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Shear Stress
F
V
τ=
A
Bearing Stress
F where:
P
σ = t= thickness
b td d= diameter
Factor of Safety
σ
ultimate
FS =
σ
allowable
Solids Page 1 of 9
Solids
Multiaxial Loading
σ ν σ ν σ
x y z
ε =
x E E E
ν σ σ ν σ
x y z
ε =
y E E E
ν σ ν σ σ
x y z
ε =
z E E E
E
K=
3 ( 1 2ν)
E = 2 G ( 1 ν)
Stress Concentrations
σ
max
k=
σ
ave
Ch03: Torsion
T = r dF = r τ dA
r ϕ r
γ= = γ
L r max
max
T r r
τ= = τ
J r max
max
Solids Page 2 of 9
Solids
Angle of Twist
L
T L T
ϕ= = dx
J G J G
0
Transmission Shafts
P = 2 π f T
P
T=
2 π f
Stress Concentrations
T r
τ = k
J
Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts
T where:
τ= Λ = area bound by the center line of the wall thickness
2 t Λ
t = the thickness of the wall section
Plastic Deformation
rY
2 τY
r
max 2
=
T 2 π r r rd 2 π r τ dr
rY
Y
rY
0
max τY TP = 3 TY
3 4
T = .5 π r
Y
1
3 3
1 rY 4 1 Y
ϕ r ϕ 3
= 4
4 Y Y 3 T
T = T 1 = T 1
3 Y 4 ϕ
=
3 Y 4 r r ϕ T
max max Y
1 M
=
p E I
Solids Page 3 of 9
Solids
Stress Concentrations
M c
σ = k
max I
Unsymmetric Bending
±M z ±M y
y z
σ =
x I I
y z
I
z
tan( ϕ) = tan( θ)
I
y
2
3 1 rY 2 2 3
M = M 1 = b c σ M = M
2 Y
M
3 r Y 3 Y P 2 Y
max
Solids Page 4 of 9
Solids
Ch05: Beams
dF = ω dx where: ω is distrubuted loads
V
dM = F dx
V
Transverse Shear
F Q
V where: Q is the first moment with respect to the neutral axis
τ =
ave I t
F
3 V
τ =
max 2 A for a beam of rectangular cross section
F Q where:
ΔH V
q= = ∆H is horizontal shear
Δx I q is the horizontal shear per unit length
where:
Q = A' y A' is the area of the section
y is the distance from the centeroid of the section to the neutral axis
Unsymmetric Loading
z y
2 2
F = q ds F = q ds
Vz Vy
z 1 y 1
F h
Vz
e=
F
Vy
Plane Stress
σ σ σ σ
x y x y
σ = cos( 2θ) τ sin( 2 θ)
x' 2 2 xy
σ σ σ σ σ σ
x y x y x y
σ = cos( 2θ) τ sin( 2 θ) σ =
y' 2 2 xy ave 2
σ σ
x y
τ =τ cos( 2 θ) sin( 2θ)
xy' xy 2
2
σ σ σx σy 2τ
τ 2 p
x y xy
σ = ± tan 2 θ =
p 2 2 xy σ σ
x y
Solids Page 5 of 9
Solids
2 σ σ
σx σy
s
x y
tan 2 θ
τ = τxy 2 =
2 τ
max 2 xy
Plane Strain
ε ε ε ε γ ε ε
x y x y xy x y
ε = cos( 2 θ) sin( 2 θ) ε =
x' 2 2 2 ave 2
ε ε ε ε γ
x y x y xy 2 2
ε = cos( 2 θ) sin( 2 θ) ε x εy γxy
y' 2 2 2 R=
τ
x'y'
=ε ε x sin(2 θ) γxy cos(2 θ)
y
2 2
γ
p
xy
ε =ε ±R tan 2 θ =
p ave ε ε
x y
ε1 ε2
ν
ε =
3 1υ
P r 1 P r
σ =σ = τ = σ =
1 2 2 t max 2 1 4 t
Design
ofMTransmission
2 Shafts
2
2
M T
J y z max
=
c τ
all
M( x) 2 1
d where: ρ is curvature
= y =
E I dx
2 ρ
Solids Page 6 of 9
Solids
4
d
E I y = ω( x )
4
dx
3
d
E I y = F( x )
3 V
dx
2
d
E I y = M( x)
2
dx
d
E I y = E I θ( x )
dx
1 3 1 2
E I y ( x ) = ω( x ) dx dx dx dx C x C x C x C
1 2 3 4
6 2
Ch10: Columns
2 M P
d
y = = y
2 E I E I L = 2 L L =L
dx efixed.free epinned.pinned
2
π E I
P = L = 0.7 L L = 0.5 L
cr efixed.pinned efixed.fixed
Le
2
σx
x1 2
U = F dx = dV
P 2 E
0
Strain Energy Density (u)
x1
ε1 2
F
dx =
dU P σ
u= = σ dε =
dV A L
x x 2 E
0
0
Axial Loading
L
FP FP L
2 2
x x
U=
1 2
dx = U = F dx = k x dx = k x
2 A E 2 A E
P 2
0 0
0
Solids Page 7 of 9
Solids
Bending
L
M
2
M L
2
θ
1
U= dx = U = M dθ = M θ
2 A E 2 A E 2
0
0
Shearing
γxy
u= τ dγ
xy xy
0
τxy
2
U= dV
2 G
Torsion
L
T
2
T L
2
ϕ
1
U= dx = U= T dϕ = T ϕ
2 G J 2 G J 2
0
0
General State
1
u= σ ε σ ε σ ε τ γ τ γ τ γ
2 x x y y z z xy xy xy xy xy xy
σ 2 σ 2 σ 2 2 ν σ σ σ σ σ σ 1 τ 2 τ 2 τ 2
2 E x y z x y y z z x 2 G xy yz zx
1
u=
1 2 ν
2
u = σ σ σ where u is the energy associated with a change in volume
v
v 6 E a b c
Castigliano's Theorem
δU L
x =
j δU M δM x =
δU
δP x = = dx j
j δQ
j δP E I δP j
j
θ =
δU
0
j δM
j where:
Fi Li δFi
n
x is deflection
δU
δU x = = j
ϕ = j δP Ai E δP Q is a dummy/fictitious load
j δT
j i 1 j
Solids Page 8 of 9
Solids
Solids Page 9 of 9