[HMH nOJIb30BaTe1t_H,HMJI KOMrn.JOTepa 11Te-KYIUa},1 paOOqaSI rrarrxa. 3TO BeC:bMa Y,!(06HQ ;ruUI roro, 1.J.ro6J.,L rrpeaemrrs (,uaaKe 113 yrMnItTbl vim}, K KaKoMY K0MIl;hIQte-py o Bbi nbJl.KJIIotfe'libf H B Kaf(ylo .1lUpeKTopi1JO co6rrpae.Te'cb 'C.QxpaJrJITf, WatiJt. B paaaene «IIvcm651ifHoe omo6pa;)ieeH.l-fe cpeaHf~U 3!:UPY3KU cucmeMbl.tJ(!inpOIte3Gi!OIl06r<Ja» {Caser Ni<59] rroxasatro, KaK CiOHCIBJIHTf,CTPOK-Y aaronosxa Jl pe)KHMe peameroro BpeMe-H:H, a He nl_)M rrOBTopHOM BblBo,n;e rrpHl'JIarnei'n'f}1-KOMaH.D;HOll CTPOKH d601IO'-IKH bash. Bbi KOfJl,a-:-HH6y,ub cnyq--atiHo Ha_)K]1_MaJUl CO~IeTaHJ:[eK.1IaBHlII AD B O,!J;HOH: crpoxe
M}1·H3

crpoxy

3arOJIOBKa

pas npa 06HOBJIeH11.ll npMTnallleHliI5I

CJIHlIIKOM MFiOro pas, B pe.3YJIbTaTe '-IefO OKa3bIBaJIFfCb m.rrp)Dj{eHHbI-

b6bJI09KflKElM<tH;IJJI;o:tl CT'p0Ki-:l? MO$HO

CTQJ1j,KO nacne.!l("!BaTeJIbf::lbIX

38.CTaBHTb l56Qno"lI{y CKOlIbKQ

HOPH'pOMTb

Ha)KarMM "D,

bash Mt-

rro)l(eJiaere:

export IGNOREEQF=2

B arore 060nPlffia

H3 ':IReT npMne-p)I(HBUTbC5l

npanana Cuapza «TQ, 'ITO 51

CK33aJ1Te6e 'l'pIDlql:BI - npaaaa» MBblrpYS1IT sac K3K nOJIb30B3TeJUI TOlIbKO B TOM CJIyqae,. ,eCJIH B O;D:HOH"C'l'pOKe6yp:eT TPl'D!(llbI HaJ_KaTO "D. Eelll! p,llJI. sac 3T03Hp;'Iemre CJ1HIllKQM M"a:JiO, MP2KeresaaarsI 0 1 paa, a 060JIO'IIGl bash 6y;n;eT TllI,a1:eJ1FHO nOJl,CQWrbIB.1Il> K0JIIJ':IeCTBO HrokaTMM. OtfeHb YJl06HO HMl:lTI, BHyrpM eaoero .1l0MaWHer0 KanlJIOranKpeKITOpJ-Uo, ynOMR.HYTYIO B rtepeMeHHo:l1 path (,llJUI xpaaeaascuereapsrea, Cl1MBOJIHHeCJ(HX ecstnox H .1lpyrHX cnyqaHHbI-x <pparMeHToB xona). TPamIIUIOHROB, Kasrecrae Jl,aHHoUtJ;HpeKTOplill BblcrynaeT ITaITKa bin. ECJUI BocnOlIb30Ba1'.bO.>I B 0601IO'{Ke KQMaH)J;.Hol1ctpOKM bash onuaett ~ ,..HanpHMep,

export PATij"'$PAl'H:-jbin
IIYTi:. K

nepeuecrars

Heit

6Y.ll;eT scerna yK33:bIBaTbC.IIrrpam11I.bHo, ;IJ;a)i('e,ePIll BbI' 3a~OTM're nOl'vtaIllFl:Mil: zaranor JIH60 lXcnO]JJ;30BilTb SlTY CTpoKy cneaa-

rnasa

t. Cepsep:

OCHOSh.1

I 47-

pJ:J5;I na PX3HlJX KqfyJ'fu:'.lOTepax,

aa K<;rl'OPbIXp;OMal1fIDteKaT<!)TOTl1
B pa;m:pIX MeGTa,x: Kaf.(

aJlb.H0, MOryT ObiTI'; paS"MemeHbl

moVe,pi.sn

IlQTeHIJ;HB Cn;eHapffil

(cM.pa3)leJI ~Etflcmpl;"fJ. nepefloc naempoex npu nqJl1.0llj,Umovein.sh» TOMY K.aK OCYIUeCTBJIHe'TCH.

B nepeMeHHott BbIITOJIH.ile'fea DOl1eK KOMaH,[l H GIJpaBO'IHlUM ITO xarartoraa, PYKOBQ,ijCTBaM neno

[eplier N~72]).

ITonooHcr
pe'4lt.CneHHhlM KOMaH)lI>I

PATH,.

Ka1'a.n:oraM, nepe'llfCneHHblM

B. nepe'MeHHOfi

MANPATH,

rrpi:I sarrycse

cd

IIoYMOJIQaHJ1lO HQ ;H3MeIDITb:

TIOHCK K3'faJIOrOB orra rrpHHHMaeT 3H3tremre"'.",

TIO' nepeMeHHoH CDPATH. .l;l'O no )!{emiH1110 ero MO)f(-

export CDPATH.:-·

p\i3YJIbTa'fe

TOJThKb TOpRHl

BTeKYIUeM xaranore, HO 11 B B;1lletvl ;ll;0MaIIIHeM I<;;a'J;aJlore 1'1 .rU:l:peKK KOTOpo11BbI COOJ1paereCb rrepeJttH. Harrpaaep:

rroncx

C TIOMOJ.IJ;h!Q J<oMaH,D;hI

cd,

6Y;ll;eT BbIHQJ1IDIThCl'I

ue

iob@caligu~1!:-$ Is bini devel/ incoming! mail! test/ stuff. txt rob@caligula:-$cd /usr/loeal/bin rob@caligul-a:jusrjlocaL(bin$ cd mail hash: cd: mail: No suchJil~ or dire.ctory rob@cal:ig1.lTa.:/usr!localjbiti:$ export CDPATH=.:_rob@caligula:jusrjloca1jbin$ cd mail jhdriie'/rQbim~il· . rob@catigula:-/mail$

B JIepeMeljl:IOtJ. CD PATH M02KHo 3<)JlaTb CTO.l'lbKO KaT-aJ10rOB, CKOJIbK.o noxenaere, HCI{OJlI:i30BaB B KaqeCTl';e pa2;;!l,elll1remi CHMBon : (aH3JI9.fHlJ:Ho. TOMY, KRK 3TQ,)l:e.IIa,e:TC'~ R ne,p~MeHHBI'X PATH 11 MANPATH). Msr 3HaeM npaK'fffqe,CKH Bet;. 0 Q:!YHKU11~, Bbl3bU3aeMOH H3)i(anleM
KJTaBMI1lH

«crpeaxa

BBe'PX>>, KOMaH;ll;e history. n

B
KOMHH;ll;HOM IIpe;ll;rrOllO)J(llM,

JIll 'CJIyqaMHO

H<arreqaT3n

crpoxe
B

HQ 'lTd

np.OH30.tt.n;eT,

ec-

ReKoTopyI6 M BMeCTO

KpHT:HQeCKOM3H)l&1

KY10 I1Hq>bpMamnoy

BbI OllIHG:trn:Cb

Ha6paJIH napom.,
-j.bash_history
;ll;a OR MO)KeT J1

8TOT- napOJlb

coxparrarcs

¢r3i1JIe )K)IpHaJIa KOMa'l{;ll;.

ocraaerea

TaM Jl<;LlKenocne

BhI'xQ;Ua 113 CHOTeM,bI, QTKy-

ObITb I1B13JIe"leH K:3KHM ~HH6Y:B;h 6ecnpl1HIlHITI-l.hlM nOJIb30.BaTt::JI.eM. Pe;;ll;aKTflpOBaHfle cpa:i1JIa bash_history BpyqHyl.O He nptmeeeT )KeJHi:eMOl'O pe3YJ1b1'aTa,· IIQcK;DJIbKY3TOTrpaWI nepeaanacsraaeTOS! KIDK,uhIR pas rrpa BhIXOA,€ W3 cHCTeMbl. 'uJUI 6hICTPO'it O'lHCTKtI aero-

I.

raxxc

PHil ROMaH):( rro:npooytITe;3ariycnrth

113KOMaH;ll;Ho:t1!

CTpOKHCJIe.n.YJOrn:y:ro

KbMaH;n;y: export HISTSIZE~o B nrore rpatin

HCT_OpllVi KOMaHJ{

6y)J;eT o6HYJIeH

Mbl OCTaHeTGJI nyCThIM. UPH ncsropaoa 48 I rnaaa 1. CepBep:

OCHOBIi.1

axone HCllcTeMY Be;nemre

11 IIpM Bbfxo,n:e H:3CHCTeI1CTOpMfl

CoseT Ng 10. KaK "VBCJ808aT~ celfiH l\JIM!jJ0PTHO Bo6ono~Ke

KOMaHAHOltCTPOKIt

KOM'aH,Il;. 6YUeT npOAOJJ)KeHO

B O.oJ>l'!"HOi\1 pe~e. OCMOTp1:f"veJ]bHO. C npOQJleMoti, OTI0flOQalOT

3T9];0

M0MeHT3

IT..o¢1"(l.-

paitTecb .B€CTH ce6a EbI KOma-HH5YAb

n:O.!lKJlIOQaJ9tcn

60Jlee

CTaJIKHBallJ1Cb

.KO.r~a nOJIb301liJ.'1JeJTJ1

It y:ikOJI..>JT ,ub,.. MOff, :pat%tB Bh;IifTH Jf3 CHCTeMbI? ECJI.[I BM K01".1;I;3- Il6"YJtf,:'3arrYC)(:a.JlRcJIY)KH 6y w U aa6,lllQ.llaJIJf KY'IY IIDJlb30BaTeneti, rrOll.lG1lOI.HHllibJX_<i C}icteMe J y)Ke B Tcqe}uie HeCKOllhKU'XJUlei1, nbnpo6Y1tte3a.n:an, B CBOeM OXPPK¢HHH cneiJ}'K CMCTeMe, a.sarex CEOM HOyrDyR

I:OllIYJb

nepeMemryIO:

export 1:M.0UT",6QO
B nepeMe.HHOn
KOTOpbIX

TMOUT

sanaerea

K:o.nllqeCTBO

cexyR,1l,

H3 c~c:reC'TpOKe He. 6bIJlO aseaeao HU O.llHoit KOMaPI;Uhl. TaKOM IJpHe},t He cpafioraer, eCJUl saum rrenssesarena aaxomrrcs B DKHe pe)J;aKTopa vi, HO B, cnysae, K'O.i'Aa OHH paooTaX>T TOJIbKQ C KO:MUH.l'Ufbfi C'TpoI<Ol1:, rrpb6JIeMY ,Il;encTBrrteJ1bHO MO;)}rnO permrrt, nO)J;DoHbTM o Qpa3mif. ,Uml nexoropsrx ITOJlb30BaTeiIe'tt, pii.3)'Mee:rc.s'I1 10 M!1HYT MOry! QKa3a:rbCll
3BTOManf'IeCK:J{ BblrpY3J.iT ITQJIb30BaTeJI![

PQOJlO'IKa

"bash

ITo .l1CTeQeHI1J1

MbI, eCJB1 B~OMaHJlHOn

CJJJ1111KOM MarJeRhIQIM nOMHl1Tb, rro YMOJl'{aHIHO,

npOMe)l(yrKoM

~peMeHH, uxno

no J:lM M.O)J(HQ Be)l(.lJ."HBQrraCMc:reMH:bl* ne'peM.~HHblj{

'IT.o·eCJII1 MXHe

yc-rp;:H1BaIDT

3Ha'IeHJf3

OHM MoryrM3l>1eHHTh O')JJ1HMHTepeClJl>IH

3JJ<eCh B03HHKaeT ·rpY3K:HCHMTbIBaeT

sonpoc; teaK "CAt\JWTb naeeeaaae

CBoeMYYCMarpeHJ{Kl.

W~HeruUl nOCTOmnfbIMn?

OO·oJIOTJ:KaKoMaH;lJ;HOM:

H'acTpOMKH .J'I3 pa3Hblx<;tiafuJoB KaK ORa 6bma BhI3Bana: rrpM BXO;ne nOJIb3€rsi:lTeIDI.B CHCTeMY JIRGOrryresr 3anYCKa H3JJ:pyroti OOO;rOQKH. B rrepHOM C.JIY'Iae, r.e, upn aarrycxe OOOJIol.lKH .BO BpeM.II .BX:O.A,~ CMc'}"eM}' bash/I): B '
... B nepB)'lO ..otiepe)J;h npO}fCX6;lJ;11Tb6pt:u.Ue'}lll.eJ:i BWTOJJHeHHe'KhMaH)J; ln$aitraKQ130r:o. 3a'1'eM BhIiIo.TUuteTt;lI IlQuck cpal1JI0$ '~;'bas.h_prqfile., .,,/bqsh ~login a .--:/profile, IlMeHHOI1;r3-KOM rr0J!.9tIJ<e q,cym;e-

U3CTPOKl'I basb EO .BpeM.>r saB 3aBHCHMOCTf.I 6T Taro,

na /etc/pYofjle, nP11 Ha]fl1l!lU.r

11

CTBll.geTC5I CqMTbmaHHe 11 Bbm01UJ.eH1:!8

KOM8H:!l,..Ha'TIIHAACrrepBoro

cyutecrKoNi8H,1.nWH xpaHVfll;ll;Te'

nyiomero
B

nocrynnoro
TO

.1l;JUI qTeIDHl

<paMa ... ECjHt

06oJ]OQKa

CTPOKI1 cym8c;fByeT,

bash

C'111ThlB·aeh·tr BhIIlOJllf5ie:'i" KOMaHllbI,

¢ai1JJe --:;'biJ$h~_logo"ut;

eCllli t3koBOii C,)'lti,et;TByeT.

JIP,H,BbI30Be ll:3JlPyrl1,X: 060JIOqe.K:

060Jro'lKa l{oM.aHJJ;Roii crPOKT1 bash csarsrsaer cpaiJ'na -/bashft, ecmr'taR.OBlJH cyurecrsyer. 11 ssrrtonnner
K0M3H)J;DI

M3

IIUJIHoe onpe,llenemre TOTO, "ITOnOHIfMaeTc:'Si rroz o6oJIot[Kbtl: Bxo;n:a 13caa TaK)i(e HCrrepITblBaIOIUa:H rnt¢opM31.Uf.II no OKp)')KeIDI.lO, 'e 1(01'0POM BbI patioraere K3)K,!l;brH neus, cO,ll;~p)l(l1TC.si B crrpaso-ntsrx tBe.n;e1l1HIX no bash(l).
CTeMy~

TnaBa 1. CepBep: OC.HDBbl I 49

CoseT .NQ nOltCK It YJlal1eHHe !I;la!lnCla C ),cTaHDBl1eHHbIMIt 6ltTaMit 'se!UI~lset!ljd 11,

nOUC'K U YAaneHUe

t:lJaitnoB C YCTaHOSneHHblMU 6U'aMIII

JKCnnyaTallHH npHSl!nSJHil Jl0l1b30,B3ren}l tool)

satuid/setgid
(3alllhra DT nOTeHUHanbH'oll yrpo3bl

ECJI}[ B PQJU1. ilMeeT

cepsepa

'BblcTynaeT

Cl'ICTeMa

TIOA ynpaB:JIeHHeM

TO, rr£aBHbIMmlJI:aeTC5J'

IDIHa gpm? KaK npaaano,

K

sorrpos: (ItIero, COOCTBeHI10, 11M 1IibGH.BaeMC5j'?~, JIlt CMhiCJI ycrasosxa Ha :ee6-cepIiepe. rrO,UCHPTeMbl oeItal'l11 H)0KHO cHcTeMe" B KOTOP0'M orcyrcrsyer KORcom, , YCTaHaBJTWaTb naxer
YCTaHOBKa ,rUfCl<OBOrO

oc Linux,

JII1llIHHX'npOrpaMMHbIX

naxero»

npHBO)lHT
HaJlH'IlliI CHIf setgid

aanpacaoa rpare

rrpocrpancrsa,

O,llHaKO B cnyaae

¢aFj..IIOB C YCTaHOBJIeHHJ:,n.mG1I.TaMH tyaUll:H

erne 60Ree
no'I'l'H MeCIlL

H.ueHTIicRffKaTOpoB
'1T0.6ht

setuid

Y.CJIO)l\HH~cfr. TPYA5JTC$I He IIOKJIa,r:J;a?,[ yx, p

XBUI };lOOpa:OOT'lHRn

3aIIIJiTl.1Tb yJ13BJ1BCe HOBble

¢la:ttJIOB

MbI(} MecT<i, CB5£3aHHble C l;f.C;.TIOJIb30,B3HIfeM 3THX GmbH, C03l1;ae:rC5} Blwtame-

IDIe., 'ITO
YH3BHMbre

KaJK.n:hlit

xecsn HemKJ1JI.aHHOo6Hapy)KllBalOTC.H Bsr lI;OJDKHbI erynspuo nponepnrs p cocrosane

c YCTaHOBJIeHiIbIMH6HTaMll H ~e
pq.CCMpTpeHa TaHOBJIeHHbIM,.GRToM'setU,id

setuid

H setgid

aa csoea

CHCIeMe,

ocoeeano ec4)akJ19B
C yc-

Jll1 060JIOQJC}' KOM<!HtJ:HOfi crpoan

cepsepa I1CnOJTh3yeTeHe

TOJlhK0 DbL

KQMal'I;U<t, BbIITOJIIDIIO,lli,rur

IIORCK ncex

MJIJiI setgid:

Ioot@catlin:;.,.nfind j -perm +6000 -type f -exec ls old {} \; ,. setuid.txt & .

. 3BaIDIe.M

B pe3YJI.bTaTe BhIDohIfeffiffi naHHoH 'KOM<tH1JJ,l G03,n:aeTC5I q,a:f1J1 IIO,n: Hasetuid.txt,» KOToPbL1i: SUHOCM'ICH 'I1H¢OpMaIJ;I1H 060 scex o6Hapy<paHJIaX, CQOTBeTCTBy.IOIDllX ylJ'fJIl1T,
C YCTaIi:OJ3JJ:eHHbIMH 6HTaMli CHCTeMe.: ,3a,1J;aHH01l'qr Kpl1'l'epHlO.

)KeRH,bIve' B CI1CTeMe BH'tlMaTe,JIhHO

H3Ylll1Te nOJlyqeHHbIH
KaKHerpaHJIbI Hao6WIHOH

GrTI100K H yJ'I;aJ1 nre QuIpl

setuid

M setgid

co scex HeHGITOJIb.3yeMbJXBa:MH

IToCMOTpllM_,
MO)!{HO HaHTH

setuid

HJIIf setgid

-rws-x-x 1root bin 35248 May 30 2001 jusrfbiri/at -TI'l.s--x--x 1 mot bin 10592 May 30 2001 jusrfbinjcro.ntab
HI1'Iero rH.lIX Y,ilHBl1"J"?'JIhHOro., YTHJII1TI>I at H

nomaonarena

llJIU crontab OT kIMe.HM rrPlIb30BaTenej;[, Ecna M5IHYThIMHOJI:Y)KbaMH:, CHHMHTe C HHX 611Tb1setuid:

root,

erontab

'Ir06blDhma

B03Md]{HoeTb

H)I)K.uaIOIC5,I II npHBJ1JIe3aIl¥cF::a 3a.uaHHfi B, at Bb1 He rrom.ayerecs nsnneyrro-

# chmcd a-s ju,sr(bln{at,ci'ont"b}

OrKJIIO'Ia1'b l\fHornx

nnamipOBIURK

aa

He CaMtHl JIY"IIIHl;!I l1.ll;eH, ITOCKOJIbKy pa60Ta

clICTeM6a3Hpye'rc:rr

paCrrncmU1.lo, YTllJllITOM at? 50 I fll!!lBa

1.

Ho
A

BbIITOJIHeIiIDl: onpeaenennax 3a,r:J;aH111tno BCIT9MHilTe, 'KOT;!l;a5b1 B nocnennan pas npnb30BaJIHch saura IJOJIh30Ba'l'eJlll 3HUIOT, )lIDIqerO ona npe)lRa3HaQeHa?

Cep8ep:

DeHOBbl

'COBer N~ '1, nOI1CK 11Yll~neHl1e lIIaHnuBcyc'raHoBlleHHblMH'Gl1r3MI1

s.etuld/setgJd

ECJ1l1 Ha OrrpelleJfel-Iii6a 'GI:icreMeofIa He H)1)KHa, I1Meer CMbfCJI npOOTO OT Flee H30a:BwTbca, Ee3 611Ta setuid KOMarlAa.at 6YLl,(~T He,.!I;6b1}(rn:ia,$rJr 06bfqti'b1X IlOJIb30BaTeJ1eti, HO B TO )f{e Bpel\.ffi C Hefi crroxonao GMO)!{eTpa:60ral'b nOJIb30BaTeJIb. toot.

-IWS--X--X 1 root bin 1124'4 Apr 15 200'1 lusrjbirijdisable-paste.

Jla:Hl;fasI KOMa.H,D;a.. HBJHleTCH ~IaCT!bJO naxera gpm (npaMBepa MJ;IlIDf ,lJJIJJ KOHCOJIHLinux),'TIOPJ0IlOQeHamiKBaweMYXOMllbIQTepYMbrm_h,?'HCIIQJIb13b1 ee 13 TeKCTQ'BOM pe*UMe? ECJHl ner, TOf,L(a3atleM OCTaBJUITh BK..iUCiqeHHbIM 611T setuid roUJ aCnOJIH9,eMorQ cpaRna, rrpHHatVIe)R-aIIJ;ero nbJIb30Bs:remo roet, KOTOPblHHliKoftlia He 6Y.n:eT 3~anYCI<aThC_H?
3'yere.IIM +;S--5',X 1

root lp 146_3aJUn 18 '2001 jusrjb_injlpq +s--s--x f rootlp '15788 Jun 18 20tH /usrjbinjlpr

-r-.s--s--x 1 roottp ;154$6 Jun 18 20_Q1 justjbinjlprm -f-S--S--X 1 root lp 23772 Jun 18 '20bl jusrjsbilljlp.c

Bee

B;wuerr.epe"IHCJIeHHbI€

rpa:tJ-JlbIOTHbC'.SITC.lIK n01lcncteM.e
H¢TIQJIb3ye,TCJI)0i<:6y

neqarn, Ho
BhlBO,nt1 Ra

.lIefiCTBllTe.IIbHO

mf.n.aHHafl Ma1iII1Ha

nesars?
-rws--x-vx 1 root bin -IWS--X--x 1 root bin .rwHx~'x1 root bin -rws--x=x 1 root bin
337,60 Jun 18 2000 /usI'jbin/ch~g.e 29572 Jun :i8 2000 jusrjbinjchfn

lp JOill

27188)l!p18'20pO/usrjbin/chsh
35620

Jun

18'~.odo !usrjbin/passwd

3Tll cpaitJIbI Heo6xo,L1JI.M.bI nOJIb30BaTeJrnM .rr.rr:a 3a,U,UIiffi naponert, o6orro!.feK.H NHc]_)bpMaUrrn )lJIH CTIy)K5bl finger. I1onOJIh3yeTC.s:J JlM na B"allieM Be6cepsepe clI)')l<:6afinger? Eel!}r, ,KaK aa MHOrJilX .lIpyrtix, catrrax, peeerp nbJTh30narens xpaHWTC.lI rne-ro B APyrOM MeCTe (ClCaJKeM, B BeG) M OR rre CHlIXp0Hl13HpyeTC.1I c nOJIeM GECOS, rorna BbIllieYUOW,p-fYTaa J-IHWOPMallIDI
rrO"ITlf ,6eCrrOJIe3Ha,. xeropoe sa HCKJIJOq'eHi-feM<<;H3cTomuero>.> HMeHI!l nOJTb30BaTeIDI,

ll9CHX rrop HCnQ.llh3yeTclI HeKOTOpb{M'H ITQ'Im.BhIMNKJIH;eHTaf',1H, BI:.I ne-ftCTBHTeJIbHO XOTHTe, n03BOJillTb nOJlb30BaTeJI.IlM caMbCTo5l'reJIhfiO MeRRIll 3tH ,GBell:eRIDI, ,6e3 BMelUaTeJIhCTBaa,tJ;Mi1H-ffCTpaTopa?.
+Xf"SN:l

-r-xr-sr-x i. root-tty

toottty

9768 Jun2J2001/usrjbinjwall 8.504 JUl121 2001 jus~jb:in/writ€

D;PynfX rronssonarenea, KaK rrpasnno, sro ;,r:(bcTaTOlfHO6e30nacHM onepaUm:r, MHaKG ~a)j(e eJO MOryT BOCn0J1b30BaThqr 3JlOYNlbtlliJIeHHHKFI cuenuo .BhlBO)la HeKoppeKTHbl:>i: ,uaHHblX (n;rn 6ollbuioeO/COIlUtteCmf;Ja HekOp_peKTHbIX ,n;aH'HblX) Ha Te.PMH:HaJu,1 ,!.(PYrI-rx nOJIb30BaTeJIeit qTbDhI sanperari, .u;pymM nOJIb3'oBareJIHM BhlIIOJIH.HTb llo,uo5Hhle ;llie'HCTBlliI, OTKJIIOQUTe 6L1Tsetgid.

,llJu.j: HOpM8JlbHOH papOThI o6enx YTHJlHT - wall H write - Heo6xo.lUfMo~a.n:a:n, ,lJ):I:>l mrx ORT setgid, YTOObI C)l:e)l3Th B03MO)!ffibiM BbLBO,UH<). repMl1H::lJIb1

rn3B3

1. Cep.Bep:

(lCHDBbl

151

Cmiel

N~11. noi-lcK It V1l.3)JeHl!e ijJaiinOB cYCir.aH.oBneHHbIMH 6HTarim ;elui"d/sefgid

.;rl;a%e

root lIQ- n:pe}t(Reivf)' 'c!i{02Ksi'!· o.mpaBJHITb HpM 0'i?c~I>mKe c666meHilll npesynsrare saBeprnemr5l pa60TtI BO ape·MiI.rrepesarpyaxa CHCTeMbI).
B .8TOM rroiJ:b30.BareJi:b (H3npt"fl..rep, K0MaH;ll;hI

C?rryqae

wall

H write

-).Wsr"'XI-X 1 met bin 14204 Jun 3 20Ql/usr/bin/rcp -rwsr-xr-x 1 foot bin 106,24 Jun 3 2Q01/wti/bin/rlogin -r-sr-xr-x.t w.ot"bin_7956Jun 32001 /usrfbin/rsh

r-·C;Ily)KQblCYIU~C:rB:9BaJIJ1 ente AD nQ5IBm~HJUI ssh, 'ITO 6BIJIO HeTaK Y)!{ iJ.a·BHO. HYMHO .lIJ1 npe,n;OCTaBJHITh n0J1b30J;!;anmJIM )lQCTyrr J( t-CJ1y;KoaM? Cyrnecrayer JTH XOTh X3Ka.>l-"TO .IDYHl;UlHI, Ko:t0PYIQ HeJlbS)f peaJIH30SaTb npn nONlblliiH ssh IiI scp M.l1Jl5I KOTOPOrt *paHHe Heo6xOLUfMO BCicnOJIMOBarneR cnY)K6aMH rsh JI1-I6tYrcp? Csepee Hceto,HeMH@rd nop.a60T3B C YTHJIHToJ:rSsh, BbI nepecrausre.acrrsrrsraarr, H0CTaJIhrmO no r-cJI)/}K6aM 11 CMO)!(eT.e I136aB11T1>C51 OT rrOreHlJ;HaJIbHOH 60M6bI e 'racoBHM M€Xilffl'I3'MOM B BH.u,e .yOTaHOBJIeHHorQ 6MTa setuid .lllliI MCnOJIH5feMOrO $allJIa CJly)!{6bl rsh. EOITH XOTIue aaars, 'fTO HH1:epeCHOrQ MO)!{HO cp;e.JIaTh npa I!oMomt·l ssh, HaM,LUrre OmIc:aHl1e.:;J'J;oi1 CJTY)K6:01 ep~,!1,l1 .llpyrux COJ3((TOB, Iil3f102keHHbIXB::nOH KHnre" -r-sr-xr-x. 1 root bin1Q2o.O Jun 3 2001/lfsrjbin/tICI;c.e'r0ute -I-SI-Xr-X 1 root bin 150.04 Jun 3 2001 jbiI\/ping

EMTsetuid c
)lOJDKeR sars

uensro

Ha3HaqemHI npaa
XOTFITe,

rrOJlb30BaTeIDl

root

065I3<lTe:rn.Ho

<!To6h! oRJ1 MOIlIMCQ3,n;aUOJIb30B<tTeJlH CMOf.lll!I,S3rrycKaTh BhImeyrroMH;Hyrble YTJiJIHTbl eeTt>:BQJ;i .Ii.J1iarHQcTHlqt, 'I'Qr.u;a :6e3 nanHuro QHTa npocro He:Bo3.Mo)!(HO 060RTl-fCb. B rrpo)'l1BHOM cnyqaeJ:;HHTlle C3TliX ¢laMoB 6liTa setuid 6rpaHH.QHB:ieT..KpYT JIliIIl., I1Mel01J1JfX rrpanoxa.aanycK KbMaH,ll.p1ng H traeeroute, e;un:HCTBeHHf,1M nOJrb30BaTBJIeM root, ping Ii traceroute,

6hITb 3.aJJ:'l-H }I)l.lf1(9Uaap;

Ecna

rraxersr ICMP.

'IT06.M aainn

+sr"H-- 1 uucp uucp -r-sr-sr-- 1 JlUCpll\1CP -r-sr-sr-» 1 uucp uucp -r-;sr"'~J--1 uucp uucp

'1 uucp uueji 93532 Feb 10 200.1j.usr/bin/ullstat 1 uucp uucp 85348 Feb 10 2001 /usrfbin/uux "r-sr-~r-- 1 uucp uuep 65492. Feb 19 2901 /usrjlib/uucp/uuchk

+.~r,st~-r-sr-sr-+S!;sr--r-sr-sr--

1uucp uucp 83344 Feb 10 2:QOl/usxfbin/q.ucp.

1 uucp uucp 361 nFeb

10 ZOOl/usrjbin/uuname

213.83z.Feb 10 200"1/lisr/lib/ullcp/uucico 70748Eeb 10 2001 /usrjlib/uucpjuuconv 315 Feb 10.2001 /usr/lilJ/uucp!uusthed 95420 Feb 10 2001 fu-sr/lib/uuc:p/uuxqt

}HleTCJJ: penxo.

IIOCT:051HH.O pa60TalOIIUIX CeTeH TCP/IP UUCP npuaeEC)Ill UUCP He l1CnOJI'b3yeTTGH, 0C'I3BJIeHHe 6HTPB setuid a setgid BKJUOQeHH;bIM1J )])i5I em n.oMep>KKH JIlIlll~Q scaxoro CMl>I!Z)1a. OTlOUO"l'eHHe HeHyY.KHl;r:x np.ll$f1JIeTIIW II03EO:llH"eT MHHiiMH3MPOBaTb pncx TOr<'l,~lT9 I(Of,u:3-Hi16Y){h 06Hapy*efIHoe'YSl3:Bw,!we, MeG'I"O nn3,BOJII.IT

HamH,lI,H11

ocymeCTB}rr:b 52.1

3'ci<aJIaUJilQ n:PHJ3JilJIerm.

rnl!l!a 1. GepBep:' OCHO.Bbl

B qTOM
1;lidlJIQB

pa:;lpeJIeC,1i(erralla

ITOIThITKa 1;f;'3)IP:(Kl11h :MaTepHaJI

p'eHlUl. npo.uecqa,
o6X-bERMO

He f'O'TOBOro

pernemra. Ho

rrpnBe,l;l,eH;.ij:&I:{1: SneCh

nyreM paocsrorcmrcdK

IDIKaK Hy)1:.b3!'1 C'U{Ta'Th33I<;:OH'IeHH1IM. Ye;raHaBJIlfBaH cepsep, rreITClt.;arnTIi, B KaK1iX ueJHIi( OR 6Y.lI;'e:r llClIOJIh30Ba:r1CH, If.;ue:i1¢Tll'ElBaTh aD;eKBaTHhIM d.6paaOlif. TaM, rJl:e3TO B03MO:l!(HO, U36a:BbTech OTJ.IHIiI(JIR60 ,niDKeUeJ1bIX aa 'ITO naxeroa), <PYHKUHOHaTIbHOCTb KOT0PBIX rrpOCTO

H.HX fijlIDlI1:JIeri1i1

saM

He H)')KHa. He creeannrecs
"lT06:bT BliHICHHTh,.

Bo,nCTBaM,

b6pa~aTi>C5( k onepati1BFfEIM PyKoorseuaer .a:.aHHEIH }[Cn0.lIHJHtMbI1l: ¢.aib:I

He

i1 3a'leM eMy' H)?Ke:H 6l{T setuid, a eCJIliI oneparnnnce PYK0BO,UeTBO )J(eT rrOMCl<1b, 3aIDlliTecb H3yqeHHeM HCXO,Ul{hlX KO.n;OB.

CMO-

3aCT3BVlM npOrp·aMMY sudo paOOTalb He nOKnaJlaa PYK

(nporpaMM3

Mynlx

sudo ne.lleKJ1aAbIBaeT BblnOnHeHHe B3WIIX n.oPY'leHHn

K cHcreMe)

H3 nne'lH

nonb30B3TeneH

6e311peADCT3BJlelUifi HeOrp3HII'leHHbIX nOliHOMD'lIlH

HaAocryn

Ynmma sudo nossonaer

xacaronnreca

rrQJIB30BaTeJUIM: B1IIIqJIIDITb,H~KaTOpJ;re

cPY}:I1O:~.l1:li,

a,Il.M:HEill.cr_pnpOB<,Uuul

CfiCTeMl>!, 5e3 npe)J;OCTaB.lJeHI15£ nOJIH.OueH~

Hora )J;Qcryna.B' Ea"JecrBe·ll0JTh30Bare.rut root.Srcr l{crrQJIFffieMhIH r;paFlJt.c,Ycra,HOllJIeHHbIM 6aToM .setuid nbJIb30Bate,JIR Toot MO)i(eT sarrycxars kOIi,faH;1J;J;;I

yKa3aHll5I rexymere napona. OTpe)laKTI-IpOBaTh eTnICOl( rrOJlh30BRTeJIefi, KOTOEI;IM II03BOJIeHO 3a'nycKaTb rrporpasnry sudo, B ·cParrJie /usr/sbin/visudo; ITo YMOJI1.l.alUno CIl}fCOK IIoJib30.BareJl,ei1, xoropste MO.ryr B::i'1III.OJUffiTb 3Ty IIPQfpaMMY, BblfJHI)J,I1:r np116JIIl3F1TeJlbHO rax:
01' 'I1Mef.fHaBTOpff30BaHHorb
BbICZYIla.sr nOJIh:aOBaTe;JUI rrOCJIe B POJIH IIOJI180BaTeJI.lI

root,

Mo;iKHo

root ALL",{ALl) ALL

CO)KaneHHIO,

MHorae

I.J;HIO .llCnOJIb30BaTb

3TY crposcy

CHCTeMHble MMJ1Hi1CTpaTophi MMeIOT TeMeRB xasecrae IiIa6iIoHa, B O)lHOCTOpOHHeM no-

p5I)lKe

rrpeaocrassras

Heorpal:lH'!eHRbID

nocryn nOJ1b30lJaTeJllI

root ma scex

OCTaJIbHbIX

a,I;I,MmnICTpaTOpOB'.

root ALL", (ALLj A;ll rob ALL",(AiL) ALL jim ALi=(ALL) ALL
david ALL",(ALL) ALL

TaKHM
HOMO<IIDI MbI sudo

o6pa30M

MO)KHO npe)lOcTilBHTbOrrpe,neJIeHHoMY He .Jl.MlJ1b B'TOM B

Ii0J1b30B~LTeJUI root,

MeTO,ll9cPcPeKTlflleH

'ieJ10BeKY nOJ1coo6l.UaRel\iY naporrs. O,lUJal(O )l"aHRl>IH crrysrae, xorna Bee rronssoserena nporpasr-

3aQJIY)IG1::smOT nOITHOfO)lOBepIDt

poex yramrra sudo

CTRl3JIeHIDI

eocroaaaa

Ilpa YCJIOBHM

npa13HJII;H1:JX H~CT'"

,[laTb orpOMHYJO m6KOCTb,.B IIJ1aHe

.npeno-

)lOCTYU;;t)lJI$J

IlbIIlOJIHeHI1H .mo5b1x ~OMaH.r.t; nO)l npOH;3:BO,!Ib}i])IM

ltI,UeHTMcpHKa'l'OPOM nOJIb30BaTeJJ)l

(uid),
r.naBa

1. CepB!!Il: OCHOBbl I 53

CooeT No 121 3aCTaOltM npOrpaMf\'JY sudo paPoTaTb HH nOlUla};laH pyx

--------

CWHTC).KCHC Ko~agn;bT
.IJOnb30BaTe)lh-XOCT

sudo

TaKDE:
IlOJlb30BameJlb)
l{OMa}!}:Ia

~(q;aKmU1.{eCKUli

rrepBOM

crontirre

3a,uaeTC51 nOJIh301laTem. 1-I:a xoropsre

sudo, Bo

BTOpoM

onpezte-

JIillOTCj:J Y3JIbI cera,

pacnpOCTpaJHIeTC51

,IJ;eH:CTBH~ ,IJ;aRHQM xo-

MaF£.Jl:1l.

