Está en la página 1de 48

wIodOvdpOl \JO

Drum Publication Group


usd.w>&RvDRvHmvJ>w>rRu±l>
w>uwdRvXng
rd>y>'D;uFdo&.wz.t*D>
zdo.wz.zJto;eH.p>'H;tcgt0Joh.rRvdw>M>tgM>to;eH.vXt
uwD>t*Rwz.vDRI w>wJw,k>tHRymzsgxD.zdo.w*Rtw>'d.xD.
td.'fvJ.'D;t0J>cGgrRpXRtDR'fod;trd>yS>'d.xD.uM>< trd>yS>uh>*DRrR
oud;w>uoh< urRvdM>usdm'D;ubSgvDRuGHmw>*h>uD'fvJ.t*D>vDRI

ymzsgxD.ph>uD;w>t&h'.d vXub.uwdRw>'D;zdo.< uvdmuGpJ XRtDR<


rRMt0Jo.h w>vdmuG'J ;D w>*JRvdmuGw J z.'fo;d t0Jo.h trd>yS>'D;tcd.
Elmu'd.xD.t*D>vDRI zdo.wz.uwhM>tyk>qH;wz.w>*JRvdmuGJt
*D>w>[h.ul.td.tgr;vDRI w>*JRvdmuGJwz.w>rRtDRvX[H.'D;vX
uFod ph >h uD;vDRI 'D;w>vdmuGv
J Xzdo.wz.vdmuG0J oJ Mh .td.tgr;vDRI

vHmtHRw>ub.ymtDRvXvHm&d'X;wz.tylRvDRI w>wb.uGJ;b.
tX'D;rR[;*DRtDRb.I w>ub.uwDRtDR'fo;d cgqlngw>oltRD uoh
vXqXuwD>z;,HmtylRvDRI

Teaching Sureh

Drum Publication Group


P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000
Thailand
htoo@loxinfo.co.th

November 2002

ii
zdo.zdw*R

bJ&J.wJ0J< ?exH.w>zdo.w*RM.{gI t0Jrh>,yk>pl.&J.vDRI


t0JuJw>rRpXRvX,*D>’d.r;vDRI/
vH&.J wJ0<J ?uJw>rRpXRvXe*D>I t0JwzsgvXtrRpXReRohb.I
t0JqH;uJmqd;vDRI/
bJ&J.wJ0J< ?t0J’k;ul’k;od;,RvDRI/
?w>rEkRvJ.I etJ.’d;wJvXe’k;ul’k;od;tDRM.{gI/
?wrh>b.I t0J[.h ,Rw>ulw>od;vDRI t0JyRO M>,Rw>ulw>
od;wz.tHRvDRI/
?,wemb./
?ysJ,wJb.eRwuh>I t0Jrh>ydmcGgzdz;’d.w*RvX-uX;’D;teH.
’.0Jwrh>{gI/

1
vH&J.wJ0J< ?rh>< t0J’d.upD’DvDRI/
bJ&J.wJ0J< ?t0Jto;ck’D;uwdRw>oh*hRr;wrh>{gI/
?wbsDwcD.,rk>v>vXt0Jutd.ywkmuwdRw>vDRI t0JoH
uG>0J< b.rEkR< b.rEkR< b.rEkR xDbdvDRI/
bJ&.J wJ0<J ?t0J[;l *JRql.’d.r;wrh>{gI t0Jp.H xD.< Ch>xD.’D;
uGHmzsX.xlwz.vDRI/
vH&J.pH;qX0J< ?rh>< t0J[l;*JRql.’d.r;I r[guX.weHRM.t
0JpH.vDRvXoh.cH’D;Ch>pdmuGHm,zsX.xlvDRI/
?rh>< b.q.t0JuGHmu’guhR0Jwrh>{gI/
?rh>< t0JuGHmuhR0JI b.q.t0J’k;ul’k;od;eR’fvJ.M.wJb.
,Rwuh>I/

