Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Toolkit
For additional resources on this and other topics, visit your local
University of Missouri Extension center or MU Extension online at
extension.missouri.edu.
Bill McKelvey
MU Extension Associate
Healthy Lifestyle Initiative
MU Extension 2 MP906
(contents)
What is a community garden? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Characteristics of neighborhood community gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Other types of community gardens, including rural community gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The history of community gardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The benefits of community gardening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
MU Extension 4 MP906
introduction/history
run more smoothly when one or more people are in of community gardens that are distinguished in part
charge and gardeners themselves take an active role by their purpose and participants.
keeping the garden in shape. Other gardens are distinguished more by their lo-
Finally, in addition to occupying vacant neigh- cation and less by their purpose. These gardens may
borhood lots, neighborhood community gardens are combine elements of a neighborhood community gar-
sometimes found at churches, social service agencies den with other community garden models. Examples
and other nonprofit organizations, including food include, but are not limited to: public agency gardens,
pantries and food banks. These gardens may involve community center gardens, senior gardens, church
both neighbors from the surrounding area and the gardens, apartment complex/public housing gardens
members or clients of a particular agency or institu- and prison gardens.
tion. They sometimes incorporate educational, job-
Rural community gardens
training and entrepreneurial programming.
Although community gardens are often associ-
Other types of community gardens ated with urban areas, they exist in many rural areas
as well. However, because of the unique characteris-
In addition to the typical neighborhood commu-
tics of rural places, they often take on different forms
nity garden where plots are subdivided and cared for
and serve different functions. Research conducted by
by individuals or families, community gardens exist
Ashley F. Sullivan (1999) from the Center on Hunger
in a variety of other forms to serve a number of func-
and Poverty at Tufts University identified a number of
tions. The examples below represent different types
ways in which rural community gardens differ from Sullivan identified obstacles to community gar-
their urban counterparts. Her research uncovered dif- dening in rural areas as well. Obstacles include a high
ferent types of rural community gardens along with rate of gardener and volunteer turnover, animosity
obstacles to community gardening in rural areas. between “outsiders” and community members, lack
Sullivan identified seven different types of rural of gardening skills and lack of transportation.
community gardens in her study. They included the Sullivan also offers recommendations for over-
following: coming some of these obstacles:
• Traditional neighborhood-type gardens with • Do not assume that the traditional neighbor-
individual and family plots; hood community garden model will work in
• Gardens that provide demonstration and edu- rural areas.
cation to gardeners at neighborhood gardens • During the planning stages, identify obstacles
and home gardens; to starting a community garden in a rural area.
• Communal gardens tended collectively with the • Identify solutions to the obstacles.
produce going to a local food pantry; • Respect the values of the community and incor-
• Educational gardens that offer classes to the porate those values into the garden’s design.
public; • Be flexible when deciding how to organize a
• School gardens that incorporate gardening and garden; incorporate different models into a plan
nutrition education; to see which one works best.
• Community-assisted home gardens where an • Help gardeners cultivate a sense of ownership
experienced gardener mentors novice gardeners for the garden.
in their home gardening efforts; • Take time to look at all of the factors that might
• Gardens affiliated with an existing agency, hinder participation.
apartment complex or church. • Involve local organizations and businesses.
1930. During the Great Depression, community gardens provided a means for the unemployed to grow their own food. During this
time, private, state and local agencies provided individuals with garden plots and employment in cooperative gardening. More than
23 million households, growing produce valued at $36 million, participated in various garden programs in 1934 alone.
MU Extension 6 MP906
introduction/history
Challenges
A discussion of starting and
managing a community garden
would be incomplete without a
discussion of the challenges en-
countered by gardeners and gar-
den organizers. Common chal-
lenges faced by most community
garden groups include:
Management – Community gar-
dens are management intensive.
They demand patience, time and
the capacity to work with and or-
ganize people and projects. They
also typically require systems to
enforce rules and resolve conflicts.
Maintenance – Community gar- come and go from community adult activity and vandalism is
dens are maintenance intensive. gardens for a variety of reasons. carried out by children.
Grass will need to be mowed, Because of this, it can be challeng- Gardening skills – Many new
equipment will need to be re- ing to maintain a sense of commu- and some returning gardeners
paired, and plant debris will need nity and consistency at gardens. don’t know a lot about gardening.
to be composted, among other Theft and vandalism – Theft and Gardeners who lack gardening
things. vandalism are commonplace at skills and have poor gardening
Participation – From year to year, many community gardens. As a experiences may be more likely to
gardeners and garden leaders general rule, theft is the result of give up.