C ee

rrOMOllJJ>JO sudo na

rrporpaMMbl

ITpe;rr:IIOJlO)JQf:M,

M:O)J{ROaananars M;ueHTwmyJO KomlmrypauIDb ,l1,Jm. HeCKOJIbKHX CJ:[CTeMax. K npHM!epy, liTO Y nac ecn, pfl3pa6oT'IHK, KOTOPbrtt Hl?i<1<::

,!l;aeTC51 nocryrre CnpallaMH IT0JIb30BaTemi root B

KQMy-m-f60 .o:pyrOMY cepnepy:

CBoeHcacresre,

HO

He KKa-

peter beta.oreiUynet.com",(ALL)

ALL
B KpYfJI.E>reCKo6kH, saaaerca Hl'vtacpaKTWIecK'orb

B CTOJI6Ue,
nomaonarena, rjJaMM:Hbrn

3aKJIlO'-feHHOM 66J1a,D.alOmerO l1MeHM

BeCbMa y,IJ;06Ha, '1T06bl paspemars

Ko;uar

3Ta q:JYHT<WUf nbJIb30naTeJUfM BbIDOJTfUITb npo.!lpyrHX rrOJ1b3bB3.i'e.rreH (Heo65I3aTeJIbHO root):

KOMaH~1. O)llfHM

npan311m

aa aanycx

peter lists.oreillynet.com-Imailrnan)

ALL

11,

naxoaeu,

B rroc)1e)lHeM

cronene

nepeg}rCJleHE>f

KOM3Hl-{RI,

KOTCipble-

lIM,e-eT rrpasc

3anyCj(3T,b rrOJf~OBaTeJ1b:

david ns.orefllynet.com-jbind)
ECJlI1 Heo6xQ'[(lfMO

/usr/sbinjrridc,jusr/sbinjnamed

npHMepe,

CTIlItOK

3a)l.aTb .LOrMHi-fhli1: CunCOK KOM:aH,l( J1n60, K3K B ,lJ.a:HHoM nOJTh30BaTeJIe:f! caorexu, BOCrrOJIb3yHTeCI> B sudo KOMaHBMeCTO cooraercrsyro¢a:t%JIa npOrpaMMbI

'[(OMalias, TIceB;lloHHM (alias) MO)KeT npHl\{eH5ITbC5I

m.eJ13all1ICH

mo60M CTP9Klf KOH¢lfryP3U110HHOrO

sudo:

IT secAlias "WEBMASTERS=peter;nancy

IT se:i_Alias ADMINS=rob,jim,d-avid

Runas_:_AliasDAEMONS=bind, ww,snmp,ircd w Host_Alias WEBSERvERS=www.oreiUynet.com,www.oreilly.com,www.perl.com Cmnd_Alias :PROCS=jbin/ldll,jbinjkiUall,fusrjbin/skil\,/usrjbin/top Cmnd_Alias APACHE¢/uSrjlocaljapachejbi_n/apachectl WEBMASTERS WEBSERVERS=(www) APACHE ADMINS ALL=(DAEMONS)ALL

Bxecro

OT;ueJlbHbIX

ITOJIh30BaTeJIefi

MO)I{HO Ta1QKe

aanasars

nenue

CHC-

teMHhnc: rpynrrbI,'1TOOhI paspennrrs nsrrromrenae orrpeneneaasrx KOMaH)l BceM rtomsosarenmr, npUHa;:vre2KanurM K TOt! HJTH llHOi1 rpyrrne. ~ 3]'0ro HjDKHO )]'06aBliTb nepeJll1MeHeM rpyrrmr CHMBO,II %: "/oWWWatlrnin WEBSERVERS=(www) APACHE

54 I fnaBa 1. CepBep: OCHDBbl

Terreps m06oM: rrbm.30B3TeJtb,. npHHa,lIJIe)f(amIfH

CMO)KeT 60M

rpyrrne

wwwadmin,
WWW HU JllO-

sartycsars

KOMaH,UY

apachecfl

OT HMeIm:

rrOJIb30BaTeJHJ

neo-cepaepe. Eure o,lIHoi1noxeaaon

nepez,

¢y:HKUMeti mUmeTc~cplIa)I(QK

NOPASSWD:.

Ha-

J1Wllie ,,uaHHO.n OIIUHH napons

osnasaer,

''lTO rrOJTb30BaTeJIIO He npnnercs

BBQ,uH'Th

BbITIOJIHemIeM

KOMaR)],hl:

rob ALL",{ALL).NOFASSWD: PRats,

noJIb30BaTeJIh rob CMO)J{I?T sarrycxars KoMal:i,ubJ kiU"kiUaU, M: top Ail JIID60M KO:MIThJOrepe non yqeTHO'f!_ 3anUCh!O )11060fO IT0)1h30Ba~ TeJl5I 6e3 BB'b,1la napOJIH. M, HaKOHe'IJ;; YTMJIHTy sudo MOJKFtEicqHTaTh y.n;o6HOft aJJliTepHauIBolI nporpaMMe SU .D.Jl1l '~B:rOMaTl1tIeeKOfO 3arzyCK{t npo-

B pe3YJIhTaTe

skill

rpaMM H3 CHCreMHI>IX q;.a!1rroB rc:

sudo -u www jusr/tocaljapache/hinjapachectl

(cd /usrflocaljmysql; sudo -u mysql .jbin/safe~mysql&) start

3arryC:KaJIaCb BO ,BpeMJI 3arpY3ici1:, lieo6xb,uHM0 KOHqH1typaIlHH HCnOJIh3yeMoti JIO YMQlI'IaHlflO cTpoKa na-

Qro6u3TaKoMa.H.1la
Jll1lffie B ¢aItrre

rodt

ALLF(ALL) ALL.
IIcIToJIh3ylITe
TepffiIMl'1

'.
yrHJIHTY

sudo C 06b[LlHhIMH npe,l{OCTOpO)l(ffOCTHMlI, xapax ~ cpaHlIoB C YCTaHOBJJeHHblM611TOM setuid, He06Xo.JlUMQ'leTKO npencraansrs, 'ITO YTHJJH'l'a llQ3BOIDIeT BhInOJIHJITh IIpOll3;mDI HcnQJIIDIeMhIX

'OHa-

BOJLhHhleKQMaH)J),I OTHMe}lll cpaKTHlfeCK'QfO TIOJ[h30HaTeJJ5I, 0CQott!{HQ ecna IIpHMeHHyTea ..rr,IDI BhIDOJIlieHtuI j1HTepaKTHBHbIx.KOMaH,1l, Hanp}fMeJ?!

B 60JIhIlIHHCTBeOJTyq:aeB JTQ He JIp06JIeMa, IlOCicbJIhKY paCCMCi!peHHhltt Meron ,lleJiempbmiHMH qeM rrpenocranneaae

sarrycxa penaxropes,

JI1460

KaKMX -TO KOMI1HMTOPOB lflI1,1HHTel:mpeTaT0puB.

npan

JIOJI·h30naTeJTHM see panae rrpe.uITOlInrTeJLhHe~, HeotpaHWIeHHor6 .uOCTYfJ3 c npRBlilIerM)I.fll nom-

sosarena root. np"MJlHeHMe YTMnl1Tbl Makefile aAM MHMCTpaTopa

(ynlflllTll

H..

/I

C08'EI

AnD aBlOMaTI13'aLUI113:3A'ali

Ng13

Makefile M611paer 6blcrpo

sante

It

npOCTOBce, II He rO)lbKO gee)

KOMirHJHITIJIH

KOM3H.1la

make

ncero

11CrrOJIh3yeTb~ll,JI'lI

npoexron,

(gee), 113 HeMHOme rrpencrasnmcr, lITO, nOCKOJIhKY yrannra make OTCJ1e)!QUlaeT BpeMS! MO,!l;l1cpHKaUIDl cpatiJIQJ3, OHa HeDJjQXEI IIO)J,X.,O,llHT MH. BhInOJJHemr.llpa3HOrO pona oOHOBJIeHldt,. BbT3113'mu,IX l3:'He.ceHl4eM .113MeHeItu:H B onpeneneanue cpa;tt.JIIiT. l:IH)ke paCCMarpWJ.MTC.Sl' JTHGTHHTcI(e·HaplfH, ~CJI6JIb3yeMoro.!1JU£ OO¢JJY')KHBaHH5.L KOHcj:lrn:ypaUHDHHh[){ cj:lafuJoB rrporpali4.Mh! sendrnail.
KO!v(ITHJlJITOPOB

aepenxo

BKJIlO':l:arOlUHX 6a30Eble I:IafioPhl

GNU

H,GXO,llHBIXKq,uOB.

Ho

rnasa 1.

CepBep,.: Ot:HOBbl

I 55

nl1CTloIHC,

Makefi,le.mail

M4= m4 CFmR~ jusr!s,rcjs;endmail-8,12,5jcf CHMOD=chmod RO,MQD~=444, RM= rm-f

,sOFFIXES: .mc .cf

all: virtusers.db

aliases.db access.db
-c

access.db: access.txt makemap -v hashacsess newaliases

aliases. db: aliases

access. txt

V;irtuse rs. db: virtus ers, txt mahmap ·v hash VittJisers"< virtusers.txt .mc.cf:
$(RM) $@ $ (M4) $ {CFDIR} jm4j cf:m4 $'(CHMOIi)',$(RtiMODE) $@

s- .mc > $@ II ( $(RM) $@

&&

exit' 1 )

IIoM'ecTHB ,910T c,ueHapnM 13 ¢ailJT /etc/mail!Makejilf.; He HYJKHQ ITOM:HtiTb 0 Heo6xQ,!lJ1MQCTH3:a:rryCKa KOMaH;!lJiI newaliases nocne pe,1laKTHPQTlaJi1.U! nc¢Ii.IIo.H1[MOB B q,amne sendmail HJU1Q cllHT3K.cH¢e KbMaH.IIl>I makemap B xo;re oORoMeHHl'I BHPTYaJIbHbIX ;:J;OMeI-ioB JIRGo .uoctyna K HacTpbi1K3M yiIpaBJreHIDI, 11 canoe sasreaareasaoe saxmo-raerca B TOM, xro BO BpeMJI

o6a:oBJIeHlI:.\l nenynrero ¢atbTa H3crpoeK me (BbI Benh nonssyerecs nporpaMJl.fo:i1 me, a He pe;lJJlKTIlpyeTe <1;latbr sandmail.cf BpyqHyIO, He TaJ( JII1?) ¢ahJr .c:}6YJ1.eT C03,UaH aBTOMaTFflIeCKI1. TIOCKO,TlbK)' OHa crre;:J;I:IT sa rrOCJIeJJ:HkiNIH OOHOBJIeHJUllIU1 cPa-KJlOB, TO:Bb;IT10JIH51e1 nepecTpDRKyTOJIbKO TeX~¢aHJJ"bB, NOTopble B 3TOM Hy)l(.!lalOTcH. IIpRB.e,n.eM eIJ:J;e O;r:u1H npauep, CBH3"aHHhlRC nepeaocoa ¢alliIOB KOHqJnfYpamns Apache na .n;pyroH cepnep, HanpHMep, npMlJ,WCflULiecKoi1 HDcmpol'JJ{e

HOBhIH

cepeepa Apache"
HOMeCTlrre

0 KOTopoPl: roBOPHTC>I B pa311eJIe4Pacnpe.oeJleHueJ-IQ;:pY3Ku

nOMOUJ,.U O(lpelCmU6bt

RewriieMap

cepeepe

Apache» [GoBeT

ero B CBOro JIOKalThHY10

JIJ1peJcrop)1roju$r/loealjapache/e.onf;

Ng :99]. A noxa

npu

llPPC'IO

.n~CTI1Hr:. MakefUe.push

#
# lli:,~bJ1b301laHlte Makefile # 1;1.3; BegoMy1O cIfcTeMY. #
)l,J13l.

nepel!.OC? qiafuJoB KOf!cl'lI<1iypal.lltlt ('" .conf)

56

I. rJlaB<l 1. Cepllep: OCHOBbl

SLAVE",WWW2.oreHlyneuom APAC:E:I],-/u:st/localjapache RM=/bin/rm TOUCH~jbin/tou'c:J:t SSH.. /usr/localjbin/ssh. SC:p", /usr/local/bin/s~p .SUFFIXES': .conf .ts aU:test restart sites.tsqlobals.ts httpd.ts ccnfiqtest: test

@echo, -n "Testing Apache cOIlfigu~atii:m: "

@$(APACHE)jbin/apached\ confiqtest restart: $(APf\.CH~)fbin/apachedl .conf.ts:
@$(RM) cf$@ @$(S~P) $* .conf

test:

restart

, "' '.,' " $(SLAVE):$(APACHE)/conf @$(SSH}${SLAVE) $( A,PAC:E:lE)/bln/ apachsctl @$(TOUCH) $,@

restart

ITOGKOJIbKYpeansno Mf:,I Hecos,uaeM mfKaKHX HOBbIX <jJaru:rOB, nporpaaMe make HeCKOJIbKQ 3'aTPY.!lJlllTe]lbHO peUII1Tb/ 110,uBepf'aJ1MCb JIM. .aa caMOM ,rr;eJIe MO):(I:l.$HKaUl'IfI re HlliI HHhIe cpa'tiJIbl nacrpoex. MM 05MaHbmaeMTIpOrpaMMY sa 'ClfeT cW,rtaH1:I5.l nYCl'bIX Q;l8JfllOB .Is (coxpaureane OT timestamp 11peMeHHaH M:i:rrka), KOTOPblt;;¢JIY)f(;aT NcK'mbJfH'feJIhHO "!LJI:ll X:paFteHIUI )laTh!

tl !lpeMeHH nbcne,UHero 06HoroteHH5I. ITPl1 BHe;CeHIHil1:I3MeHeHHH B peansHOle ¢ai1Jllir (httpd.Cffn/, siteS.ton/IDI@O globals.eonf) HaM nOHil,uo5HT05lBlfa'fane .tianYctl11'b KOMaH,UY apaehsctl configtest D.1l5f rrpoaepxn npaBMJI1,HOCTI1 H8C1'pOeK. ECJIH Bee npokner rrpaBl1JIhHO, np0J1.3o.ili'.u.er,r JJOKaJIhHbI~ rrepesanycx cepnepa Apache, xenapesanae TOlTbKO 'fTO Jl3MeHeHHblxl:jJafiJ10B Hit Be,UOMhIM cepsep H rrepesarrycx Apache na Be;:rOMOM"cepsepe. H, HaKOHeu, o6pamemIe 1< COOTB.eTCTB¥lD1UUMqraMJlaM . ts n03BOJUH~.r YI35e'DKaTh H'X. noBTOPH0.l1o'6pa6oTIG1" JIM nOKA He

6y;n:yr naeeeasr

liI3MeHeHHH

B peamotste

(j:Jait.,.

.conf3To

3HaQl1telIhHO

yMeHhll1aet

BHarypbI,

a TaIOKe YCKOp9leT

KOJIHlJecTBo orrepartaa naona c knarrpouecc no cpasaemoo C Onepa$IDill1 BPY"IH)'IO

npH K8)IQlOM oDHoBJIeHifH.

rnaBa 1.. CepBep:

OCHOBbi

I 57

COBel N'~14. nO,lltiop uoaoro .LlIlMeHHoro HMe"",

nOA6op HOBoro AOMeHHorO"MBHI-1

(l1pOBepKa JlOCrylJHOCTli HMeHII, Ilo,lj korOPblMB~1 CBOH colicmeHHblH }:IOMeH) )CorellH libl aaperHcrpllpOllarb

CymectBye'l'MHO)l(eCTBO 06me.!lOCTYrIHhlX OHJIaH:HQ:BblX yrHJJHT, npeanasHa'leHRbrX·.IUJ:H nQMo.rn:H II BhITIOJIHeH1lJ'1 ;33npOCOB whois, xoropsre tI03BPJI£llOT onp·e,l{eJllITb., AOCtyIIHO Jill ,)1,.lI.lI IiCnOJl:E30B3iHHH TO,l'Wlf Moe MM~ nOMeH3, IT ecnn HeT, TO xroaaperncrpnpoaan nOMe-HC TaKMM fiMeHe!M,. OOEPIiI,orr07

!lo6Hhle yrn.nUTbI
He3aHJlTbLe

rrosrentarorcs

HenOCpe!lCTBeHHO·Ha O,[lJm p33 lIM5I)')Ke

fie6-crpaHJm;ax,
HqaCTO I1:CrrOJIb3yeTC5I.

n03-

BOIDUOT OTTIp_aBJIHTb HeOKOJrbKO 3anpOCOB3a aJII;>TepHa'nmbl.,

npe)ll!ilraIOT

ecnn aanponremroe

Ho t:¢mf II rrepBYJEl o'lepe)J:.b JfHrepec npe,n:cr3B:!"l'8eT H,e TIpMcaoeRHe onpe.lle.rreHHoro HM_eHlf_,t noaex ero COOTBeTCTBlfH, rorna no'!eMy ObI He pa3pei
IIIJ:iThnopatiorart,
AliMO
Ha:HTM

BMeCiro nac KOMaMHOHCrpQKe?!lbM6HHb1X HMeH,

ITpe)lIIOJIQ:)f{i-ftyl,

Heo6xost:

ctU-icoK scex

3aKaH'1I1BalOllJ;HXC5I

rra J111.TepbI

cat /usr!shar_ejdidjword,s I grep '81$' I sced:S/st$j.stj' I \ while read i: do \ _, (Whois $:1 I grep -q'''No entries 'found') ,S,&' echo $i; sleep 60; \ done I teelisCoCst._ciornains.trt .

B HTOre
craticade llMeH

6yneT

:rrpe.rr;ocrraBJIeHat'a6rrw:ua scex
e Principe (pe;rHcT:pa:rOP

CYII.\e<;TBYIO~ B

JJ;GMeHfl:bIX

HAfeR, aaK'l1HYlfBalOIlJ;t.iXbJI

H~tst, 3apeTffCTPIlPQBaJ{HhlX
]JOMOK scex

Republica

DemoHMeH ,co"-

Sao Tome

!lOMe-H@B.rum

npocrpaacrsn

st), B3TOM npHMepe BE.l1fbJIH5IeTCJl

3aL!.,3HHOMY KpI1TepmO,

!lOMeHHbix

OTBeTOTBy1Oill;HX

no O,llHOMY aa paa, Ka'i+I.lJ:BIe 60 ceKYH)l" Bee QTOyrCTBylOlI(Fl:e aannen 6ynyr coxpaneust B ¢ai1.iIe IIQll I1MelieM liSl_of_st_domains.:b;f, npWleM sa XO,UOM o'Opa6O'J.'KJi MO.:KH;OItfl:6JriOnaTl:i TIO
lIMa-Kampy

BLIDQ.iIHeHJ.f5fTIp,Qllecca .. 3aMeH:11lTe 6y:KBJ>I st HOI.JIl06bf\! APYTHe

JrnTep.bI 3apemC1}Wl.}JOB8HHhIX

TLD (Top Level DbMAINHall pHMep BilPYTOM

IIIHpet-um nepxaero ypOBH5.I),

ky-KHTepeCYIOIIctet6.
UMeHI1

USIDUf to, QIo6hl Iiepe1tTIi 1< nOMCnpocrpaacrse HMeR.

.1l0M~HHblX

pae-

OX01_3U3 nD)KUpaTen.e~ A"CKOBOrO aponrpaacrea

(Hall~ra~1I11 no ljlailnoBoH nepenollHeHlI1I CIlCTeljle e nOMOlllbto IlCeBJloHHMa II nOHCKa)CBHHOBHIIKOB IlIlCKOBOre npnnrpaauraa]

KaK TIpaBkIJIb, 3TO CJJ.-Y"IaeTC$In03lUIHMcy66_0THHM Be:qepOM. Bac BbISibIaaier, IlOCKOJlbKY pa3JlM eznoro M3 cep:sepoiJ (sante .scero B pOJIll TaKOBOro nsrcrynaer IICiqTOBbrncepBep) rrpaKTWIeCKM nepenonnen . BbISICHem-rn KOJI.lNetTBaCBOOO,1J;HOro npOCTpclHCTBa O-CTMbcb na !lHC-

.n;mi

Ki3, :BoCnOJTh3yi1Tecb

KOMaH.1J;OH df:

58 I

rnaBa

1.Cepllep.;

OCHO.B.bl

COBer i~,"15. axera Ha Dallutpatelleii nHCKoBoro nllol:TpaHlil'sa' Fi1esystem tk-blocks Ilssd Available Use% Mounted on /dev/~dat 704069_6 l813680 4863600 27% / /idev/slia2-17496684 H1-97760 3410132 79_%/home /dev/ddbl 83&86088360723 27885 100% /var/spooljmail

Ho H T3K H3J!eOfHO, '-ITO rrO'ITQB};IM 6ycPep rreperrunaeir (HMeliH.O ~3TOMy BaC 01'OpmLJmOT 60Jree rrpH5lTHoI'9 BpeMMpenpOJ3Q)!(JJ;eHH5I,
KaK
He

1':(0-

FDl-

C.B§13aHHoro c.
CTPOK.a;

CpOKH BhlHCHIfTh,
rrpUBO)l;lITC5J

I('fO HBJuretC5J

cepBepaMfJ_). Kaxxe B KpaT'IaHllll1e n.:aHHOl1CJ1TyaU;JtlH? HIf:>Ke xorepyro y,n06HOJ1MeTh 13 cpattlTe samero npocpMM
ITO'ITQBhWJ'I

BilHoflHlfKDM

(~pFOfile) :
alias durks-'du -cks * [sort -rn [head on'
3a,Il;.:lB3T.OT nceB,!1:0HflM n.sarrycxax MO)KHO TIOJlY'CIHTh MHQJ9pJo,mu;I:HO 06

KD'Mal:i)JYducks B Juo60j;j:

;urpeJtropI11f,

06beMe HCIlOJll:,::lyeMOJ'O .tIJ4cKosoro'npccrpaacraa, a "aIO!(e CITliCOK,neCR:TI:InOJlb3'OBaTerreki:, 3aHHMa:10IUnx H3nOOJ[hffieeKOJI:H:'1eC'fBO MecTa. nacepaepe, B rropaaxe Y0b'IBaHIUI. OqeHb

OomeM

y.o;ci6en TOT ¢laKT, 'ITO 11IH! ncncsere Y'-l1ITf.,lMIOTCH TalOKecnOMHpeK'TOp11H (O;lH8iKO 3'1"0 MO:>J{eTITOTpe6oBaTh 3Halll1TefIbHoro KOlll1'-leCTBft B.peMeIDLHa neperpyxennoacepaepe JTROO .wrn rranox C OOJIhIDJ1M KOJUl'IeCTBOM BJIO)KeHlIhlX)];}!:peKTopMfi Yl <j;mlliIOB).

Hra«,

nOCMOTpHM pe3YJIbTaT:

4317 5 hag bard 36'804 mal

30439 esis

48800 raw

rob@magic:-$ cd jv.cu:jspooljmail rob@r[lij,gic:-jv.arjspooljmail$ ducks 8388608 total' . 153]2'16 rob 55120 phil

3'0212 ferris 260{l2 nick 22464 rachel 2.2412 valis

OK3BhIBaeTG5i:, npH"nrnotl:
mre IIO<ITOBb1e

COO OllIe HIDI ,. OHK-3aHHl\:IalO1' 60Jlbllle

.1lpyrne, OqeBlf!lnO,,'Uo HOB_oe ooOpy,aoBaH;Ue,

pa3,.uena crana saum COOCTBeHMccra, qeM 'IbH-JI1100 C3THM H)l)KHOqrO-TO ,ne)J<;!Tf.", HaIIpMMep YCTaHOBHTh.

rrepenOJIHeHIDI

'ITOOhI HMeTb B03lV10}ltHOCTbBf.,r.uemuh 60JIhIll~ ;1J;.HeX9I1.poCTPaHC'rBa nOJJ; pa3,1leJI /var/spool/ttlCiil. IIoCKOJIhKy ,,[(aHHa51 KOM:aHna nossonser Bblacill]ITl> i:rnq;IOPM3.UUlO ITd BJIO}KeHHhlM ;mpekTopM5IM, oaa orJJl1:':IHO no):roM,n;eT J])l5I rtepH0):Ud'lleCKOf@ c60pa C:ra:THcTWreCr<:HX cBe;U;e:}UIH ITO 66'heMY .noMalllmix xaranoron:

soro

root@magic;jhome# ducks [~nycTl1Hecl(om,1{hcel{i:rHJ:ll

fnaBa

1.. CepBep: DCHDBbl

I 59

CoseT N~ 111•. P-a30ne~eIlK!lC /prac nH7880 2i66480 1877064 1592,560

total valisha,:ghard
ferns

1338992 law

113 7024 nit}: 1.001576 rob 925620phll 870552: shared 6:07740 mal 56462S.eris

llTo6bI

BbmO]lHl1Tb. IIpOCTe.RlliYJO

B15160p01lHYIO rrpOBepJzy 11 HaHTH BlI-

HOBHI'IKOB,. npnsenurax XQTCyr'CTBHlO cBoGO)lHOrel.IU'lCKOBo.rO npOCTpaHC!sa, Bb13bBnTe t(QM8Htly ducks, ':ITo6M .ka)Wlbli;i:pas He l:;Ht6upatb HeckolII>KO C'fPoK npcirpaMMHOrO ko,ua, XO!$1 eCJIU BMeOTO ducks lIpncBolITh 3!Oft KOM3H,lle lIM5I ds, ira KJI3BMarype nona,u:Q6mcJl. Ha6l1paTh eure MeHbllfe., onnaKO 3TO y:Ke IjeJlb:351 6YtJ:eT 1{a3B3Tb OXOTQH Ha ,\(,lllfqb»),

COBH

Pa·3Bne'leI:lKfI c /proc,
(llpn CMotpTatil1MI:I!>1 aKTot8HbiX npaljeccaB lIJ'lpa "cMCTeMHbIX nepeMeHHblX)

(i; N!!16 HEX

<llattlIO'B351:G}ICTeMa /proc cQ,lJ;ep)KWr npe,II;CT3BJIemre Ta6IDfUbT aKflI.BrrpOIi;;6CCOB m:r:pa.. n:}TeM rrexarperx MafurrrylfffUHM C ~aHJIaMM H,!l;HpeKTopMilMM B paaaene Iproc MO)KHO Y3HaTb H ,!J;ruKe U3MeHl'rri> CaMl>Ie pasHble UapaMeTphI pa6o'leif CHCTeMbl. O,!J;Ha!<,o9KcnepHM~HTbI c /proc MorY,! ObIT!> Qpe3BfJ1.Ia¥tHo onacust, rr.OCKOJU.KY ncasseaarem root J)OJ]a;llaeT npaB,aMH na rtepesarracs np'aKTM'JeQI'Uf JUQ6oro (j:lafiJI<:lll Ta5mU(e npouecCOB. OJIHaOIIHr6Ka peJIMpeKTOpaJ J:l BC5I GC Linux rrouaurer BaM aa nponram,e pyqKotL HHJK:e pa.CCMa'IpHBaeTCJI p5I,lJ;I1HTepeCHbIX ,II;e:McTBnH, xoropue M02KHO ocymeCTBJI5I:Tb c pa3.n:eJIOM/proC. 3m. npliMepbI peaJTH30BaHhl ,1l)Ui IIOCJI:e,llHett BbIme,lJ;IIIe.:i1~a MOMeHT Hanl1CaHFI:5L IQillTH nepcna snpa - 2.4; KpOMe
roro,

rrpenrrenaraeros HaJTMHe IIp'aB 'fIOm3QBareJIB! root, B npOTHBHOM cJIyCJ.ae npOCM31'plfBQ:r1 Ii MO:n:UCP1iUHPQBaui nponeccu BOBMO)l(}{O TomKO co cBOJiM uid ..B nepBOM CJ1)"3:a.epadCMorpnM GJla60 3arpy)KeHH)'IO CJiCTeMY:
root@catli:n:jllIO,c# 15 1/ 204/ 227/ 37/ bus/ hermes/ 16adavg scsi! version 1039/ 212/ 2281 41 cmdline ide/ locksself@ 1064/2171'229/ 51 cpu;iitfo interrupts meminfo slabiufo 1078/ 22,0/ 2iO/61 devices iomern mise stat 194/ 222/ 23.1/ 698/ dma ioports modules swaps 197/ 223/232/7/ driver/ irqj mounts sysl 2/224/2'33/826/ exeedomains kcorenet/sysvipc/ 2M/ 225/254/ :827/ filesystems"kmsg partitions tty! 202/226/31 apmfs/ksyms pci uptime

60 I

rnaB(I

1. Ge.poep:

OCHOB.bl

CoseT N~ 16, PadBmi~eHI1i1 c /prot:

,D;kJpeKTOpHH,13 cOOTBeTcTByel'

xa-recrse

Ha3BaHH1i: KUTOPblX

BblcTYnaIOTUHgJpoBble

3Ha-

qeHJMj_, Go.n;e¥:lKin HH¢OPMa:JJ;l'rI:O.06 peteropmr

mZ'r}':l:Bmtx:

I1.1l:etftM(j)mca'topy rrponecca COciTBeTCTByrot .n:patrnepaM, CQe1"ntKaM 11 .upyrPIM l3HYlPeH1iI1:M Q;lYHKll)15IM paOOTmOIJJ.:eto .11D.pa. I1HTepcpeiic patioraer, KaK}l c m06bIMrI ~pymi50 YCTpottcTn-aMH

CHCTeMbl.lincJi:o (P ID), OCTaB'lJIHeC)f cpaitJ:r:bT H;mt-

npoueccax

THMNcP_aiIDaMM KroK.!IoJt~anHcH

cacresrsr, nyrex

C'UfThlBitH.YHI

11 3l\lJNCH-

TaK, KaJ( eCJIH 6:1:;1TO €ibm ¢afuI. TIpe,!:UIOJIO::+;:HM, Bac llliTe8 peever, KaKa,IJ BepCll5I .-'U,lpa33n:ym_eH?l B .n:3_HH:bIH M9MeHT:
root@caUin:/proc-#cat version Linux version 2.4.18 (root@cattj.h)

(gee version 2.95.3 20Q103t5·

(releassj)

#2 Sat Jun 22 19 :01: 17 PDT 200.2 06hIWO 6oJlhllIYIO "-IaCTb lIHcpopMa[)JIHMO)!(HO Y3Ha1b., ITpOaTO sanyornaKOMaH;lIyunante -;:t, O)JJ'laJ(onpN nOM 6y.ayr orcesea «"-If;:J10:IleK s.cepenaae», H HbIITQJIHeHQ TO, "-ITOaa GaMOM ,aene)l.eJ.[aeT KOM'aH,ll3 uname, Bac narepeeyer, CJI;QJIbl(o03Yscr-aIroMeHo na BallIefi caCTeMe? OopaTwre,C:& k kcore: root@tatlin:/proc-lf ts ~1 kccre -r~------- 1 root root'2013330688 Aug 2821:39 kcors

Iloxoxe na TO, 'lTOH3 HameR CHCTeMe YCTaHOSJIeUO 192 Me 03Y (2013330688/1024/1024= 192). KCTa'FH,B.bI06panpm: BHHMaHMe H,} ;3-a,L((l,f:[If:bre $aifJIOBbIe pa3pememm?
3TQ saunrra

CHCTeMbI OT nOI1hITox-06paTMTf,cff
KOHeQHb,

K naMaTIi Harrp.llMy1Q '{TO He IIoMe1UaeT sa lICXO:UOM. o)leCb:Mb1

cocropeau
root,
MMecivt

o6tl1.JHbJX rroJlli:joB~_lreJletL
BC,e,

eemr

B];lro3JUIeTeCb ITOJIb30B<i!TeJIeM

TO CMOJf(eTe n:erraTb IIplfivf(;:HHTb KOMamr;y grep MJJ.FI strings

}1,eJiO

-rro yronao, HI1-

kcore

c TIaMJ1Thl0

CRCWMEl,.

11 Ha'6mb)I<lTb B xoropyio K3iIDl-

pyloTcR n:aHHble j(O MOMeHTa

~Jal1HO nOTepSlHHbIX,llaHHHX

rrepesarracu,
lur60

norryoxaa

uoccranoanenae

cny-

OTCJIe:>KMB3HHe_ HenOp51,UOllJj.hlX ITOJIh3QBa-

TeJ1eil, pacnOp~aIo1lI.I1~CRTeM> llTQJilM; He npUHa,u:rre!l(l;lT. PbICK3TbB kcore He C)IH:JlIJtoM RHTepeC:i:tQ,. H rroerosry naHHbIDct!bco6trcnOJ1b3yeTC..I1 TOJIbKOcal\.fbIMHoTqa5JRlLbllvi'M JIll:60 c3MblM.11 CKY'IaroJJJ;J:t'iv1fl. JUOL{bMli.

IIepe.q:HCmrM erne aexoropsre

root@catlin,:/prodl 2: XT-·PICkeyboard 2: 0 XT-PIC cassade
1:

lI,oero1hible ynoMYiHaHI1H:ipafDIbI

C.OCt05IHffiI:

cat interrupts. _ -

CPUO 0: 34302408

XT·PIC timer

8:: 1XT·PIC rtc

3: 28~891 XT-PIC ermoco cs

9: 13933886 XT~PIC ethO 18: 15581 XT-PIC BusLog:fc BT~958 14: 301982 XT-PIC ideO

rn3B3

1.

CepBep:

(lCHDBbl

I 61

COBeT N! 16. Pa3Bl1e~~HIUI c

Iproc

ERR: 0 8TH cpati:Jrb! npencraanaror c060it cacresraae CqeT'iJilXH, 3aIIlIChIBa~nrae Bee nponaonremuae npepsmanaa, BKlIIO'la.lI HBCPOPMauHlo 06'~ HOMepe H 'HMeHH BbI3Ba]HnerO nx .n:pai1:Bepa. root@catfut;/pmc# cat partitions major mtnorsblocks name 8 0 89712.92 sda 81·870n98 sdai 8 2 2570.40 sda2 36429316672hdb 3 65 29310561 hdb; STO CIUfcoK ncex pa3.n:eJIOB)!(eCTKOro ,!l;HCKa 11 YCTpOifOTB, oGRap)')KeHHbIX BO BpeM5I3arpy3Kl1, c yxasauaex pasuepoa, KaK BI1,!l;HTe, y Hac ecrs AMCK SCSI oG'beMOM
,1l;OCT)'llHMe pasnerna,

NMI:

9 I6 H IDE-ye:rpofi:cT1?O na 30 [6.

3.n:ecb IIOKa3HHbl Bee He3aBHCl1.M0 OTTOro, CMOHTHpOBaHblJIR OHRHa TeK}'06pa30M BbL\1C}U1Tb, npHcyrcTBYIQT JlH H CU,1l;{ifCJ<H~

1I01it MOM~HT, n03BOJIHH TaKltM

CTeMe HeCMOHTupbBaHHble

HH)Kerrpencraanena crpyxrypa ornemnero

nponecca:

root@catlin:/proc# cd 1 root@catlin:/proc/l# Is -1 total 0 -r-++"l.root root 0 Aug 28 22:05 cmdline lrwXIWXlWX 1 root root 0 Aug 28 22:05 cwd -> II -r-------- 1root root 0 Aug 2812:05 environ lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Aug 28 22:05 exe -> Isbin/init* dr-x------ 2 root root 0 Aug 28 2'2:05 fd/ +-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Aug'2822:'05 maps -rw------- 1 root root 0 Aug 2.8 22:05 mem lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Aug 28.22:05 root -c- II -r--r--T--l root root 0 Aug 28 22:05 stat -r--r--r--l root.root 0 Aug 28 22:Q5 statrn -r--r--r--l root root 0 Aug 28 22:05 status

B 3IOH: nanxepassreuterrsr TpM aarepecnsre Cl1MBOmNecKl:fe ccstnxa: cwd YKa3bIBaeT na TeKylllyJO paGO'IYIO D;I1.pek'I'Op{ffO namroro upouecea (MO)J(eTe, uarrpiorep, BbrrtOJIHHTh KOMaH,uy cd /proc/3852/cwd QTo6f,I rrepetrm B mrpexropnro, IT3 KOTOPOM6bIJI sarryntea nponecc c ID 3852), CHMBOJrnlJ:eCCbTJIKa exe yxassmaer' ITOJIl-II;[l!! rtyrs K B1>I3bIBae;\10MY,ui301f'lHOMY cpaH:JIy, a root CCbIJIaeTC5Ina nplfBa,n;JTe)KaIUHit rrponeccy KOpHeBOH: KaTaJI or. KaKllpaBHJIO, CCbUlKaroot npaxrmecxx ncerna yxassmaer na I, B nporascxaa HOM cnyqae np0H.CXO.llHT sanyex chroot. CDallJIbI cmdline 11 environ CO.D;ep;KaTKOMaH,!I;HylO CTpOXY B ee 9PHrHHaJIbHOM BH,n;eH ncnasra crrHCOK rtponeccon oxpy)!(eHHH. B Ka'IeCTBe pas62 1
rnaB3

1. CepBep:

OCHOBbl

I:OB

er N,,- 1 6. Pamlne qe H 11l! t: IprQc

.n:MHTemr
n pocncrpen,

3aMGej1: JiCITOJIb3YIOTC.~
crtaccx B y,u06ot(llT<;te.Mojt

NULL-c14MBom:.i:,

n08TOMy, "ITO@hl ~¢fbpM.e; BQCITOJIhSyfrTeCb CJre;r:1YIO-

1Ut~"j1 ItO MilH,.!I OM:

1'ERM=linux

JQot@catlin:/proejljj HOME";

eat environ

[tr '\0' '\n'

B00T_IMAGE",catlin J[}f60, , B xasecrse. 5o.llee Hafll>I,llHgro npHMepa, o_6panneCb K ¢laRRY OKpy}KeRMelVTH rexyurero aKTHBHoro

/p"ocl$elfl~li)!iron', f)le orpaxesro

rtpouecea:

root@catlin:/proc/l# cat jprocjseIfj environ Itr'\o' PWD=!prqc!l HOSTNAME=catlin.nocat.net MOZILLA..:HOME=/usrjlibjrte;tscape ignoreoff=10 LSOPTIONS=--colo.i=auto -F -b -T 0 MANPATH",/usrjlocaljman:/usr/man;jusr/xl1R6/man LE.SSOPEN";'llesspipe.sh "lqS . PS1=\u@\h:\w\$ PS2",> H T ..n:. <3TOT npMBM

'\n'

MCrr0JIh30BaTh B cnenapuax 06oJIo~l!rn: li:IUI. .1lpy~ nonyaenas )lOJTOJIfflITeJIbRhIX cseJ]:eHHH 06 aKTl1BHhlX rtpoueccax. I1PlJMelff.{HTe:ero Co.CTOPOiIKHOCTIi"JO, He3J6bfBaH o ro«, qTO xerrpl'IHWfenfpoBUHHhIH nOJIB30B,areJIb 06I>I'IHO !{MeeT )lGtcrynTO]J:bKO K I'1HrHX nporpaM.MaxJWI ¢OpMa~llJ1 0 3arrymeHHbIX UM npoueecax;

y.n:oono

rrpHB.e..a;eH np'j{Mep rrpaKTUqeCKoro HCrrOJIb3oBaHl'tH $aH:JIOBoti CHCTeM11 /pr:06. P0}3YJI'bTIlTbl IFbmoJJ'HeHI1H KOMaH~bl ps MQ)KHO C:BepH'tb cm6.lllil\eH aK:THBHhIX nponeccon:
3aBeputeIDIe II 15 -d /proc/* Tal(flM
KOJIHqeC'TBa nOJlb3yeMblx

If 13

I 9rep
ps . Bo

[0·9] [we -1; ps ax [we ·1 He§PJIhllIa5T Bb16opo.'-1HaH:ITIIOBep;Ka. nocp:;lBH<}HHKJ C 'll1CJTOM, B.03BpameHMHOT'I1.XXa:K'ep.CialX«roctkit» - Ha6bpaxyrHJfl;jT,rtc-

o6pa30M,

QcymeCT.B,JJ5Ielc.B:

aIcrHBHhIX'

nponeccon

HbIM ItOMi:lHLlOI!