2
bJ&J.wJzsgxD.tw>wJ

bJ&.J wJ0<J ?cJtRH ,o;eH.td.wqHweH.vDRI zJord gtd.zs.J t


cgM.,o;td.EGHeH.vDRI/ rdrdwJ,R< ?bJ&J.< eb.uG>pXR,R
zdo.tHRvDRI ,tJ.’d;vXt0Ju’d.xD.ySRJ ’D;w>*H>ql.bgql.<
td.ql.td.cs›’;D o;zSv H RD I ,tJ.’d;vXtuwdRw>ub.*hR*hR
vDRI zJttd.,J>eH.tcgM.,tJ.’d;vXt0Jx.D uFu d ohvRD I e
yk>’hr.k ph>uD;rRpXR0Jovh RD I b.q.eRM.eb.rh>ySRvXtrRpXR
,RvDRqDvDRI eoh.ngvX,w>rRtg0JvDRI/
,oh.ngvX,rd>tw>rRtg0JvDRI t0JuJuoH.o&.rk.vX
zdo.td.wql.t*D>vDRI t0Jb.rRw>vXw>qg[H.’D;t0J
b.rRw>pJRcHzJ[gcDtqXuwD>vDRI

3
wbDswcD.,uvdmuG’J ;D zdo.t*D>,w>qXuwD>wtd.b.I
b.q.wvd.b.I rdrw d 0J <J ?t0Jr>h eyk>’D;evdmuG’J ;D tDRohvRD I
eurh>ySRvXtrRpXR,RvDRqD’;D zJzo d .rRw>t&h’.d ohvw H cg
M.,u[h.eRw>[h.vDRI zJt0JrRvd*JRxX.qh.eDRM.,u
[h.eRzsD.cHzk.cD.vDRI zJt0J[;vdtcgM.,u[h.eRcD.zH;
vDRI zJt0JrRvduwdRw>tcgM.,u[h.eRqhuRvDRI zJt0J
p;xD.*H>’G;w>M.,u[h.eRw>[h.vDRqDM.vDRI/

4
,wJ<?b.q.< rdrw d vd.eb.[h.,Rw>b.I ,tJ.’d;vdm
uGJ’D;zdo.vDRI b.q.,woh.ngzdo.vdmuGJ’fvJ.b.I/
rdrw
d 0J <J ?,urRpXReR< ,uwJeRw>vXeb.rRwz.I zJerR
vdxlzsX.xlM.eoh.eD.‘H;{gI/
?rh>< ,oh.eD.I/
?w>vXeb.rRvdcv J Xmeoh.eD.’H;{gI eub.xlzsX.xl’;D qSX
zsX.xl’v f .J I euG>ydmcGgzdt*Rwz.M.eoh.eD.’H;{gI erR’H;t
0Joh.rR’D;eusJ;pX;’D;usJ;pX;vDRI/
?rh>/

5
rdrdwJ0J<?pl.&J.M.vDR*m’D;t0JM.wpJ;vDRI t0Jb.rRvdw>
td.tgr;vDRI t0Jub.rRvdol trd>yS> M.vDRI t0Jb.rRvd
oltpk’D;tcD.< tpkng’D;tcD.ngvDRI t0Jb.rR[l;to;
vXt’d.’ftrh>qh.eDR’D;[;vDRI t0Jb.rRvdrR[l;w>vXt
qH;’ftrh>zD.Cmw>< zD.w>’D;’d;xD.tcD.zH;vDRI t0Jb.rRvd
oltrJmcsHwz.< te>< tw>vh.uG>’D;tw>eXuG>wz.vDRI
t0Jb.rRvdoluG> tph. wz.vDRI/
,wJ<?t0Jb.rRvdw>td.tgr;vDRI/

6
rdrdwJ0J<?t0JM.wvXm’H;b.I t0Jb.qdurd.vdto;w>
vDRI t0Jub.olvu d smd vDRI t0Jb.rRvduwdRw>’D;’due.
w>vDRI t0Jb.rRvdvHmzsX.wz.’D;ymzSd.uhRvHmzsX.wz.
vDRI t0Jb.rRvdoHuG>w>ph>uD;vDRI/
,oHuG><?t0JrRvd0JcJvXmoh{gI/
,rdwJ0J< ?oh< erh>rRpXRtDR’D;y0Jud;*Rrh>rRpXRtDRM.t0JrR
vd0JohcJvXmvDRI/
,wJ<?rh>< ,urRpXRtDR'D;eurRpXR,RvDRI ySRvXtrRpXR
,Rtd.w*R*R’H;{gI/

