Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
ETHICS COMPARED
E
ETHICS MORALS VALUES
INDIVIDUAL FACTORS
1.PERSONAL MORAL PHILOSOPHY ETHICAL /UNETHICAL
2.STAGE OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT DECISION
ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS
1.ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE
2.CO WORKERS AND SUPERIORS
3.OPPURTUNITY
PERSONAL MORAL PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy Meaning
1.Teleology Stipulates that acts are morally right or
acceptable if they produce some desired
result, such as realization of self interest or
utility
• It serves my needs.
Stage 2 Individual instrumental purpose
Employee Commitment
Investor Loyalty
Ethical Climate Profits
And Trust
Customer
Satisfaction and Trust
• What are GREEN Issues?
• Who is Responsible for GREEN Issues?
• What are the implications of GREEN
Issues?
Shades of Green Suggested by
Edward Freeman
Light Green /Legal Green:
• It involves complying with the law.
• It relies on the public processes to drive its
strategy.
• Is it profitable???
• It creates possibilities for competitive
advantage.
• Market Green:
• Rather than focusing on public policy this approach
focuses on customers.
• It attempts to create and sustain competitive
advantage by paying attention to environmental
preferences of customers.
• E.g. Macdonald`s decision to ban Styrofoam.
Selling it Green
• BP Plc.
• Chevron Corp.
• General Electronics
• Ford Motor Company
• Dow Chemical Company
• Wal-Mart
Green Washing
• Disinformation disseminated by an
organization so as to present an
environmentally responsible public image
The Role of Stakeholders
• Supplying Tangible and Intangible
Resources
• Two-way power structure
• Dictate the standards of what is
acceptable or unacceptable corporate
behaviour or practices
• Primary and Secondary Stakeholders
• Stakeholder Green:
• This approach seeks to create and sustain
competitive advantage by responding to the
environmental preferences of stakeholders.
• 2001 Sony Lost $ 85million when illegal
Cadmium was found in the cables bought from
suppliers…
• Dark Green:
• To create and sustain value in a way that
sustains and cares for the earth.
• It upholds the idea of living with earth and
treating it with respect.
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT??
• According to Gro Bruntland the Prime
Minister of Norway who has authored the
U.N. report
• “to meet the needs of the present withot
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”
Kyoto Protocol
• An agreement made under United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCC).
• List fo Green House Gases that lead to
Greenhouse Effect.
• Commitment to bring down GHG by 2012
• Fixed Targets for Emission Reductions- at
least 5%-purchase- estimate of reduction
of at least 1.9 billions
Kyoto Protocol
Emission
Reductions
• Carbon Exchange
CDP Carbon Disclosure Project
284 Institutional Investors- 2400 companies
asked to fill up the 8 page questionnaire-
Reliance
NTPC
ICICI
Ranbaxy
Infosys
Bombay Stock Exchange
• TERI (The Energy and Resource Institute )
Global Compact that require signatories to
"support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges" (Principle 7);
"undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility"
(Principle 8)
promote the "diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies" (Principle 9).
Special Action Groups
• Conceding to the demands of citizens groups and
Greenpeace, Unilever has agreed to the permanent
closure of its polluting mercury thermometer factory in
Kodaikanal, and to undertake a clean-up of 5.3 tons of
mercury wastes dumped by the company at a local
scrapeyard. Amidst denials by the company of
environmental double-standards or any illegal toxic
waste dumping, Greenpeace, Unilever ex-workers and
Kodaikanal community groups exposed and cordoned off
one of Unilever's illegal dumpsite in a crowded part of
the Southern Indian tourist town.
The Centre for Science & Environment (CSE) has adjudged ITC's Paperboard Unit at
Bhadrachalam, Andhra Pradesh, as India's most environment-friendly paper mill.
CSE's Green Rating Project evaluated 30 paper mills accounting for over 60% of
production of paper in India 27 Sep 2004 : The Centre for Science & Environment
(CSE) has adjudged ITC's Paperboard Unit at Bhadrachalam, Andhra Pradesh, as
India's most environment-friendly paper mill. CSE's Green Rating Project evaluated
30 paper mills accounting for over 60% of production of paper in India. It has now
awarded the highest rating to the Bhadrachalam Unit for 'leadership in upgrading
technology to eliminate elemental chlorine use and for its initiative in promoting farm
forestry'. ITC's Paperboard Unit in Bhadrachalam is the only paperboard
manufacturing facility in the country to produce Elemental Chlorine-Free (ECF) pulp..
The 'Top Green Rating' recognised ITC's Paperboard Unit for implementing a
sustainable fibre strategy, water conservation efforts, eco-consciousness, minimum
or no utilisation of chlorine and other chemicals and the forestry programme that ITC
has pioneered in partnership with local communities.