3JIOYMbIlliJIeHHIDGIMH

nocne

no.n:ytleHMR:

zrocryna

cacrexe -

YCTaHi1B.iTHBaeIc.i1B3JlOMaflRaH sepcrer yn[JIl1TbI

nepaona-ransaoro ps,

IT03BOJUFIOmaHf:O.:[ H36MpareJIbHO' CKpl>maTb aK'IHBHhle npoueccsr, He OT08B pesynsrarax BbmOJIHeRJUI rrporpaMMH ps. Ho XOn! MO:;;KHO CIq)bITb aKTMBHblH rrpouecc or npOrpaMMbI ps, cnpsrart, ero B./proc ropasne c)1o~ye. ECJ11<1. eropoe ,{MCJIO H3MHoro fJOJlbllIe nepsero, ':ITQ IJPOHSOH.[(eT, B 'IaCTHOCTM', ecmr 3allyc:rMTb 3Ty KO¥3H:JJ;YHeCKO;JIJ:!KO pas II' O~0'11 CTpOKe:, H)':lI;::HO H~MelJ,JIeHHOorronouars KOMllhJqrep OT beTU MSaHM.MaTbQ5I era AeTaJIbHoj;j ,!1;namocTnKOM.

pa)Ka::lI £IX

fnaBa

1. Ce'psep:

OClltlSbl

'I

63

elllier

.No 17.

UnepHpoBClKlle CHMBDnI>HblMIl ~MeHaMH npolleccOB B pro cps

Onepwpo,B3Hue

CI-1_MBOnbHbIMI1 npeuecca

IIIMeH3_MI-1 npo_lteCCO'B (llfrHa}lIlB

B procps

(3aMeH'a IflleHtl1$IiKilTiJpa

PlD ompil6KOi\

1I1f3MB_HeJ-lI:teM

IlPII.opI1TeTOB npOLlJ!ccll8 no IIX H<l38aHlllO_, TepMHHany 1111.60tMeHI1 nOnb30S<lreJIII) I

pCJIH

RbI 'laCTO

nonssyerecs

KOMHH}lOH

ps awux]

grep 'lTO_'W

)tIlJI Bbl'IHC-

lleHHH PID npouecca, KOTOPblM Tpe6yeTC51 y:HH'lTO)KHTb,. rcirr j33fJf5IHyrb, c H-<lQonee GQBpeMeHHI;JeIlaKe1l>I ynpaBJleHjfH npOlleCCHMH. BepOHTHo, O)lJIHM It3 lfaH60JIee H3B'~CTHbrx naxeron YTHJUIT .ll)l5lpa601'11 'C rrpoueceasrn ITM.a:eTCa' proeps, Torr :ace naxer, KOTOPbtit· BKJIJQtra:etr B ce6.>l: Bepc-aID i3e3,rr;:ecyruei1 K0M:i.H}:(DI top ,UJIJI Linux. YtH:Jutra top HBlI.II~ eTCH HaCTOJIbKO MOIIJ;ad:rt 11 fM"6KOM, '{TO OHa cajas no ce6e SaCJl)I)KMB'aeT oT.u;em-iHoro
B

paccvorpenas. EOJIee- IloJI:po6HO rrpo-recrs 0 HeM MO)KHO pasztene «Monumopune cucmeunux pecypcoe npu nOMOUjU ymunumu top»

[CoBer NJl58]. Cpe,llH YT!1JIlfT, Be:rpe'laJOlUlf~cH B naxere procps, MO)KRO HaSBaT!> yrVI:l1HTy skill, n03BOJUIlOI:iJ;yJO Ompa:BJ"W1'b npoueccaa CilITHaJIbI; u.n.eHJ'HqHlI~wPY.>I FiX no lIMeHIf, TepMfiHany JIuGo H,ueiITI1$llK3ropy , 11 yranarv mice; ;!IeJI.aro-

myro TO,)KeCaMo.e, no npli:,atoM I:I3.Memnbm:yro

CTO_TorO (ITo6},l b'l'ttpaNUITb
H:M CHrHMbI. iIOJlb30BaTeJUI

npaoparer rtponeccou
na

.BMe-

l1anplfMep,,,'ITo6hI
# sldl1 -STOPpts/2

33MOP03HTb

TepMffHarre ptsj2:

,llna

BbIBO,Ll;-a

rrOJlbSOBaTeJUI

113 3:rOTO COCTo,IIHHa, .aaM

IIOHa;D;OPHTCa .APY-

ran KONHlli,Ua:

# stall-CONT ptsj2 "lItOObi W311feHHTb npaoparer scex BNIIOJIffiITe· CJre,IzyIOTIzylO KOMaBp:y:

# snice +5 {user
YTHJIHTa

D'pou:eCCOB II0JIb30EaTeJ[H

luser

na

5,.

pkill

H2lII01IHIHFlet

ITO CBOeM Q;lYHKIII10Ha..m:,HOCTl1 0 Time

skill,

HO IIp>>

5n";OM 6.6JIa,a;aeT 60JIee cp.oPMaJIhH'bll111 rrapaMeTpaMl1..

JI>ITb KbMaan.y
H1l:JI<\, Mo)KHO

"lI1'o6bI He, sacraaC.CblJII(H

.IltOra,n;bIBa'tbC.>Ieaaecrearensao

na rrpoT~PMIf-

I1eCC, npa ITOMOIIIH HMeHH iTOJib30BaTeh'J{" HMeHl-i nponecca

IDI60

3aAaTb

3TO

TII:!l'1nOMOID;H

nepeK,JIlO'llaTeJTeH.

Hanpnvep,
a6COJIlO1"H'O

pe3YJIhTaTbI BbIIlO)lHeHIDl .llByx enenyiomax °JU1H3KOBbIMH:

KOMaH)],

6y;Uyr

# pkiU -KILL -u rob bash

passe qT0 M5J aanycka.KOMaH,UbI pkiU nOHa.u;o6HTC}J
HfI;6p_aTh na I(JIaBRaTYpe

#skiU -KILL rob bash

OHMBOJIOB; 3m:OOHaJle:itCTJ3'Y'erHe,ABY~MI>IG)IeHHO :HMR nOJIb3Q.BaTeIDI Jr Ha:maHne rrpO:iJ,¢,cca coanaaaior. 64 I

rnaB3 1. Gl!pilep: OtH.08bl

60JTblle

IT fiemBirn_o, ecmr

CO.Bet N. 1 8. P aenn eAen e It lie C.U CTe M Kbl x pecyp co B MelKAY oMenb

lib/Mil np 0 uee caM Hi

Y'i'i1JIItIta pgtep $YHiCUHomipye:r

OTCBilltiTb ClITHaJIbl H.IJ:l::HTHWKKliTOPhl

rro;uo6H:O pkill, .80 aMeCTO roro

o]-(a

npoueccoa (PID)

Ka)!<JlOMY npop;eccy,
B

STDOUT:

''IT-06bI BbIBO;UHTcbOTSeTcTBYJ0mMe

$ pgrep bttpd 3211 321:2 3213

3214

3215

3215

n, naxosreu,

I<oMaH,!la vmstat B YJlti6HOM BMe npenocraaaner

naM51:rFI H CTaTFICTHKY

HH$6pMa-

Ui<OO.OBHPTYaJlbl:loi1

rrpoueccopa:

$vmstat procs memory swap iosystem cpu r J;l wswp,dI'ree buff cachesi-so bi boin csus sy id
00: 0 5676 6]16358045894000

9 9 '7 9 0: 029

ECJUf Heo6XO.!ltrMO rrOCTOHHHo clIeJtMTb sa H3M¢HeHMHMH, sa;uafiTenepHOlUnlHOe;!b o6HoRiJeHHB .HHt!?6pMallJ,Uf 13 KOMaH;UH:OM crpoxe, ,3TO!lliCfto onpenemrraanepxxy B ceicyH,[(ax, JIO Hc'fe-QeHl1l1 KOTOPOM nil 3KpaH 6y,nyr BhIBO;i;m'bCH HOBbIe pe3YJIbTaT.E.IH3MepeHIfit. M3YQemte MaJrOH313eCT.HbIXyrllJIHT, BX0.1lJIIIl,l1XB cocraa naxera procps, n03BOJIHT G3KOHOMl1Tb Macey BpeMeH}[,1J:;rl}l Ha60pa KOMaHp" He rOBOpJI )')K'e 015 H3JJ]1Il.lIDlX .Me:T,C}Hl1HJ{. BOeI10JI~3yfiTeel? KOMaH,llllMIi s'ki:U]UrGo pkil], l,IT06bl1f36e)KaT.b RefIpaBJ{]!}'H0ro BB_O;ll;a ,apryM:eHm PID B I<oMaH.!le-kitl, ITpllBOnH:llxer~ K BHe3anHOMY OTfQ1lO\feHl{Io CJfy5KO'b1 sshd (K }'JpoctH MHOfHXHO:ITh30B,areJleil, HanpaBJIemio:ti: aasama xpyiIKHe ilJIe1:ureHCTeMHoro a;.llMIffi:HCTpaTopa).

,QonOnHI1TellbHafi

HHqJOpMaql1f1:.

• «MOffl,fmoPJlffZ

• }ip:!/people ..redhat. com/Johnsonm/procps/; CUCrneMHbiXpecypCQ6 npu .no.Mou{tl1jOOMQH.a,bltop»

[COBeT NQ58];

• c:rpaUl1UbI

skin,

oneparasnoro
H vmstat.

pykOBo_.UCTBa (man)

WTJryrnJIHT

pkill,

pgrep,

snice

~ Ng18

~_

GDBEl

PacnpeAeneHMe CMCleMHblX peCypCOB Me>k.AY OTRenbHblMM npoqecC3MM

(npeRoTBpal1leliHe saxaara BceXCHCTBMHblX pecypCO,B nOJlb30BarenbCKHMH npDl.\ecc3MH)

Crryqa:H1r_O H.J1H .n:pe.!lH:a'MepeHH 0, HO O,llllli -e.D;HH eTBeI-iHPI~ nOJIb30B'aTeJj'b COCTO${HlIJI 3::p(8-a1'I1T& Bee cacTeM1:W.e peeYP¢bI, IIPHBO;ua'K eHl1Ji>.'eHluo rn8B3 1. CepBep:ocHoBbl

I 85

Ol>:lOTpQl(eHQ'TBIia

Ofrc1'¢Ml'i JII1QO e.e IlOJI,<!OIYLY Kpaxy. O.UIlH H3 O-ITOCOOi_ilB cJIOTe~btX peeypcon, 0 I<Oro.pOM "<Ia€TO3aOhraalOT, 3a'iulfQqae~fl B MCnOllb_3'OBamni: <;Py'HliUJ.J;rdH8JlbHQCTH KOM3H,.!lhI ulimit 060J10'IKH KOMaH,UffoB: t:rpoKll: bash. qtoohl He AaTb pOnM'I'ellhCKOM~ (JI1i60. nosepuesry) nponeccy cosnaaars ¢afiJJ'hI CJll'IUIKOM 60JIhillOro pasnepa, BOCnOnb3yiITecb -KOMaH,uoi1: ulimit -f (3a,lJ;aB.MaKCHMMbHO AorrycTMMhlM:pa3Me.p -WaHllR B KHllo6aHTax): 60PhObl
C IIO)KlfP:aT~Jl')tMl1

tob@catlin:/ttnp$ ullmlt ·f 100 rqb@catlin:/tmp$yes 'Spa.m spam spam ,spam SPAM!'e-spam.txt File ,<;iz€ Limit ex~:eded rob@catlin:jtmp$ Is -[ spam.tld -,rw+·t--l rob usend02AOO Sep 4 17:05 spam.txt rob@catlin:jtmp$

)Jpyrn:e

IIOJIb30BaTeJIH

He YB~JIHqn:Ba:rI>

WYJ-IKUID1 nice
ne/etc/profile;
30BaTeJIeM,

MOm ,ijavKe YMem,nrnTb lQIli ce6li BTOT iIHM:HT, HO ero esnne YCTaHOJ31leHHoro 3Haxremrn (KaK IIpJ.[ IIOMOll.(Y:l II reniee). 3TO o.3Ha;~meT,ljiTOorpamrsenae, aanansoe RcJ;>aw-

B.AMhHt;:i!i'IlIeM

He·MO)KeT ObIThYBemJ'IeH0.

Hit OAHliIM nons-

Kp:oMe,II0.l1h3bBa'I'ecJIJ1 root:

.rob@catlin:jtmp$uUmit -f unlimited bash: ulimit: cannot modify limit: Operation not permitted

06pal'lITe
)!(eQ'fBO

BHHNfalIne: 1fem>351 sanpenrn, nonsaonaremo cosnasars Mfl:OMeJIKRx ¢ilHJlOB, CYMMaptTh!H oObeM KOTOPhIX "MO)!(eT npeBblCl1Tb
ITO,llh30B3re:.n:H, 3aMelfeIIHhlie B CKJIOHHOCTH

orp<:lHliq~HHe.

:K:

ITOAo6Hl?1:M

.n:e:B:"CTBJ'fJIM,ll.OJI)KHhl.6hITb rrpj)HRcTPYKTHp0BaHhI ;

npa

nQ~ollUI

YTI11II1T_f;;!

LART (Luser Attitude Readjustment Tool- cpeacrao HCflpaB.[I~H11Fl. (IT.HOllieffiIR flOJIb30,fla:rerrej;I Linux). JIH6d, BKaqeCTB~ arrb1.'epRaTHBhf, Mo:>ken:
C .LurCKOBhIMHRBO't3MH, XOTJI RX oeanasainno 'pa31l.neqeHFIeM He aasoneua, rr09TOMY 'o6nr'llIo rrer-te IwrrpaBWf5 npo6JIeMY BbillIeynOMJIHYTbIM: CIIoco6oM. C nostouuuo KOMaH,lI;bI ulimit MO)lQiO TalOKe OrpaHH'HITb
03HHKOMHThCSI M3KCHMaJIl;F10e 110PO)!(U-aTh KOJlliQeCTBO )J,O~IepHHX TIpOIJ;eccqB,

KQTophle

paspemerrc

OT,ueJ).bHOMynonseoaarearo:

rob@.catlin:-$ cat ,.lots·o·procs #!,lbin/bash export RUN=$((RUN + 1}) echo $RUN:.... ,_

$0

!ob@catlin:.,:$ ulimtt-u 10 IOb@catlin;~$ ./lots~o. procs

1...
2 .•.

~D

3: ..

66

I. r.ll3B3 1. CepBep:

OCHOBbl

COlleT NQ 18. P,acnpelle,nsHMe

CMCT,eMHIoIXpecypCOII

MelKAY O'JlleflbHblMH

npOl.leCC3MM

4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9•.. .jlots-o-prOcs: rob@catlin:-$

fork Resource temporarily

unavailable

Bsaronapn

3TOJl KOMaHPe

M,O)KHO orpaIDJ9.HTb

MaKCHMaJIbHO

,LIonYCT1f-

nporreccon, sanymenasrx O,llHHM IIoJi:b30BaTeJIeM Ha acex TepMHI;HUIax, B10IJOQa51CPOHOB1Ie 'rtponeccsr. IIp!fqeM c,rr;eJIaTh 3TO MO)I(HO TOJ1bKO TaKHM cnocotiou, nOCKOJThKY KaK TOJIbKO B npouecce npoM-30fiAeT BeTBJIeHMe,. CBJl31 C ynpaBJIHJO~l1M TepMljH(jJIOM 6Y)l.eT nOTep5IHa. (A KaK
Moe KOJIw~ecTBO nOTOM KOMaH,Ua

noncstrran, ulimit

KoJInqeCTBO J{Me'eT

enre oznra

nponeccoa

)J)UI BJIO)f(eHHotj: rPJIa)J(OK: KaK

nOJIe3HbIH

-v, onpe,UeJIJllOIIJMH:
C C006meHlieM lI,UeaJI.bHbIM

o6oJIo'iKH?)

MaKCl1MaJIbHbII1

b6'b,eM 13I1PTYaJIbHOH

rraMHT".
6y,UeT

TOJThKO IIOJIb30BaTeJIb

nocmrner
06 onrn6Ke meHHeM"

aanasnoro nOTOJIKa, ceraenranjm ('lT01

HO TaKl{M o6pa30M

npouecc
KOrre'1HO,

aasepuren

HeJTh3H Ba3saTh

pe-

MO)!(HO npe.LI9TBpaTHTb MecTa';UH1¢aJ1'J1il

H3-:,3a nenocrarxa
,n;eJIO C HeKOppeKTHO

03Y JIH60

Kpax cIICTeMbI B. u;enqM no,n,K3':1.Kl:1).ECJ1Jf Bbi MMe¢'I'e

I<OTOp:&ri1

HurrpIDvlep, cepaep Apache + modperl + 6e3rpaMOTHO Harrl1caHHhIll cueHapMH CG I, MO)KHO aacrpoms ulimit Ha pa60TY B xarrecrae «6e30rraCHoro TopM03a» aa BpeMH OTJIaJl.Kl'l pearrsaoro HCTO'-IHHKa rrpofinexra. 3U;Ll;aBaTb OTpaHYI'IeHHe cnenyer -B KHJIo6ai1'rax.
TnTI> see )J;QCTYTI.Hble pecypcsr, l.lT06bI ){(KOM -a: npOCMOTpeTb

BeJJYlUl:IM

ce6)!.npotreccou,

nsrraerca

3a,XBa.-

nacrponxn

KOMaH)J;_bT ultmit, BOCnOJl},3yMTeCh

gma-

rob@catlin;~$ ulimit -a. co~e ,file size (blocks) 0 data s·eg size (kbyfes.)tintimited file size (blocks) unlimited max locked memory (kbytes) unlimited max memory size (kbytes) unlimited open files 1024 pipe size (512 bytes) 8 stack size (kbytes) 8192 cpu time (seconds) unlimited max user processes ,1536 virtual memory (kbytes) unlimited

lYfhl

1'13 upHM,epa BH,IJ;HO, 'lTO 6e3 YCTRHOBKH OrpaHIfCleHlIH HR yposue cncrenoasaosarenscxae nponeccsr MOryr rrocrnrars OrpOfl.fHbIX paaxtspca. B tcsli aaanorou Bi.UUeyrrbM5fHyroM KOMaR;::rhl 5I.BJIHeTCJ! limit:
rob@catlin:-> limit cputime unlimited

rnaBa 1.

CepBep:

DCHOBbl

I 67

COS'el N~ 19. YJl3neHl'le "XBOtTOB» 33 6bla.mMMI'I n.Ollb30IlaTBflRMK

filesiza unlimited datasize unlimited stacksize -8192 kbytes cotedumpsize 0 kbytes rnemoryuse unlimited descriptors lqa4 memory-locked unlimited maxproc 1535 openfdes 1024

MCPOH,

YCT_aHOBKa orpaaa HO na caMOM

rrpoueccon

lJe.Hl1l1: na B

pecypcsi

MO)KeT nOKR3aThC51.upax:OHOBCKoit BTIa,namno IIOJIb30Ba-

,ile]Je 3TO JIyqIUa5I

ansrepaarasa

TeJIbCKJilX

cysiepesnroe cocrcaane.

JlononHHTenbHaSi

HH£fJopMaLtHSI: html

• http://www. tuxedo. org/ -esr./jargon/htmljentry/LART.

~.' C DB ET

YnaneHue
(Y.6eAlITeCb,

~(XBOCTOB»

aa

6blBWUMU nOnb30B~lTenRM~

Ne19
rra

~TO Bbl33Kpblmi

Bee BXOAbl1:l BbtxOAbl

Anll

6blBWHX. nOllb30B.arenei'i)

Cnyaaerca
H

11 TaK. IJJIaRbI

MeH5,rlOTCJI, npHXO,ll,51T

axnenrsr

KOMIraHJilH KaKOM-T03Tarre

CMemalotC5I,

MeCTO O,IJJfHX

mo,uen

npyrae,

Ha

mo60MY
JIlO-

a,ll,MIffiHCTpaTOpy

npHXO;uHTC'5I

,lI,en, TIOIrnH)'BIlIl1X KOMTIaHmO KOT;n:a B03HJ:[KaeT neooxozaoaocrs 3a6JIoKHpOBaTb crapste yqeTHhle 3aIU:lCK, ny-rrue scero MbICJIHTb crparera-recxa. He cnenyer paC.ClffiThIB3'f.b., 'ITO TOJIbKO 6JIaro,llap.5I 3anyCKY KOMaH,llbI passwd -1 ,a;aHHI>Iii nomeoaarem He .:c),;l.p)!{eT norry'-IMTb nosropaoro )l;oc1"Yrra K CRCTeMe. npe;rJJlOJl'O)K:I1M, He06XO;n.HMO 3a6JlOKHp0)3aTb 6bIBmero rromaoaarens non HMeHeM luser. ,Una aroro npH,lI,eTC5I TIpOBepJITb HeCKOJ[bKO OqeBH,llHhIX (H pJI;LJ;He C'l'OJIhoxeBIf,lUiEIX) MOMe,HTOB B rrponecce y;n.aJIe}[IDl «XBOCTOB» 3aJrn:M: passwd -l luser
Pa3YMeeTC5I, TeJIhCKRM B nepBYIO

ynamrn. npana ,rxOCTyrra K o6oJlo'IKe.JJ)UI B xopomex H]lH nJIOXOM nacrpoenan,

osepezts

Heo6xo,ll,RMO

3a6.r.rOKMpOBaTb

nOJIb30j3a-

TIapOJIb.

chsh -s /bin/true luser

Erne OA1iFr nonyJiJIpHhm

Ma:HJ(Hbfi CTPOKH MOMefiT

cnocoe

33KJIJbqaeTcR B
taKHM rrpn

CMeHe

b6oJIo':!KR

KO-

narnroro rromaonarenrr
BpeMeHH, 06bPmO
K cepsepy ecna

na He'ITO, eytnecrayronree
06paSOM MmKHO
rrOMOIIJYI 060JIO'tlKH nOJrb30BaTeJIen

TOllbKO

B n:aHHhm
THTb

IIpe,UO'IBpaKOMaHJPIott 11

nocryn CTpOKH. Ho

IIOJlI,30BaTeJUr y,UaJTeHBasr

6Y.lJ:bTe OCTOP02KHbI,

na CI1CTeMe 33TIYID:eHayrHJIHTa.s~hd

paspemerra 68 I

ayreHTHcpvrrmn:HJI

TIpY( rr01\-10rn;H

rnaBCI

1. CepBep:

DCHOBbl

J()llo1Jek RSA H DSA: rorna noprsr H:3 mo6oMKoMllblO:repe.

rr01Ih30.BaTe:Jlb a3XO,[I;5lll.leM0l1:

Iuser CMO)!(eT rrepena3;H3':la'rb B30He nOC.5ItaeMOCTM cepaecld.server.eom

pai Ilpn noxonm

CJieUyloJI(eA

KO.MaH)lbl:

luser@evil:-$ ssh ·f ·N .L8000:private.lntranet;5,er:ver,co~:80

nO~OBaTeJI1]user IIQp1l

rtepeaasaa-mr lIOKaJIhHbTH nopr 8000 HallH)'Tpenfmj1'httpcepsepaarrrpaaera.Oro B03M02Kl-;!O 5narop;ap5f TOMY, 'ITO B .n3HHOM CJJ:Y,. qae BMeC'TQ napoIDI HCnOJIB3YeTcfI KJUO'I RSA, a rr0.l1h30BareJ11, He c.oD:HpaeTCJI 3arrYCR3Tb nporpaMMbT HU old .server.com ()lIDI aroro _obm3a,aalIXluoq - N). Q'lHfBH,llHO,lJ:TO Heo6x~;1lHMO YJ:i.aJIHTb -luse'f;ssh/authorized_keys*, 'ITOOM B nepBYIO'O':l"epeJlb He n03DO.JTHT1 TIOJIb30BaTemo luser BOonOn:030BaTbC.5I KJl1b'tJ.UM ssh, AHa.JTOnftffibiM 06pa30M cnenyer nocryrnrn, c $afiJIaMH:
-luser!.shos1s -lus,er/.rhpsts
06bl'IHO 3TO He npo6neMfI, eCJIH TO,fl1:StO_uesarryineua CJJ)Oi<.:6a-rsh JUI60 3TiI ¢YHKU:HH6biJTH BKTfIO'IeHbl B ssh, Ho KaK Y3HaTh, ae perIDIT JIM c.JTe.nYIOlUHtt a;rJ.MHHHCTp<iTOP a.krno1.ilITb CPYHKUHH .shosts Jirt66 .rhosts? II@9ToMypa3YMHeeY,llaiIHTb Bee UMeiom14eM ¢ai1:J1I>rce'i1:-qac, ecmrraxae eyllH~GTBYlOT. 05JIa;raeT ml IIOJIb3OBaTeJIh luser npaaasra aa '3arrycK ymJ1HTbI sudQ? EIa BCIDO:Ij1" <JIY'Ia:i1 npOBepl'l1Vf ;;JTO l1pll nOMOIl\H KOMaf~.IlPI visudo. c

A Ka!\

H<!lCqeT3aD.-aaHit,

HU3Ha'{eHHbIX

B IIJlaHupOBIUHKe

cron

MJU_i at?

crontah -u -luser ·_e

atq

n POBef)J1M-, He B".&mOJtm:I1OTc5i ml KaKHe- HIfeY..[h 3.a,uaHJ1JI B TeXYlU);f__fl- MOMeHT BpeMeHU: ps.awux Igrep -1 "luser
]UrDO, KaK OITl1.C1tHO B pa.3.uMe~fOnepUpo.(JaHlle
(J

CU.M6Q/lbHbl.MU UMeHaMU l1PO-

ueccoe

procpSi> [CoseT NQ"17],

BOCflOJI-h3yHTec1:.,J(oMaH.ll'oi.j;

sl<;Hl ·KILL luser ITpoBepHM, B COCTOHHH!I lIHn0JI130BareJTh luser sanycxan. co cBQeR )JPMaUiHe1-t.n;HpeKT'OpJU1 (}IJrn oTKy;lla-ToeIl\e):
find -tuserjpublichtmV

Cu;eHapl1:H cgi

-penn

-rn

'"ITO Hac.'IeTPHP

H p;pymxBCTpOel'l'HbIX'5,[3blKOB

cuenaprrea?

find: -luser -publi.c_htmlj -l1am€ '* ;php-*' liMeIOTCJI JIM Y nomsoaarena luser K3KMe-HHOY.L(h nacTpo.fiKH no nepenanpiilBJIeHHIO snezrpoaaolr TIO-qTbT? Taxoa nOJIb30BaTeJTb nepenxo MO)l(:eT HMeTh rtpHBJilJIennlH8 nsmonneaae npoir3J3b1tbHbtx KOMaR).!;.
TnaBa 1. CepBep: QCHOBhl I 69

Iess .c tus er'jfo rW<l;td g Ie pee I t ! etcjmatt! atlases use

M; HaKOHeu,

He ITpIDlaJLlIe)JffiT lIH naurexry nOJlh30BaryJlIO

luser

I_oC1'IK'l1'e-TO

cpattJIbI B CTpaHHblX MeCTaX: find / -user Iuser

>

-rcot/luser- files. report

O,Il:rmMH3 ,UOBOJIbHO. npncTblX H6hlCTpblX cno'Co6oB, rapaHTWPYIOlUl1X OTKJIIO"leHl:le scex JlJ..I'llIblX cpattJlOB HacTpbMKH, JIBMleTCtI nep~\{elijeHlIe
,llOMamHero K3TaJlOra rrpn)leTQJI K~TaJIOra nOlll>.30BarelI51 rrOJIh30B3Te.rra luser OCTaH~Tc:a -

ssmomreane
cO,llep)lGfMOe

KOMaH,llhl

mv

/homejlus,er /homejluser.re.mQved.
6eC_ITOKOETbCJI 0

B pe3YJIbTaTe

noxamaero

HI;~TpOHyrbIM,

no TIpH 3TOM BaM He

rrporryIQeHHbD:: TOQKax

npOHMKHdBeB.)151 B OItC-

TeMy. Y'dTHTe,

'ITO npfi-3TOM MO)KeT HapyJIiMTbCJI U'eJIOCTHQCTh¢a}tJla forward, a TaIOKe Q;iaitJI3 '-luset!public_httnl w .rno6hlX ,D;PYfl1x o6lile,D;OctYIUtblx ¢attJIoB, xoropsre Monu-\:xpainrrsca B .!lOManmeti. .fIYIpeKJ'OpHH riomcosate-

JI5.1.TI03TQMy:, ecnn
yno.M.lIHYI() CTeMHhlit ¢a:i1:JI

it npn6JIeMe

BbT pennrre H

nOID'M

Si1'Hlvr ryren, r

He 3a6hIBaHTeo

asnne-

(CKa)!(eN(., .n.i093BJI;B: cQOT13eTC]JIyroru;ylO

aliases

nepesrecras

8anHCb 13CMQTp~AaKTIfpOBaHHyfO I1epCH)D cpailJla

pu,blic_htmlu6paTH:p B rr3f.IKY /home/lliser!pu,b,.lic_htmi/J .. Cnezver nposepten, see ¢lafl.1I1i sacrpoex ,r:(}U_l npHJI02Kem.Iii,c,)ZOTOPblMH
pa60Tari
nOJIh3Q'BaniJIb BJIJIerMpdEiaHHhIMF! n OJl1,30 BaTe)J.lrMM.,[(a*-e-

.rom 05eCIIeQeHIDl
31o.T

ITOJIh3o'B3TemI

cepsepa

Iuser, 13©tTHOCTl1, CJIyJKOhI, 3anycKaeMble nO;!lnpa5e306u.!{Hhte. ¢ai1:JIhl nacrpoex Apache MOTYT 6-blTb 14cnOJIb30BaHbl BllOCJIC,llCTBIDi
K

rrocrvrra

o6oJIo'-lJi(e. -r:oro,
qTO,!JjlR

. JIf!meHH.Ji
6hl,BilICTO:.TlbKO 6JlOKMpOBa'fh xorna

OTlHCOK.lIBJIfleTC.II

.n.eMoHCTpaUtfe'H

ro

nOJIB30B1'I1'eJIH

rrOJIh,30Bare)1-hCIGI'H .!I}UI rrpaBaMH

nonssonarensroot,

seex rrpaa nocryrra He.rr;OCTaTQq}[O IIaPOJIb. Ecna 3TOT nonsscaarens

cHtya[JJ1H

CtaHOEI1TCR 6hITb

enre 6OJleeCOMffiI-

~l1H6Y,Uh (6)1 a.,

TeJlhHoH.
TPOHHCKoro

IIb3,ttHee .,UOCTyIl K eMCleMe KOHl'l, HeBl1,!l)IMOro MH

MCr:lke'r
MO.uYJI.II

aapa,

Jm60

rrOJ1y'feH c rrOMOlll.bID rtyreM upocroro

H3MeHeHl-m

napOJHI

nOJIli30B3TCllil

root. APaj;tBepOB 1Il3AApa

CIIlt;:TeMbl

YAaneHlIle
(OnntMll3Mpyifre

HeucnoHb3yeMbix

lI):IpO pallH yCKopeH~l'I 3arpy3_KI1 M 1I0IlrOBpeMeHHdi1

cTafiHnbHOH pafiOTbl)

OC Linux MO)Ke-T paOOraT.b c caMbIM pa3HO 0 6Pa3HbIM armapaTHblM ooecneB nee ncrpoena rrO.lmep}KKa pa31I11'IHOTO' o6oPY.Iltniam:m, Ha'il1H~Uf c ,xeCTKHX .!lHCKOB H 03Y, 1'1 3a.KaWIJiJB:isl Me-Hee pacrrpocTpaJRHHhIMH YCTpOJ1:CTBaMH, nanpaxep cKaHepaMW USB If nnarascr BH,lle033XBam. ~po, rroeraa'IeH:HCM. Me-Moe

.B cocrase

60JIbllU1HC'f'Ba .. sa

,a:acrp»6yrna0.n

LU1UX, .

nOJ1l{h:1M

lloeaonaCHbIM

cseraexeroporo

CJllDl(e.BIDI

ero 01¢iPeK'l'1'[B1'IOCTH

8lVIlIerc5l. HaHO,OJ1ee . . -

If3-3a .BCTpOeHHOH-TIOMep.IKKH

MaI(CHMaJil,HOro

KOJIH<IeCTBa YCTpOHCTB.

70 [ rnaBa 1. CepBep:

OCHOBbl

SaTPY::I:!<H KOMIIblOTepa o6paTJue BH:kj:M3fUle sa B£IBO)lilMMe COQ.9111eHlffi. TaM MO)KHO H;a.A:m coo6meH:l'l5f -0 pa~1UP{HQ¥ epopy,llO'_Ba}C(UfTIJITa SCSI-KOHTpPJVIepoB ft' Kil-pT Ethernet, .K:OTOpOe Ra;~?lMdM .L(eJI'e He ITQ,UKJlI0':1aJI'OCb .K CI1CTei\:fHOMY 6n:oKY. -ECJUf B tnfCTpn,~YT},ffie) K0Tbpbtit HMe{!TClJ B BaIIJeM pacuop5J)KeHln:l~' OTKJllOqeH lffimO,llOlarpY30'iHbIX cooGlutmill lDJ;pa, Bbcr10JIb3YHTeCb ,!I)HI H·X np0cMOTpa KOMa-H,IJ,OHdmesg (B03MO:>K~HO,Bb13bIBaeM01;:f sepes less), QTo6bl YCkOpHTh 3arpy3KY CHCT€MbI H M36ex<aTb npd6JreM HecoBMecnrMONH Me5K;uy HeHCrrOJIb3yeMblMM ApafIBepa1l>tH H ycraHOl3JIWHHOIMarrnapaTBpe.'MH MPOM mUIII o6ecrreI[eH1leM

Bo

)lpaKBepOB rrpb.xOJJ;liT OT,ReJIbHO so BpeM5!. crapra CJIGTe1l-thI. K3)1(E1;OMY Me-TO;IJ;y TIpJ1CytllM OBOH LJ;OCTOl1HCTBa PI He,llOClTaTKH.

>!',una.O,a;HH nPe;IJ;, rrO'iij'f;;tlOTQ.Q3:1xa.BaTh5l,Upo, B.C'TpafiBa}IB Hero '&C19 He06xo)J.11MYlO rpYH;KlJ;IIOHa)IbHOGIb, He npHoenUI K nOMol1J,J1 3arpy*aeMI:iIX MOEYJlett 5)";IJ:p.a. )lpynie C031I.alOT «o:6JIer'IeHHble)~ i3'epC}!Ht AApa, B KOTOPblX sarpysxa Heb6XOl!lfMblX

oJfe;zyer

atpaHWUfrb

CIIMCOK 8arpy:KaeM1>T.X JlpaltBepaMH

llPaitBego

B.

