13 Probability

TEST YOUR SKILLS

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1. If P (A) = , P (B) = and P (A " B) = , find
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s.
(i) P (A/B) @
(ii) P (B/A) (iii) P B A E
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2. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = 0.4, P (B) = 0.3 and P (B/A) = 0.6, find
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(i) P (A/B) (ii) P (A " B)
3. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.6 and P (B/A) = 0.5 find
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@ E
(i) P A B @
(ii) P A 7 B E
4. A family has 2 children. What is the probability that both the children are boys,
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given that (i) One of them is a boy (ii) The elder is boy.
5. A pair of fair die is thrown. Find the probability that the sum is 10 or greater if 5
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appears on the first die.

6. Ten cards are numbered from 1 to 10 and placed in a box mixed thoroughly and one
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card is drawn at random. If it is known that the number on the card is more than
3, what is the probability that it is (i) even (ii) odd.
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7. In a college, 25% of students failed in English, 15% failed in mathematics and 10%
both in English and mathematics. A student is selected at random.
(i) If he failed in mathematics, what is the probability that he failed in English?
(ii) If he failed in English, what is the probability that he failed in mathematics?
8. A fair coin is tossed. If the coin shows head it is tossed again but if it shows tail then
a die is thrown. Find the conditional probability of the event ‘the die shows a
number greater than 4’ given that ‘there is at least one tail’.
9. A bag contains 4 red and 8 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random without
replacement. If the second selection is known to be red, what is the probability that
the first is also red?

56
10. Find the conditional probability of getting a queen in the second draw from a well
shuffled pack of 52 cards, given that a black card has already been drawn in the first
draw and not replaced.
11. A box contains 8 tickets numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10. Three tickets are drawn
one by one without replacement. Find the probability that
(i) all three bear even numbers.
(ii) the first is odd and the second and third are even.
(iii) none of the tickets drawn bears an even number.

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12. If P (A) = and P (B) = then find
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(i) P (A " B), if events A and B are mutually exclusive.

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(ii) P (A ! B), if A and B are independent.

or
(iii) P (A " B), if A and B are independent.

s.
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13. If P (A) = , P (B) = , P (not A or not B) =
3 12 36
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Find whether the events are (i) independent (ii) mutually exclusive.
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14. One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. The following pairs of events are defined:
(i) A: The card drawn is a queen or a jack, B: The card drawn is a jack or a king.
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(ii) A: The card drawn is a queen, B: The card drawn is red.

(iii) A: The card drawn is a queen, B: The card drawn is a diamond.
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Find in which of the above pairs, the events are independent?

15. A coin is tossed thrice. In which of the following pairs of cases are the events
independent?
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(i) A: The first throw results in a head, B: the last throw results in a tail.
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(ii) A: The number of heads is two, B: The last throw results in a head.
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(iii) A: The number of heads is odd, B: The number of tails is odd.

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16. If P (A) = , P (B) = and P (A " B) = then show that A and B are independent.
2 3 3
17. An unbiased die is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting 4, 5 or 6 on the first
toss and 1, 2, 3 or 4 on the second toss.
18. The probability that the principal of a school will attend a function organised by old
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students is and the probability that the vice-principal will not attend is what
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is the probability that at least one of them will attend the function?

Probability 57
 19. A bag contains 7 green, 4 white and 5 red balls. If 4 balls are drawn one by one and
replaced what is the probability that:
(i) none of them is red? (ii) at least one of them is red?
20. In a family, the husband tells lies in 30% of the cases and the wife tells lies in 35%
of the cases. Find the probability that both contradict each other on the same fact.
21. There are two bags I and II. Bag I contains 2 white and 3 red balls and bag II
contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags
and is found to be red. Find the probability that it is drawn from bag II.
22. A lady has two identical purses A and B. Purse A contains 4 one-hundred rupee
notes and 5 five hundred rupee notes. Purse B contains 5 one-hundred rupee notes
and 3 five hundred rupee notes. She draws one note at random from one of the
purses and it is found to be a five hundred rupee note. Find the probability that the

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note has been drawn from (i) purse A (ii) purse B.

