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UNIT 14
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
To know the methods and procedures in designing the flexible pavement for
roads in Malaysia.
Specific Objectives
INPUT
14.0 INTRODUCTION
Upper
Road-base
Lower
Sub-base
Capping
Sub-grade
14.0.1 Foundation
14.0.2 Sub-base
14.0.4 Surfacing
20 mm
Some data need to be collected before starting any design. They are;
i. Design life.
ii. Road hierarchy base of JKR classification.
iii. Average daily traffic volume.
iv. Percentage of commercial vehicle.
v. Yearly rate of traffic growth.
vi. CBR value for sub-grade.
vii. Topography condition.
R1U & R1 ( A)U1 ( A) The lowest of hierarchy and geometry design level. Traffic for one
way.
R2U 2 This road hierarchy is same like R3 type. Geometry design
U3
level is lowest from R3 type. The lowest hierarchy for single
U3
carriageway.
R3U 3
This road is design for local traffic. Geometry design level – low
and non inflow traffic control.
R4U 4
Another road is allowed to intersect in the same level. Geometry
design level is intermediate. Allowed maximum velocity –
intermediate.
R5U 5
Inflow control degree – half. Distance – quite far. Geometry design
R6U 6 level – high.
Notes :
R – Rural
U – Urban
1 Pc
Vo = PLH x365 x
2 100
Where :
Vo = Total of Yearly Commercial Vehicle for one
direction.( JBKP )
PLH = Average Daily
Traffic Ratio for two directions.
Pc = Commercial Vehicle Percentage.
x
Vo [( 1 + r ) −1]
Vc =
r
Where;
Vc = JBKP at one direction for ‘x’ year.
r = Rate of Traffic Growth.
x = Road pavement Design Life ( in year’s unit )
Highway Engineering C3010 / UNIT 14
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
Where ;
JBKP = Vc
Equivalent Factor = use the data in Table 10.7 = e
Thus,
JBKP = Vc x e
Vx = V 1 ( 1 + r ) X
Where;
c=IxRxT
Where;
c = Maxima Traffic Loading per hour for one way.
I = Absolute Traffic Loading per hour - ( Refer
Table 10.8 )
R = Road Decreasing Factor – ( Refer
Table 10.9 )
T = Traffic Decreasing Factor – ( Refer Table
10.10 )
C = 10 x c
Where;
C = Daily Traffic Loading ( 24 hours traffic loading
at one direction)
c = Traffic Loading per hour.
C = V ( 1 + r )n
Where;
log( C / V )
n = log( 1 + r )
NGC (%) =
( NGC 1)1 / 3 h1 + ( NGC 2)
1 / 3 h 2 +.......... .. (
NGC n)
1 / 3 hn
100
Where;
NGC1, NGC2 , = CBR value for layer 1,2 ….
h1, h2 = soil deepness from form level for
sample 1,2 ….
Highway Engineering C3010 / UNIT 14
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
a. Insert CBR design value at the line A and draw a line by using
previous C value until crossing line D, Determine D value i.e the
Equivalent Thickness Interval (TA’), if all the entire pavement is
constructed from the wearing course or road base.
Where,
a 1, a 2, a 3 = Determine from the table 10.11 based on the
types of pavement requirement at the certain
layers.
= Layer Structure Coefficient.
ACTIVITY 14
Question
1. State the factors of design that will give impact on to the designing of
flexible pavement.
2. What is the meaning of R2U 2 in road hierarchy outlined by JKR standard.
Highway Engineering C3010 / UNIT 14
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
FEEDBACK ON
ACTIVITY 14
Answer
1.
a. Failure Criterion
b. Traffic Loading
c. Climate or Environment
d. Moisture
2. R2U 2 -
Question
A road with hierarchy of 05 has a surface width of 7.0 m and road reserve of
40.0m is to be built as a main road in a residential area. It has a initial average
daily traffic of 7000cv/day in both directions. The rate of traffic growth is 7%.
Percentage of commercial vehicle is 25%. Design a flexible pavement for the
road which needs a design life of 10 years. The CBR for sub-grade of the road is
5%. ( Employ the JKR Malaysia Design Method ).
Note:
Requirement of pavement layers:
i. Wearing Course = Asphalt Concrete.
ii. Road-Base Course = Broken Aggregate.
iii. Sub-Base Course = Broken Aggregate.
Highway Engineering C3010 / UNIT 14
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
Answer
1 Pc
Vo = PLH x365 x
2 100
1 25
Vo = 6800 x365 x
2 100
= 310250
x
Vo [( 1 + r ) −1]
Vc =
r
10
= 4286552.98
JBKP = Vc x e
= 12.87 x 106
Vx = V1 ( 1 + r ) x
Vx = 6689
c=IxRxT
= 0.8
c = IxRxT
= 1000 x 1.00 x 0.8
= 800 vec/hr/lane
C = 100c
= 100(800 vec/hr/lane )
= 8000 vec/day/lane
D = 43 cm
a1 = 1.00
a2 = 0.32
a3 = 0.25
= 9 cm
Base Course = 10 cm
1. D1 = 9
D2 = 10
D3 = 10
SN = 1(9) + 0.32(10) + 0.25(10)
= 14.7 cm < 43 cm
2. D1 = 20
D2 = 40
D3 = 50
SN = 1(20) + 0.32(40) + 0.25(50)
= 46 cm > 43 cm
3. D1 = 18
D2 = 40
D3 = 50
SN = 1(18) + 0.32(40) + 0.25(50)
Highway Engineering C3010 / UNIT 14
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
= 43.3 cm < 43 cm OK