Cyiuecrayer zree DIKO,JTI;.l yrrpaanensno rro

PasYMeeTeJI,

npffMepy,

MOHOJIJ1THOe 5Ul:pO

(6es

jarpYJKaeMI>rx

6HJJ.1,HO ~ OHa 3arpYSlITCJ1 xpamIMbIX ;B nanxe

}!6eI:LJ;a, na)Ke B c.rryqae

Mop;yJwft) 6mIee OTa'" -UOBpe~eHllil APai1nepoB;

)lOXO)l'HT AO

/liblmodules. Hexoropste

a,UMHl'Il1CTp.alophl

TOfO, q'j"Q BOQ6r:q;e QTKJrR:f"l31OTn_o.rw;e.p>KKY,3 arpYIKaeMhlX MPmrnei1 MPa, YTb~ 6hl j{CKJII;O"J">rTb B03MO)!(HOCTb yctflHOBK:H Be}Ic'H,Me Tpo:HHCJ<HX:npwtOJfCeRRR,
3aMaCKHpOBaHlfbIX

.upaRBep .. C .upyrotiC1'Opoml,

CJTY'IaftHblM .3)lOYMI>IIDJIeHHlfKOM ITO)l K31<(}'H:-H1l6y.n;b 13 crrysae nO)l,.KJlIOQeH.l15I .K KOMITblOTepy.uonoilHHTeJThHOfO'66npY)1.0BaHIfJI npw.Qerc'll J10JlHOCT:&fo rrepeKOMTIH'JIMpOBaTh MPO; I1crrOJThi30BaHHe BCE[CreMe 3arpy)KMMhlX Mq;IJ;yJleKJI.lIpa npe,QOCTaBJI51eT
;IJ;paHBepOB S'l;.Ilpa 11M

m6KOCTb3arpY3IGI

MQ~HpMe.H2ITb nOPMQI<

MX 3arpY3'liI1

CT3Tl.<;OM raxoro no;:r;xo.ua_ID3JI)leTCH Jre:OPXoni1:MOCTb HaJl.M:'--:!J1!j: pa6o'-:l.l;fX K,OI1Uti:Mon:yJIetIB rmrrxe IM/moduies; B IlpOUf.BHoMcfflae, npH B03Hl1iQloBe• HUH npo6JIe'M cRC'IeMa oKa)KerCl'l He £, eOGT05lHl-'U13arpY3HTh ApaMBepBL BbmbJIlilHI
Tame KaK

,UmKe

nepenaaars

paSJLWIHble napasrerps;

Gee nepesarpyaxa,

Heno-

KOMTIHJlRUMlO noaoro

.R;n:pa,

make modules Install

H CBOeBpeMeHHO 11 lsmod.

He 3a6bIBaitTe sanycxars KO'MaH,llY 06HOBJUITb yrHJIiITbl MO.llYJle'il: .\1,llpa, JUlpa C 3arpJI)KaeMhIMH

modprobe

Tlocrpoenae

MOnynH;-

MH raioee I1QA0MeT, eC)IH MOHOJII"1THoe, M,pO CJII111iK9M' BeJIHKU Mil'sarpy3KFI, T.K. sanycx .r.rOl1ollRJiTe)1bHb(X .upaMB'epOB yCfpottcTBnp'Q_l'I~oH.ueT TIQc1Ie 3arpy3JOt eaxroro It;IJ;pa IT YG'faHoB1(J1 !.j;laHJlOBOll C]{C;TeMhL He3aBI1Clfi'I:ro OT .:Bbt6paHiIoro MeTQ,ua Heo6x6;lIJIMO cosnan, )Jnpo,b6JEa,llalOIUee MHmiMaJIbHO Heb6xomIMOH $YHKUHOHaJIbHOCT.blO j1)TR 3arpY3KH CHCTeMb1. To eors, OHO AOJl)KHO BKmOlfaib ilpaflBep:bI .IlJT5IYCTPOt1CTB IDE, SCSI 11npyroro o6opy.n;osaHIDl (B03MO)J(FfO, ,UI1CKOBo,na nroKl1X p;l1CKOB 11JJH
naxe

cereso VIxaprsr),
raiose
JIM60

C xoroporo

.Ill1Ma

nOAUep)K.Ka CPaHJlOBOH
reiserfs).

Gy.ueT npOl13BO,WIT.bC'51SarpYSKa. HeooxoCMCTeMbl xopaesoro pasnena ,IUfCKa

'lTOcKOMffi1JlMpOBaHa Bepc}l5ll

(ext2, ext3

Y6e,D;H1'eCb,

-.gnpa
r

fnaBa 1. GepBep:QC'HOBbl

71

'CHC1'eMbl,

Jl0MepwmaIOmrur

1:0 K0mrrreCTBO

naM>ITI1,

KOTOpOe" HMeel'C5{ aa

Barnell

CHCTe"Me

(eM. paanen

{(,jfcnOJlb36!8aHUe OOJlbu/UX o6oe.MofJ

N~21]). BbI6epklTe npOIl;eceop,

coomercrayronrart

YCTaHOBJIeHH0Jl1)'

03Y';' [COBeT o6qpy-

J:J;Q13amfIQ, 'l'l:OOhl y6ep;HTbC5I, '''11'0 ua QI1CTeMe BI<.lU0"leHbf nee B03MO)KHOOTM QlltN.MM~aUlrH. He 3a6Yil:me cKOM·mrTInpOE,an, a,[{po SMP, nOMep2KllBaIP,-

ure.e c.AMMt;<TPJ1l'IHylO MHorOIIpOUeccopHYi{) oppa60Tr<y;ecJm Ha CliCTeMe YCTaHoBiIeHo 6QJ!l>lUe omroro npotreccopa. QTo6bl CKOMIT~lJllip013aTb C:o"6CTBeriROe anpo, Heo6x0;D,1lJ\{O pacrraxoaen, Ji!.CXO:UHbleKO,Ubf$pa ryna, rne )J;JUl 91'Mb n;oc'i'a:rO'lHO M:ecTa, Han'p,HMep, B pas)J;eJI /usr!iocat)src/linux. BbITIOJIflHTe KOMaH,ll;Y make menuconfig Jmoo, ecna.sarrynrena cHCTeMa X, KOMaH)lY make xconfiq .. AKKYR8THQ OTJ{eCHTeCI> oK' BhI6opy®aJ1.BepoB (HR,ICHMrur Y )lJl5I ;qo6aBJIeHlliJ .llpai1Bepa BCUHQOK BGTpOeHH.I:.IX H M ,1:Qf5Iaa;rpy*aeM1>TX Mo:uy.n:ett). ITOMHMTe, tITO coaaaere, H;UPO)J.JIJI cepsepa, :iCOl'O'POMYRe:.H)')KHhJ JronOJIHHTeJIhHhie YCTpoHCTBa. K rrpHMepy • .lleHCnniTeJIbHO'lU1 'G.epilepy Eh::ooxO,ll;Hr\.fanOMep::KKa 3BYKOBOro YOTpoi1:CTBa, ,li;a)Ke eCTIn OHO actpoeno 13Ma'i'epI1HCKYID rnrary? A KaK nacser USB? ECJIH USB-YCTpOHOTBO He HcrrOJib3yeTCH;uJIJI BblITOJTHemUI 33;uaHl'f1I, HenOCpe.ll~TBeHHO CBJI3aHHbIX C q:,ymrn;wOHaJIbHOCThIO cepBepa, He C'IOHT YCTaHaBJUIBaTh P.JUl Hero APaitBe.P· TaJO!(e rrq~YMafiTe 0 B03MO)l(t{OCI'll OTKJllO"IeJfJU;I B BIOS aeeroaerryxaore Q6.opYl\OBaHH5I, qTOQhT cQepeqI>, Cl1c'teMHbIe peeypetr H Ci'U1.3H'fh nOTe:Huaa.TIbHhJH PJi.cl< BCi3.fufKHOIie:,HfJJt 'toHqmHKTOB O:00pY.llOB'<i:HH:H. Cq,o'pMHpoBaBcrmooK MO.E\Y.TIett .5I,n:pa, oropsre MOm OhITh otK1I:I04eHhI, x COXpaHJ1Te ):(aJIhHeHillero HctrOJIb30BaHH.!I ¢laM nacrpoex non Ha3BaHHeM .config B KopHeBOHIIaTIKe rrepesa xaranoroa C I1CXOp;I:U>IM'11KO)J;a~m H.l1.Pa.8TO 3HalJJ1:TeJIhHO OOJTeT<Jl1T OOHOBJH:lHlfe aapaa 6YJlYllleM, T.K. ero MO:lKHO 6Y.!leTcKonHfloBaTb Ea BepJCHilll: ypoBcab AepeBa faTMOTQBG ROBhIMlf HCXQ;llFfPIMll' I(o;a:aNJ]1 5([(pa H 3anYCT>ITh:i(OJifaHtIY make bldcMfig. Terreps CKOMTIIDIu:pyl1Te b6HOMeH'Hoe H,Upb (11 MO:n;YJII1:, -eCJIH 3TO Heb6xoJUfMO); YCTaHOBll1'e HX H rrpoaeptre B patiore, Y6e)lIfTech B pa:6oTocrroco6H'OCTH scex YOTPOI1CT.B IIOCJIe YCTaHOBk:fl nonoro rrporpaxsmcro ooeCl1e'IeHIil:H l:[ BHHMateJIhHO rrpocneznrre aa BceMH sarpysO"lfHblMlI cooomeHMHM}I. 06. parnre BHllMaH:He aa nee Heo)l(H.D;aHHbIe ITpe)J;YTIpeEJJ:eHl1}l JIH60 Qllli16KH H nocrapagreci, TYT *e M.X HCnpa]3HTh, T.J:To6hJ R})' He upllBe1}l1 I<:' CepbOOHi;>JM O

Wur

H{mpffRTHOCPIM B ,6YJI.ymeM. H, HaKPHeu, He.3a6Y;llbTe BKJIIO'I,utTb B Hero IIO.ll.llep)kKy

npa Y,UaJIeHHQH pariorec 5i:)J;pbM ceressrx YCTPOHCTB! HeT ffiIl'fero

,upatiBepbI
-r

m;>:.JaJIhHee, 'IeM 06Hap)')lillTb;

cpasy noone BhII10ltHeHllR

lITO fiLl aa6:bf.JUlBcrpoHTb ceressre

KOMaH;n;hr;shlifdown

now.

Ilocrpceaae xoponro ontHMlf3Hp6BaHiroro~$lipa - ,U-aJteKOHe Tp'HBHaJIhFiAA 3a)la<ni, O;!Ui:aKo ee pemeane n03BO]I5{eT ITOnyrrHTh cepnep, pafiorajomHi1: CMaKCKMaJIbHOH 9Q:>cpeKTHBHOCT'I>lO, He'C;uaB3i1Tec:r:.: n~e eOJIH .!JllH ;qocTIDKeH}[H trena J;IoHa,Uo5HTC'J{ npeJln:pmUlTb HeCKOJIhKO nOIlhITOK, sannr TpYil:bIOKYIDlTCHCTopMuei1.
72 I rnaBa 1. GepBep: OQHOPbl

GOGH

N:! 21, li1cnO'Jlb301laHHe 6om,wHx

O.6beMOB031

llo nonHIoITenbHaR J.tHcpopMaqI1R: .. ~<Pa6OTaB Linux» (Running Linux),!leTBepTOe M31J;a:Bl1e (O'RejJ!y),; • «HcnOJII:>3QlwHue {iOAblj1UXOUoeMQ8 03.Y'» [CoBeT N~ 211.
HcnOHb30B3Hue

tioHbWMX 06'beMOB

D3Y
CH.CTeMHYHl OMRTh) n

(3aCTaBbTe CHCTeMYUnll~I1Cn(]llb30BaTb

BCHlllocrynHYHl

oc Liaux
MeCTllMbIX

eTIOC06Ha

anpeeoaars.no 64 [6 $M3M<tecKoro 03Y xa

aeQ6xoJl,!1MO

x86-cOB-

CHCTeMa}L

TaTh C naM5IThIO

HaCTpOHTb cMcTeMY cooIBe:rCTBYIOlUHM oOp_a30M, ECJU1 YCT3HOBHTb B_KOMIU>lOTep'6pJIbllleOnepa:n'lBHott naMJlTJ1, He HacTpOl'IB C}[CTervry, naMJITbCJ)'bl111e 960 M6 rrpocro OJ(a),Kt;:T-c5i HelJ;pcryrrHQH, Pacnpocrpaueaaaa )l{arto6a _bOblQHo 3a::KJUOQae'fC?[ B TOM, '\1jo

Ho, QTo5hI castnre 960 M6"

na caMOM lJ;elIe MMeTb B03MO}KHOCT:b

pa@o-

CPa3Y

rtoeJte

yCTaHOBKH_l

[6

BbI BlUl,I-fte C60GmeHlfenfCTeMbI

KOMnhI(nepa

0 CBo66.l1JfbIX
cooome,.

960 M6, npHTOM <lTO Ed BpeM5I 3arpYSK:H HHe POST 0 HaJIH'nrn 1024 MG,
Cnocotianpecarum FIG_NOHIGHMEl\1),
MepeFrhI

BblBOJlMRo'Cb

)J.OCTy-IlHOii: C"'CT~MHori rr3M5ff.l1 MpOMCMC'feMbI

on-

pe.u.~J1JleTCHHacTpOHKaM1:I nOMep)IU(H
B3aBMcHMccm
l):crrOJIl)30BaTb,,3a,uaRTe

BypxHeH

06J{3CHI

rraM5ITR

(CONira-

OT o6'hel'.{a naMSTij,

KpTOJ;'!:bm

Hy:!.KBb1e H3CrpOHKJt

up to up to

96,OMB: o·ff 4GB: 4GB more than 4GB: 64GB

Yirrwre,

'ITO

npn

HCIlORb30BaHUM <pHSW!eCKOrO

q4 M603Y

B npoueccope

1J;0JDKeH TI9}l-

,IJ;ep)!(]1B3ThC51 p,e)!{l1M

pacutapesno;

a,upecOB PAE (Physical

Address Extensiqu). fuOT pe:)J{HM nOlLUep)l(HB3lOT Bee npoueccopst, HaJIMJiIaJI c Intel Pentium Pro,.OJlA3KO OH:QT:CYTCTBY~ Ha50JIee crapsrx rrponeccopax, B.p_e3yJIbtaTe qero}I'upo OTKa)J(e-r¢$l3arpy)Kathc)l: - no 9ToJr npW.JJ1He :D.$:HHR.II ff3CTpol1:.1GI OT.KJIlO'IeHanci YMOJI<ra:HMfQ, B1I6epme, 'lTd BaM Hy)K'HO, M rrepeKOMITMJrnpyi1Te 5VlPO, KaK OHMcaHO B Ra3,lJ;eJIe«YaaJl€HUe HeucnOJlb3YeMbJk' iJpaueep08 U3Jlapa cucmeuus [GQBe.T Ng 20].. Ilocne K0} ... mnmr[ij11111 yCTf,lRQIlKM anpa MO::i\!eT nOH3;!J.o5HThC51 co061lI.J1:1h

3:otrpY3WXY, CKDJ;I.hKO rra.M~TH YCT3Ho:wreHQ na C;lfcTe.M~, 'lTOt5b1 RJlJ?O, !3H1;I;.JIO'06 :;rrOM no Bpe_M:Hsarpy3KIJ., IlOC;KOJIbKY He Bee BepclfU BIOS :O:p:aBM.!thHO onpenenaior o6beM YCTaHOBReHHoit na'MJlTI1, ,Qru:I 3TOro 3a;:r;aliite B sarpY3.'lI1Xe

napasrerp

mem=,

IIpepnoJ1o)!{HM, 060JIOllKa

H3 kOMnblOtepe

YCT3.HOBJIeUO

2 r6: 03Y.

ECRM I1clIOJThsyeTC'g

Lila,

.uo6aBbTe

B <paflR KOHCP.Hry'"

paumr !efc/lilo.'cofl!cm:'Jj,ylOlliyI6 append="tn~m~2048M"

tTpOI()':.

rJ1i1B3

1. Cepsep: OCHOB.!>I I 73

ECJtH RCUOJIb;3yeTcH Grub, ,!J;-orja;BI.Te rj:raiPI /i,?tc!grub.cQnfcTpOKY: B

kerneL /boot/vmUnuz-2.4.19 mern=3048M

A eemr Y sac sarryureaa loadlin nepe..n;a}iTe 3rOT napajvl'eTpHenocpe1J,C--TBeHRO B KOMaHJ1,flDH crpoxe Ioadlin. c: \loadlin e: \J$:~rIlet\ vmlinuz. ro:ot=/dev /hda3 to m~rn=2048M
XOT5I, eomr nst parioraere c loadlin, 3a'leM~nf_TaeTe JCEnITY <<100 xaxepC.K'J{XCOBeTQ.BPft51 cep:sepa non yrrpa:B:JIeIDWM Linux»?

hdparm: TOHKaH HacTpoi1Ka napaM,eTpOB IDE--ycrpoi1cTB

(lld6-eilrecb OT

caeern

060PV):I0.BaHIHI

r.taKCMManbHoil

Ilpol13.!lOnL1TenbHI)CTH)

Ecna ElJ pa6araecre c cnCTeMoit Linux, aa IfOTopoti YCTIlllOBJIeHO no xpaaHen Mepe O,LJ;HO (E)lDE YCTpo:tl:CTBO, l1 HJfKorJ1,a He cnsnnann 06 hdparm, Q6J'I'3aTeJIbHOnpoqHTa;ifre 3TOT pa3}leJL B GOJI1,WMHCT!!(})lHC'fpl16YTHBOB Linux npl1 b6palIl~flkl.1:'f lit KOHTPQJJJ1epaM l1 YG1'PoitCTBaM IDE -J1,!tp0'I1CrrOJTh3yeTHaCTpOM:1<J1 no )'rI<lOJN3HlilO. ORH OTJIHl{aIOTC;g BhlcoKofi KOHcepBi1Tli'BHOCTbIO, 'nOCKOJlb;Ky npeARa3HacQeHbI ,Ll.JHl. MaKCMMaJIbHO:t1: 33mHTbI .n;aHHbIX JI1660tt IIeHoN. Ho, RaR MHoTMe co spexeHeM y6'e)!()J;aI6t:Cll, 6e3bnaCHOCTh nOlJlTH He 03Rat!i;l.eT 6:EICTPOTY.

nnxorna

A .iV151 IIpRJIQ)Kemrti, o6pa6an,maroID;HX orpoxorsre 06beMbI .p;a:m-rux, HH.xorna He ,cymeoTBOBaJIO taxoro nOH5.lTH5I, KaK «.llOCTaTOlffiO f5hLGTPO» .. EClIIl xorme ,p;ci6wrhC5I OT eaoero IDE-YCTpOl1CTBa MaKC-HMaJIJ;.HOl1npO113BQ,n:wreJIhHOCT1:I, o'6paTM:Te BH:llMaHHe Ha KOMa;FlD,y-hdparm($). ORa IIQ3S0Jt5IeT He TOJlbKOBhllEGHMTh, Kax1'fe; YGTpO'i:tCTBa paOQTalOT B CVlCTeMe·B )J,aHHbrll MbMe.trT, HO H npOH3BeCTliJ 1iX TOHKyJO Ha:cTfJdti.:Ky. Cne.rzyeTIIO;!l;'iepKHyrb; 'ITO npHonpe;1l8J1e.HRhIX 66CTOID'eJlb:CTBax I1cnOJIb30BaHHe 3Tl<IX KOMaH,Il MO)RET Bbl3BATh HEI1PE,UBI1,UEHHYIO qy ,QAHHbIX! l1pIIMeHJIiITe MX. aa Barn: prrCK! flo KpaMHeR Mepe, nepen TeM !CaK HaHaTh 3KcrrepRMeH1"hI, c;U,eJl~i1Te peeepsayro Komuo; JJ;aHHBIX eacere KOl\.:lIIbIOTfi:pa M rrepeaenateerc B Q)umIIOJTh30BaTeJIhCKH.il pe*~ pa60ThI. H~XO.n}ICb Bb)J,HOUOJIh.30BaTt>;JIbQKPM pe)J(l1Me, KOTOpu.ii oocy)!{.n;aJIC.H .B paSJleJte «Qrilf{;(}3 Oft1' nOaMIO'rJeliua.K; ~Q1fCO.fl_'U» [COBeT Nq 21, n:om,ITaeMC}I BbI ~ JICHHTbGbJCTpO)leitcTcBw;:'HallIero B.e;LI.ymero )teG:TKoro ;LJ:MGKa:

nor.

hdparm -Tt / dey/hda

B pesynsrare

BbI YJ3'MJlHTeHeQTO THIla: 95.52 .MB/sec

/dev/Ma TIming];lUffer-cache reads> 128M.B in 1.34 seconds Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MBin 17.86 seconds

= 3~58'MB/sel:;

74 I

rnljB3

1. CapBep:

DC.HDBbl

CoseT Ng22" hdpaTlU; TOHK~UlHacrpoilu

napaM~TpOB ID.E-ynpo'AcTB

':LeM 3TO rOBQPm? I'Iapaxrerp - T BpillOJIH.>IeT'TeCTllpOBaHl'Ie nOp:CHCT{(M.bl K9IillIpOl?amrn, 'r.e, naM5fTYl'~npoueccopa 116y$epa._ITapaMerp -t nponepsee CKOPOC"l'bC'lliT-hlHaHlliI ,ll;a:HHhIX C ,1l}tCK;:t 6es IlOMOIII.M K0ma. 3arrycTJ.;m'QQa-GTJf recra. HeOKom.KO paa, n0)1yqJ.lrenpe,[(cr3BJ1,eHIIe 9 npOH3BO,ll;nTe;nhH0cT,iIIIO;IJ;ClICTeM:bIBBo,!la/BbIBo.,ua. B npasrepe npI1J~l'l4emI peansjrste )J;lU-IHhre; IW.

.rrytreHHl>Ie B pesynsrare

TeCTHponaHll"5I

EIDE HDD;
Ho,
mSeTC5I,

CHC:roMbI PerrtiumII/350

/128 M!!5.o3Y/

BaUIJ13HalJeHlffi MoryroTJllllJaThcH. .a:8)l(e )lqHTbmasr BQ3MO:)KHJ)[ll pa36p,oC 3HalJe.IDt~,

o6bpy):(oBaHHll 31'0 B03MO)!(HO?

WUI BblrueyrroM.SfH)'"toro
TIO

rrpocro

YMHTIlleT,

wi::JIo B 3.58 M6je. A B pelCJ1aMeC900:"

CKOPOCTb rrepe.ua"IH

.iJ;aHHbTX )!(eCTKlfM C :)I(eern:HM,llI1CKOM:

.LJ:HCKOM MO%eT ;:r;OCTH.

raTl,66 Mole.!? KaK)K'e

CR BTONt;, KaK

Ilonpofiyesr 119.a:p.o6Heep.aso6pU'fh-

OC Linux patioraer

/dev/hda: multccunt '" 0 (off) I/0 support _,default 15-bit) unmackirq .. 0 (Rff) using_drita = 0 (off) keepsettinqs ",0 (off) rtoerr =0 (off) readenly = 0 (off) teadahead .. 8 (on) . geometry = 1ll70/25S/6-{ sectors",
3TO HaCTpOH.KH )!(eC"tKOrO

30043440, start = 0

Canue 6e30naCHhle, aacser 16-owI'Hom pe)!(I1Ma? Pasae OH He KaH.YJI B JIerYBMeCTe C 3TIOXOPi 386f? ,ueJIO STOM, '11'0 llCIIOJIb30SaHMe nOPPOHbIX nacrpoex rapatrrsrpyer pa6.0TOcnOC06HOCTh C-WC"TeMbJ npa)CTMcleqrn aa JTJ060M OO_OPY,1J;QB3HI1H, C KOTOphIM MO)!(HO cromoryrsca. Ho ITOCKOJIhKy B HailleM paCIlOp)DKeHl1H .ecn, H€'ITO 6mlhlIIee, -geM 3arrDIlIeHHa51 16 -QVr:rI-13n kapra nnona ~]3MBo;:r;a,. Bhmyw;eHHR!J
,Il;14CKa no Y1'yltll1LIamnO.
:taK no He CaMble

oriTHivlaJIblible.

8.neT Ha33JJ;, nOr0BOpI1M o OOJfee MH'fepeCFlhlXOJT[J._lI~CC

multcount
ITpe;nCT3BJIJleT co6ojiJ
CQeTYJ1.K cexropoa,

STaT

napaaerp

KOHTpOJIHpyet

KOJI[fqeCTBO CqHThJBaeMbIX C ,L(HCK3 sa o,lI]m rrpepbfB3H:lfe-BBQ..Qa/SblBO.u8". CeK-TOpOB. ITpaKTH'IeCKH Bee COBpeMeHHl<le IDE-ycTpcri1<CTBS nOMep)JG[PYKOBO,UCTse CRa3aHO, 'lTO BK.1l1O<re-OObl'lHO CHl1Jr(at;THarpY3Ky Ha orre:p_aUMOHHYIO caeTeMY )30 BpeWI JilcrrGJIh30BaHl-HI .!I;11CKOBOH nO,!I,cMc-reMbI BBO;lJ,aj BhmOJ1aH~l 30.-:50%. Ha MHonrx OI1C'l'eMax BKJIJO'ieHHe ;J;ftHHOj:j: OnIJ;J-IH TaiOl(e II03BQnner nOBhICHTb CKOPOCTb rtepena-ranarurstx aa 5-50%. SaIDT

3TyQJYlU,::runo .. B one.paTHBHOM

Hwe Jl:aIrnoH,OIlUUli

rn3B3 1. CepBep:

OCHDBbl1

75

1/0supporf
91'o.T <l?:Jia)j{OKKOl-ltpOJIHp.yeT orrocof nej;le;!(3'01kt mUlHf.fX e llJ'14Hl>1pcr Ha ~Cl:ErrpOJTJlep. IXpaKTlflieC:KH Bee cOBpeMeHHhle KOffTpo.J]J1epbt IlQ1U(el))KHBalOT pe)Kj.fM 3 JlliOO ] 2-.6HtHhIH pe%J1M w jsy:nc. Hezoropste KOH1;poJIJ1epbI cnocoeirsr pa6o'i"3Tb .a:aJKeB 32-6HTHOM aCHHxpoHHOM pe3KMMe. BKJIIO<IeHMe)J;al'IHOH. OTIUMli B 60JIblliWHCTBe cnysaee n03BoIDIeT Y,UBOliTb rrpowmo,UHTemHocTb cnCTeMI>1 (CM. nansme).

unmaskirq
Bxmexeaae naaaero napaMe'rpa ITQ3BoMe':f OC Linux AeMacKMposfLTb .a:pynre rrpepusamer BO IipeMJI o6tYa50tnl JutcKo.Iioro rrp·ephlBam1J1. liTO. 3To. o3Ha<tae'T? )];eJIO B TOM·, 'iTO ohep3U':0:oliH<i9£ cJ{CTel"vIa MQ)f(eT 'o6pa5aTbIBaTb JJ;pytHe"co6hITlI7I, CB5f33HHhlec rrpepblBaHIDlMH (HanpHMep, cereflOM TpaQ_JHK), O)KH)laH B03BpaTR sarrpouremretx ,llaHHhIx BaIlII;1M yerpoaC1"BO).1.. TaK MO)KffQ llQBbICl1l'b

o6uIYJO

np9H3BO.l"lHTeJIb_HoCT,b

CJiCTeMhl,

O)XHaKO IDY,!(bTe OCT;OPO)KHIiI: He BC.HKOeofiopy,nOB3H,He nOMep)J.HmaeT 31"OTpe)RHM. 06pall(al1TeChK on;epanmHOMY PYKOBO;1l,CrBY.

using~dma
pe)KHMa DMA CBJI3aiio t: HeKoToj:ibIMlf Ch:O~O()THMI1. CBOE KOHTpOJIJIep Ii 2KeCTKIDf .lJJfCK pafiOT3Tb B pe)!(J1Me DNlA - )lep3~tiTe: 3a fionee rrO.l1,POOHb1;MH CBeJJ;el:IHfI;M11 cnesyer 06paTHTbC?IKOrrep,aTHBHQMY .P)'KQBO,lJ;CTBY·
ECJlH e.M02KeTe 3aCTaBJITb I1poBepuM

Hcnonssosamre

aa npaIcrUKe

aeKdTo.phIe,naGTpOllKU,

rrpeJJ;HflJHaqeHHbIe)UUI

YCKopeirn}l

pa60ThI:

It hdparm -es -m16/dev/hd.a jdev/hda settinq s 2." bit 110 su ppo It flag to, 3 setting multcount to 16, rnultcount =16 (on) I/O support = 3 en-bit w/sync) OTJIHlJHO! 3.2..,6·I1THas:inOMep:MKa - 3By<i1:lT BJJ;OXHOBJUlIOiAe. Kpoaeroro, renept, y Hac pafioraer <PYHKIJJJJIyrrpe)J(")J;aJi:JlllerO'!TeHYiJI. 3aIiYCTHM recr ua npO.H3Bo,l\HTe.lIbHOCT1nOBTopHO: Ithd'parm·tT /dev/hda jdevjhda Timing buffer-cache reads: 1'2'8$ in'1.41 seconds", 90.78 ME/sec. Timing buffere:d disk Leads; 64 MB in 9.84seco'nds '" s.so MIt/sec

761

[naBa 1. Cepsep:

OCHDSbf

Ho MltHyTO<I.KY: lle')1b !I1_hlt<UJ;e npn::MelfH)Ut JJ:t<MaClCMpOBaHJferrpepsrH,e BalHffl, peJKI'IM DMA lItIOP xorsr 61>1 nO;ll,'XO)1;:.IlUI}ltt 'pe)J?_ull1-( FlO! KOa;e''lffO, BKJI10lfeH,n:e ~'l'HX peo2KllMOBcB~3af:(o' C onpe.u.erreHHhlM pHCKOM, Hacrpaimuax' orreparnsanrs PYKoBo,UCTBa YDorvlJfilaeTc,g: llCrrQJfh3QBarule. >pe~'a Multiword D MA 2 ,nonOMY IiOCIIOJlb3yeM.tg :llMeHRO·H.M.:
# hdparm ·X34 ·d! -ui /d.ev/hda

K CO)\(aJi
eros
fIatl:)
C

emno,

.KaK OKa3aJlOCb, sror

HOt!: CHCTeMe (KOMIThIOrep

,

ttcu; Yl1paBJIemf€M Linnx

pe)l(11M He IIO.lllIep)lQIBfleTCR lIa ,Il}l.ff3aBMC, KaJ<:sro C)1Y'J<l,-

Tax

KOMIIblO'tep.QM rro,lJ;yrrpaBJIeHl1eM NT npn sarrycxe Java-npMJl02R;e.qTO rtecne sarpysxu (cuoaa B O,UHOJIOJIb30BaTeJIbCKOM peJiiliM.e)

6buUf

TIo,!J;QOpalihI TaKl-ieHacTpbltxn:

#hdparm ~X66 ·di-.ui -m16 -c3/dev/hda /devjhda setting 32-bit I/O support fLa-g to 3 setting umaskirq to 1 (on) setting llsing'_dma to 1 (on)
setting xfermode to 65 (lntraDMA mode2) multcount = 16 (on) . I/O support '" 3 (3'2"bi.tw/syn~) unmaskirq "" 1 (on) usiri9_dma= 1 (on) setting muttcount.to

is

npORe_pMM pe3YJIl;>TI1PYJOIJJ;ee 6hlCTpO,netl:CTBWe:

# hdparm ·tTJdev/hda
/dev/h_da Timing l:5uffer~cadte reads: 128.MB in 1.43.seCOltas "" 89.51 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 3,18 seconds« 20, t3. MB/sec

20,13

Mole,

pbIXMhI

Pa:H1TeJThHOe Oi]IM"tJffe HaqaJIH,

or CMe<XOTBOPHblX

358

M6/e,

C K01:0-

c~. ,Ue·J[Q B hdparm.

06paTllTe ,BHMM<iHlle Ha OOBTopHoe _3MaH11e ne'peKJllOqaTe;JIett~rnJ6 R B TOM, 'ITO nocne nepeaarpysxa, T.epJlJOTC!IHaCTp911:Kl-l,,3a.uaHl:lbIe Y6e;D;ltIBtrI-tlCb B cTa6nJThHOCT1l: pa6t),rhl ollcTejl.fbI C BbIi.neynoM5i.HY~ DOCJIe aanycxa 3TYCTPOKY B cIIeHa_pJill.letc/rc,dl*. ~eJIaTB KOMa:H,Ubl-fsck, nocxonsxy pacnrapeanas renepzpoaatraa orp01l4HhJX KOJln<IeCTB
ZlHT-

ThIMH. HaCTpoitKaJIIf:H, nooaln,'re

oro :;KeJI3TeJlbHO

rrposepza
peJKHMe -

¢ailJIbBo1t

CNCTeMbI C rrOMOl1V>IO KOHTp'OJIJIe'pa B HeYCTo:wumOM

OTJIR"tJJIblR CIToco6

HO ne JIyqIIIILH MeTo,ll a.uIvnmHCTP.HpOB_aCU-IJI Cf[CTeMbL ECJI!1 Bbl He M.O)l(ere HaRTH ua CBoeHCHCl'eMe KOMaH,UYhdparm, Karopa-5l 06hIQHO passreurena.s K3TaJIOre

pOIDJH,

Ta h ttp/ jl'1udalal;.

Isbin )111.60/usrlsbin, saTpY~I1Te ee l-lGXOll,RbIe KO.!lI:iI C canunc,edulpub/LinuxlsystemJhatdware/

Fnaaa

1. CepBep:. OCHOBb-11

77

rnABA2

KOHTponb Bep.CM,M
COBeTbl

Nfl23-36

EC1UI ROI cepsesno

TpaTI1-Te

IIOL\X'O)J;HTeKa,llMHRl1CTpnpOBilHHIO,
IThlTa5ICb

to, 6e-3YCJIOBHO,
cHCTeMhI,. He scerna rrpmUlJibHO,

MHoro

BpeMeHH,

3a,n:.1tThTOHKHe H8crPOHKH
p_a60Taer

'±Ta6H .l106I1TbC5I cr nee a,lJ;eKBa:moro rrosenenaa,

}y10)!(HQ. OIIpe.lleJIMTh,

K cO?J(aJIeml]o,

a xornaero P'a6oToc.n_o_co6HOCTb
C:f,!npOMeXy'rOtfHble rpa,llaUflH

xorna TO UJ1M HHoe IIpHlIO)!(eHHe

)QKe

napyurena, "Ianre Be-era

II

BCTpeq3IQT-

pa6QTOcIToco6HOCTI1

npHJ10)l(eHYlJI.

U<PKe

BHeceiHHe

He:ma<ffiTeJi1>l±bIX anaxarre

fl3Me-He}{l-fJi

K He33MeTHhIM

nOCJIe)J;CTBH.lIM,.

K01icjYHrypaUmo MI))KeT npHB'eC'J'M xoropsre He rrpoaansror ceG.IJ B reCTaHYT naKeT1J

qeHl-1e HeCKOJII:.KHXAHeM MIT ,n,32ie HeAeJTh.

B 3TOM c.nYlJ3e
JIS

MOIyrueCTBeHFIblM

COJ03HHKOM

KOHTPOxonn-

B:epcllM.

I10ll-UfMQ

BhIITQJIHelrnj:[ npOCTl>IX

CPYHKUITM pesepnacro

DR eceaae li3MeaeHl-n'1: B ¢lillJli>l} Hallp(1Mep, ~otJlq.OHH 61lJill 113MeHeHhl, KTO o1BTpp H3MeHe-Hlti1 H rrOqeMY 3T11 R3Me1ie.Htf·~ 6bUIM CAMaRDI. TaKa51 H'tlcPQj:iMaUH.a HMe~T OfpOMHy:Ib u;eHHOCTb rrpn paOOTeCO CJIO)KHhIMl1 cHcfeM3MH, O'co6eHHO eCJl11 aa ee, d6.CJI)l)KHBaHHe HeCyT- OTBeTCTl3eHHOCTb HeCKOJIbKO '-IeJJOBeK. CoxpaHHB KpHl'l{';IHhre CHCTeMHhIe cPaM.JIbI B ReS (Revision Control System rrpocras CItCTeMa KQHTPO]llI Bepcm)t) HJIll CVS (Concurrent Versioning System - CHCTeMa KORT'pOJDr napMJIeJIDHbIX Bepc:wit), BGeTJ;£a.MO)!(HO BbI-: nOJIHHTh «oTKaT» K m0601111peJ.W.reCTBYK!Il_(e;t1 BepCMJl¢atl'JIa, ,'l: TaJOKe rrpoaHaJIH3tfPOB::tTh pa3JUIQH5I Me)!(JJY era npe;lJ,hI.Uyme.t1H HaCT05lmei'l. BepC.lli!MVL Uem.lo .llaHHo"t1 rnansr 5IBJI5Ie1'G5I pac,(jMOT'peFu-re cnenaamuoro clUi'E1l;KcHca;Heo6XO,lJJ'rMoto )J;J151a60Thl C CHCTeMaMH p 1ilJI11: aerrocpenCTBeH ao Ha npHMepax HX HcrrbJ1h3aBaHHH. EoJIJir rraxer R CS y,naGeH M5I 66c.ny2IGIBaHIU! q:>aHnOB Ha o)J;l:1Hd'lHOM CHCTeMe, TO CVS npenocrasnaer p.aClliMPeKHhle B03MO)J{H0<;TH no apXHBan;-flM H CJlH5IHHlO, no,rme,p)!(HBa.IJ rrearpansnoe xpam-fJUfIUe (peno3HTOpI1H) rn:e-JFll6o B cera, ITOHflTHQ,. 4TO naxer CVS IT[Je,uC-TaBJHleT co6oit ;ponee CJlO}!{Hoe cpeJ],CTBO, -qeM cncreua ReS. B xaxepcxnx cOBe-rax;N~23-'25 113JI0)K'eHYCKQ:peHH:prH i<Ypcno cncreMe RCS;a B oeraanraxcs COBeTax N! 26";36 60JIee rrotJ:POQHOl:I.1J10)!(eHaJ-rnOTcJ(e)j(I1BaTb

pOBaHIDf JII050M xQPonHftl" rraxer YMeeT

ReS

a::vs,

78

$OPMaIl}.IJI 0

CI1CTeMe

CVS,

Ha'lMHaRC

npocrearrrax

~(')MaH;rr,rr

3aKaHQl'H38Ji;

HacrpOHXOH saurero co6CTBeHHorQ·8JiOHI1MHOro penOSfFfopfHr CVS. EctecTBemw, M-a;repHWl, }f;3JIO)J(eHHbTHB ,!l;8BHoi1 rnase, npep;nOJIaraer Hall}l'U:1e HaBbIKOB pa60TPI c {j:la'ttJraMlf 113 KOMaH)J,HottCIPPOKH, ;a.M;KeeClIH BaM [TpllXQ.1lnJIoc~pa6'OTaTb c cJf\)1eMaMl1 Res HIm CVS panee, ,llJIl'I: nonyq~Hi:HI 6mree: no.up0QHOH HHtpopMai\l1n ocy_rcTetJe CVS .dQpaTJITe BHHMaHUe na BeJIHKOJleTIHYJOKiniry %P1i3pa6oJ.'Ka OTKPh.ITbIX KO,UOB C nOMOI1J;blO CVS» (Open source development With CVSl Kapna <D@reJi.ll (u3;uateJI1H2TBO

CoriolisOpen Press).