Organisations and Companies
• In particular, it is ITC’s EHS policy:
• To contribute to sustainable development through the establishment and
implementation of environment standards that are scientifically tested and meet the
requirement of relevant laws, regulations & codes of practice.•To take account of
environment, occupational health and safety in planning and decision making.•To
provide appropriate training and disseminate information to enable all employees to
accept individual responsibility for environment, health and safety, implement best
practice and work in partnership to create a culture of continuous improvement.•To
instil a sense of duty in every employee towards personal safety as well as that of
others who may be affected by the employee’s actions.•To provide and maintain
facilities, equipment, operations and working conditions which are safe for
employees, visitors and contractors at the Company’s premises.•To ensure safe
handling, storage, use and disposal of all substances and materials that are classified
as hazardous to health and environment.•To reduce waste, conserve energy and
promote recycling of materials wherever possible.•To institute and implement a
system of regular EHS audit in order to assure compliance with laid down policy,
benchmarked standards and requirements of laws, regulations and applicable codes
of practice.•To proactively share information with business partners towards
inculcating world-class EHS standards across the value chain of which ITC is a
part.All employees of ITC are expected to adhere to, and comply with the EHS Policy
and Corporate Standards on EHS
Procter & Gamble Releases 10th Annual Sustainability
Report
20/11/2008
• Titled ‘Designed to innovate…sustainably’, the report highlights the company’s long-term
commitment to responsible growth and progress toward meeting its sustainability goals. These
goals include measurable objectives for developing ‘sustainable innovation products’, improving
the environmental profile of P&G operations, and improving lives through the company’s ‘Live,
Learn and Thrive’ corporate social responsibility programmes.
Developments highlighted by the document include:
During the last year, P&G operations reduced water consumption by seven per cent, energy
usage by six per cent, carbon dioxide emissions by eight per cent and waste disposal by 21 per
cent (per unit of production). Including last year’s results, P&G has reduced water consumption
by 51 per cent, energy usage by 46 per cent, carbon dioxide emissions by 52 per cent and waste
disposal by 50 per cent since 2002 (per unit of production).
P&G achieved $2.05 billion in cumulative sales of products with a ‘reduced environmental
footprint’ (>10% reduction versus previous or alternative products).
P&G delivered 430 million litres of clean drinking water through the Children’s Safe Drinking
Water programme – water which prevented an estimated 18 million days of disease.
P&G, which has approximately 138,000 employees working in more than 80 countries, has made
the report available online at www.pg.com/sustainability.
Consumer's choice
• Creating Awareness
• British Rail and “Recyclable” Paper
• AEG and save Newts issue
Joint Force
Gaining Credits and Credibility- HSBC and its
Green Audits- Carbon Neutral
Aditya Birla Management Corporation LTd and
ETP
Tata Group’s TCCI(Tata Council of Community
Initiatives) and Tata Business Excellence Model
Shell India and Balanced Score Cards
Sanyo`s Rechargable Battery-Eneloop
P&G and Refill packages
Privacy??
• Spyshop.com claims to service one third
of the Fortune 500 companies.
• Office Systems reports that more than 30
million workers were subject to workplace
monitoring in 1999 in comparison to 8
million in 1991
• Omnitrack
• Spyzone
Computer based monitoring
• Websense
• Net Access Manager
• Web Track
• Internet Watch dog
• Beeper buster
• Truth telling device
Monitoring devices allow
managers-
• to track the web use
• To observe the downloaded files
• To filter sites
• To restrict certain sites
• To know how much time employees spend
on various sites
• Video monitoring
• Monitoring personal investments
Conflict of Rights
Integrative Social Contracts
Theory(ISCT)
Tom Donaldson and Tom Dufee
• Privacy is a fundamental human aright
recognized in all major international treaties
and agreements on human rights. Nearly
every country in the world recognizes
privacy as a fundamental human right in
their constitution, either implicitly or
explicitly.
• Privacy and Human Rights : An
international survey.
Ethicist Gary Marks
more ‘no’= more unethical
• Does the collection of the data involve physical or psychological
harm?
• Does the technique cross a personal boundary without
permission?
• Could the collection produce invalid results?
• Are you being more intrusive than necessary?
• Is the data subject prohibited from appealing or changing the
information recorded?
• Are there negative effects on those beyond the data subject?
• Is the link between the information collected and the goal sought
unclear?
• Is the data being used in such a manner as to cause a
disadvantage to the subject?
The implementation of an Ethical
resolution-
Values
Laws
Ethical Standards
Ethical Complexities
Whose Values do we follow??
When in Rome, do as Romans do.
You must adapt to the cultural practices of
the country you are in…
or
We should evolve a set of global or
universal ethical standards.
Matrix for Global Relativists
Home Country Perceptions
Ethical Unethical
www. Fake-busters.com
Ethics & Performance
Correlations...
• intrafirm trust
• commitment to quality
• customer satisfaction
• employee commitment
• profitability
Benefits of Intrafirm Trust...