7
,rdwJ0J<?zdo.t*Rwz.rRpXReRohvDRI t0Joh.vdmuGJw>
vdmuGJ’D;zdo.ohvDRI t0Joh.uwdRw>’D;tDRohvDRI eyk>’hrk.
rRpXReRohvRD I ySRqgw>zdrRpXReRohvRD I w>vXtwtJ.’d;0J
vXRb.M.t0Joh.[h.eRohtgr;vDRI exXzSd.CmtDRvXzd
o.uvdmuGJ0Jt*D>oh0JvDRI uFdph>uD;rRpXR0JohvDRI t0Joh.
od.vdeRvXeuwhw>*JRvdmuGJ< w>vdmuGJ’D;vHmvXzdo.u
vdmuG0J tJ *D>vDRI w>vdmuGw
J z.tHRwvXmphewD bh.b.I/t
0JtRH rh>,p;xD.rRvdM>w>vX,uvdmuG’J ;D pl.&J.’fv.J M.vDRI

8
zJpl.&J.qH;qH;zdtcg

zJp.l &J.qH;’H;tcgM.t0Jtgwuh>rH0t J gvDRI zJt0JyX>xD.tcg


t0J[.D 0JvRD I ‘D;t0JtED >k vDRI rdrwd 0J <J ?yub.’k;tDzod .vX
rd>Ek>xHvDRI w>Ek>xHurl.M.w*hRvXzdo.t*D>b.I/
t0JtD0J’D;uvHRoD.vXtudm,l>vDRI t0JqH.qg’D;rH0JvDRI
,wJ<?zdo.M.wvdmuGb J .I/
rdrw
d 0J <J ?evdmuG’J ;D zdo.ohvRD I pdmxD.tDR< zD.CmtDR< rR[l;
tDR< o;0H.M>tw>I t0Jb.ol.b.o;0JvDRI/
t0Jb.ol.b.o;0JI t0Jw[D.b.I t0JrH0JvDRI

9
pSREGH0HRtvD>cH,xH.vXpl.&J.uG>w>vXt[l;t*JRM.vDRI
weHRM.,zD.xD.zDt*DRwzd;vX,pktvdRvDRI ,ok;zDtRH vX
pl.&J.trJmngu,Du,DM.vDRI t0JuG>zDtHRxDbdvDRI t0J
b.o;0JvRD I w,Hmb.’D;t0JeRH urSx H .D 0JvRD I ,rd>eHR’D;tDR’D;
t0JeHR’D;,rd>ph>uD;vDRI t0JeHR’D;t0J>rk.’D;t0JeHR’D;,RvDRI
,rdvdmuGJw>vdmuGJ’D;tDRvDRI ,rdu;bXtrJm’D;w>uH;n.
vDRI t0Jxk;uGHmw>uH;n.vXt,HR’D;eHRurSH’D;pl.&J.vDRI t
0JeRH urSq
H X0JvRD I rdryd mclo.l trJmtoDwbst D 0Jx;k uGmH w>uH;
nm’D;eHR0J’D;pl.&J.vDRI t0JeHR’D;rRoD.tuvk>vXto;zSH0J
vDRI rdrdwJ,R<?rRuG>tDR< ,rRuG>M.pl.&J.eHR0JvDRI t0JM.
rh>0JtcD.xH;wbsDvX,vdmuGJ’D;tDRvDRI/

10
weHRM.,rd>qXxX.zJpl.&J.tvD>cH’D;’JtpkvDRI pl.&J.ok;
to;vDRI ,oHuG><?rdrd< b.rEkRerR’fM.vJ.I/
rdrw
d , J R<? ,tJ.’d;oh.ngrh>te>[lw>vH{gvDRI zdo.pSR*R
we>[lw>*hR*hRb.I t0Jo.h rh>we>[lw>*hR*hRM.yub.vJR
pdmtDRqluoH.o&.z;‘d.ttd.vDRI pl.&J.e>[lw>*hR*hRvDRI/
pl.&J.b.o;w>oD.tuvkmuvkmvDRI t0Jb.o;0JvX,
uuwdRw>’D;tDR’D;o;0H.M>tw>vDRI weHRM.,[H;M>w>’X
vD>vHRvXttd.’D;tcd.zsD.M.vDRI ,zXEkmyxd;csHqlw>’Xt
ylR’D;rRoD.tDRvDRI w>csw
H z.oD.0JvRD I pl.&J.eHRurS’H ;D eHRurSH
0JvDRI t0JM.rh>0Jw>vdmuGJtcD.xH;wcgvX,whM>tDRvDRI