Ha'lVlHaeM paoory CCIrtCT'eMO" ReS

U1cllonb3yilTe CI'ICJeMY

Res ,!Iml YllpaBneHIUI

CHC1eMHbIMH $minaMH

HCDxpaHeHIUI HCJOPHIt BHOCItMblX H3MeHeHIti1)

RCS npencrasaser
HyIO .D;1Ill XpaReHWI

C060H CHCTeMY KOHTpOJUI BepCHM, npe.1:tH.a3HaQeH-

HeCKOJIbKHX

Ha6opoB- cjJaHiIOB-kOHq-nrrYPatJ;Im,
TeKCTOBblX tpai1JIoH.

errena-

paes o6oJI0<i.Kl1 11mp6bIx ,IlpyrlIx

B OT.TIW:lHeOT OMCTe-~

Mbl CVS, B RCS OTcyrCTBYlOT r;pYHKIlHH y.n;aJIeHHOrO ynpanneaaa - llCS1 HH~op;MaUWI Xpa'HHTCg -a.rrQKaIlbHo:M: tpaJ1JIOB0l1 Cl1CTeMe. CH;cTeMa. ReS cQxpaRHieT nee Bepclfll B.LU1peKTOpl1f1 ReS!, RBJI.I14QllI,_ei1cH BJIO)KeHHQH rro onronremno K T~Kymeiil rranxe, 1.IToOblllHJ1.UHHp·OBaTb coa.n:aHae HOBorb penOSHTopIDI Res, .n:ci'CTaTtNHO, c03,a,aT1 iIbSYlO n:auKY: !90t@cat\in:jetclt ntkdh; RCS

Tlpexne
cpartn

-qeM npi<1crynHTb

K pafore

C CHC1'eMoi:i, HaJ;I:O HHl1.uMaJIM311;pOB~T};

B-H()Botl:rU'IpeKTOpHH

RCS..B03bMe,M, K rrpHMepy,cpaHJl sHlpg;eonj.

root@catlin;jetc# el -isyslog.conf RC.SjsYS!o..g.co:n:f,<--sys!o,g.conf v eiiter description. 'terminated with sing le •.' orand of file: NOTE: This is NOT the logmessi3,ge! >'" Here's the sys\og.conf for Catlin. ini tia I revision: 1.1 aane .
IIepIlOH!l.tWJlbH\yJ:l KO.MaHAa ci

-i Q3_HaqaeT<lchec~ and initialize -

rrpoae-

Hwe, a 3aTeM nepexemaer cjJafiJI 112resyinea ,1U1.peKTbpHH. Bpnn.IIll Rbi saXOTHTe coxpamm, raxoe nO)JO)J{eHHe BeIl\ej;1 na ;[J,J1I-1.TeJIbHhlfl nepaonnpeMeHl1, n03'TOMY nOGJIe HaQ8)1b-HOil WH1:IJJ)mJrH3aUlfH <paRJJa B cacrene ReS, cnezryer' BbmOJIHHrb~ro ITPOBePK}C

pm!> H JiHttUlfaJIH3HpOBaTb», TO ecrs TIp&nOCraBHTb CHC;TeMe ReS nep;syro pa'6ogyIO kOilHi6q:ra0JIa. CJ-iCTe!l:1a. aanpamasaer nepsoaauansnoe onaea-

root@c.atlin:jetc#co RCSjsyslog.conf, v

sys\og.conf
->

sysloq.conf

rmlBa

2. KOIlTpom. BepCHR

I 79

COBeT N~"23. H<!~HHaeM pallor{ CCllcreMoli

RCS,

reVision 1.1 done

3'TOrO q,afiJl6y,a;e'I CKOTIHpO:BaH o{lpatHD B 1'eKymylO,ll,i1peKTOpHJO. MbI eme H''e"rbToBbI npHctynHTb Kpa:OQTe,O.HliM. B6-nepBbIX,BbinOJfH1.ITe rrposepzy, 3a6m)KHpOB3n ,n:aHHbIIt q,aJjJI, 'ITOObI sanperars .llpyBbl C ltMM pa60meTe.

Ilocne

O,nH3KO

rHM nOJlb30BaTeJHIM BHOCHTb }13M6Htm'H.H, noxa

root@catlin;jetdl co -lsyslog.conf RCS/syslog.conf, v -~> s;yslog.conf revision 1.1 (locked) done

Teneps

MO~Hb

CJIe oKbH4aH1UI npoaepsre

SaH£l.Tbc5Ipe.llaKTHpOB3HlIeM co,nep)I{HMoroqJal1Jia. IIo¢aM1J: erne pas, npe,lJ;BapHTe;U>HO pa36J10KlfpCmaB

npa nOMolOH KOMaH,n:hI ci -u:

root@catlin:/etc# d ~U syslog.conf syslog .conf, v <_. syslo_g.conf new reVisioh: 1.3; preVious revision: 1.2 enter 10,9 messaqe, terminated wit:J1 single '.'or endof file: » Added remote logging t,o,the new ,secl!critylog host
» •

done

Coneryexr

HFl!=/CHTh B *<ypHaJI

,rU:>CTa:rOIJ}IO HHcpopMaTFlBHble

sarrnca, r.x.

trepe3TIOJlTQp:a, eCJlj1IIporpaMMa trasner Rhl'I'B,OpJITb crpaaxne Bemll, Bbly:.Ke He BCIIOMillITe;, -rro nO)lpaaYMe,Bfl,JIHI1Q)l CTpOJ:(oit «saec napy U3MeHeHHH>? Ecna Bb3fU,fKaIOTrpYJlHOCTH B rrpcsepxe rex "JIH HHI>LXcpalliIOB, B03MO)KHO, FIa KaKOM-TO srane ru;r 3a6bIJlHBBeCTH nepe.KJIJeiqaTem. -1 (B KOMaH)le co) HJIH -u (B KOMaH;lle ci). B TaKOM GJIY!fae MO)KHO HatJaTh nce.ctrasana, c03.JJ:aa pe3epBF£YlO KOTIHIO, a 3aTeM BbIIIO.J1llliTb npoBepKY H o6pa'rHoe KOllHP0Barme, npenrronaras, QTO ¢ai1:ry sys!og.con!6blJI TO~KO lITO OTpe)1;3K'T'HpOB3H: root@catlih:(etc# d -u syslog.cortf syslog.co,J1f, V<'- syslog.conf ci: syslb.g.conf, v: no 16ck:set byront root@catlin:/etc#

HYM HY! JIyq:ure

caenars

pe3epBH)'1O

xomno

H HaI.J.aTbace caasana:

root@cattin:/etc#cp sysl.og.conf syslog.conf:backup .root@catlin/et(O# co -1 syslog.conf ,syslog.conf, v -->cSys!og.ccmf revision 1.4 (locked)
done .. , .

root@catlin:jetc# cp syslog.conf syslog.cllnf.backup root@catlin:/etc# d -u syslog.con:f . systog.cant" <-. s,yslog.conf new revision: 1.5; previous revision: 1.4
80

.1 rnaaa,2 .. KOHTpom. BepClli

enteJ;log message, tetrniriated wiech single ': or end of file: :>:> eommentedout the FIFOline
» .

done
HeCKOJIbK'Q CHcreMhI ente 6QJlee HI-rtepeC,HJ,1X MOMeHTOIl, CB5I33HHhlX c paeloT;Op:

RCS,

CO,!lep)K}1TC5f B CJIeJlYIDmHX pasnerrex.

n....

co

N!!24

DET

npOBepK;lnpeAblAyuUtX
{06ecne~b1e

co6cIBeHHYlO 6e30naCHOCTb npl! nOMQU\il peBII311R ReS}

SepCM" B C..,CTeMeRCS

Paw) nlIM II03;D;HO

HeB03MOJKHO TOJIbKO 'ITOBHeCJIH

CHCTeMa

MQ)lceT rrpHfiTH ee KO.lIMqeCTBO

'BoceTaHOBHTh

B razoe pa60Tocnoco6HOCTb. npasox II

CQCT05lRHe

,'ITo5y,a;eT B:&I

TIp e:.llIToJIO)KJ1M,

orpoaaoe

qero nOJ;IyqMJIR B OTB,eT c006w;el-Il1eo6 B ,IlYUIe ]Uo6oro a,QMI1HllCT.pa:r:opa:

apachectl restart: httpd not running, trying

olllH6Ke"

4>aMJI httpd.GOlf/, ITOGJIe cnocofiaoe Bb13BaTb Y2Kac

.,Ibiilj apachectl restart to start apaehectl restart: httpd could not be started /* uepe.sarrycK IW:MaR,D,bl apaehectl: HeBOSMO}K:Ho'3anYCTJltTh httpd

root@eatlin:jusrjloealjapaehejeonf#

o 50)!{el
JIIQJlH )la)J{e

qTO He

Bl>l

Ha,n;emUW:? ECJIlI

sac

He 6y,n;eT

per6omrI.
OI1.lH6Ke

rrOJIY'Ia,T .lXPYJK:e'CTBeHHoe
l<OnaTb'I;5fB

cooo.Il.\eEille

06

CTOYBH,1l5lT c.oopmeH}1e,o

TCiM, "lTO ITO,!lKJl]Q'qeHJl~ HeB0GM.0)KHO 1fI'b HMeHHO

131>1 JIlf rrpe)lhI)J,yilJ;I1H: H

494, a npe(Connection

;ee6-cepsep,

Refused),

OCTaHeTC.lITOJIbKO qjOOl>I

cjJa:tble' htlpd,con/npH nOMG1.UH y,rH-N!.MHH:FlCTpa-.

1rnTDI vi, tITUObl·BbillCHUTh,.

rop Ha:tBbpMJIfI,
O)lHaKO, HaCTOJIhKO rrpOBepeHl:Ioit

3ac.JI)0!a1Tl:. TaK)'lO xapy,

CM"CTeM')i KOHTpbJl.I'I BepCKH,
YBM,lleTb pa3JII1'ill5I H "BepcHe}i C BHeCeHHblMH

eCJI.M rtCIIOJlbSOBftTb
6espa,uOCTHa5l... RepelleR

CHTya.UHH

He'

lfTOOhI

MelK,IlY

nOc:JIe,n;j.ie:i1'

cjJ~IDla

H3M.eHYHJ1JlMH,.

BOCnOJII,3yM.TeCb

KOMaH)lO.H: tcsdiff;

raot@catlin:jusrjlocaljapachejconf#

rcsdUf httpd.cenf

Res file: RCSjhttpd..conf v retrieving teVjsitrn 1.. 1 diff ".1.1 httpd.eonf

45~8c458
-c
:>

EnorLogjusrjlocaljapache/logs/ enor_log
error_lo:g

~noiLog:wqjusrjlocalfapachejlo.gsl
npliqHHa!

BdT BqeM
Rbi CHMBO]1bI

KaK

BH)lH'Te,

Ii CTpot€
11

458, OWU1 CJJYQai1H;oBCr.l1B.rrenI10BepKY.

.wq, MhI,

,Il;OmKH06brtb,

ynycn£.JIlI ESC-KJI10tI. IIcrrpaBHM

CHaBa BhlITOJTHHM

orrrnoKY,nepesanycrau

cepsep Apache

rnaBa 2. KOllTPOnb BepolIH

I 81

Ho sro, eGJIMhOcn:e):lCTBIDJ
IlpeAIJOJIo)!G!M,.
6}IeMbI

BHece'FIHbLX

n3MeH$HJ{J(\ npOJIBllTCJI He, tpasy?

_BOBTOPHUKyrpoM,

¢,al1:J[ rraerpoex

MO)IncpHUHpOBaH

a.npo-

cpeL\Y K cepe.u;Rne ,UIDI. KaK nepRyri;CH K npOBepeHHoit paOOl'OCrIoeODH.oH KOIDm KOHcpnrypaUHoHHuro r.:paMa? 'Oqem npocro: nposepsre TeKYITlYID Bej:iCHID cpa'itJrarIPHTIOMQIUM rrepena-ramr
rr02:BiUJ.TbCH TOJIbKO B KJIlOqaTeJHI -r:

root@callin:/etc# co -1 -r1..2 syslog.c.orif syslog.conJ, v --> syslog.conf revision 1.2, done

BOT
re, -rro

Mbi If"BepHyIDfcb
scncreae

K pa6oTocnbco6HoM)i

cpaibiy BepcMf11.2.

ReS cnenyer coxpaasn, BepCH:H ¢ai1JroBxaK me, a JIy:qJI[e- nocnexaxnoro BHeCeHH5I H3MeHeIDIii.
COB ET

I10MHHr MO)K}IO sa-

'~.

OTCne)f{I1B3HI1B J113MeHeHI1" nplIl nOMOut.11)f{ypHana

(OnpeAemne

rcs210g

Ne25-

c nepaoro B3rJlIIAa, KTO It KOf.lla peA3I{lH,D.OB'an o3wH$aiiJ1bl.)

CHCTeMa

nocra

Res .u;eMOHGTp!'rpyeT
cnysae,

B TOM

eDOM rrO-H3CTOJIIIi;eMY MO.iUHble B03MO)i(Korp.a K pe,!l;aKHipOBaH11JO 1Jai1J[OB rrp}t"laCTffi,I aeanMHHHCTPaTOpORHHOf,lJ;a'

C:KO,JU>KO qeJIDBeK.

HaJU:l:1.111eHeCKOJI£KllX

npnso-

)J;I1TK «Hrpe: B BJiHOBarOrO». B mOH CI11)'3IJ;11l;f OqeBHAHQ, Jl,fOJKeT B03HlIKHyri. aa nYCl'OM MeC1'e,: KaK npaanne, 0Ha BHeCt'iHKeM HeJ(OTOpI:.IX Ff3M(~:HeHlttl, B KOTOPbfXHHK;t'OHe 'C5I. MMe:a s CBoeM pacnopJct::emfH )i(ypHaJI CUCTeMbI

'lTQ IJPOOJJe},J:a He

6blBaeT BbI3Ba.1ia
:XOQe'r'C03HaBath-

Res,. i\fo~o

nerxo

on-

peneJII1Tb, rcro H KaKlIe 11'3Mewhu15.nm::oCWJIsa nocnenaee apesrs: rb:ot@Www:/u.!l,r/loc~l;'apache/htdots#·rc-s2tog 2002-0g-i4rob <rob@rnouse,. "index.html: meeting announcement
.2:0'02-07-30 rob <tob@rnouse>

index.h1;ml

"index.html: qre.tunnslannouncement
2002-07-1'2 sderle <sdErle@mouse>

*index.htinl: added .Maritl.and shuffled· around a bit.

2902·07-12 rob <rob@mouS'e>

"index.html: meeting announcement + vO.81 2'002-07-01 jim <jim@ffiouse>

82 I I'naaa 2. Ko.ilTpOnb BepcH-A

COBeT NI 25, OrCneJlmBaHlle

113MeHeHIIll 'nllll nO!o!OlllH lIiypHaila

r~s2Iog,

*index"htrnl:"'"

• empty tog message'

2Q02-1il7-01 rob: <roh@rno1.)se:>

*index:htrnl:

meetin,g reminder
)K)'pHaJle

TaK, a 'lTO B
JI.OB.)lOnrrocne

.nenaer nycras crpoxa? Hanepaoe,

CTO.H'f rrorose-

pHTb c,I1)KlIMOM n 3arrycTHTh.KoMaHJlY rcsdiff,"lTOUpICpaBHMT.1

Bep~CJfHiPaITBHeceHHhIX HM H3M\;fJ.eH,uH. H(,)KflK orrp,~.a:~]lJfT1, KaE.11,e'3anacn B %ypHa..rIe; KaKo:i1BepC)1H ¢a-UJIa COOTBe,TCTBYI01'? IIorrpo6:yt'!:te B:qCIJOJIJ':,30BaTbcH nepekJII6fJ:aTeneM -V ,IlJIiI )f(ypH<lIla rcszlog:

mot@wwwilAsrI\9c~l/a:pathe/htdDcS# 20:02-08-14 rob <Wb@.rriOlASe:>

rcs2Log Index.ht,ml

* irid ex. htm! 154: meetinqanribuncement' 20D:<!cO} - 30 rob, <tob@rriouse:>

"index.html 1.53; gre. tunnel announcement

2002'707-12. sdeile

<sderle@rnbuse:>
added Matin and shuffled around.a bit.

~index.htmll,52;

2002-07-12 rob <fCib@mouse:>

;*index.htrnll.51:

meeting announcement

+ vo.si

2002c07·01 jim <jirn,@rnouse<>"index.html 2002-07·01 1.50:

***

empty log message ~ «r

rob <rob@rnouse:> meeting reminder

KOMaH;!lJ diff,L(JOr CpaBHeHHR){ByX

"index.htmll.49': Terreps
Hac Be.pcilli

npHMeH]IM

mrrenecyioma«

tPaFtJia:
rcsdiff-rl.49 -ri.50 Index.html

rb6t@catlin:/usrjl9):aljap:ache/conf#

RCS file: RCSjindel:C.htrtil, v retrieving revision 1.4.9 retrievin 9 revision 1.50 di(f -r1.49-i1.50 199,a200,'20 2 :><dt:><.ahrsf- "http:j;1abs.google.com/,,>Google lab,s</a:></dt> :><dd>Take.a took at the strange and wondrous things that Gog 9Ie is up to ... </dd:> :>

FnaS3 2. KOHTponb Bepcllill

83

Hrax, pe'll> I1fJIa acero J1IDlTh 0, )];o'6'aBJIemHr CChJJTKlI. Ko'He1.JHo', ropaaao nponre .aaxars "'D rrpu nsmone sarrpoca, o'J.J;HaKO aaxecemre B )K}'PHaJI rtyeTo'ti crpoxn KOMMeHTap'lfeB CtfiITaeTC5[ ,l(ypHhJM To'Ho'M.

T.o., npOCTbIE KOMaR)];bI ci, co, rcsdiff fl tcs2log ID3JU1lOTC}l O,'leHh r1161(HM cpe,n:CTBoM KOHTP01HI sepcaa, llcrroJIb3y.l11'e ero perynzpno, 11, B03MQ)KHO,
B

ozraa rtpexpacmaa

,tl,eHb OHQ ClI;:lCeT

aannt

,l.l,aHJ-Ible.

CODET

Haql-1HaeM pa60ry c C"CreMO~ CVS

(nOl'lp05HO 0 CIIICTeMe K'OHTponA napannensusu sepclotli)

Ij N.226

CMCTeMa KOHTPOlliI napaJIJIeJILl-IbIXBepc.IDf (CVS - Concurrent Versioning System) rrpemraanaaena.zma ynpaaneana napannemuort pa6OTOR ¢aftrroB. ORa '-faCTO npHMeRJleTC5I B xone paspaticrza 601IbillHX nporpaMMHbJX npoeKTOB, a TaJOKe MO)J(eT 61>lTb IIOJIe3ROH LIJI5I CHCTeMHhlX aLI,MHIDICTpaTbpo'B, ynpaaneTeXHWleCKHX Erne cpattmWH. Clr-CTeMa

asropon
CVS

R ,Upyrnx Bee

CO:rpY,lJ,HHKOB, cpa:tbIr.r

orae-raronrax aa

COXpaH5IeT

B u_eHTpaJIbHOM

pen9311TOpHJ{.

OHM ,l(OCT)'llHb1 nnsncex rrOJIb30B3TeJIei1 waMJIDB B COOTBeTCTBl:IH co CULH,l{apTHI>IMJI pa3pemeHJUl.Mli Unix. B cl1CTeMe cymecTBYJOT KOMaH)J,J)] rrpoBepKM KOJ:I:HH ct>aHnoB H

¢HKcau.RM

<M3MeHelll:ri1

perroairropaa,

Kporae
O,lJ,HMM CHCTe-

roro,
I:I'IDl B

CHCTer-,m n03H0Jl5reT

cxannponars ¢aitlIbI
'iT06hI
BHeceHHbIX

BO BpeMR: nx

nepeveme-

perrosaropmi

IT

otiparrro,

He ,lJ,onyCTHTh

nepeaarraca

TI0JI130BanlJIeM

113MeHeHHH,

,l.l,pyrMM

IIOJIb30BaTeJIeM.

Ma otieeneuaaaer
1m Bam Raq3JlhIDIK
HOCTa, KDTDPYIO rry'reM

coxpaneuae
CKJIOHeH

oa

C'1:maJi

I'JCTOpIDI cpaH:JIoJ!, qTD necr.va IlOJIe3HO, ecTpe60BaTh acccraxonnerraa ¢YHICUHDHaJIhHeJ.'IY)KHoM rtapy MeC~QeB aaaazr, B.u06aBOK

CHCTeMa D6ecne'IWBaeT pesepnaoe

xorrnpoaaxae

ncero

rtpoexra

}fCKIUO-

l.iHTeJIhHO

C03,l.l,aHHJi peaepaaotr KOnHJ1 scex Heo6xo)J.MMblxcpat1JIoB

B penosnropaa.

OOblllHbre

nonsansarena

CUCTeMa CVS npenaaaaaueaa ..a;IDI ornensxsrx pa3pa6oTIllIKOB JI11:60 ueJJbIX rpyrm, OT.n:eJtbHbIM pa3pa6oTq}IKrovI CliC'reMa rrpenocrannaer B03MO)KHOCTI, pa60TbI na ,l.l,0Mj', M3 O¢.Hca Jlli60 na TeppltlTOpmi rcrn1:eHTa6e3 neooxoAMMOCTHROClITb C co6aR ,UHCKf{ C KffcpDpMau;HeH. B m~H TatoKe cymecTBYJOT cp)lHKtJ;Frn KDHTpOrui: BepmiH, Db3BOJI5IlOlUHe .QCy:rI(eCTBID'ITb OTKaT 6e3 TTDTe:plI ,lJ,3HHhIX. B c.rryqae c rpYlIITaMR pa3pa6DT1.J1llCOB TaJOKe coxpanserca UH¢DPMaU;H.H 0, TOM, xro Ii KaKHe l13MeHeHJ15{ BHaClTJI: B TOT HJTH IfHOH qmHJl, npenorspamaa nepesartacs pe3YJIbTaTo')3 pa60ThI .ll:PYJ'HX l?a~pa601'4J{KOB.
Cn:C1;'eMHble a.1I,MHHJifcTpaTOpbl MOry! llCnOJIh3QBaTb

CVS

rom xpaaeuaa

cpaHJIOB xompnrypauau.

BbI J\tO)KeTe

BHeCTM. H3MeHeHIDI,

3anYCTIiTb

~OMaJf-

84 I rnaBa 2. KOHTpOnb Bepclllii

)zy

cvs commit If npOTeCTHpOBflTb

BblllOJIHHTh

pe3yhbT'a'l'bL

A:s c1IY'Iae
.,Ua)f{e

Bm~R6BeRH5I

rrpd6JIeM

OTF.11T M3MeHeHMH,

eMu

n:OcnelJ;CTBJrn

npoJJ;octa-

MI.SlTCH~Iepe3 no:r.u:oJla rteerte

MMH}{JliCTp8itOPbI

llXB1IeceJlluI. MOryT COXpaHaTb ,UepeBo M3Mef{e1Uf.tj KOHqmrypau;mt

cepIiepoB.

,cr:a)!(e,lVT5I IJ;eJIbIX rpy:trn

TO'IHO BOCIIOJI.b3bBaThCSl

Hysoro )J;o5asHTh HOBhIM eepsep?

cvs, Q'I06bI rrpoB.ep.l1T.b nepeso BHocrn£.

Hac1poeK,IJ,.!IH )J;8:H-

uoro

rnna

cepsepa .. cDmzoaUMJI BHeceHHbIX H3MeHeIDiit

TaIOKe UOhlOf;leT
.
38.-

oTcne)!{1:1Ban •. KTO, Kort{a 11 KaKH.e H3MeHeHJ.f}'l ,

B ;ITOM pa3lI.e)1e MbI n:OroBO],H1M 0 TOM, KaI< :}orryCTRTbCIil;:TejIQI CVS M CTIl;BMTh. ee pa.GqraTb 6J>ICJpO B KaqeCTBe .KJllie1'ITa H B PQJllI cepsepa,
C03AaHHe pen03KTOpHR Pcrr03HTopMM )lOIDKt'll:i
pasxernarscs

Ha ManniHe

.u;OCTaTO"lHbIM

o€Y.Qe-

M.OM,,UHCKOBoro npocrpaacrsa, IIOCKOJIhKY B BeM oYp:yTXpaHl1ThC.II BC~ B,?IUH.uaHHhle H BHOcfIMhle: H3MeHeHH5I. Pe3YJIhTaTI;~, IlOJIyqeHH~le,9MJIJfPRqeCKHM nYTeM, CBII1!;e'fe,J1hCTHYJOT 0. TOM, 'ITO pen03'MTopajij: HY)J(HO coxpanars rra pa3.li:ejfe, 06'beM xorcporo B1pOe" np'~BbIlIraeTO)f(;0"i{aeMbltt OQ'beMUKOHqaT'e.rihHbto rrpoexra. 3aTeM BOCIIOJlb3YHreCb «UPllHIJ,HIIOM CKOTT1{»- 11 Yi{BOHTe pe3ymmi.Thl csoen 6u;eHKH - Be,llh rrpoear H.Me'e:r CBo~tcTBO nOJiyqaTbC5I 60llbIUe Q)lCH.uaeMorO. ECllM rpefiyerca xpamrrt, II HCnOJIHHeMbI'e: ¢aHJlbl, pacseru Hy)KHO YMHO)I(HTb H3 10. Borree TO~IHO
0U€HHHftTb Be,CTM

OQ'be,M ,Il,HcK0.B0ro
BbI

npOCTpaHCTBa,

KQTOPbIH Heo6xo,UI1MQ
CQ3)lQHIUI

or-

y6e,!J;HTeCb, lITO Bee rrO]Jb30BaTt!}TII CffCTeMbI CVS paenonaraior .ueltCTBYJOIIlHMH w:eTHblMH3anllC\lU4Jj H llMelOT .uOCTYl1 K C}[CTeMe., aa
BO-neJlBbIX,

nop; peno3MTopHtt N npoexra,

HayqHTecb'B

xaae

caeero nepso-

xoropon paaxetuen

perroaxrepan,
)1)1Jl

aaMepeBalbTCJI rrtrrbJlb30BaTb

pa6on,}..

CO

acex

KOMITbJOT'epoB,

l<:OTOpble 0k:H

3aTeM co.3)J,a111'e pen03HTo.pMMKOpHeBQ:HKaHiJIOf. 'q'aCT0 peIl03HTopm1 B pa3i11eI.I.J:a:to:r;C.I1 B naIIKax/home/c:vsroot VJlH /l!srlloca//cvsroot. BOCllOJIb3ytttees KOM8HAOfl cvs; init roUT YKa3aHRR ;r:r,ligt;i-KTOPill1xp8HMJlMlIJ,a.

cvs-d/home/cvsroot mrt

B Debian Linux
3;l:i.alolUliM

xpauanarue aa ocaose

I1MeerC}l cueHapilll

rrO)lHa3BaHJ1eM

cvs-rnakerepos, COKOH¢nrypaUIDl

npe'JJ;bUlYliIllX

cueaapaes

o6palU(J.MTeCb K o.ITepaTHBHOMy PYKOBO.uCTBYno KOMaHAaM cvs-makerepos H cvsconfiq AJHI aBTOMaTJf:UrpOBaH;Ho.fi C~CTeMbI H'aCTpOB:KH pellP3H.TOPH}l·Debian CVS. B QO}IhIUHHCTBe c,TIY':JaeB He. cepnepax C;::VS MCIlOJI,b3ye:rCB: oAM-1f perrosaTOPHtj. C HecKOJIbKllMlI MQ.uyJI~Tf. T.. . per;r03MToplfH MO.(;KeTl:Iax:O;.!U1.TIiCJ.[ e B naruse Ihom,e/cv$'rDQ(; HO rrpM3TOM co,uep-iKaTf> HeCKOJU;KQ rrpoexros (;Ffa-

Debian. 3a 60JIee nO)1l?o6HOM llH¢opM3mren

npiIMep;top!s,email,

dns, mypro] J:t~T .n.).

l'naaa 2_ KOHT]lOllb BepcMitl 85

"MnOpTlfpOBaHHI3

HOB oro MOAynR

B excresry

Ilepen sarpysxoa.npoexra

CVS

He06xo.ll}IMO

npOaHaJIH4If]?0Bp_Tb

<paitrroB MO)l{eT l;tapyIlIJ{Tb sarraca CVS 06 HCTOPHH CPaillIOB. Y)l;aJIeHHe rramor MO)!(eT rrpHBecru K rrorepe 3al1Hcelt otic acex cpa:i1JJax 11 nanxax, IDmmOIUHXC}l BJIQ)J{eRHbfMll ITO onronrenato K )J.aHHoif. ITo :::ITOH TIplf\lftHe B cacreue CVS OTcyrCTBYJOTcl;iYHKIJ;l1Hno.nepeMe1II,eHHJb 11rrepeJ1.M.eHOBaJ:IHJOpaRTIOB11!1;Mpet:ropmt < C03,!l;aHTe HatJaJIbHYJ0 CTPYKTYPY xaranoros - .1J;3)J(ecm~ y sac RMeetc5l' e scero oAHa ,lu-ipeKTopH5£. liIHPllJ,I13JUl.3I1pytfTe Bee H)'lKHI>le cpaHJill. Sanycrare, HaxoJ];Sfcb B KopHeBoM xaranore cnoero rtpoexra, KOMaH)zy
.f,lli60 llepeI1MeHOB~HMe

ero

OTpYKTYRY.Tlepeaemeane

cvs -drryT:b_K_pen0311TOpl1lO

import

l1MlI_HOAYJlll

TeT _nOCTaBI1l,I1Ka rer _peJlI13a.

B 60JIbllIHHCTBe cnysaes l1HcpopMaIUUI 0 rrOCTaEll1;l1.Ke)m60 penase npoexra ne I10HaA06ltTcsr. XOTH cacrena CVS,c9]1.TaeT 3TM napauerpsr 065£33TeJ1hHbIMH, B xaxecrae llOCT3BlI.(KKa MO)ICHO

saaarr,

HM5£ MO)JyIDI,

a B rere. pe-

JUl3a - EWMep TeKYIUeH sepcaa:

/hd.me/jehh$ cd example /horn~/jennjexam'ples$ Cl/S -djhome/cvsroot import example example_project ver_O-l nepeMeHHble Cpe,qbl YKa)J{HTe rroJUfbJll

Ecmr Bbl paooraere c e,llHiICTBeRHbLM penoairropaev, nyrs K HeMY BIIepeMeHHoi! cpe;LU>1 $CVSROOT:
export CVSROOT=/horne/cvsrootj

Hacrpous ee, MO}KHO B .n;aJII,HeHllieM orrycxan- B Ko.MaH)l;e CVS napaMeTpbl -d rryrh_K_peIJ03J.1.TOPl1JO. ECJIH l1o.}j'a)l;0611TCH spesremro pa60TaTh c )J.PyrnM peII03HTOp.H.eM, 3a,n;ai1:TeHoBoe 3HaqeHHe B nepeMeHHo,tt $CVSROOT JIU6o. B90,.. IIOJl1:;3yiiTecp cl;iJfa)KKOM-dnnz rreperpysxn TeKYIIUIX nacrpeex $CVSROOT. Ec.JIH pen03HTOpJ1ll: CVSpa3MemeH na .upyroM KOMllbJOTepe, Heo6Xo,I1.HMO orrpenenarr., KaK CHCTeMa CVS 6y.n;eTITOJlyqa'rb K HeMY JJ.OCT)'II. ,I1;JIH pa60ThI C YJ];aJJeHHbIM perrosaropaejr nepeaeunyto $CVSROOT
H)')KHO HaCTpOHTh
snaxexae

cJIe)],YlOlIl;HM

06pa30M

:MeToA:l1M51_ITOnh30Sa1'elHl.@ rrpH6JU1311TeJIhHO KaK

xocr.rryrs. Ee

,llOJIJKHQ 6YJleT

BblrIDI)l;eTb

:ext:jenn@cvs.example.com.au:jhomejcvs. Ilo YMOJ1'faBHJO wur nocrvna K perrosnropato, pa3Meme1-fHO:MY H3 y.n;a,.. JIeHHOM KO:Ml1b.f(}-repe, n0J11>30:saTeJlH CVS npHMeIDIIOT KOMaHJ]y Ish. GTO 6hIJI .n;OBOJIbHO onpanaamnrn B1>160p HeCKOJrbKO rrer aasaa, HD renepr, .sarrYCK 3TO&1 KOMaH,lI.1>I ra pa60rreM r
llJIOxyJO H,D;ero.

cepaepe

MD)l{HO pacnemrn,

KaK

o-rem,

K CQacT1>lO, 3a;r(aHHhIR HaMH MeTO,u nooryna extaacrasnser Cl1CTe1VfY CVS 06paTlfTEC5I K nepeMeHHCi:i1 cpensr $CVS_RSH H 3arrYCTMTb
3TY rrporpaxery na KOTOpOM ,[Ill5f Y0TaROBKI'f pa3Meru;eH nO;n;KJIIO'IeHIDI MHO K YJraJIeHHOMY 1l0JIb30BaTeJIl1 KOMIThIOTepy, 3a,UaIOT B rre-

penosaropntr.

rne

86 I rnasa 2. KOHTponb sepcMH

COBel N~ 27. CVS: npoBepK3' f\lo/.wnR

KOMaHJ.lY ssh, Rbnnm:.s),Sl rrpa Ito.n;KJIIbqe:HiniJ: KJIIilpa3,)J.'M «Pblemp6lU exoa IJcu.cfn'eJ.I1Y npu flOMOi/,fU' IdlueH»tCl~1JX fMfa'1,eij. ssh» [COBeT Ng 661) .. 3'FO 3Ha'U1TeJIhHO ynpoLUaeTpa00T5' 'c. perr03HTOp:HeM, rrocxomxy He Tpe6yerc.H. Ha61!fpaTh rrapom, Ka.%;1ll.J:i1-paa TIP}:! BbmOJIH6nI1.I1 o6.FfbBJIeHH5I. ELUe O)lHHM pacnp.oCTp·aHel-IHI>lM cnecooosr ,Uecryna J'IBJlHeTC.lI KOMaH,!la pserver, KOTopaJIB aacroarrree epe1vUIrrpKMeHHeTc.iI B OCHOBHOM ,lW,a 021:'$(CM.

pe:MeHHcri'1 $CYS_RSH eHToKMeiQUO<q1 ssh

H}!3aI.I;HJ<}. aHOHHMHOrO

nocryrra

OTKpbIThIM peIT0311Top.Itf5lM

CVS. 0

TOM;

l'mKpa6oTaTh c aHOHm-rnbIM peIT03J1,T9pM.eM CVS 11Ka1< HaC'rpo.HTb co~kI'BeHHhli1 OTKpbrr:OIl1 pe:rr03HTOP1U1,MOIKHQ; npPgeQTh''& pasnene «BbtCmpOlli exoit e CtJCrneMY npu. nououu; KJlueJtmCKU~ KillO'J:eij ssh» [CoBeTN~ 66]. n,OnOTIHIITenbH3f1 IIH¢ OpMaLtI1JI:

• <lCVS B Nutshell» (O'Reilly); • ..,AHOHHMHhIfl CYS»;

• «Bfpcmpbli1.6xoiJ [COBeT N~66I.
8

...
1Cfl1QIf..eu SSh4

cucmeMY npu nQMOlll,1!xnuenmcxux

CVS: npOBepK3 MOAyn1l

(K3K COCT3BHTb pa6orafOllIYtO Kamna MOAYJlR CVSj

B ueHTpaJThHOM perr03HTOpHM, K9 eapa60'IHMH KQllJ.lllMH cpafipoB. C;:03,!la1ITe. ranxy, B KOTOPOti HaMep~H:bI XpaHH:Th pe3ym.'T3TbI C.BOeH pa6Qr ThI; HaIIpHMep ~/cvs, 3'3J'e;M rrepeamrre B 9TY ,lJ,lipeKTOpHKL LP:f,.H npoBep,&Fi MO)lyJUl Hen6xo):U1MO MCn0JIh30BaTb. Cne,!lYIOLUI4:it carrraxcac KOMaH,IJ;bl: CVS checkout MMR_MoAynH. llTCi6bl rrposeprcn, MO)J;yJlb rron Ffa3BaHHeM example, KOMaH.n:a )1;oJDlllia BbIfJIMen. c,nenYIDll:r.HM o6pasoM: cvs checkout. example, KOMaH,!la checkout ocyntecranser KOITMPOBaHH6 scex cpaitrroBMOJ1:Y.rrn H BJiO)J(eHHhlX J1:YlpeK1'9pHit.B nanxycvs. Cw,:;TeM3 ¢aitrJ1,I MTI IlOJI1aQBaTeJIli, I1MelOT ,QeJIO'c

CVS XpaHIIT Bee

cvs$ls -example cvd ed example; Is ciiSjexample$ cdCVS; Is Entries :Re.pository Root

CVS Me

3Ta.narrKancnomeyercn cRCTeMoid. CVS AillI CB011XH)I)IQl. TIapaMeTP Entries conepxar crnrcox ITo;:o:J;HpeKTopm!!:, 0 KOTOPbIX 113Becrno cacrene CVS. IlapaMerp Repository XpaHl1T nyra K COOTBeTCTBYJOill}fM narneax B perr03HTOp'l1U. Ilapasrerp Root, B CBOID Oq¥pe;Uh~ cO)1;ep>KRT IIQJIHblj1 nyrb K penOSI1TOpJlID,
'IT06bI sanasars

AIDl

KffiK,UOrO .('j)ai1JIaOTIIJ;HI()

-d nyi'h_K_peno:3I1TOpl1lO. rl1aBa. 2.
KOHTPOl1b

.sepCMn I

81

Y';ITH'fe,. 't:fTQ rrep,eMe}1HaJI HOR

CVSjRoot rreperpyxaer

3}1a"1el'IMe'

nepesien-

cpe,!lbl $CYS.RO'OT, Tax: "'ITO, eCJlll.M3MeHHTC$I MeCTOITOrrp;>KeHM.e pen03H'IOpH?I, ITOHa;u:0611TC5,f rroaropno.rrpenepxrs MO.uy1U>. K3'leC'l'Be ansB TepHaIl1BbI, B' npoueeee pe.uaKTHpOS3HI15l Kpym-rerO cp~PlJIa, o'onapy:»eH'B ll3:1'OT MOMeRT ]{e06XO.1UIMOCT'b H3MeHeJiH.JJ 'MeCTOnOJlO)l(e,HIUI XpaHlfJIHma, nonpooytrre
BhUlOJtHl1Tb cnenyrotnyto nOUeT(,

Cl'POKY rra '!I3hlj(e

itiM€Ha

Perl,

-KaK no-

KaBaHO B pasnene [COBeT NQ 731:

clisjsrc$ Is

«F!w!JaJil,JI btU

npu

nO.l;tOlll,U }1SbJK.a

Perl»

CVSMakefile sarnple.h sampls.c

B ,LIlipeKTopnw. sJ'ccOJlep)KaTC5I HCXQ.n;Hble KO)I.bI naurerc.npoexraexample. sample.h, sitri1p!e..c Ii.Makefile npe)J;cTOlBJI5fJOTCo60npa6o'll'le KOIUfI1·o6blllHhlxcjJatmoB. BIfYTPl1 perroaaropns OID! xpansrcs :B ¢OpMate, rroaaonaroIUeM
OTGJie2KHl3aTb nee BHOCI1Mhle i13MeHeHIrn.

