Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Proposed By:
Hossein Abbasi Hosseini
Summer 2010
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CHAPTER I
Background and Purpose
poles of ‘literal’ (or word-for-word) and ‘free’ (or sense-for sense) translation.
concerned with bridging the cultural gap between ST and TT. Later, particularly
in the mid 20th century, there has been increasing interest in the question of
expressed in a Source Text (ST)are different from the translator’s, and target
implies here that the translator’s aim is to give the readers of the Target Text
(TT) the illusion that it was originally written in the Target Language (TL),
This dichotomy has also proposed by other scholars under different names. In
translator believes the reader expects it to read like a translation, where as the
common.
literary translation: one side is for “foreignization”, namely, the translated text
should be source language or source text oriented; the other side is for
Baker (2000) seems to put more emphasis on study of translation ontology such
translation criteria are defined, more efforts should be made to study various
One of the most challenging tasks for all translators is how to render
much attention has been paid to this problem by translation theorist. According
words this is often impossible. Indeed, the meaning which lies behind this kind
English.
in their previous knowledge of the subject matter, but also in their relationship
with and attitude to the events referred to in the text, in this dissertation the
to the translator are outlined and discussed, and the dissertation shows how a
compromise can be reached between the imperative to make the TT clear and
easy to read, and the desire to help the TL reader to an appreciation of the
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cultural differences of another country and another time. To reach this goal, the
Research Questions
2. What strategies are the most frequent in the translation of “Dayee Jan
The way of life and its manifestations which are peculiar to a community
(1998):
collocations are those which are particularly tide to the way of life
“the smallest segment of utterance whose signs are linked in such a way
political. (p.240)
Lexical Gap. Lexical gap according to Hutchins and Somers is “the gap
whereas the other language expresses the same concept with a free
273).
translation task.
over the world in fields such as economy, politics, science and technology,
culture, etc. Introducing Iranian culture is now a necessary job for all the
translators. Literary works contain rich and colorful information of the culture
world which replete with cultural-specific items and there are many people who
are eager to study it, the process of translation is surly a painstaking burdens on
the person who undergone the task. On one hand the process of globalization
show and verify cultural depth and stability. Translation in general and literary
prevalent in translation.
to the "Brit Plot" theory of Iranian history. The novel was published in 1973 and
later made into a fabulously popular Iranian TV series. This novel is translated
by Dick Davis. Living in Iran and teaching Persian literature, Dick Davis
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became familiar with Persian language and culture. Newmark (1981) suggests
communicative translation.
effect on target reader as the source reader and this kind of effect doesn't obtain
should be familiar with target language and culture, so the translator tried to
render cultural concepts into target language and culture. The first language of
CHAPTER II
Review of Literature
relation between culture and language and entrance of a cultural factor from one
citer in Nord 1997) defines culture as “the entire setting of norms and
Some scholars try to narrow down culture to simplified assumptions about tastes
and preferences. In their view “culture is the way of life and its manifestations
that are particular to a community that uses a particular language as its means of
Culture-specific items
intercultural gap between the SL and the TL. Such a gap is found where
an item in the ST does not exist in the TL culture, or the TL has no word
the referred item has a “different intertextual status in the cultural system of the
readers of the TT” (1996, p.58), for example where an item has common
SL culture. Álvarez and Vidal give as an example the month of April, which in
England suggests spring or the renewal of life, but would not do so for TL
Álvarez and Vidal identify a third component in the nature of CSIs as the fact
that, in the course of time, “objects, habits or values once restricted to one
particular text. In practice, it obliges the translator to decide to what extent the
Hatim and Mason (1990) see style as being “an indissociable part of the
adaptation” (p.9), which turns the producer of the ST into someone with the
dialect, words marked for social class, or ‘officialese’. Bassnett (1991) also
region or class in the SL” (p.119) can be significant, so their function should be
messages, not single code units. This contrasts with Catford’s(1965 cited in
would perform the ‘same’ functions in their respective systems, even when the
Nida(2000) rejects the concept of a ‘fixed meaning’ for any given word,
maintaining that its meaning is acquired through context, and “ultimately words
The translator must aim for the closest possible equivalence, but he
within the context of his own culture; it does not insist that he understand
there is a “pronounced cultural gap” between the ST and the TT, or if the
purpose of one text is to “affect” and the other to “inform” (1988, p.48). He
The more cultural (the more local, the more remote in time and space) a
text, the less is equivalent effect even conceivable unless the reader is
Newmark thus places the focus on text function, seeing the spectrum of
semantic translation keeps as close as possible to the form and the exact
semantic translation may use culturally neutral words, but should not use
being based on the assumption that for each unit in the SL there is an equivalent
unit in the TL, and it is the translator’s job to find it. This dynamic view of
role in receiving the original sender’s message does not differ essentially from
that of other SL receivers of that message. The translator’s job is to code the
the task performed by the original reader. It is only the communicative situation
process, but the translator must strive to change as little as possible, while
textually realised formal correspondents in the SL and the TL, and the
Hatim and Mason (1990) find difficulties with Nida’s concepts of formal
doing so, and therefore the formally equivalent translation may achieve an
Adequacy
and the needs of the TT users. They are critical of Nida’s emphasis of the
message over the style of the TT; they consider that to modify the style of the
TT on these grounds would be “to deny the reader access to the world of the SL
text” (P.9). They see this approach as being a step towards adaptation, where the
community.