vXoXvg0HRtvD>cHM.pl.&J.p;xD.,lmxD.tpk’D;zD.w>vDRI
t0JzD.w>vXtxH.0Jwz.cJvXmvDRI rdrdwJ0J< ?rRtgxD.M>
tDRw>vdmuGJwz.rD.I/
11
,rRw>vXt0JuuG>0Jt*D>vXw>ud;tDRvX w>bs;vDRpJR
vDRI ,w>bs;vDRpJRM.td.zsgvDR*m’ftHRvDRI

,rRtDRvXoh.cHuh’D;ysHRweDRvDRI tqduwX>M.,cJ.oh.cH
uhM.tvGJ>vDRI 0HR’D;,pX’D.wJmtDRvDRI ‘D;,CkM>w>vX,
upXvDRvXoh.uh0MJ .tvdRvDRI pl.&J.uG>w>0JtRH xDbvd RD I
t0JeHRurSH’D;eHR0JvDRI
,td.’D;w>qdurd.t*RwcgvDRI ,vJRql,oud;ttd.vX
us;tylR’D;,rXtrRpXR,RvDRI t0J[h.,RyvDtcd.zsD.w
z.< yv;pwh;yvD’;D vk.cl.tCHvXvk.vXmuGmH wz.vDRI ,
pXxD.tDRvXvk.tvdR’D;pXvDRpJRtDRzJpl.&J.rHeDRtvD>vDRI
pl.&J.zD.uG>ysHR‘D;eHR0JvDRI
12
pl.&J.wtd.vXtpkmylRtgtgb.I ,rd>’D;,rk>*>nDE>k yktRD vX
tcsXvDRI ySRyktRD M.rkmb.tDRvDRI t0Jt.J ’d;td.bl;’D;ySRvDRI
t0JtJ.’d;vXyuuwdRw>’D;o;0H.M>tw>vDRI yvdmuGJw>
o;0H.vdmuGC J mk ’D;tpkr>k ’D;tcD.rk>vDRI ,o;0H.M>tDR< ?qDzd
wbh.< qDzcd bH .h < qDzo
d Xbh.====/t0JeRH 0J’;D eHR0JvRD I t0J
tJ.’d;0JvX,y>uzD.CmtDR’D;uGHmxD.tDRvXuvHRusgvDRI

wbswD cD.,ymvDRtDRvXcs.D zDc.d vDRI ,ymvDRtDRvX[H.ylR


rhwrh> [H.csXzJw>u’ktvD>I vXtylRzsJ;’D;wX>’D;o.bkvgw
z.vDRI wbsDwcD.yymusX>cd.vDRvmtDRvDRI t0Jxlwusm
w>< rR[l;tpk’D;tcD.vDRI t0JeHRurSH’D;eHR0JvDRI
13
zJp.l &J.td.,J>vgtcgM.rdrwd 0J <J ? w,Hmb.’D;t0JutJ.’d;
qh.eDR0JvDRI/ rdrd’k;eJ.,RvX,ub.zD.tDR’fvJ.’fod;t
qh.eDR0JuM>t*D>vDRI t0Jb.o;0JvDRI ud;eHR’J;t0JtJ.‘d;0J
vX,uvdmuGJ’D;tDRM.vDRI ud;eHR’J;t0Jvd.b.w>rRpXRpSR
vDR0JvDRI zJt0JusJ;pX;rRuG>0JwbsDv>v>M.,wJ<?pl.&J.<
*hR’d.r;vDRI/
‘DweHRM.t0Jqh.eDR’.tw>ohvDRI t0JeHRurSH’D;eHR0JvDRI
t0JzsgvXtwJ0J<?bJ&J.< uG>< ,rRvdM>w>qh.eDRvHvDRI/
,wJ< ?rdrd< uG>< pl.&J.qh.eDRohvHI/
rdrdwJ0J<?t0Jqh.eDRohvHI okcH*RtHRokzFJ;’d.r;vDRI/