06HOBflBHnB paOO'leH KonVlVl

(Coxpa!mte nOCnBj:lHHe H3MelleHHII B CBOBM.MOAynB CVS)

npacryrnrn, K paoore, 11Ka%'.!ll>n1 pas, KOf.1l"pyro]l: BHOtl1T ncoxpaaaer H3MeHe.HlliI, ReCi6xo,nHMO nepearn c rroaonrsro KOMffH;UblCd B samy pa6olJyro ;unpeK1'6pmo .11 BbItlOJIHHTh KOMaH.1IY cvs update. B pesynsrare 6YLI;eT np"OfI3seLI;eHO cpaBHeHMe pauol.IHX Kbrnm
K<DK',lI.hru ;n:eHb; rtepen TeMKaj(
na KTO-TD

aamax

cPat1no:sc

<l;jaH.JIaMM, xpauannoorca

B peno311TOpHI1"
B

IIOC.JIe tJ:ero

nee

MQUl1cPHUI1POB:a HHbleW;aHJIbI6y.uyr HMe .1IfipeKTopRij.

I1MITQPTlipoaaast

I(oM3lttll:a evs update -dJI93BOJIJJe"f'TaI0Ke I1MIIOpTl1pOBaTb OHa coofiutaer 0 peSYJIhTaT3X,C'Boero BbIIloJiHeI-:lJ1J{ B BI1;ue H-rp116yroB oraryca KP')KUoJ'O cpa.Yna: U 06ftoBnemre cjJa:itrra aaaepnraaccs ycrteurno, A <DaM .uo6aBJH~H, HO H3MeH6HIDl. em;e He sacpHKCVljlOB3HbI (Hed6xoAMMO

pen Q3'HTOP l1ii. Bee BHOBb; c03.1laH-

sarrycnrn.

KOMaH;UY cvs

commit).
eiue He 3aqH1KCI1pOBaHbI

R M

<lJatirr YJlarreH/
MO 3aIIyt:TIITh

:HO I13MeHeHID.! B

(Reo5xqlU1-.

KQMaH.1JYCVi; ommit]. c

<PaM

MOA1'IcPMlD1I'lOBaH

Bamen pa601..Jefl:.L01peKJ:.opI1H;

cl?ai1JI B pe-

lIo3utbp.I1H5b!JJJ13MeHeH, B pe3yJ1bTare :qem ¢aiUI B pa6olJeti: nanxe o Ka33J!cn 66ne.e CTapbIM,. qeM B pelI03HTOPl1H (erQ,oOHQBJIeHHe 6h1JIO RbTlIOJIHeHO ,ao' MOMeHTa nOCJle.D;Het1 rrpCmepKl1CHc-reMol1

CVS), JIMBo
C

B perr0311''ropHI111MelOTC:lI

113MeHeHH:lI, 6:e30naCtIOe cmrrranze

:lIHl1e KOTOpblX CHCTeMa npOV!'3.BeCTl-! e MO)KeT. H KoncpJlHKT Me2K,Uy KOIlliJIMl1 cjJanna B pa6o<reti

TOPHH,

)1.JISl

paapenremot

KQTOpOro rpefiyerca

11 peTI03HBMeUJaH~JIbCTl?O

oneparopa.
88 I rnaB3 2 .. KOHtponb BepcHA

COBeT N! 29. CVS: I1'CnOnb3.oB8.Hl1'l!-lerOIl

II03HTOPH11; CH:0TeMa

CfiaPiJI cymecrsyer TOJThKOnpa60QeJt :n,l1j:leJ<:'1'OplIH crcyrcrsyer l1_ CVS ne-anaer, -rro eft C HRM ,ileJIaTJ"

B pe-

n.

CQBET

N!!29 Tern

CVS:Hcnonb30saHHeTorOB
(Ten! BepC11'1I OAYIlH B GVsj M
HCIIOJTh:3ytbTcg
HeCKOJI},KIfX

rrpffcBoeHIDI C-l1MBOJI'bnor6 £IMe;iU1 l3epc-H11. o~~ KOM"aH,Ua cvs tag IT03BOJHleT sa;[(anaTI; B pen03MTopHM rern ,.!J)I5.I scex $altlIoB H BJIO)f{emlbIX rranox TeKYIU~j:f pa6qLfei1: ,n:l1peKTOpHH, IlpMMeHeHl1e KOMUf-T,UbI cvs .tag OCHOBaI-lO Ha J:lcrrOlTh30Bam'l;}l
)J)UI.

Hom

l1JIH

¢iXllJIOB:

MeTOLT;a LT;aThI/BpeMemr. JIa MUO

OHa sanaer c_m...mOJIwqeCKOe }fMR,UJIJI BepcMH ll>aitIIa_IIiIB1, Jl H)KaHme i1: K 3a,n:amlOfi MeTKe A3Tbr/s-peMe HI'I; caMapa€io6

qaa JJ;lfpeKTOpYHI npR 3T.QMtie yqMThIB,1eTC.lI. OqpaTHTe BHMMaHJ1e: Cn01'~Ma CVS He rr03BOJIJ'JeT J:fcIIOJIh30BaTh B rerax CElMJ30JIil.~. IToCJIe Ha3B3H ..HI Te_fa BbI Of}H33HbI 33AaTb KM:>i¢aJ1JIa, K<lK B rrpl'TBe.u,eHHOMHIDi<e npHMepe: ~vstag 111MI~Te~a I1MJl_¢aAna cvs tag,

B rrpOTliIBHOM
K)'lL(eilpafio'lett

CJIyqae; AaJ-fHali KOMaH)l;a ;rIpHCBOHT Tern BceM (j;JajiIJIaM H3 re-

,l;!upeKTOpRI1, xpaf-DIJItlfMCH B Pf(II03HTOPM}t:

cvs t'llg -c I1MlI~Tera

JIOB

IIpHMimeHHt om.i.JiUf -c TIO·3BOJUJ:e:rnpepsan, rtpo uecc, ~etn11KO nHFI cjn:tH'B perrbSJITOpMHOTJIH<faIOTC5I OTcpaHJIOB B pa60LIett .L{MpeK1'opliill: cvs/exani.ple$ cvs tag release.l.Qslc/sample cvsjexampl§/src_$-cvs tag release-l-0 cvsjexamplejsrclcvs tag ~c release-f-D .. c

lJ:tO'fihI H3BJIeqb BepCllM (j;JaHJlOB C TeraNlli, BOCnOJIh3yf:i.TeCb CPJI<l*KOM -r BO BpeM.lI l3bmOJ1He.HtUI rrp0i3epKJ1J1H60 ci5HoBJ1eHHR. ECJII1 Bbi asrrronanre rtposepxy H 06HOBJreHHe c]Jatl:JtOB BHyrpl1 csoesi OODI'fHOH pa:fiOlfen ..!1I1pe-K-

TOpIDI, nepczn
cvsupdate

cPa11rrOB C TeraM113aMeIDlT cyutecrsyxnuae

-rl1Mll~Tera

BepCIHf:

cvs checkout -r l1Mll_Tera

TIplI.Be,ueM JIPHMep::
cvs$ mkdir example-ret-r.n cvsjexample-rel-l:0$ cvscheckout -r release-t-O
JIM60

cvs!e*ample$cvs

update -r release-l-0

rnasa 2.

KOltlPOJ1b

lIepCI!H

89

CVS: BHeCeH ....e ~3MeHeH~ii B MOAynb (nllDsepK3 113MeHeHilil s CVS)

TIOGJle npOBepKtfcpafiJIOB HX rpefiyerca OTKOMfUfJlJ1PQBaT:J; tI· OOhr'lHQM peJIcHMe., 3a<pHKCHpyi1te-H3MeHeHJ1R B perr03l-lTOpl-Hf DpM rrqMb~l.Ul KOMalltl:tI tits commit: OHa ,UOJDKHa6hITh sarryurena, xorna HoI aaxonurecs ssuue no HepapXHI-'I xeranoros, tleM BCe MOll.I-HIH11.1;lif.pOBaHHhle <patinhI -ee scerna Mo*eTe 38nyCTI1Th H3 pa6o<Ien rrarrxa. Bocnonssyitrecs KOMaH,UOM evs commit J.1MJI~ipaJit.ila cpHKcaUllli hl3Me,UIDI Hemu1: B O,UHOM waRJfe .JIH60,pj:!'KYPCMBHoti¢nKcaIllIH rrarnor co BceMH 1]0),:1;xaranoraxra. Pa3JIH4Hhle rpynlThl pa3pa6Ql'qm(oB HMeIOT cci66T13eRHe~ MHenne no rroBo;a,y TOto, KaK 'UteTO HYJ'lCHO BhlllqJfHHTb ROMaH,UY cvscommit. Xoponree npaKTI\Ne~cKbe npa.BIDIo maeIilT: <0<<OK:uhIHpa3,xorna BhlTI0JlHHe1'C5I-repeKOMIIHJlillJ,lliI npo'eKTa» H«:KaDK,IlbJll,1l\eHb;:to 11nocJIe,pa50TJ:'l», r

cvs/example~$ cvs commit cvs commit: Examining , cvsc.ornmit: Exarnioing .SIC jenn@cvs.sample,com,au's password: CMCTeMa CVS aHaJIl13upye-r Ka){{,lJ,YlO ,UlfpeKTOpTi:IO Co Iice,MM BJID)j{eHHblpa50q'ero K3taJIOr3. Bce,c]_nll4:JlhI, 0 cyruecrBOBaHHH KOTOPhlXH3BeCTHO eacrexre CVS, rtpoaepsnorca xa HaJil1'nre 1l13MeHeIti1n, HOJfR penoaaropuji HaxO,UHTCH.HaYJlaJIeHHOMKOMnbfoTepe, CVS 3anpOCl1T napOJlh,UJIH nocryna K HeMY, eOmf DbI npennaprrrensao He·U03a60Tl-neCb06 HCnPJIh30Bam-m KJIIOlJ'e:l:tssh BMeCTO napOJleH (CM, pa3,UeJI «-Eblemp~!iiBxoaBcuon:eMY npunououas xnuenmcxux. fOllO'1ei1SSh) [CoBeT N~66]), 3aTeM' CH'cteMa CVS orxpoer penaxrop, HcrrolIb3yeMblfj: 110 YMOlI'{aRMJO
MH no.z;r.rr;i1:peKTO_1jHHMHBHYrPH ,B.BarneM

oKPYMeHHH - B coarsercraan co 3HaH.eHl1eM rrepeMeHHblx $CVSEDITOR 11$EDITOR. )J;o6aBhTe KOMMeHTapmr )lftH ccornerernys» UUiX epajiiJIcm:
CVS;--------------------------------CVS; )l{YPHaJl BBOII, CTPOKI1, HaQV1H8c){)m>1eC.ll c. 'GVS:;, YAaJlJIlOTCli CVS:. _ .
aBTOM<lTW-leCK\1

CVS·:------------~---·---------~------06fI-3aTeJIbHO .ua TIoHa,Uo6HTc51

CVS: <ll:>1j{Cal\>1.11B ' CVS: CVS:. M OAI1.¢Ji\1.\11po s aMMhl e ¢aiiinbt.: CV$':€)<:amples/src/sar(lpte,i} examples/src/sample.c

,1l\o6i:rBIDlMTeH1:l¢opMaTHBHble npHMeqaH}L!f
.BhlTIOJIH.M:rb OTKaT H3MeHeHl-IR

- HHa'ie,

KOfnpx-

11 HaTOJlKHYBUIHcbHa

AD·

Me-qaHHe TlID-a «acnpaaan HeCKO)l~I<;:O 0ll1lI60K»" He CMO)l(e,Te orrpenennrs, KaKOHBe;pCHH Hj')KHO ocynrecrsnars .QTKa:r 6e3 TIOMOll,l;J1' KOMaH,!J,blCVS diff, B CllYQae BQ3HHKI--IOBeHI1H rrOTeHUH1lJlhHOrO KOH,qJJlHKTa marromremre 90

I rnas'a_ 2 •. KOHTIlOfib sellcHil

GoseT N. 31. CVS: cnMHHKiHjJalln6B.

KoMaHLJ;bicvs commit' 6YAeT npepaan».

MeRHB
Kpen03J1TOpHI<J.KoMaH;IJ:Y

MmKHO Hcripas:wf:& t:HryaIiJ'I!FO, rtpucvs.updats, 13pesyiIbTa7e nero tiY;ueT nponaBMetuaTeJIi,CTBO He1l03MO)KHo:

):le.ueHa nomrrxe-

OJIJIUi1Uf.H .1l;UHHhlX

BaTeJ[5L, ecna ocyrnecraars

asanponresro cliIDund"e rroreps 6e.3

nOJTh30-

cvs server: Up.-t6"datec~clJ< failed for 'cV$_intro.html' cv~ [server-aborted]: correct ?:boweU9Js first! cvs .corrrmit: saving 16g message in /t:mp/cvst7onmJ

COBE:T

CVS: CnlllHf:Ute lfJa'HfloB

(P.aapel1leIUle KOH¢JJnIlKTIIB 06H(lBneHIIH:s CVS)

N!!31

Korna CMCTeMa CVS. He Bco.CTOHHHJ1 ycrrenme.saaeprmrre CJlI13H];1t} MQJJJJcj;umupOBaHH.Orl)cPai1:na cera KOIure1t Hpen03UToplrrt,oHa.COG6maeT o KOHf:pJII1R1'e 13BBIxo.1l;HhlX.uaHHblxcliCTeMbI cvs update. IIpl1 :;)ToM opu:nrna1Ihmilt <pal1J1 coxpanserc« B pa60QeM K3TaJID:re IIO.u Ha3B3mieM • #file. version, a
p:e3yJtbTaTbI

CJI:IUlliH.HnOMemalOTC}l B'tPaifJi c nepffoHaqan:hHhui

RMeHeM:

cvs/e;.::amples$ cvsupdate jenn@cys.sample.com,au's password: cvs server: lJpci:atil1g , Res file: /honi e/cvs/examle/s amp le.c,v rstrievinq revision 1.3 retrieving revision 1.4 Merg'ing.differences betwe'€l:1 13 and 1.4 inte. sample, c rcsm erg e: warnin g: conflict during in erg e' cvs sewer: conflicts found in.sample.c
C. sample.c CHCT~Ma TeraMJ1

CVSco;xp;m5leT

p.esy:lrr;>TIlTbI CJJ1151HH5IB

orpoxax,
'E!>aiirra:

BbLlll}lIeH.l-JbU(

crpoxa nO)lBeprnacblf3MeHeHff5rM
««««<

CVS. CVS

He. MO)l(~T paspennrrs

KDHcpmucr, XOT.J;la O)J.HaH Ta)l('0

BepCH5IX

B o6errx

sample.c
a.cortflict.

IJelib'€ratelydeating

Let'smake aceaflict. »»»»> 1.4

~ coa ET

N!!3Z

CVS: A.o6aBI1BHVlB'" YAaneHllle lj)at1noB III AVipeKTOpM"

():lo6asneHIIEl II YAaneHlle ¢lailnoB 1:13Mo:,q.ynfl)

CP,ai1JIbr,

C KOTOPbrMHCHCTeMti

CVS

He 3HaeT, sro

Hy)KHb

.nemtfb!OThfeqaU

lOTCH 3HaKOM BorrpOca nocne, nponecca

gnn(cauUJ1YI3MeffeHHH

BO

BpeWl.

rna03

2. K.oHTpom. BepclIA

191

COBer N~32; CVS: Ao6aancHile

II YABnCHite cli,ailno8 II AMPCKTOPH~

BbmOJIHeHH5I KOMaH,lJ;bI cvs update. QTo6hI CHCTeMa CVS MODra paenosuaBaTh B rrax H3MeHeHIDI, naasane ax ffeo6xo,IIJ1MO l(06a:BliTb B penoearopatt. .n;o6aBJIeHH5I B pen03HTOpHM: HOBb1X q,atlJIoIi socrronssynrecs xolvlaHl(o:ti CViSadd "MR_~aMa. Hl1 O;n;HHqmIDt He 6Y)J;eT peansno ;n;06aSJIeH B pen03I1TOpIDi CHCTeMOM CVS" noxa BbI ae npi1:MeHllT€ KOMaH,IJy cvs commit .. J{o6;lB!leHHe _qHpeKTOpHi1'rrpOJI3Bo.!J;IITOR'aHqJlOff1tIHblM crrocofoi«. ilPHlJeM t]:>art]JblH3 ,n:Q6aBJUl:eMQ1) )lHpeKTOpW1 He MoryT 5blTb nOMemeI-I1J B peII03HTopI-tit LI;o -rore, KaK B xpaHIDIlfJ:LJ;~ 6Y.!J;eT l(06aBJIeH3 C3Ma ,LUlpeKTOpIDI.

llJ15l

YnaJleHHe recs

lj:Ia~JlOB

QTo6hI OTMenrrb $allJI M5I YJlaJIeHJillHS patiosnx xonaa, 'BOCll0JIh3y:tiKOMaHl(ott cvs remove vtM.!l_tPaJffia. Ilepen Y.lI:a.JIeHlIeM saaaaaoro cPafma 113 perrosuropxa.ero nOHa,lI;o6HTCg Y,lI;aJIHTb113<l>a:tiJIOBOH OHCTeMbJ.CMOTe-Mern;a5I ero B

MaCVS Ii .lle:ticn!HteJIbHOCTll

cneunansnsra

He Y,lI;a.IUleT CjJa:tiJI e3B03BpaTHO, npocro 6 IIO)1;K:aTMQr rron Ha3BaHneM Attic.

nepe-

YAaJleHl!e KaraJlOrOB
,ul1peKTOpl'fH He Moryr 6hITh Y,D;aJIeHbIHS penoaaropns

npn

TlOMOlUH KO-

peKTOplU1 He 6y.n;yrBoctpe6oMHhI. ECJII[ B03HHKHeT Heo6xo,l(HMOCTb, sroxere YAaJIHTh .llHpeKTopHIo npn rrOMOm;H KOMaH,ll.H rrndir, rrpHMeHIDI ee HerrOCpel(CTBeHHO x perroairroparo. Ilonpotiynre BHatrane BOCrr01Ib30BaTbCJl .llaHHptt KOMaH.1lo:ti )UlJI .xornrx peI103J:ITOP}l5I I'I npoaepsre, He

MaRA CHCTeMDJCVS. EcllH orrpenenerraas zmpexropna 60JIbllle He Hy:lKHa, OtIHCTI'ITe ee CO,ll;ep)KH'MOenpa rrouomn KOMaH.1lbI cvs remove, a saresr BOCnOJTh3y:tiTecbKoMaH.lI:oH cvs update -P HJTHCVS checkout -P BO BpeMSI ofipanreHID! K pa60lJett KonIDL Hanasne cPna)l(Ka -P rapatrrapyer, trIO nyorue .rUI-

napynrene

ITH 'ITQ- HH6Y.1lb: eCJlH BHyrPH ,n:aH-

HOlt ;n;Hp.el<:TOPIDI,pa3MemeHHOH B ,XpaHHJ1]1J:ue, rrpJICYTCTByeT nonanpexTOPlUl Attic, MO)!(}{O ITOTepHTb apxanmre xorrmt y.1laJIeHHbIX panee $aVi:JIOB. CH, "!T06hI H

Ilpn Y.1laJ1emm )l.npeKTOpKIH .JI3 penoaieropna Heo6xo)l.illvro rroaaticrarsnee nOJlb30BaTeJUI: y.llaJIH.IIH CBORpa60Que KOIIMH .n;aHHbi1:naIIKH
Harrnqyre 06aOBJIeHHhIX KOIIHit MO)zyIDI.

rrpoaepnnn

Ii

COBEl

eva: pa3pa6oTKa

C BeTBneHHBM

N!!33

(HacTpo~J(a pa3pa6oTKit C BeTBneHlteM B CVSj

B TOM cnysae; xorna rpeeyercx IlCnpaBHn omu6KY B npe.1lI:iUlYlUHX nepCIUIX nporpaxoororo xona, nars HacrpOitKH ornanosmrx He MeHHH TeKYIIJMH KC,lI;, m-r60 MO,ll;Hclnnu1pocepaepos, He aarparasaa HacTpOHKH pa6o~mx

cepnepos, l-Ieci6xo)l.HMO paszrenars MOP;YJIb'Maornensrrsre

92 I rnaaa 2.
KOHTPOJ1b

BeTHIl. Taxoe pas-

BepclIH

CIlBeT N~ 33. CVS: p.BspalloT:im C BIlTBlleHMeM JJ;eJfeH1'Ie nessemar coxpansri, H M3BJ:[ei<'aTb BepcIUf QCH0BHOro MOAymf, He BJJH&l5ITa CaM MO,IzyJIb. liI3MeIiemrn, r B}reGeHHW~ BOi').J;eJIhHyIb Be<J::Bb, MOryr 6bITb ITO,UBepn-ryrI>I C:ilIDmlflO n03n;Hrte. )];mr CO'3.n:aHM5I BeTBR il6CIIOJlb3YH-

recs

KOMaHL(Oi'l: CVStag,b Ter_BeTBl1:

'cvsjaxa:mptes$ cvs t9,g-b release-1.-0-patches

McnoJIj;,sYllTe
Hoil

B.eTBH, KOM3H,lI;a KOJv.raH,n3

KQMaH,IT;bT cvs update J1J1M checkout.Jlllif[ oopamemuI K .n;aHcheckout C03.ll3CT ,.[I11JI HOBOH Be.TBM HOByIQ )J)1J;lewr6-

pme, 'a
¢3tiJIaMtf

update rtepesartaruer ctl;l'tep)KJIMoe pa6ol:J;e;j;i lU;tpeRToj:l'HH

.l13 HQBoit: Be18k1,

(VS checkout -T Terc_B·€_TBJ.t cvs update -r Ter_BeT1!J.t

Hanptnrep:
evs/example-rel-r.at cvs checkout -r release-t-O-patches cvs/examplesj cvs update -I release-I-O-patches
BnOCJTenCTBRW MO)J(HO 6y.neT npOH3BBCTII: cnamrae 113MeHenJ{JliI, BReCeR:B Pa3JUI'IHble B~TBH, npn nOMOIl_(H cHCTeM11 paspsmemea KOH¢:rIl11ttOB, Bb1.3blBaeM0i1 KOMaH.JJ;aMI1 css update. H cvs commit.

nsrx

cvs checkoutl1MR_Mo<nyllR

cvs update -j Ter_ll€Tlll<t

Harrpnuep:
/tmp/examples$

/tmp/examples:$

evs checkout example evs update -j release-l-0-patches

JIMbO B BWne;O,ll;HOH KOMaH,ILbl:

cvs checkliiit "'jTe):'_BeT'B11 I1MII_MOI:jYJI.lt

Torna nanr

fIpMMep,

KOTopbrnoyn,eTBbl

fJIsn,eTh CJre.uYIOIlU1M 06pa30:ryr: example, cbo6IIJ;ana CI1CTeMa

BO>Bpe-

/tmp/examples$ cvs checkout -j release-f-u-patches

n03BoJiHT paap eurMTb see KOH¢JI:rrKTbI,O:R6TOPbfX M5I HCnOJTb3013aHH5I KOMaH.lIJ'>I cvs commit.

CVS: HatimoAeHVle aa lIJaunaMVI 11VlX 6nOKI1pOBKa

(HacrpoilKa, Ha.6mo.AeHI1H 3BljJailnaMil
B

cvs

IiPI1 nOMOlll1I 3nenpoHHoil

nD~Tb'l)

OTJIH'IHe 01' -

,u,pYTJ..lX

CJ!1GteM :KOHTp('JJIH BepcH.0

B CMCTeMe

cvs ReT

6J1.0Kij-

Q;JaM01;l:. TeM He MeHleeMO)Jti{O yt:raROBKTb Ha6moneHM<f3a pstuOM $aitrroB, npesynsraP.OBKJ:!¢a1tTloR B Hej;[ B03MO)KHO pe,I(3Jcrl.1pOBa-IDIe

b,urW:BpeMeHHoe

rl1aBa 2. KONTpom. l'Iepcl1i11

93

COBeT N134.

CVS:.H;jJjlllOlleHlle sa

ljIaRn3MII

II HX. 611PK~p(jBK3

.CJIY'Iae: HaHaJI3-peJJ;ilKTUpO.BaHlMI

T¢ gem

CHCTtMa CVS' 6y):(e:t patCb"lTIan, YB:e.1.l.QMJlel:lJ.'lJ"I .3JIeKTpOHHoH no nosre B ('panna. EcnK onpeneneimsre ¢atillbI HUX_QMlTC5I I10JJ;FiaGJIJ6JJ;eHHeM, p1t3j?a6dT4:l4k<lM: nOHa.rt:06lftcH npM:Oemyr.b K nOMollU1 KOMaHJJ;cvs edit if cvs unedit ana BbICIt66Q::foI.eRJirn qiaitrro];3:DJUI peJJ;aK1'IlpoBaHIDI.<paHJn,r, aa KOTOpbIMH Ha:6JIlO.a;eI-U1eHe Be;l1,eTtH; MOIyr pe;l1,aKrMpomiThCll 6e-s Heo6xo,lU~MOCTlI KaKHM-Jru60 66pa30M yBe)J;01l1lli!T.bCHCTeMY CVS.

QTo6hI

HaCTpOJiTb

Ha6moJJ;eHlle 33

01:Ipe,lle.neHHbIMJi

qmWJIaMH< BOCrrOJIh-

3y0TeCh.KOMaH,llaMll:

evs' watch on (CUItCOK !]:Iafu!oB) evs watch off (Cnl1.COK cpaVtJlo1B) QTo61t c,[le.naTh ce6H Ha6.JiJO;n.ateJIeM;, nrae J{OMilH,llbI:evswatch add (CI1I1CoKcpal11ioB) evil watch remove (cnI1COK cpaWloll)
][I\I60
llOHa,l'(o5UTC:H BbIITQJIHHTb"CJIe,l.lyI6-

evs watch add -a edit] unedlt] commit] all (t}Il1COl( !paiVloB) evswatch remove-a edit] unedit] commit] aU (cnW:OK !lJal11ioB)

Crremramrrsrn

tlJaIDI YBe,,IlpMJIeH1ll1:
B

CJIY'-Iae BHeceHIDIlf3MeHeH1111'

YMOJp·mH1Ho, rrOJI·b30BaTelIIO·

CVS sanaer ;l1,efiCTBIDI, BbTnOJIH5IeM1IE: B ¢aj;jJJ., sa KOTOPblM Be)l;eTC5IHaOJII0,[leHlle. ITo C-I1cTe.M'bICVS OTChmaerC5I y:Be.llowreHHe aa a;upec

3JIeKrpoHHoH n01{ThI, Ha:q11.HaIoI:IUJiicSI c HMeHlf nOJlIi;lOBaTeJ[_>I~3TOM cepseps, 'ECJIlf 3)leKrpbH:l{E,IH nOi..rrOBbma,upec tloJIb30BaTWI5I OTn;Mqae:rCHjTImpe6ye1'CHHac'fpOIITb ;lPW users B-KopHe:eOM :Kara.r[ore peUQ3FlTOpil:H CVSROOT. 3.aJIHC.M: :,anJIa ;l1,ciIDKHbI ObITb rrp¢)I,CT8BJieHhI B. $opMare VlMR_TIOJlbioBaTeJlll: q
a,n,pec~:lJle1{TpoHHO'H-,TIOqTbt:iTo

o;::n:ro'MY

TI0JI130BareIDb B crpoxe,

HanplIMep:

jenn:jenn@cvs.example'

..com.al\

~N!!35

co.

B £T

CVS:. 6e30naCHDC1bC~CTeMbl (Joalllitn! nOllb·30B3Telleli it nporpaMMHoroKo1l3,

nOSlAep}KHBae.Moro cHcreMoi1 CVS)

YAaneHHbl e .pen03MTop1UI
Korna peII93HTOPI'Iit
pa3MeIUeHH8

JIOKaJIbJ-IOM

cacreste,

~OCTyn -

K He:rvry H

CllOCOOhI ooecne-qeHMHoe30naCHOCTM)1,:ocraTO'qHO

lfarJI>IJ[H'bl

MO)!{RO 3a-

nars

B nepeMeHHoH cpensr $,CVSROOT nyrs K KqPHeBOM:y xaranory xpaCVS IDI60 Bbl3BaTb rtponepxy npH nQMOJl\.H onuna -d I\\MR_rrarn{lt. ECJIll)'l(ep?Il03HTOPlfi:i HaxOjJJi'ICH sa Y.IlaITe_Hl-iPM KOMIlhIO:repe" Heooxo,ll,"ftM,b, COOOlIJ;lfTI:. CIi01"~Me CVS ,. na IQ:KOM l11YleliHO' KOMTI;bJOTepe OB pa3Me,HI1][FIllIa

94 I rnaaa 2. KOHTPOlib aepcIIA

COB er N~ 35. CV S; 6e30natHO tTl> ClIc:reM b.1

meR'H KaKow' MeTO):!;.n;QJJ)K~ l1cnOJ.lli~t;)BaTbca ;IT)l3l.n;ooyYrra K 3TOM:tHiiTeM~. HeCJ(OJIbKO BQ3M9}Kj{bI{( MeTo,;n:dB, O,[(HRKO B: :Ka.qectBe MaKCKMillIbHO rrp'OCT:OtQ 1I 6~3pmtcHorO JIY'IllIe JICTIQJfb$DBa:l"b. ssh, CHHTa:J<Z:GKC~a)l.aH.M51;ll;Oclyna ,K y.n;arr,e.l:iHOMY p'enO.3kl'ropJIlO B rrepeMeHHo}1 $CVSROOT TaKOS: ;MeTWt: [[nonB30Barenh [napsni, 1@]1<\M51_xocra[:[ nop.rll:/ rryTb/\{/peno~

Cynreerayer

~i'!TOpl1lO.

HanpHw~p:'

J:

'.

:ext:jemi:@cvs.eJl,ample.com.au:/usrjlocal!cysroot MH<pOpMaIl)151 0 'CIDITa,KCHce, BbmaBaeMa)l

OTJIH'IaT!iC.HO;r rrpMBe.n;eHHoll
KQM8'H,!l;OR

info

CVS, MO)i('eT

B 3a:B1!ICH'MQCTHO'F BeneHR CHCTeMbT CVS. I1pl1MeH5Ime cI1HtaK,cHc,paEiotaIOllJ;HR ua nanres CJiCTeMe. B.ocrrO)l'_l,3:yRTen MH- paEiOTbI 'Iepe3 SSE Me-rOttON!.ext. B ;3!OM MeTo)le llcnom,3yeTc5I aaeuntaa CVS rrporpaxoaa rsh JIi1:'6o rsh-COBMeCTfI1vIR}l npbrpaM.Ma,[tll\5l '06meHMJI c cepBepoM CVS. QTb6lJ. 3aCTa"BJITh CVS YlcnOJTbSCiBUTh $SH

nna

BMeCTO rsh, 3a.n;afiTe B rrepeweanon cpe)lbI $CVS~RSH 3Ha'l.eIDIe SSH. HaCTp,OHTe-"SSH' na cepsepe M K.ITHeHTaX; y6e)J;HTecb_, "lTO KJIlO'Il1. SS_HereHepHPOl\aHhI.n;mI acex nOJIb3QBaWJIei{) nocnemrne pacrronaraior yqeTHI-.TMl1. 3amrcJIMIt ki napOJ1Ji:M'H ,ll)UI ;/locTyna K 06mIM KOMIIbJOTep'aM. ECJIlI MMeHU nOJIh3.oBan:JIei1' Ha ,lJJ3YXKOMIThIOTepax O,rU1l'laKQBhl, aaaaaars '3}l.C!';b
CTPOKHI1.M-R_TIMb,30BaTen5l@ B nepeMeHHoH

CVSROOT

Heo6g3aTeJIbHQ.