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23. An insurance company insured 4000 scooters and 3000 cars. The probabilities of
accidents are 1% and 3% for scooters and cars respectively. One of the insured

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verticles meets with an accident. Find the probability that it is a (i) scooter (ii) car.
24. In a certain school, 70% of the students are boys and 30% are girls, 80% of the boys
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and 60% of the girls are fond of going to the movies. One student is chosen at
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random and he/she is fond of going to movies. Find the probability that the student
chosen is a (i) boy (ii) girl.
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25. In a certain university, the percentage of Hindus, Muslims and Christian students
are in the ratio 2:1:1. It is known that 50% of Hindus, 70% of Muslims and 75% of
Christians are non-vegetarian. If one student is choosen at random and is found to
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be non-vegetarian. What is the probability that he or she is (i) a Hindu (ii) a Muslim
or a Christian?
26. There are three urn. Urns I contains 2 white and 3 black balls, urn II contains 3
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white and 2 black balls, and urn III contains 4 white balls and 1 black ball. One urn
is chosen at random and a ball drawn from it is found to be white. What is the
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probability that the ball has been drawn from (i) Urn II (ii) Urn I or Urn III.
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27. A factory has three units A, B and C. Unit A produces 25% of the total production.
Unit B produces 25% and unit C produces 50%. If the percentage of defective items
produced by units A, B and C are respectively 1%, 2% and 3% and an item selected
at random from the total production of the factory is found to be defective, what is
the probability that it is produced by unit C?
28. There are 400 boys and 600 girls in a school, 60% of the boys and 30% of the girls
are fond of drinking coffee. One student is selected at random and is found to be
fond of drinking coffee. Find the probability that the student selected is a (i) boy (ii)
girl.
29. A company has three plants to manufacture 8000 scooters every month. Out of the
8000 scooters, 4000 are manufactured at plant A, 3000 at plant B and 1000 at plant
C. At plant A, 85% scooters are rated as of standard quality, at plant B, 65% scooters

58 Mathematics—XII
 are rated as of standard quality and at plant C, 60% scooters are rated as of standard
quality. It is known that one scooter selected at random is rated as of standard
quality. Find the probability that this scooter is manufactured at plant B.
30. A card from a pack of cards is lost. From the remaining pack, one card is drawn at
random and is found to be a club card. Find the probability that the missing card
is a club card.
31. State which of the following are not the probability distributions of a random variable.
Give reasons for your answer.
(i) X : 0 1 2 3 4
P (X) : 0.2 0.3 0.4 − 0.1 0.2
(ii) X : 0 1 2
P (X) : 0.6 0.4 0.2

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(iii) X : 0 1 2 3

or
P (X) : 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2
32. Find the probability distribution of number of doublets obtained on tossing four

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pairs of dice.

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33. Two cards are drawn without replacement from a deck of 52 cards. A random
variable X represents the number of club cards obtained. Write the probability
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distribution of X.
34. An urn contains 4 red and 3 black balls. 2 balls are drawn from it at random without
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replacement. Find the probability distribution of number of black balls drawn.

35. A coin is tossed. If a head appears, the coin is tossed again. If a tail appears, die
is rolled. If random variable X is the number of heads obtained. Write the probability
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distribution of X.
36. A random variable X has the following probability distribution:
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X : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P (X) : 0 K K2 K2 + K 2K2 K2 + K K
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Find value of (i) K, (ii) P (2 < X < 5), (iii) P (at least 2), (iv) P (at most 4)
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37. Find the mean and variance of the following probability distribution:
X : 1 2 3 4 5
P (X) : K 2K 3K 3K K
38. Five slips are marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and are placed in a box. One slip is drawn. If X
denotes the number that appears on the slip. Find (i) E (X) (ii) Var. (X).
39. A die is rolled thrice. If X denotes the number of times that a prime number shows.
Find (i) E (X) (ii) Var. (X).
40. An urn contains 3 white and 4 black balls. 2 balls are drawn one by one with
replacement. Find the mean and variance of number of black balls drawn.
41. A coin is tossed thrice. Find the probability of:
(i) two heads (ii) at least two heads (iii) atmost two heads

Probability 59
 42. A die is rolled 7 times. Find the probability of getting a six:
(i) two times (ii) atmost two times (iii) at least two times.
43. Ten bulbs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing 10% defective
bulbs. Find the probability that there is at least one defective bulb.
44. Three cards are drawn successively with replacement from a pack of 52 cards. What
is the probability that:
(i) at least one will be a heart card, (ii) atmost one will be a heart card, (iii) none
will be a heart card?
45. There are 3 red and 9 black balls in a box. 4 balls are drawn one by one with
replacement. Find the probability that:
(i) all are red balls (ii) none of them are red ball.

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46. A pair of dice is thrown 7 times. If getting a total of 7 is considered a success, what
is the probability of:

or
(i) six successes (ii) at least six successes (iii) at most six successes
47. A pair of dice is tossed 6 times. If getting a doublet is considered a success. Find the

s.
probability of:
(i) at least 5 successes
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(ii) at most 5 successes
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48. The probability that a man hits a target is . If he aims at target 10 times, what
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is the probability that he hits the target at least twice ?

49. Find the probability of getting a sum of 9 at least twice in 10 throws of two dice.
50. A die is thrown 6 times and getting a multiple of 3 is considered a success. Find the
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probability of at most 5 successes.

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GGG
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60 Mathematics—XII