Leadership skills – Many gardeners may not have experience: GIVING BACK
the skills to take a leadership role at their respective
garden. Temple Israel, Rogersville, Mo.
Since 2006, Joel Waxman and a group of dedicated
Services and supplies – Plowing, tilling and the de-
volunteers have grown vegetables at a community garden
livery of compost and mulch can be challenging ser-
at Temple Israel to donate to the Ozarks Food Harvest.
vices for gardeners to arrange for themselves.
The group, comprised of Master Gardeners, members of
Water – Most gardens need some way to irrigate various congregations and other community members,
fruits and vegetables during the summer. Finding has pooled its time, expertise and, above all, commitment
a source of water can be challenging. Also, because to increasing access to fresh vegetables. The group has
most community gardens are located on borrowed donated thousands of pounds of garden-grown food to
land, installing a water hydrant may not be feasible those struggling to make ends meet.
or cost effective. The 4,000-square-foot garden holds an impressive array
Site permanency – Most community gardens are lo- of vegetables. “Over the last three years, we’ve learned
cated on borrowed land. This limits the amount of in- what works best,” Joel said. Eggplant, potatoes, winter
frastructure that can be added to a particular site. It squash, okra, yardlong beans and sweet potatoes grow
may also create an atmosphere of instability among well in the southwest Missouri climate and soils. For mulch,
gardeners since the garden could be lost at any mo- the gardeners use shredded paper, leaves and hay. For
ment. watering, the group uses soaker hoses.
Joel is always interested in spreading the word about the
Temple Israel garden. Recently, two other congregations in
the area expressed interest in starting their own gardens.
Joel and his group intend to do whatever they can to help
them get started.
MU Extension 8 MP906
getting started
Q
toolkit
MU Extension 10 MP906
step by step
Q
Get on your bike. Go
out on foot. Tour the neighbor-
hood with friends and family and
talk to your neighbors. Be sure to Questions to evaluate • How was the site used in the
consider churches, nonprofit agen- potential garden sites: past? Do you suspect that the
cies and businesses as potential soil may be contaminated?
partners. These groups may own • If you want to grow fruits and
Some urban soils may be poor
land and have an interest in be- vegetables, does the site get at
and contain large amounts of
ing a part of your garden. Use the least six hours of direct sun-
rubble. These sites may require
questions in the box to the right to light per day during the spring,
raised beds and fresh soil.
evaluate potential sites. summer and fall?
• Can you sample the soil to
• Does the site have access to
check its quality and obtain
water?
a soil test for nutrients and
• How big is the site? Does it heavy metals (see sidebar,
Soil testing have enough room to accom- left) prior to entering into any
modate the number of inter- agreement with a landowner?
Soil tests can usually be ested gardeners you’ve identi-
• What is the present use of the
obtained through your local fied and additional gardeners
land? What is the lot’s history?
extension office. To search for who may want a garden plot?
an office in your area, go to the Does it currently attract loiter-
• Is the site relatively flat? ing, dumping or drug dealing?
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Cooperative State Research, • How close is the garden to Do neighborhood youth use
Education and Extension Service the people who plan to use it? the land for recreation? Con-
Web site at www.csrees.usda. Ideally, gardeners should be sider these present uses and
gov/Extension/. In Missouri, the able to walk or drive a short the feasibility of altering the
University of Missouri Soil and distance to the garden. function of the site.
Plant Testing Laboratory, online • Is the site visible? A visible site • Can you determine who owns
at soilplantlab.missouri.edu/soil,
will be safer and attract more the lot? Often, if you know the
offers nutrient and heavy metal
soil tests for gardens and lawns
neighborhood support. address of the potential site
through the Columbia campus • Is the site fenced? you can go to your county tax
and local Extension offices (exten- • Can a truck gain access to the assessor’s office or Web site to
sion.missouri.edu). lot? find the property owner.
Q
Questions to identify local resources
Step Identify local resources needed for starting a needed:
4 garden.
• Does the group have access to tools and other
Gardens can require a fair amount of tools, gardening equipment?
equipment, supplies, infrastructure, knowledge and
other forms of support. Gardeners themselves can • Will the garden need to be plowed or tilled
provide some resources. For other resources, it makes or can the soil be turned by hand? Is no-till
sense for the group to seek out and acquire materials gardening and option?
in bulk or solicit donations and support from other • Is compost and mulch available?
groups. The box to the right contains a few questions • Will the group provide seeds and transplants?
that can help guide you. • Will the group need a shed for storing tools?