bound” and the TL can never fully correspond with it. Schleiermacher’s
response to this problem is to adopt the strategy of “[moving] the reader towards
text … by disrupting the cultural codes that prevail in the translating language”
and cultural differences of the foreign text” (2008:18). This choice represents a
(2008:19).
leaving “no identifiable trace of its own” (1999:62). Franco Aixelá (1996:54)
which means that domestic readers may be given the impression that they are
a translated work rarely know the language in which that work was originally
written, and are therefore judging the TT as a text in their native language. Their
odds with the style of the ST and the intentions of its author.
made aware that the ST has sprung from a different culture. Various factors will
influence this decision, including the genre of the TT, the translator’s perception
agenda.
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CHAPTER III
Methodology
Introduction
In this chapter, the design of this study which shows the nature of this
project, the corpus on which this study is run besides the justifications for
choosing it, the framework which constitutes the theoretical basis of this study,
the procedure of doing this project and the method of data analysis used in this
Design
This study is a descriptive and library research and its aim is to analyze
and describe the strategies applied by translator to deal with CSI. Based on the
Corpus
by Dick Davis. The reason for choosing this novel of is that it is replete with
Theoretical Framework
addition (1987). Ivir, notes that "combinations of procedures rather than single
only when it is reasonable to believe that the TL reader would recognize the
term and know what it means. A borrowing is often used along with its
meaning, although not its exact translation. Once the borrowed term has entered
Ivir notes that borrowing is a more accepted practice when the TL "is
is used mainly to complement borrowing. The definition is given "in the body
of the text or in a footnote, when the borrowed term is first introduced" (39).
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Ivir (1987) says that definitional translations may result in overtranslation and
As Ivir (1987) state, the translator can resort to substitution where the two
cultures display a partial overlap rather than a clear-cut presence vs. absence of
identifies concepts which are not identical, eliminating the 'strangeness' of the
information to the TL text, the translator makes explicit the information that was
unexpressed yet implicit in the source text. Substitutions and omissions, on the
other hand, fail to reflect the fact that the original communication was taking
place in a different cultural setting and that the source text was an expression of
a source culture.
Foreignization Domestication
Borrowing Substitution
Addition
Procedure
This study is descriptive and library research and its aim is to study
the ways and methods for translating them. According to researcher’s intuition
and taste, as a native speaker of modern Persian, and after perusing different
cultural categories and during the comparison of STs and TTs, the CSIs will be
The next step will be determination of the strategy used by the translator
to render the item into English; for sure this process will be according to
framework which is proposed. The items will then be populated into several
In the process of this research two criteria are used to identify lexical gap;
first, the researcher’s own intuition, second, the fields and domains that have
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belong and the strategies to which translators refer when encountering a CSI.
After collecting data, they will be analyzed to see which of the aforementioned
Data Analysis
This article is qualitative research. After the items and their translations
are extracted and entered in to a chart, then the kind and frequency of strategies
strategies are most frequent and whether the culture-specific items mostly
foreignized or domesticated.
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REFERENCES
London: Routledge.
Longman.
Ivir, V. 1987. "Procedures and strategies for the translation of culture". Indian
The Translation Studies Reader (2nd. ed.). (pp. 138-143). New York and
Abingdon: Routledge.
Routledge.
Hall.
Translation Studies Reader (2nd. ed.). (pp. 153-167). New York and
Abingdon: Routledge.
Venuti, L. (2008). The Translator’s Invisibility (2nd ed.). London and New
York: Routledge.
trans. and Ed. by Sager, J.c. & Hamel, M.J. Amsterdam / Philadelphia ,
Joun Benjamins.
Pinter.