Ecmr HCnOJIb3yetC5f CTaH:,uap'TI--!bIH nopr SSH,

)J(e MO)KjfO OnyCTl1Tb.

na-pS:MeTp HOMep_lIopTa

rraK-

cvs -d :extecvs.example.ccm.aut/usr/tccal/

evsrcet theck!!ut sampleeccdes-

TOnhKO ,rr,iUJl:J:TeH1HI, H rrosToMy 1::PrcTeMbI)J,.JDIDIXHe CTOMI. )l)m: ynpasneI HID! nocryno« CJIeJlYeT HCnOJlb30BaTb paspenreaxa ,[(upelCI'OpHH.EOJIblllHHCTBO a,uM}1HHCTpaTOpop c03)];a10T rpynrrsr, !3'KJIIO'Ia10JJJ;Me mo:IJ;eB, K,OTO~

lll:aHJThI B pen03HTOp-H11 npe)J,Ha3Ha'leHbI

MeH5ITb pa3pemeRH5fcpaitiIdBoit

pste 06na.n;<}-lO'T ")];OCTy_qOM K Mo,[(ymo H IfMelOT rrpaso )J)1peRTOpHTI .

aa samrcs

B .uaHH9H

ECJUI Ehl HCnbJIh3yeTe y.uarreHHbIM pen03Jj'FOI"ntl1, 3ap;allIe ,11JDI KOpHeB0ff naIIKJi: MOllYJI516HT 'setgid, 'I't06bl rsparrnepoaart, )l,lH! ncex BJtO;KeI-iHblx rta-

nOK YCTaHOBKY xoppexrmax paapenremta. Ecnnperroaaropaa pa3MemeH na nOKaJIbIiOl1 CMCTeMe, wur KDHTpOJI51 Ha,rr:pa3pentemuIMH .llJUI ~aHn:OBH narrox ~ pen03HTOpaJI cnenyer JIC,J::rOJIh30BaTb nepeaennyto $ CVSMASJ(. KOMnI.K1TeP

pa3paOOflUIKa

TIOA saiuumoi: -npoeKtrw nOtl,J!i13YMenaeTc-H. opeCtIe_qeIDIe 6e30naC,Ro:cnf penQ3HTopHH H scex npOBepHeMhIIiI: KOilHit, KaK n:paBHJIO,'paCnOHO)KMl1:ll)lX
rn3B3 2. KOHtponb BejJoHA I 95

COOBr Nl 36. CVS:aHOHItMH.b!B peIT03ltJOpltit

na KOMlThIDTepaX pa3pa6o'f'll1J<oB. He,lJ,OC'PaTQqHO TOJThKO o6ecrW·UITb saIIJJI1)1perrO.3H;fQPIDI II YDeAllTbC$!, qTO nepeaasa ..uaHtLbIXMelllOzyJ:fHM·M KOMlThIOTep:;rMH pa3paOOTq}fl(OB OCY:JlleCTBJUIe.TCH B 3arumppOIlaHH0M 5Jif,lJ,e, eelIH KTO~TO MO)KeT rrpHHTU B BbI:XOJJ;Hott .ueHh B-oi;J;nrc p~pa6_Q"NHRa H CKOrrHPGlBaTb nporpaMMHblR RcA ria .KOMrraKT- JlHCK. He.o6xoJlMM"Q rroaasoTRTbe}! o 6aHaJJbm:ii:f qJ1l3I1'leCJ('OM .6e:30mIGHOGTif}f6e30nacH6cTlI Me)!{jzy KO.MTI:bldtepaMll pa3j?a6oT'llfKOB, aaumre nporcranoea ,1leMOHCTJiJaUMCiHHbIX KorrHH,a Trie ;uo6hIX ',Upyrl1X MeCT, 113KOTOpbIX MO)KeT ocyme-

cern

0TBIDlTbC5I

npoaepxa

I(o,n:a. , CV~,

C ',.'!!"3', N

EG'

(C03J!<lHHe cofiCTIIettHoro 3HOH\lMHor!l,peno3HTop,KII AO elYn Horo TOJlbKOAJIII'lTeH KII)

CVS:

3HOJIHMHbie pen03UTOPHH

C03_.QaHl1e aHOHI1MHOrO pen031HopiHI

MeTO.!J:J1.0Cnm3 pserver n03B'OJI5IeT nOJIb30BaTeID9 33)laBaHCBue JIMH H

y.uaJIeHHO
KOTopI:Je

nOJJ;KJIlOCBepH-

qaTbCJI K pen03HTopIDIM,

napons,

lOiqg c cpa:0,llOM n3pOJIl~it l:J3. CJfCTS,Me CVS JQ100 C-!lCTe;MHbIMq,aRJlOM letolpasswd. K CO),KaJle>1UOO;21m yqcnf,BIe ,UaHHB1e n'epe)l,31OTCa n H~:ralUM'cppOBaHHOM TaItqTO B JIyqmeM6__nyqae 3J!OYMbIlllJ1eH'H!tR CMo')k:eT

sane,

nep"eXBa'fHThMX

,!l;JUI ,ri,o.CTyrra CRGTCMy

)len' npezrrto-nrraior
PH:HMSsh. OqeBH.!{HO,qTfJ

npoueraposari,

K perr031'1To_fJ'fno CVS, a B Jty.nmeM B u;e·J10M. ITb ,nOR Upnqi-IHe 6omIllHHcTBO

CK'OM-

HCTIO}Ih3'OBaTb JlID1

ztocryrra

mo-

K Y,llaJIeHHbIM

perroaaro-

DOJIee rroJJ;p06}-lhle

CBc.neH1>liI CM. B

pasnene «CVS:'6e30na(N-IOc.mb
06~HH nocryrr K ~epeBy

cueme_Mb.1» [_CoBe:r NQ 351.

ecxn Tpe6yeTc.Il npenccraanrs

HCXD;n;HhIX KOJJ;OI\ TOJlhKOJJ;Jl.Ilq~ml~.,

H'cnCi)Ib30BaHffe G :;)TOH Ue1!J:,lO

JIjIeTC5I H3..Ul-IIJJ.HeitH HenpaKl'wuloH Mepojt 3xteCb lly<ime. i{cnCYJlb3bBaTb pserver ~ rrpezccraanemet TIpCeTOre 'aHOHl-lMi-fOTO ,nocTYrra K penoearopmo, He nepest TeM KaI( paspenrars B cHcTeMe CVS 3HOHlIMHblH nocryn, Heo6XO,lJ,)!Mo HaCTpOHTh KOMII:blOTep, lia KOTOPQ:M pa3MemeH pen03I1ITOp~, na 11C-TIOJIb30B,aaNepa.LlJiUI-IOHHOrO MeTop;a pserver, T YCTaHOBKa pserver

ssh

.HE:

MQ,nym.psetver lfCTldJIb-3yeTc5-I M5!' oprai-f11I3aU:lIHY,ll:1JteJ-llioroaH0HltMHCiro,n:otTyn:a pen0311.TopHIO CVS, ITOatoMY H)0KHOC03,!l;:lTb nOJIb3OJlaTeJl.II, aa 3am-fCh.HH B oJJ;HY H3"minoKpim03F1TOpIDI. C03;llaHTe nOJTh30BaTeAA C ID.-reHeM anonymous, Jill60 BocrroJU,3yil:Tech .llPY:K

kOTOPhI:H HeOy;D;eTl1'MeThnpa:a

fllM "Be

qaCTO MCilOJl1;,3yeMhtM HMeHeM -

cvsanon

.. 3a.nai1Te ,AmI Hero B K<WeCT-

o60JlO'"IKI'ljbtn/true, a B KalfeCTBe Ql1"lI)-lOe., spone /van!empty;C03p:a.tl.Te 96 [ [nasa?

KOH'rponb BepCHll

.nOMallIHelit OT,lleJIhHYIO

mrpexropaa

'ITO-TO 6e30-

rpynrty

11

3aonoKHpyi'rre

"COBeT

N~36. CVS: aHDHIIMH~le peno311TujJilM

ero
3TOT

ITapOJTh

(caMbIYI OhlCTpbrn t:noco.6

C03,!J;aeM

nom.sonarerts

c.li'eJlaTb 3'1'0 - K'oMaH.Ll:a passwd -I). H.11":k6rlla He 6Y)l;ei' BXO)l;Mth B CI1C'reMY HHTepaKTHBHO:

Mbl npOCTO

yqeTHyIb

3an.MCh-~3arr0J1H!11e.n:b»·

,[J,lt5£ CHCTeMhl

CVS,

'IT06bI yc'raHollMTb JIllR nee s .1:(aJI:bHei1meM OMT setuid, C03,ll.afirecpa:fiJi naponsr JJ,JI.IlCYCreMbl CVS. ,D;o6aBbTe CJ1e.!J.Yl0IUYIO crpeICY B $aJilI C }{Mel:leM CVSROOT/passwd fiHytpJ1 fiamefi naIIKl1_pen03JllTopIHl:: anonymous: 2"3MlN3ne5kvBM
EC.rHf BbT
MeHWre

pelIIIfJ1H rrasaars aHOHI1MHOrO

r;rOJIb30B3Te.IJ5I

cvsanon,

Bff,;ll;OH3-

CTpOK)' C.r:LeUYIOIIJ;FlM06pa30M:

anonymous;23MLN3ne.5kvBM;cv~anon

¢aM.rre

naponea

CMCTeMhI

CV8 (pass~vdJ13 crpoxe,

cneaa

nanpaao,

co-

,![ep)j(l-r_re~ cnenyiomaa HRqmpMaUI1R: l1M5:I yqeTl:I.ott SaJUICH CVS, 33mHQ;lp@a:l:IHb~fl rtapons ij MM.fl CHCTeMHOM Y'le'fHOIT 33IU1CH, CB~3aHHo:ti C yqeTBOH Sam;lChlO CVS (nOC)Ie;a;IDtH napaMeTp Heo6a3aTeJI~H). BCJJN ara C'fPJ!1ka 6y;neT onymena, CVS aocrronsayerca TIepBO~ Q'fpOKQH'l;I3 CMCTqJl.-rn:orQ <;DaM-

na rraponeJL B xaneerse anonymous. QTofihI 6bITh

nOJTh3013areJU,liRKOrL(a

::13TIUf¢poBaJ-lJIoH C:rPOKN npencraanear napom, aOCOJlibtHo yP.epeHHhIM B TOM, 4T0. ilHOH-klMHhTH

H3MeFie.HHH B perr03MTop.HH,

He CMO)!(eT BHeCn!

llO-

6aB11e crpoxyanonymous

B ¢aJIlI CVSROOT/teaders SHYfPH pen03fl'toPJ.T5I. :aTOT ¢afin onpenenaea; scex 3aHeC,eHH.bIXB Hero non ssosarenea KaK HMeJOumx I1paJ3<'l TOJlbKO Ha4TeHI-ie. . Terreps HYJ{CRO n03a6oTl:HhC5,IO'TOM, lITOOhiCHCTl:ma CVS He U03BO)l5.lJIa
oG:bl'fHEJM q-McreMHhIM n0J1b3'OsaTeJI5:lM nO):U<lIlO'!a1'hC5:1 C nOMOWbJO NteT"PAa Mil rtpMOT,sparu:eSllSI rrpHBbf'lHOrb Mcrro)Jh30s3mffl c~t.cTeMHh1t )"oleTHh1X 3anllCeH4:epe3 MeToII pserver cBoeHpasHhfMM rr0J1b3QBaTe-.ruIlIUJ. ora nacrpoaxa'aaaaerca B lPatfJIe CVSRO OT/cOnfig BHJ'TP11nanxnpertoaaropaa, Y6epMTe-·CJ1MBOJIbl KO:MMe:l:lTapl1eB BHa'lane C-rpOKK Systl2'mAuth",no., nocne xero TOJIJ;.KO nOJTh3QBaTeJI1i, rrepesucneansre Bwail:]J,e CVSROQT/ passwd, CMOryr nO,!J;KJI}OqaThC;l K xpa.HH:mn.uy C nonoursto MeTO;tI;a pserver,
pserver, Te.IJej.j:

06paniTe BHllMaHl/Ie: ,!J;aHHJ:,ri1 fIp"eM He B03bIMeeT 3cV¢e:KTa,lJ)l.ll nOJIb3:OB.a~ CVS, HG:rrOllb3YIOmUX ,ll)IJ[ o6parueHH5:I K penoaxroparo MeTO)l'bI ext H ssh;.)1)IJI KOHTpOJI:>.I nccryna nepea 3'[11 MeTO,!J;hI 6Y;tl;YT rrpHMeH.IlTbC.Il npopa3perueHnJr,
H)')KHO Ii npn 310M tumo

DThIe q>aM:rrOB1Ie

rna He6y LJ:eTIlp0 1iI3BO)lHTb-

C5I o6pa:r:u;eHM.eK ¢afiny

U, naxonen,
KJlIO'IeH1HI

passwd el1c:re:r.m CVS.

33CTa131HbcHcTeMY na caMOM ,UeJIe npltHll"IM3Tb nonB TOM, 'lTO CI1'CTeMa

pserver, )leJlD

CVS

He Mo.)!(eT I!bWOJlHHTb"CJT

13pe)I(ijJ\{e.)leMOHa: ee aeo6XO)J)!IMO 3anYCKaTb H3 inetd.Qaa pa60TaeT C IIOpT:6M 2401, n03ToMY nOHa.uooUTC.IlAooasnTb. B $aitn /etc/services cnenyroIIzylO CTP:OKY:

pserver2401/tap

~ IIJJlOMW

" ""CTI>0'IRfl

UN UX

rnasa 2.KIlIITPllJlb aepcHill

91

0: B cpaitJI /etc/ineki.conf
pservsr stream top nowaitroct !usrjbin!¢vscvs
cvsroot pserver IIo.,UcTaBbTe

--anow-root~!lJsr/1QcaV

HMHKaTaJi:ora pencsaropxa BMeCTO lusr/loeai/cvsrooi. BbInenmrre KOM<lH.1lyskiU -HUP inetd .H1IH 06paTMTeCb K pa3,lleJIY «H4'lUHaeM pa6o_my p eucmeuoii RrS» [COSeT Ng 23J, ecnn KQMaH,lla skill He YCTaHOBJleHa, II rrpo,UO.T0,Kati'rE:; pa6OTY·

npl1MeHeHlfe YAaIleHHoro Aocryna sepea pserver

cneayiomee snasenae

)1;JIJ'fTeCTfIpOBaHlI51

csoero aI:fOHHMHoro pen03MTopIDI JlJUl nepeMtfH:Hofi $CVSROOT:

3U.1laitre CHaqaJIa

:pserver:anonymous@your.machine.here:JusrjEocaljcvsroot

Ilepen BhInO]IHeHl1eM KOMaH,Il;hI ese checkout HeoPXOll,i1MO nO.!l:KJIIO.tlJiThcs c no.MOill.b.!Q 1I{eTCI,[La pserver.narryctaa Koi\1aH,lJ;y cvs login. Ha.sartpeccaCTe:t-;[hIa rtaporre BBe,u;tfTeanonymous. Teneps MO)trnQ sarrycxars KOMaH,llY cvs checkout J.1MR_Mop,ynfl. It BI1.n:6'rb 06HmiJTeHHR~ KaK ci6hIliHo. Y6e;n:M'ieCh, nro IIpliMeRHTh K penosnropxrc KOMal{):IS cv» checkin ReJTb3H,11'eMena npe.llQCTaBAA:i1TeaHQBl1MHbI0' 06Ill}lti.llGCryn K CB06MY pen03J1TOpl'IIO.

,98

I rnaBa 2. KOHrpollb BepCitil'

rJlABA 3

Peaepanee

KOnlllpOBaHMe
COSeTbl

NQ 37:-44

PaRO HJlH n03,LJ;.J-i:O uacrynaer

eTC5l".H pBeTC5l".Bo?3MO)l(Ho., KJIlQqaTe)1h (JIli6o.

,LJ;eHb, xorna

cny-raerca

Hoe. 3aX::i.H'IHB'aeTC5I C.pOK CJlY)K6bl )l(ec'Tl<.'orb .n;JICK8. ITneHKa

Hertpe;llBH)leH~ pact5[r:HBa~

BbI no. OllIH6Ke 3a)laeTe B KOMaI-lneHe TDT rtepe.D\eJlaeTe :,'}TO, HaxO,!1,§lCI, B p;pyrOM: JJ:}!:peKTOpIU1, HaAPYr,Olyf
MOMeHT

KOMffil<Yfepe} H B CneJl,YlOllUfH BJ{lll;H Enter, Ha6JfiOAaa, KaK

xo B TaK:J{e. MrHOBeI-Ij1g

npoxmnraere

qe6513a

H~!lTHe xna-

C iU1CKa HC'Ie3:;t.IOT

sce.eama

GTaHOBHTC.H OLJeB.H.!'LH().H acranaas

n::i.HHhle. TanhueHHOCTh Han-

ne)!(alIlI'Thf o6pa30M

crrpoeKTHpoB3HHhlX.

H peaJIH30B3HH1r'x.petm::HH:i!I: 0'0

peaepmroxry xonapoeamno, Xors B 3TOM paanene npe;UCTaBJIeHO neoxcnsxo nrrrepecirsrx rtO.llXo.rr;Oil K pe3epBHOMY KornrpOBaHHKl AaHHbIX~ ero HI1 B KoeM cnyxae HeJIh35I cmlTan, eO;llep)I('aIUKM lfC'IepIThIBalOlUYIO HHcpopMaUJ:IIO. Bucrynaa B pon11 CHc'feMHOro a,lJ;MHtIHCTpaTopa, Bi'?I .LJ;QJI)KHhIHaI1MCaTb nnan pesepsaoro K0IInp,OB3HJ;UI; y;nOBJIel'Bo:pHIOIUHH Hy)!Ql-aM Ba:IIietiopraH:H'3aurtl1. pe8JTH30BaTb ere If ripJ! He:'o6xoLiJ1MCfc,:r}CperymlpHo rrepe~MaTllRBatL. He: cnenyer rrOJIaraTIiC5I na TO, ':ITt:>, 3a,.!laBB nJ1aHUpOBlllJIKe BbInOJ1HeHHe pesepsaoro KOTIl1POBaHlliI DO paCHl'I.CaIDIlO,BhI rapairrapoaaano rronysrrre paoOToorroco6HhIe pesepsasre KOTIH.M, )liKe eCJIH caM nponece peaepmro[0 KOIl}tpOEamHI rrpoaner 6e.3 OIIP'l6q.K. tleo6xOAMM.O cne.u;MTb 3a::KYPJlaJIi:1HqBbte HOCJ1TeJlJl HHcpopMaUHH,110 Taro, .fillK llpo6JIeM.BI. Hannnnere IlOJlj1THKY, B eOOTBeTCTEHU CKOT.opoi16Y.uet BbInOJiHHTbcn recrapoeaaxe pe3ep13HbIX KOTI1!U nyteM nonaoro BOCCTaHOBJIeHH5I );IaHHbTX 113H.J1XHat:TOJ1hKO saero, H3CI(0J1bMl1 COObITHM" npHQ6peTaTb

crapste aa-myr

BhI3bIBaTb

KO

C'IHTaete3TO He6oxo;llHMbfM,

'iTOObloOecne.QI1Tb ce6e CIlOKO:ttRbIH:

COHo

B03i>1OiKH.OC7b XpaHeHIDI ,ttOITOJIH·HTeJIl,Ho'ti KOllHM 33 npe,lle;rraMH OCH01:moro ocpJ1ca. EeJIH sac cepsesno HHTepe,-

H .D\a:iKeB GTOM
eyer Ilo.npo6Hoe
HOH IlOJ1lITl1..KH

cJ1yqae OO:lIYMaHTe

orracanxe

scero,

'ITO CB?I3aHO C

nocrpoenaex

6e30nac-

.llaHHbIX~,OQpanneC:b J(Klrnte «Pesepaaoe KOnUpOBa:HJ:l;enaoccrancnnemae Unix» B. I<Yl?THca IIpecTGHa (H3,l1;3TeJ1bCK:ltfi .nOM O'Reilly).
KOflI1PQBqHJitsr

pesepnaoro

99

3TOM

rrrase, TIp e,n:GtaMeH

K «CYAHOlvry ARlO»,Cl'ICTItMbi

PR,n: MeTOtl;OBXpaHeHJl5l

,n:aHHhIX B IlOJIHOiii.

ro-

TOBHOC"nr UI10HH0i1

KWK,[i;'hlH YCT8HoBJieHHl>i.i1 3K3elYHimIpOItepa-

K3MH, 11,. KpOMe

pe3epBMpOBaHIDi: HNX BTe'!eRlie C03)laBaeMHMlf

Unix 06JIa,n:aeTCBOHMH YHllliaJIhHhIMI1 XapaKTepHCTI1roro, ,!J;.JT5J Kal>KJ1;oro cepsepa HeoGxO.LUD\{ c]Joki ypoaens ,n:aHHblX, Ha1.lliHaa OT coxpatrenaa H3MeHeffi.'fM, aaeceaMrHOBeHH)';,lMH KOIllliIMH CQC:rO}fJ-IJ1JI,

R6,llell:11, H3ar<aH'll1Ba.II KalK,llble

5 Ml1l:Iyr.

Ilo3ToMY3)1.ech

paCCMaTp.I1B8FOTC5I }{eK;qKOTOpbIX Bbi CMO)!{eTe

TOp_BIellHCTpYlVleHTaJlhH~Ie. cpencrna, c nOMow,i?lO pa3;pa6oTa:rb CEOIO co6CTBeHHYlO nOJIHTHKy.

Pe3epBHoeKORa,tpooaHVlec
(KllmtpOSaHKe

nOMmllbHl tar B ssh

c nOMolllbHi

OT):lenbHblX wal1nD6 Ii llallOK MelKAV cepuepaMIi

ssh 11lar)

06MeHr;paPi:JfaMH
MaH,uhI scp:

MeJK,[(Y

cepsepasrn

JIe,I'KO BblTIOllHI:ITh npa IlOM01I1M KO-

ropt@inky:-#- scp some-archive. tgz bUn.ky:/

JlI160 ,[{a)Ke KonHpoB3Th

no HeCKORbKY {jJai1JIOBsa O,ill;HH pas:

nO,llXO'[{HT)lJIH p:a3P(fmeHI1li KOHUpOBaHM5I 11 npan IlOM~peKTOpl1.iJ[

rodt@pinky:-jtmp# scp clyde:/usr/local/etc/'"

OnHaK()

KOMaH'[{a

-scp He

C CQXpaHeFn1eM

$al1JlOBbIX

CQ6CJBeHHOG'l'H.

C'-I3C-

TbIQ, cynrecrsyer

yramrra tax, xoropas }'iBJUlen;5I o;umilM J:L3 HaM6oJI,ee CTapsrx IlpceKTHEIJ{ peIDeHm sssh, rro;JBbJIJuolUHx: stOH- yrMJIMTe BbinonMThC.II KaK JIl060'H-.1Ipyrol!l' CTilH,llapTHOl1 KOMflH;n:6 Unix .. EC:JlH -McrrOJIb3QB3Tb ee

MSl. .BbfTIOJIHeHllJ:! KOMflH,D;

Me" ssh npocro
TaTbI B
MO)!{HO

6Y;UeT np1ffiFIMaTb.·naHHhTe,

BRe I1:HTepakTMBHotf ceCC:MJiIpa60Tl>T acncreB STDIN H BhIBO.IUITb pe3YJIbcJIY)K6a

K3l'!aJI., B KOTOPOM 3a.u_eMcTBOBHHa KaK npccroji nopras K KOMTIl>IDTe;py,. Bh) 9B513-aHhl. IIpe)lfIoJIo)KHM, rpe6yerc.l'f coanarspeseparrsre ,uoMailIHHx )J;HpeKTOpHH H3 O,n;H_QM cepsepe H sanacars llX

STDOUT. JI1000M
paccaarpaaars

S8·11,

C KOTPPblM

KOrtl111 seex
B

apxna aa

JlPyroM cepaepe:
r(lot@inky-#tar zcvf - jhome-I sshpinky "eat ;. iitky-homez.tgz."
HJIH ocymecTBlfI'b
BO

aarrnci, C)!(aTOrO apxirsa HenOCpe<)l.cTBeHHO

tra MarHllTHoM

aa YCTPOHCT-

pesepanoro KOTIl1pOBaHM5I JIeHHOH cacrexie:

J1eHT~, TIO.!JJQIlO"'IeHHOe K

Y.Ila-

root@blinky-#tarzcvf -/varjnamed/data
IIP¢,!],IIQJrOlitlll'l1:, ffyaffiO

I ssh clyde "cat>

/devjtape"

cnenars

TOJIbKO

KPHlUOcrpYKTYp.bI

xaranoros

ozuroro cepsepa rta q)artlloBoH

pe HMeetCJ.Ipa6oTaJOllWI
100

circreMe ,ll,pyroro eepsepa. B HaweM IIj_J1fM€.BepCM5I cepnepa Apache rra O,!JJ{CiM cepsepe 11 ne-

I rnaBa 3. Pe3ep8Hoe KonHpOB3HIt,e

pa6DTocrroc06I-ta51
root@clyq€:-#

~OmVl na .rr;pyrOM cepnepe, IIoII!>ITaeMCH

K0mrit:

BblIlo]J}fHTb

CHHXpbH;l13'3.Ll);uooqeHX

cd /user/local

root@clyde;jusrjlocal# tar aef - apache/ \ I ssh pacman "cd /usrflocal; mv apacheapache.bak-

tar 'zpxvf ~,

B pe3YJJbTaTe BhIO0J1HCHM51 onepauax ITaJTKa /usr/iocal/apache/ npH IIOoy,UeT noaemeaa B cj:lailrr lusrIIQcallapa(!_he;ba~., 3aTe.M TO':lHa}l Kl?nItJI nanf<31 /usrjlocaJ/ctpache/ nOllb30BRTeJ151dyde QY,,ll'e'f aeccranoaneaa C cQxpaHt:Jrn:eMcpafiJIOBhlXp33pellleHHN f[ CJPYKTYpm:K31'<j,MOIlJJ1 YTIaI<QBru;MKapacman

noroa.

IIO~i(CnepHM:eHTIIpyt1te

co C:)K3THeM (cj:l!l;:f)!{oK Z Yl'HJll1'fhI tar),

ao

npn 3TOM y<ITHTe, -rro oburee 6blcTj:io.a;eilcTBffe 33BHCltT 0T C,KOP,QcTil6opa60TiGIHHCpbpMaU;Hll HaooeVIX cHCTeMax, nponycKHbif cnOCOoH:OClTi1' IT aaMMeeTCH:orpesrHbIit apXJIB. H Tpd5yeTca BOCCTa)10'BJ1Tb us Hero lUicj:l0pMalV1JO :I;!a Y)],aJI€HHYKJ CI1CTCMY 6ce3 npe;[l;BapmeJThHOro KOITrrp0J3.am,)::H (npe;n:n:QJI9)KJ1},{, OH wMMr.,,n:eHctBmMhHO orpOMHbIH pasvep, H Mecra aOCTaTO'lRO TOJIl>KO ,zQI5t H3BJIe'leHHhIX AaHHbIX, HO He lI)IJr pa:3MememrH H a caeresre ca MO ro ,apXHBa):
ti'lot@blinky..;# ,ssh pinky "cd /usr/loc~1jpacland; tar zpvxf -" \

rpyxearrocra cera M OT rrpiIMeHeH:tm .Haxoneu, npennonoxna, 'lITO Ha

OKUTI15lB ssh. J10ltaJI15HOH MUllUtHe

:.:really~bi.g"archive.tgz;

JIH50" B.KaqeC'fBe,;aJIbTepHa'l'HBbJ, MeCTa:

Heo6xo)lHMO

M,3BJle% )laRffble

113,n:pyro;rn \

root@pinky:/usrj1o;cal/pacland# I tarzpvxf ..
ECJIH BO Bpelvffi na BailleM CIWTeMe C03,.!l3HWI

ssh btin~"cat

really-big-archive.tqz"
.

'

J1aM

iil3:rult~tjeHI15:[ u;atIHh[i(

113 3pXHB3 rrayna-

,I1eHHbrti KOMfIblOTep

B03m1KHyT np06JIeMbl, nposepsre, He SalJyru;eHhlJrn KaKHe--HI10Y4b nporpaMMhI, oCYIUeCTBJl5lIOIUl'le BJ;lBOIl

HaTepMHHaJ].

(1;:Mo.T_PJ1Te cj:lftHJJ-/.bashrcH3Y)laJIeHHott

Cl1:CTeMe). Eenn WIg

BfJ.BO):(a )l,aH1{.bIXna Tep'MHHMHCfIOJlb3yeTC>I

nporpatava, JiY'mre scero

'"'j.bash_ltJgin, 'leM IIPorpaMM'hl fortune, TOJIbKO xorna Ban~.riH, 'a CQBceM He'B TOT MOMeHT,
rrpe)!(HeMY KRe-JII{6Q

JIH6-0 HHa::u XPafliIl'b CCbIJIKY ffa 1l -j.ba;sh__projile IDrU B -j.biishrc, 1.K. IlHTepe'o npe;!l;:(5T3BJHHOT c'oQ,6memLll

/lJsr!games/Jottune

nee

xorna

HeM:nomonoueuu peansnsre ITOJIb30no ceTeBOMY K3Hany nepenarorcs

KQM:;tH,n.bI. :nOM B cnysae MO)J(HOrrO-

pe3YJ1bTaTbI yJlaJIeHHorOBblllOJIHeHHH

-/.·bashrc,

HcnO.JIp30BaTb ITepeMelIHble cpe,TIJ;,IJI. JIroPhlE< l\PYfHe KOMaH.lU>1 xs eCJIij:3TI1 KOMaHtrLI rapa}.lmpQl3aHHO He eranyr' OTITpaBJIl'lTl>,KaaUHHble B KaHaJIM STDO'UTl'tnH STDERR.

Hcnonssoaaaae
Hblxq;.ailJIOB, 'a

KlIlOlIeiI ssh TaIbKe

fi36aBJuier

OT He.Ci.6x.o,lJJIMOCTH np}{Mefl.eHruI

napQJlefi, nononuarem.ao o5:rrer'fM

;D;o'6aBJIeIDIe

KOtrMpOBamre H. rrepenoc 3a,L\iul11ll: B ITJl3HMPO,BII(11K

np0\1313oJU,Unix, B CJIeI 101

rnaB8 3..

P'e:lepSHOe KonLlpOB3HI1e

.uyrom:ux pasnenax rroaasaao,

MOmblO

KaK

nO,B;KJIIOqaTbcil:

K mo6blM

eepaepaxec no-

ssh. I1HtPopMaLlI1R:
CUCme.MY

Ilallen fntrenbHiHI

• {rcE1)lcmpwii exod:e [GoBeT N~661;

• «<ilOaK.{lIiJ'leHue

npu

nouoiuu

scsuenmcsux

JW110WU

ssh»

'lep(J;1

• «!3rjxjH!KniU8ff(!)e

UCnOA./;J308111-lUe aeetena

s~he myp60peJICUMe» [CoBeT N~ 67]; ssh» ICoBeT N~: 81. 6

Hcnonb30B3Hl1e

rsym::: _Bssh
CTPYKTypbl 60nbWIIX. xatanoraa C nOMOLllblO .rsync)

(EiblcTpaflcHHxpOHK3allltA

B-TO 13peMH K3.KYTJ4J11natar H,lleaJIbHO nO.QXOLl,HT,lUI5l *,cnom,30B\,lHlUI13Ssh :co3.uam:mYJlaJIeJUiblx KOrrID1 OT,!lellbHhLX cllparM;eHToB cPai1JIOBOH CHCT€MbJ,yrifllkfTa rsyne ny-nne ncerononxonnr _;[IJ[g CHHXP0:EU13aUHH 'Q:Jil:fiC ueJIbIO nossix eTCH Cl-ICTeM Me2K;ay ):i;BYM$l KOMTIbIbTepa!l:IM

.llIDI. cosnanaa rrepEC.lHa'IanbHott KOmrJ'l', 8. rsync - )lJUl KomrpOBaHlUI H3MeHefmtt, BHeceHHbIX co BpeMeHH C03,UaHH51 TIOCJIeJlHeH KOIIl1ll . .llerro
B TOM, xrotar .l.l.a!ill 'C'l'Bye:'I'rOpa3.llD Cyrt;'rBYIOT MaH,UHofi QTo6hIMnytnrtE BbmOJIIDIeT KODl1pOBaH}[e JIYHKTe 6bICTpee, qeM yramrra

.. KaKrrpaBluIO,

tar

HCUOJIb3y-

rsync,

KOr.n:ei'!:-

O.n:I1H H3 cpafurOBB

Ha3HaQe,Hllil

He:CYIUeCTByeT,

HO rsync

6hICTpee,

eCJLl1 Me)K,llY ,llBYM>I cpattJIQB.hIMH

qfCTeMaMH

npa-

mII.Ir!>. He~3Ha'fHTeJIhHbIe pa3JUNHli.

KOMaW:ry rsync xepes ssh, HeOOXb:iJ.l1Mb 33)];311, B. Kb-e:

crpoxe rrepexmo-rarem,

root@i'byer;-.!trsync -ave ssh greendome:/home/ftp/pubjjhomejftpjpubj

05paTlfFe BHHMaHHe. sa }aBepJllaIOllj.HM
O.MMBOn

I npa

3<W;aHH]1 HCXO)J.-

uore ¢aHJIa aa cepsepe greendeme. TaKOH crrocof YKa3aIDUf HCT01ffillKa )J,Jl:H KomrpOBaIDfacoo6nta~T nporpaMMe rsync 0 HeD6xt)JllIMOCTf1 xonnpoBaHHH citoep.J{C;U,M02d )"U:rpeK1'6pI1H, RO-HecaMoi1 )lHpe,1(TopMH. ECJll! XOTlhe cxonaposan, caM)' )JJIpeKTOpHiO C0 J3CeM ·ee CO)];eplKMMbIM, 3a,n:aHTe ItCXO,UHhIH nyrb6ea cMMBorra I BKOHUe: ro6t@village:-it rsync -ave ssh bcnu:/home!six. TaKHM 06pa30M,.
KOTIllJ'f

JllIpeKTOPJlH
aa

aa C op;n;HHaJToM, pa3MerueH]{biM .HO He Y.LlaJIReTlfX

C

-root/six/6Y)leT bcnu:/hpme/siX/
xonapyer

CHH1\POHH3:HpOBa-

TIo YMOJIqamOO, yrnJUITa.rsyrtc romxo

¢aJifJIbI H .rr;MpeXmpW1,

nOJ1YQaTeJl5l: CJIyqae yn;aneH.mI$aflJIbB B c llCTQ'lfHffi(a. QTo6bI rapanrapcsan, nOJIHYfO }I,uemJil."IHOCTh CO)lep>KHMoro cj_)aitlIoB IIarrox na }1CTQ'll{l1J(e 11: no;ryqamm_e, Heofi.x:omtMQ BKJIlO'laTb qiJIaMCOK =delete:

102

rnaBa

3, Pe3spSHoe KonHpoe81me

GOBer Nit 39. APXItB!lIj~H

e nOMol1!blO VTltJl1IT1>1.pax

six@Jammer:-/public~hbnl#rsl:nc -ave ssh -delete greendome:-o.ne/re:ports

Teneps, UpH y,uaJ1emrn crapsrx 'OTQeTOB H3 narrxn =ene/reports Ha K0Mnstorepe greendorne, aliI,!" 6Y,Dyr3BTOM'aTJrQeCKN y.uaJ_lJITbC§.f ItS nanKM

-six/pub/ic_htmZ/reporis/ na
HHH

KOMITblOTepe

jammer

IlpM

K._'a,)J(,U.QM BhJrrOllRe-

KOMaH,Uy H3 nnaazpoannusa, YP(}P]l:re nepearnosrarens V,TOT.lla OHa 0YileT BbIllOJIH.IlTbCH 6e3 mmmefQIITyMa, a B cnysae Iip4Rl1KHOBeIDrn npp6JTeM C rtporpa:t.tMoti rsyncorseroti olILtt6xax rrprt.ueT ITO 3JIeKTpOHHott nO':ITe. HCrrOJIb30BaHMe ssh B Ka'IeCTBe KOMNIYHI1Kar{ftElHHfiro rrpOTGKQJ1a Wur TP'a$Mka: rsyiTc,HM.eeT )lOITOJIHTITeJ1bHble npeMMYII.J;eCTBa, r.k, nepe:Jl3BaeMble no CeTIl,II'ftHRble lliH'WP)!16TCR. KpOMe roro, rr05IBJI5feTC}J" B03MCi)!{HOCT'b l1C>ECJHI sarrycxaere

:::1'ro11 OMaH,1(bJ. K

nOJIh30BaHH.:5I cex UpejJ,BapHTeJIhHQ Y.CTaHOJ3J1eHHbIX OPM OOMOllUl KnH~liTs CKfIX "lQn:OQe11 ssh .lJ9BepHTe)lbHbIX BsallMOOTHOllieHHl1. LJ;J:ur CRHXpOffil3aUI1R Q6beMHblx Jl;HpeKTnplitt GO CJIO)KHort CTpYKTYpOl1, OCi)6eHHO ecnn HM-MH He"MHQro pa3:JlN'4"flti., yrnmrra rsync >IBJI.lleTCH OqeH1 yno6HhIM J1 6blOTpbIM :HHcrpYMeHTaJThfU,l.M Cpe,llCTBOM. KOTbpbe BC"er;lla )1,OJDKRO 0EITb,
Me)i0:LY B

name.M'paClIopillKeHMH.

,flo nonHHTe'nbHaH HHcpopMaLtIUI:

• oneparunuoe
PYKOBO)];CTl30 lIO YTl.fJIHTe rsyne (KOMaH,Ua man rsync); • «BbJCI11PbiU (jj(OO 6 cuc_meMY npu. nPMOlU;U kJJ ueemcaux /MfOiteu ssh» {COBer N~66]; • <t:3ijkjJelOnUf3HOe ueiionssaeasueaeenma ssw [COBer N~681; tconupoeanun

• «Aemouomusauun npOLjeCCa botiaeonnoeo npoepaMMbl rsync» [COBer NQ421

.~ &

nOM 0 U{.b1O

/1l Ng39

0 i·E i

ApXVlsaqVlJlC nOMout.blO yntnUTbl pax

(C0311,U11t,e npOCTblX MaWltHOHe3aOltCHMbiX apXItBoB C nOMDl1IblO '{Tlll1ltll>l pax)

Ha3BaHI1e YTHJIITTbl pax p'acIDH¢Pb'BbIBaeTcH KaK «portable archive - oOMen MaIlllffioHe33BHCifM!,IM1fap:urnaMH'>. Dna 6hTJIacJieUiransnopaspatioraaanna o5eCneQeHfI51 nepesrocaaocrn apXHBoB Me)l{;!:(Yasp JIMY:HblMH BepcIUIM}J Unix. IIpH.'IeM Ha3BaHlfe 6hfJ!O npHCBoeHO He 6e}.D.o~ JIlllOMOpa, n:OcKOJThKY HMeHHo3Tayrl1Jll1TaCTaJIa CI1MBQJIO.M rrpfiMHpeHlf},! ITOCJIe ,UOJIToit 60POQhI Me)f(lWCTopOf£H11KaMII ,UBYXpa::UlNqRbPC ftg,XlfBal'@poe: tar II cpio (B nepenone C aHfJGi:HcKorO pax 03HaQaeT MHp,C.lJMBOJ1 Mapa).·,[(aHHaSJ: YTffJmTR MO)l(e1" npHMeHmhoR ,mUI cos-,Uamrn m66bro H:3 )lB)'X

exchange

BbI1.Iierrepe:ClHCJ1eHHhIX TMTIOBapxnsos, a npa H3'B:JTeqeHHl1 M3apXUB3 asreMa:TII-qecIOl orrperreIDITb ero 1'Hn. Mhl Hat.i:geM H3yc1eHlle ynmvITbl pax. G @a~ 30BblX rrpll1VlepoB; aaarev nepeH)leM K paccssorpesiaro 60Jlee MHTepeCJ-fhIX MOMeHTOB", CBH3aHHblX C ee HCnOJIb30;eaHHeM. rnsea 3. Pe3epeHoB Jl:OnltpDBSHHe I 103

C03naH~e apX~BOB
,lI,JT5f cos,naHl1J[ pe-3"ejJBHQitI{Omi:JI cs6ei1: 'o;OMaJ1IHeH,nrtpemOpIDf 3HPYHTe pe)!rnM sarnrca rrpn rroM'OlQH rrepeionosarena w;

aT<ITHBf(-

:p~x -wf hcma.pax .

cd

B 3lfOM npHMepe rrepeX9.ll B,.lloMalllHKit

tUM KOMaH,LJ;!,i cd, 3aTeM YTHIDITa.pax
rrdJ.[b30BaHliR3!On

xaranor

npoHCXO,llHT

rrpn noM,O,Iiprr HC-

nOJ!Y'IaeT KOMat,i;IJ,y 33l1.11CbW 1:1, ¢aqJI ua

fUQ1I. HMeHeM home.pax CO)!ep)!ffiMoro

Tel<YIU<:;:H )I,fl.peKTopI1I;1(.).
rtepexnrosaresu,

ynmrrsr.ae

3a6'bIJl~1I1Te BIOIJO'laTh

f,rt.n5r
3a,.
H ne-

onpeneJIeBIUI
rreaaraexnre neHMI1

HM,eHll

¢aHJI3 apxasa,

B KOTepblit

6y;rr;eTocYIIJ;eCTBllilTbC5I

ID1C'b. E6Jll1. ~JIruKOK

f He 6y.u:e'r yctaHOBJIeH,
Y6eJJ;meCb

pa,3)lli4Hble

rreqaraem!e
3KpaH

CHJ\._1BOJIbrHaqHYT

BhIBQ;1lMTbC5l rrpSIMo

Ha

B COTIPOEO)!(-

KaKo<;j:J,OHl1CIeCKHX 3BYKOB.