• Will the site need to be fenced?
Step Hold a second meeting. • Will the site need to be cleaned? How will
5 The purpose of this meeting is to discuss trash, branches, etc., be removed?
the notes from the previous meeting and hear • Will trees need to be trimmed?
reports from the people who volunteered to find and
evaluate possible locations for a garden (Step 3) and • Will the site need to be mowed on a regular
identify local resources for starting a garden (Step 4). basis?
If you completed the Purpose, Values, Vision exercise • Will the garden and group need to carry liabil-
(page 10), you may wish to revisit this document to ity insurance?
see if people are still in agreement and to gain input • Are there existing community gardens in your
from new group members. area that you can learn from?
If your group feels like the primary issues have • Are Master Gardeners or others available to
been adequately addressed and enough people are share their gardening expertise?
committed to the project, you may be ready to eval-
• Are community organizers available to help
uate and select one or more sites to pursue for your
facilitate the group’s process?
garden.
You may also be ready to elect your garden’s lead- • Are local government departments, nonprofit
ership team. At the very least, you will need to have agencies or businesses willing to sponsor the
one or more garden co-leaders and two to three ad- garden, make donations or lend other types
ditional people to handle important tasks such as of support?
drafting and negotiating the lease agreement (Step 6),
leading the planning and preparation of the site (Step
7 and Step 9), and drafting gardener guidelines and Asset-based community development
the gardener application (Step 8).
Rather than focus first on a community’s needs
Step Draft a lease agreement.
and deficiencies, the asset-based community devel-
MU Extension 12 MP906
step by step
Step Develop a site plan. elaborate as you choose. Consider • The boundary of the lot
7 The plan for your gar- including the following elements • The location and size of
den can be as simple or in your plan: garden beds
• Any trees, shrubs or existing
vegetation that will be kept
• Driveways, pathways and
open spaces
• Compost bins
• A shed
• The location of the water
source
• Common or shared garden
areas such as perennial or
herb beds, a row planted for
donation purposes, a picnic
table with chairs, or grassy
areas
• Garden sign
• Garden name
Raised-bed gardening
There are a number of advan- experience: SCHOOL GARDENING
tages to building and using raised
Seed to Table Program, Maplewood Richmond Heights School District,
beds. According to Christopher J.
st. louis area, mo.
Starbuck, associate professor with
the University of Missouri Division What started as a small program to the buildings and grounds staff, who
of Plant Sciences, raised garden involve preschool students in growing received training in horticulture; the St.
beds allow for better drainage, food and appreciating nature has blos- Louis University Nutrition and Dietetics
are easier to maintain, and can somed into a district-wide effort to in- Program; and the Missouri Foundation
be used on sites with poor soil. tegrate gardening, cooking, nature and for Health.
Raised-bed gardening may also local food into the entire pre-kinder- In many ways, the Seed to Table pro-
lead to higher yields and allow for garten through eighth-grade curricula. gram is the envy of other schools. The
an extended growing season. On Seed to Table Program Director Debi program involves all of the students in
the other hand, raised-bed gar-
Gibson explains, “Our mission is to pro- the district. It supports one full-time
dens are typically more expensive
mote education, health and wellness and two part-time staff members. It
to build than in-ground gardens
because of the cost of materials, by connecting children to the natural also has begun to incorporate local
compost and soil. Also, where world.” The program has benefited food into school meals. With all of this,
summers are hot, the soil in raised from the enthusiasm of students, par- Gibson is hopeful about the future
beds may have a tendency to dry ents, teachers and the commitment of of the program and the impact it can
out faster. For more information, many others. “Our district superinten- have. “Our intention is to create a
see Raised-Bed Gardening, MU dent truly understands what gardens model for other schools and districts
Extension Publication G6985, can do,” Gibson says. In addition, the to follow,” she says. To learn more, visit
extension.missouri.edu/explore/ag- program has been supported by the the Seed to Table program Web site at
guides/hort/g06985.htm. district’s Wellness Policy Committee; mrhsd.org/gardens.
MU Extension 14 MP906
step by step
The Gardeners’ Welcome and involved. It is also your garden. • Frequently asked ques-
Packet is a set of docu- intended to help gardeners The Gardeners’ Welcome tions
ments that can be edited find a clear and easy way Packet includes the follow- • Gardener guidelines
and revised by gardeners to play an active role in the ing contents: • Gardener application
and garden leaders. The garden’s management and • Welcome to community • Planting, harvesting,
packet is intended to be upkeep. Although these gardening composting, pests, dis-
a tool for organizing your written materials will not • Community garden suc- ease and more
garden, introducing new take the place of face-to-
( )
cess and security ✓ it out : Gardeners’
gardeners to the policies, face communication with • Community garden job Welcome Packet
procedures and people that gardeners, they can provide descriptions download pdf or
MS Word file
keep the garden running a framework for improv- • Roster and map
smoothly, and keeping re- ing communication and Online at: extension.missouri.edu/
• Contact list and calendar explore/miscpubs/mp0906.htm
turning gardeners updated increasing involvement at
MU Extension 16 MP906
other considerations
• Planning winter or off-season activities or meet- themselves. They can either provide their own equip-
ings ment and supplies or they can pool their money to
purchase items as a group. In other cases, gardeners
• Drafting and enforcing garden rules
MU Extension 18 MP906
other considerations
Sample Community Garden Budget
Revenue/Income
Plot
Fees
Grants
Fundraiser
Donations
Balance
from
previous
year
Total Income
Expenses/Costs
Water
hydrant
Water
bill
Hoses
Shed
Tools
Compost
Mulch
Lease
Liability
insurance
Tilling
Raised
beds
Seeds
Transplants
Printing
Garden
sign
Fencing
Bulletin
board
Total Expenses
NET INCOME (Income ‐ Expenses)
Adapted
from
Gardening
Matters,
CG
Startup
Guide,
September
2007
gardeningmatters.org/Resources/coordinating.htm
MU Extension 20 MP906
Gardener
Application
Adapted from the Community Action Coalition of South Central Wisconsin Community Garden Organizer’s Handbook online at
cacscw.org/gardens/handbook/index.htm.
1. Gardener: _________________________________________________________________________
2. Gardening partner: _________________________________________________________________
3. Gardener address: __________________________________________________________________
4. Gardener phone: ___________________________ Partner phone: __________________________
5. Gardener e‐mail: ____________________________ Partner e‐mail: ___________________________
6. Did you have a plot at this garden last year? Yes ____ No____
9. If
you
are
a
new
gardener,
would
like
an
experienced
gardener
to
help
you?
Yes
___
No
___
10. If
you
are
an
experienced
gardener,
would
you
like
to
help
a
new
gardener?
Yes
___
No
___
11. Photo
permission:
From
time
to
time,
gardeners,
garden
leaders
and
the
media
will
take
photos
of
the
garden.
Please
check
here
(
)
if
you
do
not
give
your
permission
for
your
photo
to
be
published.
If
you
do
not
give
your
permission,
please
let
photographers
know
when
you
encounter
them
at
the
garden.
12. Phone
and
e‐mail:
All
gardeners
are
required
to
share
their
phone
number
and
e‐mail
address
with
garden
leaders.
In
addition,
a
gardener
phone
and
e‐mail
list
is
shared
with
all
gardeners.
Please
check
here
(
)
if
you
do
not
give
your
permission
to
share
your
phone
number
and
e‐mail
with
all
gardeners.
By signing below, I agree that I have read and understand the Gardener Guidelines and plan to abide by all of the
garden rules. I understand that neither the garden group nor owners of the land are responsible for my actions. I
therefore agree to hold harmless the garden group and owners of the land for any liability, damage, loss or claim
that occurs in connection with use of the garden by me or my guests.
Signature Date
Gardener
Guidelines
Adapted from the Community Garden Coalition (cgc.missouri.org) Gardener Guidelines.
The
following
guidelines
have
been
established
by
the
members
of
this
garden.
Please
read
the
guidelines
and
direct
any
questions
or
comments
to
the
garden
leaders.
1. All
gardeners
are
required
to
complete
an
application
form.
An
application
fee
of
$_____
is
due
by
_______.
2. All
gardeners
are
required
to
sign
up
for
at
least
one
garden
job/crew
listed
on
the
application.
Please
contact
the
garden
leaders
for
more
information.
3. Garden
meetings
and
work
parties
are
scheduled
throughout
the
season.
Please
plan
to
attend
to
get
to
know
your
fellow
gardeners
and
assist
with
garden
upkeep
and
special
projects.
4. Keep
your
plot
and
the
adjoining
pathways
tended.
If
your
plot
appears
to
be
untended
for
a
period
of
time
and
you
haven’t
contacted
the
garden
monitor,
you
will
be
contacted
and
your
plot
may
be
assigned
to
another
gardener.