3a,uaHHyKl

pa6pry,

B TOM, 'l"'IO pax BbIITO:J1HHeT .llo-6amm rrepeKJIIO'llaTeJI1) v (COKP. aT anDl1. verbose mIT ~aHJI:aTOJi1KO qTO Obm C03)laH,

MH0TOCJIOBR1r~)

K APYfHM nepe'KJIID'-IaI'e:Jl},I_M ,KOMaJUl,bI. BOCrrOJIb@YH-

L[TODhI Yi3ij.!l'eTh, xaKol1:

recs

KOM8H,!J;o:i:i

file:

file heme.pax

home.pax:

POSIX tar archive

H)qKHoro

1.1TOGhInpOCMOTpeTh GO,n;ep)K:1IMOe apXI1B'U,3a,1laJilre 11 KOMaH.lle pax I'!:MR' apxasa npa nOMOIUM nepe-;w:nolIaTeJ18 f:
pax-f home.paxjmore

Ecna :apmB lfMeeT6oJIbIIIOl1: pa3Mep, 33)lai1reBMBo;u pe3YJIbTfl'rO!i c noMOm.hID KOMaH,UI>1 more,'iTo6bI npocaarpnears cO)J;ep)!(HMOe ITO O,llHotl: crparrnne sa pas, ECJIlf 33.ll",UHTe nepexmosarern, v, cQ,Uep)I{llMOeapXHl;!'a GYLJ:eTBIJBo)J;I1TbC.I1 B TaKOM )[(e BH)J,'e, KaK npH BhIIIOJI.HeHI-rn KOMaFlJ(bI is -1.. He sa6Y)];,bTe Yl<a3aTh HM5Iap;<HBu npa rrOMOIll,I1 rrepeKJIIO'IaTe;15l f, RH,me HH'ierO He npOi1:30MeT, sa ptCRJIlOQeHi1eM TOTO,'ITO BbI HeYBlf.lll1Te rrpurnaIIIeHae KOM,at-UUiOH crpcxa, noxe He H.a0KMeTe Ctr1+:C.

Pacnamasa
'gTOOM
KOM_aH.!I,I>T cd

ap'XIolBOB

ap;nm mr60 B.IqI1O'-II1Tb pe)l{HM '-ITeHI1.II., npa rrOMOmH rrepePl',IlllTe B TI8TUq{, B'blcryn:aloIIJ;yKl B POJII{ IIOJIyqaTe.ITJ.L, 8 ..saTeM BOCIIOJTb3yMTecb ITepeKJ1IO'Hl,l'eneM r-KOMa.H,/I_.bI pax, HarrpHMep, Jl3Blle'{b cO.llep)f(}fMoe p,eaepBHoH xornra C ~u,1eHeM home.paxBllO,llllHpeKTOpI:110 test
pacnaxoasrs BHYTPM ,D;OManlHero KaTaJIOra MmKHO CJIe)lyroIUHM 06p'aSOM:

cd test pax -rvf -/h.ome.pax

CQ B lIT

Ng, 39.

A PX)I Bail" M' c no MIJI1l b IQ YTI'IJI ~Tbl pax

YtHJIH'J'a pax n03B'OJHleT B€lCCTaHaBJJJura'i'b apXHBbI tar}! cpio. OHa MD)!{eT aB'I'OMaTll'feCKM orrpe)J(e:II.IlTb KOppeK'rHbTfr cpop!vmfr apxnaa; TeeM He MeHee, peKOMeH;lI:yeM npe;ll:mipHTeJLbHO Bcer,u,3licrrOJIb30Iian, yTMJIHTy file rrepea nOmITKOH noccrarroanenua naHHbIx, 'ITOGbI :ripo13epwfb, JrnJU,HITC_f[ WI 1>a:i1JI c*aTblM. ECJIfJ 9TO TaK, nOH8,uoGJ!ITc:iJ. BIQIlOQRTb 13KOMaH)ly nepeKJIIO'IaTh z.

KaqeCTBe

IIpHMepa

B03hMe1,,1

WaHJl C :KMeHeM backup.old, paSMeme.H-

HbIM B JlOMamH~j1'

ll.MpeKT.QpMM (-).

Bnasane

BOCnOJlh3:y~M C5I yr,H)TIiTGH

file:

file, backup. old backup: g:z.ip compressed dat.a; deflated, last mtidified: Sat Aug, 17 14:21:22 2002" os: Unix
IIOCKOJIJ,KY

peaepattas

KOIIl1JI 5lBJr;:re1'Cll: )Kamtt" C

narrxy

test H)')fGlO

BOCn9Jlh30B~TbC,}I

TO .!lJf51 ee CJI~JlYIQme.tt KOMaH.n:o,ti:

pacrraxoasor

cd test PaJ;: ·tv,,:f -jbad(:'up.old

Kpoxreroro, backup:

13 .llOM·anrHeM

KaTaJIOre'HJi..I(:.eTCJ[

eIIJ;e o.n:HHcpaJiiJI

G HMeHE:M

file: -/backup backup: c:pio archive

STaT ¢a:l1Jr m;'WJHre1'cJ[ C)I(3TblM,no3ToMY MOm1>IO cJIe.DYf011leit kOMaH)ll;r:

era MO)j{HopacnaKoBan.

c no-

p~x-ivi ~jbat,:k.:Up
BTOPOH 'ITO 'ITO (papMaT Q:Jai1JHl epBoi1 pe3epBHOH KOITl1M OK:a3aJIC;:rtar1a n cpio, He CMYI'M yrHJ1wry pax; reM He MeHeel Momo rr05fBn.TBC5l' C006rn;eHMe 06 ollI116Ke, ecmr 61>1 pax He 6WIa np01lHQ;lopMMpO,BaH3 0 TOM,

TOT~aKt,

cjJaH» HePBOli pes.epBl!OH KonnH

JIB)T5IJICll C)KHTbIM..

VlHTep aKTHB Hoe BoccraHOBneHKe

BbmbJIRRR soccranosnenae ff3apxflBo~B npn ITOMOrrUi yrHJlMTD1 pax. MO)](HO p;e.rr8Tb nexoropsre BeCb]vf3 RHTepeCHhTe BeIlIN,. Hanp:HMep, oprann3013aT1>MHTepaKTHBHOe nepel1MeHoBamre/BOCCTaHOB"JIemte}

BKJIJO'U1B B KO-

MaH,[(HYlO C'l'POKY nepexmosasem,

tonryro KOMaH,UY:

-i.,Urur 3TOrO

nOHa,l10611Tc5I3q,n;aTh

cneny-

pax -rif..;jba:ckup B pe3YJIbTaTe Ha'lHe1"C;;r HHTepaKTMBFJilH 'pacrraxonxa apXMB3 C i1MeBeM backup B TeKYlUYIO".unpeKTbpHlO. B MH:repakTKBHoM pe)J(i1.MepaX 6y,UeT BbIBO.D;FrTh HMH KIDK.!l:OrocPai1JJa C3ariPOCOM, He, H)l")KHO Jill rrepeMMt;!HC}BaTh
Fnasa 3.
PeSepBH.Oe KonlllpOBiUIHe

1 105

,lI;aHJlHnlfjaHJI,

BOCC'OO.HOBllTh ero BOCCTaHaBm1BMI ero:

non

TeM JKe HMeHeM

mt60 nf:lOUYCTHTb, He

ATTEl\ITIO N:p ax in tera cti vefile .t:el,1'U,lli;!0 P e;r:atio n, drwxr-xr-xAuq 17 15.:08. ll,1put:new name, or a "."to keep the old name, OJ a "return" to skip this tile.
j*BBI'l:r:lflTeHOJ;lOe l4.M1!, CI1MJ;lOJl";", ;!T06!>! Oc;aBl4.Th J.\Mfl6e3 .J1\1:60 Ha~I1Te ,00aBl1illY "return", '!Tb6hI nporrycTltTh ~aJ1n.

\'i3MeH.eH'l'iit

Input.> Skipping file.

H ,UaJiHbMcrryqae
rn.l;R

Ha)kMeM

kJIamurry Enter,

nOCKOJIhKY

He

xoniM

Me}UITh

«.-"»

JI1160 TeKYw:ykl .D;HpeKTOpIUO:

'ATTENTION rpax ~nterattive ·file ieriaWe: operation. drwxr-xr-x Aug 17 15:08, . Input newname, ..or a"." to keep the old name; OJ;" "return" to skipthidile. Input old Precessinq continues, name .chanqeri to: old,
0>

ATTENTION: pax interactive file rename operation. d'rwxr-xr"icAug17 15:08', . . . Input new name, or a ".." to keep the old name, or a "return" to skip this file. Input>. Processing continues, name unchanged.
'ITO illvl:.>IctJa1b1ajlleJ M3Me}feHO na old, a file2B pe3YJIbTaTe BhlBO.Ll )lliCTHHra BocCTaHOBJIeHHOn .rUlPl'<lITOPfiH nQKroKeT HaJIlfllile,UBYX qnU1JIOB: old H.fili2.

06paTI-ITe BHl1MaHHe

H,lTO,

OCTaBJ1~HO pe3 l1:3MeHeHHit.

PeKypCHBHoe KonHpoBaHHe J:ll1peKTOpHH

0;UHa
H3H3H6o:rreeMoW;HbLX 6bIcTPoro

¢yHKlI.l1H

yrHllilThI

pax aaxmo-raercsr

B B03-

Mo)KffOCTH

KOIlI:l.poBamUI nOJlHOM CTPYK1YPbl KaTaJIOTOB C O)J:HO- • re pa3,11;eJI3 )J{eCTKaro ,UHCKa na .LlPyr9H B pe)JillMe KOIIM.pOBamfJI. l.!TaGh!
BocnOJIh30BarbC51 p~)!(MMOM KOJlnpOBa.HJ:UI" Heopxqn:nMo:

1. Flepenra C nOMOm;hlO
2. Y6e..ll:MTbc·.51B TOM,'l:rO
BoCIIOJIh30BaThC.sI

KOMaH.ll:bI cd B rranxy- HCTOlJHI1K. rrarrxa-HoJIy<!<ltMb cymecTIly&r;ecJli1. HeT _'

KOMa:rt,11;OH mkdir ,lI,lUI BblIiOJIHeHHe

ee

C03,UaHlUI. -rw ,

3.

3anycTHTb

na

CJIe)J;YlOW;yKl KDMaHJlY: pax

namw_

nOJIy<lame.nb.
eTCH, nOCKOJIbK)' CQ3n:aBaTb apXHBR}ri1¢>a11.JI Ha:MIHe H)IJKHO.

nepeKJDOQaTeJIb fllpe)f(1'lMe K~TIl1pOBaHH5.L saaaae Bxtecro sroro B ITarTJ(e Ha3Ha qeHH.II Hanp.HM)'lO BOC903J(a'eTC5JC,Tapa5l c1"pYKTYpa KaTaJIOrOB 11 CTO'lmtKa. K T'OMj' ,)Ke3anOMHH'fb csnraxcae ARt-IRort KOMaH,UbI ropasno 06p.aTIITe BmruaHMe:
rrpo:w;e,.'leM' ee 3KBHBaJIeHTa B.

tare

tar cf _ .1 (cd Ijij,I!I{a_I10Jly'"aTenb;tar vpxf -)

106 I rJ1aBa3,

,Pe3epBHoe KOnl!pOBaHHe

C Q BeT N!!

ss, APXHB
'ITO

a 1I"1l e nOM Ollll>lOVTHllllTbl

pax.

Tenep.E.

I10CMQ1'pNTe,

.11.eJIan.

He IQ'JKRO:

cd

mkdir fe.st. pax -rw . test B :nOM iIPl:IMepe

3.n;aeT B KOMaHLJ;aed

aoaspantaer

Hac B ;!lOMaIJ1H 11M Kanui·oT, 00-

He:'M

nO)JJU1peKTOpHIO

non

Ha3BaJrneM

testy; 8KTHBlf31ipyeT peoo,llW:

6ecKOJ{eXfHhItl

KOITI-rpOBaHIDl.

TaKHM o6pasoM,3anYCKaeTCH

IlHhlIC;()3!,1.a--

mt51 B.iio)14eHHbIX )lHpex:ropwH test, B KIi%;li:YJ0 }fa KOTOPbIX 6Y.JleT UOMellu,~0 Go,n;ep>KMMOe IlOMawHero KaTaJIOra. Ecmr He rrpepBar:b 3IOTUllKJJ mpKaTI1eM K.[laBHILI Ctrl+C, pax 6y:u:eT rrpO;!lOJDKaTb Ra60ry ,aO peCKOHe'IDfQG:1'l!(, Il0.1l KQTOpoit B )laHROM CJ1yr-IaeTIOApa3YMe;Ba:erCfl: Hc'{epnaJ;{He CBoi50.ll.HOfO .1U1GKOBbro rrpO<;TpaHC:TB8. l1MeHHo Ha9TOT MOMe_HToe;paTRTe·BHliM~_mteB ezreptlTJ-{BHOM PYKOBO.ll.CTBe

lIO

KOMaH)le

pax, rramcoa
)l·JIH K8Koro-mi60

BHHMam[e'!.Flanxa-nenycarent,
sananaoro
B xaxecrne

He ,ri,o)Tjj{Ha BXO-,UHTb B coeraa orrepaauoB

KaT<UIOra/
3THX

KOMaH;DJj1 111160 RBJIJI1'bC5I BJIO)Ke:HHOM JIOBID1"KOIIHpoB3HMe 'lpeBarO

OrrepaHLJ;OB KOMaH)lhI.

ITPH Heco6JiID.ueHillf
rrOCJIe.uCTBilRMlI.

yc~

HenpeA_CK33yeMbIMH

A BOT
su

CJI!!,IJ,YlOIl.I851KOl\faH,JJ.:a 6Y)leT BbInOJIReHa

6e3_ITpOGne_M H np3K:THg-e-

·CKl1 MTHOIleHHO.:

Password: cd .,.usell/bi~Lproj eet mkdir -us er2j1:lig_ptoj e ct chown userz -user<?jb-ig_projed pax.-rw . '-u.ser2jbig_project
CTpYKTypa I<31'a)lQra big__jJrojec_t ITQJIHoeTblO CK0I1MPOB3-J-m B noK:aTartor npyroro ITQJIb30BaTeJIJI. ITpIl lICITO)Ih30RaHHH pe)kHMa KDIIHpuBaHJtg Heo6xb,UHMO o.OJla.rraTb rrpaEaMH aD;MHl-HiCTpaTopa, noCKOJIbKY BaM TIoHti.uo6nTcH BbInOJlH5ITb Kbl1l1pOBaHHe 33 npei(en3MH csoero LJ;OM3nIHero xaranoraya TaK ynacTc.Il. H36e)KaTI> CHTyaUH:H c 6€cM3illHHM KOHerrnbIM UKKJIOM.

Hrax,

Ecnn rroHa.uo6HTC51
rrO,1b30SaTe:IIb

C03AaTb root;

HOBY10 '-f1'06hl

naUKY,

ee B]Ia~

.ueJIbuejVf 6y.ueT

Ha3HageH

rrpa

HeOO2(O):UIMOC'FH HaqaJIOMKOl1ll-

.MQ-

)K_~.Te; .BpCIlOJIh30san:.C51

KOM-aR,ri,o:i1 chown,

rapaHTllpOB3-r;I;.

xoppejcnrste
ponaana:
QTo6hI

IlOJIROMOQ_P(51

ua

BJIaLJ;eHHe rramCQllnepeLJ;

KOM3li.lle pax, pasooparsca, K3K ynpaanari, pa3perneHH5IM1l.uJI5I KOHHpyef>{oit CTPYKTYPbl K;aTllJIOrOB. MO)KHO opranasoaarr, HHTepaJ<'T'HBHbe KoI11IpbBaHHe CTPYKTypbIKllTanoros, BKJIIO-.ffiB B cocran KOM3H)lbI nepexmosarem, i:

06paTnTeCb

k. oneparaanovy

PYKOBQ.uCTBY no

pax -00. ~usei2/big_Jnojed

Co B eT NQ 39, A pXI1B3 UIlRe 11 M ('I!!jb 0

Hl YlMJ1 ~Tb

I pax

AHa;nOPJPlHO IIpe~Aym_eMY

pax.6y,n;eT sanpanrasars

Aej;1:CTBH5I

ITpHMepy HBTC;p'aKT)'fBl1OTO HCrrO)Ih30BalilfH, ,IT,JIs! KafK,II.ofo cpai1JIa,T'aK qTO Ebl CMo*e-

're

OnpMeJTHl'h,

xaxne

~aHJrpllieQQXQro-U.,.fO:6YJJ:eT raxas

xonaposars,

KaKHe -

rrepe:l1MeROSblB:'lTb,

eCJUf B03HI1KHeT

H'eo QXO)l;liIMO CTb.

Jlo6aBO"lHOe
ITpHMeHMM pyeM

peaepsaoe KOmipOBaHl1e
KOMUH):J;Y pax C 60JIblli€#

llCrrOJLb30BaHMe

yranzru

pax

roUi

rrOJI&30M, JI)IR iJ'ero npO.llieMOHCTIH1.C03,llamUr

CHCTeMhr

lJ;oGaBO"IROTO

pesepaaore

KOIIHpaBa HM.H, B .lliaHHOM npasrepe, TIOJIL30BaTeJ[h~genests COGifPae:rC>I e)l(€;LJ;HeBHQ' BJ,UIOJ1RHTb pesepsnce K'OrrI:IpOBaHHe ncex R3MyRe-

HIri1, npOU3Be)J;e.HHl>JX B ,iJ;OMallIHeM KanUWTe, BO-ITepBhIX, Heo6xoIlFlMO rronynrn, npana aJLMHHl{CTpaTC)pa JI)IHCQ3,Qa:HH5f .£(tfpeKTOpMH, B F::OTopoj;l Gy,u:eT coXpamiTbC>I pesepnnas KonlHl:

$U Password:
rnkdir jusrJback1ips

3aTe,l.1C03llMHM
Eft H3

snaneaaeero

BHyTpHHsfe BJIQ)KeHHYIOLllfPeKTOpMlQ IlOJI.h30B3TeJIlO genesis:

a rrpHC..BOIflvl

npa-

mkdir /usrjba,tlSups! g,ehesis chown genesis/u,srjbackups/genesis

CMeHHB
)lOMaUlHl0IQ

6B01O Y1.J:eTHYro 3aTIaCh

3,lltv!llIDIcTpaTOpa

aa yqeTH.yro

sarmcs

nOJIb30BaTeJill

BbIIIOJJHHM .p;HpeKTopHIO:

genesis,

KOMaH.LI)1' ed, ';[ToGhI BepHYTBcll

B CB010

cd

exit

I10CJIe 'leTO Bblilo.fUffieM rrOJIHOepeaepsnoe

pax -wvf !usrfbackup'S/~€mesis!Monday.
MQ)KF.lO BbIIIQJIH5Hb

xonapoaaaaecaoea
rron H.l'vfeneM

.IJ;OM@:ill-

HeM .£(HpeKTOpHJ1 H eOXpa}u!eM ee Il apxHBHhIMcj;iai1lI

Mondey:

HMeJ.I B eaoeM paCi1€lp5f)Ke)lllJf rromryio pesepsayio KOTIl1lO, ,u:06aBOI.IHOe l{omtpoaaliJrfe, orpaxarouree TOJIbK,O H3MeHeHM5r, KOToplire 6biJIH BHeceHbI3Hf.(eHh. TtJ.KI1M ocpa30M,3<llKOHlIHB pafio-

Teneps,

ry so nropmix, 3anycTHM

KOMaH.ll:Y:

pax -wv -T 0000 -f !usr!backups!g,etiesisjJ'uesday.

KJIlO<J.aTeJIb 6hlJIM

Ofiparnre BHIDvIamre: B KOMaET)lF£oficTpOKe YKa3aH BpeMeHHoit rtepe(~T) II Bpe.NI5l (0000 - ITQJlllO'!b). TaKliM oGpa30M1 )'THJIH7a pax
peaepsuoe H3Mel{el:lHSI

Gy,u:eTBbJnomUITJ,
B;HeceHbl

xortapusamre
Dome

TOJIhKO rex r;e,

cpail'JIOB, B :({oTopble

IlOWHO'lll,

RCe.X cpa:i1:nOJ;l,M9.rmCPH-

1D8 I rlJ<lB<l 3. Pe3epBHoe

KOnl1pDBi:lHl1e

I{H:pOBaHH:&TX 30 cero,!l;MRIllHltH HO taIC)']Q sepausie YTO-TO nOJIHyIQ

.o.eHb. B cpe.o.y HyYKHO 6Y,!l;e"r 3anyoTI1'rb TOI.J.JKe KOMaH,lJ,Y,YOJIbKO rrOMeHRB~i1M5J apxaaa rra Wednesday. Ecrra aa .o.I1CK~,UOG:t'aTo~IHo npocrparrcraa .H BU cODwpaeTecE xpairwrll'-PI!Komm

~61Ibme He,lleJJll,

xcaonssyare

B Ka'-feCTBe apXMBHblX B JU090M

HMeH

Bpo,rr;eAugOI,; Allg02

If r.rt, )KenaTeJIbHO

cnysae

COS;D;aBa1'h

pe3e_p1'lJIYJO KOll1:UO XOTH 61:>J pas B He,rr.:eJllO,a

3aTeM)0KE:

e)l{'e,!:J}teB}(o .

.ueJraTb ao6aBo,{HbJe pesepsasre KOIUfH. ECIrn )Ke

06'heM)l.HcKoBQro 11p0c'rpaHCTBa orpamrsen, nCnOJlJi3yHTe rtepexmo-tarem, Z ;llJHI C)!(aTl{H i;l;>aHJra pe3epBHoH KOnJ11:l' H 3.KOROMFU1 ITpOCTPaH~Ba Ha,rr.:HCKe. Y'lTHTeTaiOKe, YTQ pexnloxarens T MO)!(eT6blTb 6oJlee_ npH,llHplUtBh[M K napaMeTpEtM, tfeM Ghrno
npop:eMOHCTpHp:GB3HO

rre-

B rrpe'!]huryrueM

!ipHMepe.

Donee nCi.up06H0o HH1>oil~

no yrnnure pax.

Mal(HIO MO)!{J-IO IIOJIY'fHTh B OrrepaTI1BHOM PYKOBop:CrBe

nponYCK[j1awnOB

BO BpeMH BOCCTaHOBJ1eHHSI

-q TCiGbI soecraaoasm, 113-pe3epBHoH rrOllb3YHTeC]) t:ne)1YlOmen KoM'aH,!lOM'.

pax -rvf -/backup -c '.jfile3'

KOTImr Bee cpaHIThIKpO'!y{e file3, BOl> ,

Ilepexmoxarern,
THTe BIDlJvHlRHe:

e npeJJ;CT-aBJlHeToGaR nepeionosarem, c

HCKJIlQqeHIDJ.

Ofipa-

rna61IoH HCKJIlOQemLi1, B HarneM rrpHMepe file3, Heo6xqn;MM_o 3aKJIlOQaTh B Q)I.HHapHhIe KaBbfllI<q-l (KJIaBHIua PMOMC Enter). HCn;OJIh3~Te m-r6:o CJ{M13QITbHbM rna6rroH, H3BectHhIH.!WI yr:WI:WTbl pax TIO,!] HMel:'IeM ./flleJ, a He npQCTofrle3, JJi.:l60crreUHMbH;bli1! tpynnOBO}J: CMMBOJJ, anpl1Mep TaKoii: H

pax -rvf -/backup

~C

'*fil~3'

EmIlI
HO

3a,o;3Tbcrreu;Ilarr-o'Hhlti: CI-Th:ffiOJJ BSaqa;rre (*)

ura5JIona,.

KaK rrOKa33-

CTpOKe, H3 rtponecca KOrm:pOB-aIDHI 6y.uyr MGKlJlO'IeHbl B.ce¢al1:nbI~ :,3aKaH'lHBaJOlllJlecsr }fa fJ1e3:(HanpHMep, fl-te3,. myfi (1i3, thatfile3), 11 Ha06opoT, MQ;5KHO nepe'qIfCmtTh TOJIb.KO tecpaitm,I, K:OT9PJ';re1(OJI~b], 61lTb }l3BJWfeHhI npM nOM'OIlUf- neptKJIKjQaTeJt51 IT, HC!iOJlb3Y51 lllaOJIOH 00QTBeTCT'BHH. B pe3ylIbTa:re BhIIToJtHei-fi1:H cJIe)1YID.llJ;eit KOMaH,UM 6y,n;eT BOCCTEtHOBJIeH tOm,KO

B npemnryuten

i_pai1JIjile2:

pax -rvf -(backup -n' j.file2' ITe;pe-KJIJO':laTeJJhn ormeraerca

HID!: rpynnonax qMMIiOJIQ'B OYJ(e:r BOCCTRHOBJIeH T0JIbKO neplIbI.H Hatf.n;eHHhlti¢aj1JI, KOTOPhI}1 tOQTBerCTBYe:T ma:6JlQFfY. To-een., B peayllbTp:Te BhmoJI1iellli-l_I cnenyromea KOMaH;!lJ)l:

cnetraansrrax

OT nepeKJUQQare;lHI

C TeM, qTO I1pH 3a,n;a-

pax -rvf -jbackup. -n '*f:jte3'

U3

cnlfcKatpai1Jt@Bfile3,

myfildH thatfile3 6YJJiT BOCCTilHOBJleH

.3Zt.l1aHHOMY ma6:rrorry,-

TOJJbKO rrep-

Bb:r:H !jJaim, CdnTB&TCTBYlO'--UHtl

qiafmjlle3.
KODHpoa3HMe

rnaaa 3" P,esepBlioe

109

ConeT NI 4,D. PeJepBHOe KOllilpOBaHhe 3arpy30~Horo

paanena

IIepeKJI}Q'IaTeJ1ll. C 1'[ n MOryr npl1I"O)J)il'bCSI H BO BpeMa C03;a:aHIDl apxaBOB; acrronssyare ax, '!T06br onpe;a:eJlHT'b, KaKHe <paHJIbI Haa;O IIOMemaTI, B apXIIB~ a Kame;HeT.

,QonOnHIlTenbHaH

I1HcjjopMallI1J1: rre-anpecy:

• OPHTHHaJThHa.H CTaTMI" pasuenreaaas

• .lICXO)J,HbTe KO!lbryrmUiTbl

http.;/!www.onlamp..eoin/pub! a/bsd!2002/08/221ffeeBSD

_BaSics. hirh l;
OTKPbt-

pax, npe)];CTaBJIlllOIUNe co6otl:qaCTb

roro naxera naaeti-crpamm» http.;/!www.research.att.com/sw!downlo.ad/

Pe3epBHoe KOnnpOBaHMe 3arpY30'lHOrO

paaaena
cnoxrree,

(Xp3HMTe peaepllHylO Konl1lO caeero 3arpY3o'lHOro pasnena a H3AelKHOM MeCTe H3 cnY'l.311 HenpeABI1AeHHblX 06CTORTellbCTB) YCTaHOBKa

aarpyssnxa,

rranpmrep,

LILO,

MO)!(eT oxasarsca

qeM TOTO6:b1 XOTe]lOCb. Oco6eHHO B CnytIae HC]JOJIh30BaHIDI MO)KHO rtonacrs f caryanmo, xorna 3arpY311TbC.H 6e3
peaepnrroro ,nIICKa OK1DKe1'C.>Irrpoere llUCKOB

IDE-ycTpOHCTB, HCrrOJlB30BaJ·U1SI

Omra

HeB03MO)K]W. U3 Ha1160JIee pacnpocrpaaenmsx Ollm5C>K, C:BJ.l3aHHbIX, C ,{1"Cn01Il?3Q6Mee

13aB.He)KeCTKllX

aarsmaiomaa
OKa3aTI>CSI

illE, 3at<JllO'IaeTC.\1B YC"TIlHOBKesrnpa aa paanen, ox1024 UHJll1H,lll)QB, C:aMnTOMbI B 3TOM cnysae MOryr

aecssra crpaanseor, nOCKOJIbKY saaaane xoxrnstorep 6y,n;eT aarp)0KaTbC5I 6e3 npo6JIeM, a nosznsee, nOCJIe YCTaHOBKH anpa II roro, KaK KOMIT"bIOTep nopatioraer trexoropoe BpeM.H, LILO nasner BbUI.aBaTb OmHOKY, a BrIOCJIe,n;CTB:mf OTI(1)KeTC5I3arpY:)J{aTbCH. IIQ.uo6Hhle Cl1MIlTOMbI MOJ'YT nocraanrs ap;MHHMcrpaTOpa B·WIT.!1:K;rrOCKOJIhr<y«Bee BeAb pa60IaJIo». Cxopee acere, npM n:epBofi ycranosxe 5I.upa OHO OKa';3an.ocbpa3M'em:eHH:&IM !-Ia IIOBepXHoc,TU ,Un.cKa, JIexcameit,llo l024-m II"JI.Hl:I:.upa. OJUl3KO nOCJJ'e.n.0YCTaHDBKJ{ cacresorore. l'l: npyroro rrporpaMMJI0J10 o6ecney_eHIDI, ,nMCK aasan sarrOJIH5ITbC.>I. KOT)];@:;UllCK 6Y,lleT correpscarr, OKOJIo500 M6 (1IH60 1 J.16oJIee f6 na HeKOTopbIX sepcasx BIOS) AaHHhIX" 'see HOBble .sepcaa .H)];pa OK<DKYTCSI (no KPatiHett Mepe, qacTwmo) aa rrpe,n;eJIaMI1 orpaaaseaaa B 1024 ll.HJIHH,n;'ITO caenaer era He.uocTyrrHbIM)l.IDI BIOS BO BpeW! aarpysxn. Ilocnennae BepCyIl1 LILO oTKa)I{yTC5I ycranaarmnart, MPO npn TaJ.<ID( yCJlOIWlmc., rorna KaX 13pane npenstzrynrax :eepc.!Iiii" n;OJlb30BaTeJIl{) npocro BbUIaBa-

pa -

crroco60B penremer 3T0:i1 rrp06JIeMbl 3a10IIOgaerCR B ccn,[(amrn !:fe60JIblllOrO ,CKa)KeM, 1O-Mera6a.t1THoroj pasnena nepezt HaqaJIOM YCTaHOBKVI B KatIeCTBe /dev/hdal, rrepnoro pasnena HRJl;F1CKe - M era YCTaHOBKano)]; HMeReM/boot. 3aTeM npM ycranoaxe HOB:h1X BepcHH 5I;IJ;parrpH,[(el'c'H Bcema KOffiI30M.

JIOC.h npe;oyrrpe%):J;eHue,

rrOCJIexero YCTaHQBKa np01l,OIDKaJI8.Cb06hl'lliblM

oopa-

O,lUlli lIS

posars

RX B

paanen /boot,

rueKBepC}!ei1: 110 I

BIOS, nOCKOJIhKY He uapymar

li rorna

oR1:uapaHT.I1pOBaHHO 6YJ1YT pa6uTaTb Q saorpaHIDIeHIUI B 1024 JJ,_IUll1E.upa.

rnaua

3. PeaepBHoeKonHpouaHlfe

COlleT

N~41,

CHHXIlOHMsaUMll'

OJIleJ1bHb!X

'1acTeR

!b,!il'noBofi

Cj4.C'feMbl !J1l1100"'011111 yrnnHTbr

rsync

B rrro([jOM CJ1Y'lae"Kycrarrosxe
MblOJleHHO,

Kale

sarpY3<.fHKa He cnenyer OTHOCI'ITbCa neneoera paoo-

rcnsxo

3<JKdH'lMTe YCTaHOBKY JIL{pa 11seeramrre

'Fan. TaK~ KaK Taro rpeOOBaJIOc:n, nocrapejrrecs C03naTI> pe3epBHYIO K()IllilQ acero S'3rpY30-YRoro p-a3,llfHia csoero 3arpYSOLJHOra ,!l,HcKa.

,il,JurID E- YCTpOl1CTB neoexomoro

,UJl)l

BhIIIOJlHHtb. c:JJe,uylOmylO KQMaH;[(y:

dd if,;jdev/hda of-bootssctor.btn bs",512 count--r SCSl-yc'rpoactB

rrpH'Mo6HTo:st

fJeM':HOfQ

.upyraJI

KoMaH_Jla:

dd if=/devj.sda of-boctssctor.bin bs~512 cQun1:~l

11,

B lffi':te.CTBe aJIHTepHatHBbl,

TOpnenocpencraemro

na

MOJKetecKomlpOBfin, fMOKRff MarH1ITRblff)lJICK:

sa'rpY30'IHbiM

cex-

dd if=/dev/hda of,4dev/fdQ bs=512 count-a OqeHh BRHMaTe.JlbHO 3a.JJ,aB_aHTearrepamU>1 R of, rrOCKOiThKY, nepenyraaif nx, lib! )'H11';rTQ)ICllTe3 arpys 0'1 HbI H. C.~KTOpCHCTeMbL Jly-nrre eoxpaaari, sarpy30QHbI}1:

ce:kTop B-$aHir,

a saleM CKOIIHpOBaTb ere rra cMeHH1rn HOCHTeJIbj

KaK B CJ1)1'!fae md6i>I:r,,1 .lijJyrKM $aRJIOM. 3amicb KpRTH'IHhlX cxcresnnsx c )1;aHHlIX aa .llHCKeTY MO)J(eT noxasarscs XHtpbIM penreuaex, HO nocne Taro KaK nepaas xe (H:.lIH TblCWlHa.II) .IlHCKem no,rr;Ben.eT B caM1IPi OTBeTc:rIleHHI>~t1 MOMeRT,. Bb) HaI!epH:ffiCa OTKa){(e;re.ch or caoero npMCTpacnrn K rH\iKHM,p.JiCKaM. Teneps, eCJJ[lICJlyqa::tiHo 3aTIOPTIITCJ'I 3arpY30lffiult cexrop, ero MO)KHO 61ICTpO BOCcTaHQBllTb npH TIOMOlUJi KQM<'ili,llhl:

dd if=bootsector,bin of",/dev/hda
JIM6d, e!:JU-I 3arpY30QHbm

cexrop

BCe-TaKH cxorraposaana

lU1cKery:

ddif~/dev/fdO of4dev/hda bs",512 count-a OO.1l'!HO,

eCJIH

BBhIIlIerrepeqHCJTeHHhIX

BMecTO IDE-yCTpoitcTB I1CrrOJlh.3YlOTC5l CTpOHCTBa SCSI, Y KOMaH.uaxCJIenyeT 3f1MeH5ITbSda aa hda,

C~HXpO'HH3all~H OIAenbHblx

lIaCleH lIlaHnoBoM CHCTeMbl

npH nOMOlllH ynmJIITbl rsync

(lr1cn_onb3YHie YTI1J1l'fiY rsync '1epe3 SShAl_IlI AyGnl1pflB3HI1H. HYlKHm, '13Cnr q,3HnoBo'K CItCTeMbl H3 mafiOM KO.ilI1'1eCTBecepseposj

,IJ;JI5I cucTeMhlBe6-ny6JIi:l1\aliJ1H

H3.JJ;aTeilbCTBaO'Rei!ly

RaMl{
pa60TY

xnacrep Bef:i.~cepBepoB,

n03BQ:JI5l101lJ)fH

pacnpezrenzrs

6:bm C03,!la.H
Me*AY ne-

CKOJIbJillMlf KOMllblOTePaJI-HI, rrOB:bIlUM o6lUYlO npoHs1lb,r:m:!eJThHOCTh_i(I Ha,ue)KBocTb. O)J,RaKO KaK OHHXPOHR3llpoBaTbpeam.mre ,USHHhre (j)aitJJ:o:aoH CHCTeMbI Mei<.D;y HeCKOJIbKHMH cepaepasrn? O.uYH}fa MeTO,lJ;OBCBO,llHTc5I KHcnc)irrb3013aHmD NFS (Network File SystemceTeBOH cpaRJ10BOM cncrexsr) ,UJ15IXpaHemur o6IJ.Oi1x ,!1;aHH1IX.Xors NFS yn-

[naBa 3. Pe3epBHoe KOIIMPDS3HItf!

1,11