Call
your
garden
monitor
if
you
need
help
or
if
you
will
be
out
of
town
for
an
extended
period
of
time.
If
you
plan
to
discontinue
use
of
your
space,
please
let
the
monitor
or
registrar
know
as
soon
as
possible
so
that
your
plot
can
be
assigned
to
another
gardener.
5. Plant
tall
plants
and
vines
in
places
where
they
will
not
interfere
with
your
neighbor’s
plot.
Planting
illegal
plants
is
prohibited.
6. At
the
end
of
the
gardening
season,
all
dead
plants
and
non‐plant
materials
(string,
wire,
wood,
metal,
plastic,
etc.)
must
be
removed
and
disposed
of
properly
and
all
gardens
left
neat
and
tidy.
If
your
garden
is
not
cleaned‐up
by
_______,
you
could
lose
your
gardening
privileges
for
the
next
season
or
be
reassigned
to
a
new,
smaller
plot.
7. Pick
up
litter
when
you
see
it.
8. Please
put
weeds
and
dead
plants
into
the
compost
bin
provided.
Do
not
leave
them
in
the
pathway.
Any
diseased
plants
or
seedy
or
invasive
weeds
are
to
be
bagged
and
put
in
the
trash
so
as
not
to
contaminate
the
gardens.
Old
woody
plants
are
to
be
placed
in
the
brush
pile
to
be
carted
to
the
recycling
center.
9. Do
not
apply
anything
to
or
pick
anything
from
another
person's
plot
without
their
express
approval.
10. Please
do
not
leave
the
water
on
unattended.
When
finished
gardening
for
the
day,
please
roll
up
the
hose
at
the
faucet
area,
return
tools
to
the
shed
and
lock
the
shed
before
leaving
the
garden.
11. Smoking
and
chewing
tobacco
is
not
allowed.
Tobacco
can
transmit
a
lethal
virus
to
tomatoes
and
cigarette
butts
are
loaded
with
toxins.
12. Pets,
drugs
(including
alcohol),
radios,
boom
boxes
and
fires
are
not
allowed.
13. Please
supervise
children
in
the
garden.
14. For
your
safety,
only
garden
during
daylight
hours.
Consider
gardening
in
pairs
or
keeping
a
cell
phone
nearby
if
it
makes
you
feel
more
comfortable.
15. Report
theft,
vandalism
and
unusual
activities
to
the
garden
leaders
and
police.
16. Use
common
courtesy,
be
considerate
of
your
gardening
neighbors
and
ENJOY.
17. Violation
of
gardener
guidelines:
If
any
of
the
guidelines
are
violated
you
will
be
contacted
by
phone
or
e‐
mail
and
have
one
week
to
address
the
violation.
After
one
week,
if
the
violation
has
not
been
remedied,
you
may
lose
your
gardening
privileges.
(Garden
Organizers:
For
an
exhaustive
compilation
of
garden
rules,
click
on
“Community
Garden
Rules”
at
the
Gardening
Matters
Web
site
at
gardeningmatters.org/Resources/coordinating.htm.)
MU Extension 22 MP906
Sample
Form:
Permission
for
Land
Use
The following form is intended as a guide only; be sure that the final agreement you use meets
the needs and details of your group and the property owner.
I,______________________________________________________give
permission
to
(property
owner's
name)
______________________________________________
to
use
the
property
located
at
(community
garden
project)
____________________________________
as
a
community
gardening
project,
for
the
(site's
street
address)
term
of____
years
beginning_________
and
ending
_________.
(start
date)
(ending
date)
This
agreement
may
be
renewed
with
the
approval
of
both
the
property
owner
and
the
community
garden
organization
at
the
end
of
the
agreement
period.
All
questions
about
the
community
garden,
its
nature,
risks
or
hazards,
have
been
discussed
with
the
garden
coordinator
to
my
satisfaction.
The
community
garden
agrees
to
indemnify
and
save
harmless
the
property
owner
from
all
damages
and
claims
arising
out
of
any
act,
omission
or
neglect
by
the
community
garden,
and
from
any
and
all
actions
or
causes
of
action
arising
from
the
community
garden's
occupation
or
use
of
the
property.
As
the
property
owner,
I
agree
to
notify
the
community
gardening
organization
of
any
change
in
land
ownership,
development,
or
use
60
days
prior
to
the
change
in
status.
Property
owner's
signature
Date
This
form
is
reprinted
with
the
permission
of
the
American
Community
Gardening
Association,
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