vXcHw*DRw>bd.td.vX,vD>rHzDcd.wcgvDRI vXtylRM.rh>0J
zsD.cHc.D zk.vX,rd>tX.vDRwh>,RvDRI t0JM.rh>0J’.pl.&J.p;
xD.’k;ul’k;od;,RvDRI
14
pl.&J.rRvd[;0J

t0JtHRrh>,rRM>cD.zH;wpl.’fvJ.vDRI rh>cD.zH;vXtusXRvDRI
zJ,’d;tDRtcgM.,Ch>M>cs›cs›vDRI ,wJvDR,eD>upXfto;<
?weHRM.pl.&J.uCh>csc› s’› o
f ;d ,Rtod;vDRI b.q.wcsK;vX
t0JCh>’H;b.M.t0Jb.[;0JvDRI wcsK;vXt0J[;’H;b.M.
t0Jb.qXxX.0JvRD I wcsK;vXt0JqXxX.’H;b.M.t0Jb.
pGg0JvDRI/
,rdwJ,R<?zJpl.&J.[;ohtcgM.,u[h.eRcD.zH;wpl.vDRI
t0Jv.d b.w>rRpXRtgr;vXt0Ju[;0Jt*D>vDRI b.q.w
b.o;yhReD.uwdRw>’D;tDR’D;rRpXRtDRvXtuuwdRw>w
*hRI wb.o;yhReD.vXt0Jb.rRvdw>td.tgr;w*hRI evdmuGJ
’D;tDRrh>tgM.t0JurRvdM>w>tgvDRI/

15
,uG>pl.&J.vDRI t0JtcD.bD.’D;t*H>ql.0JvDRI ,qdurd.<
?zdo.zdw*RtHRw,Hmb.M.urRM>,RcD.zH;toDwpl.vDRI/
,rdxH.,RvX,uG>t0JtcD.’hvDRI t0JwJ0J<?b.C;’D;t
pk’rh .D I/
,wJ<?tpkM.wvd.[;0Jb.I/ rdrdwJ0J<?tpkb.[;0JoX.I
t0Jvd.b.tpkvXurRpXRtDR’fod;zJt[;tcgt0JxX.vDR
to;uM>t*D>vDRI zJt0J[;vdtcgM.t0Jb.w,>xD.t
pkM.vDRI/
,oHuG><?xX.vDRto;/ M.rh>rEkRvJ.I
rdrw
d , J R<?w>xX.vDRo;M.rRywkmeR'fo;eokwvDRCHRt*D>
vDRI vDR*m’fod;zJe’d;vh.,D>tcgvDRI t0JM.rh>0Jw>xX.vDR
o;M>M.vDRI/ rdrdqXxX.vXw>’Xx;tcd.xk;xD.uGHmtcD.
wcD’;D wJ0<J ?uG>,Rwuh>I t0JtRH rh>w>xX.vDRo;M>M.vDRI/

16
,[h.pl.&J.w>zdw>vHRwz.vXu*JRvd0’J ;D tpkt*D>vDRI ,
xH.M>w>’Xx;tvD>vHRwzsX.’D;eD.wXRvD>vHRcHb.h vDRI pl.
&J.tJ.’d;wD>vdmuGJx;’XCkm’D;eD.wXRvDRI wD>0JoD. ‘h< ‘h< ‘h
‘D;,[H;M>eD.wXR’D;wD>tDR’fod;ySR’d’XvGJtod;vDRI oD.0J ‘h<
‘J< ‘h< ‘JvDRI
?pl.&J.< w>0JtHRM.rh>0Jw>’d’XvDRI etJ.’d;uJxD.ySR’d’XvX
t*hRw*R{gI/ pl.&J.pH;qX,w>oHu>G wohb.I b.q.,oH
uG>tDRw>oHuG>tgr;vDRI rdrdwJ0J<?uwdRw>’D;tDRvDR*m’D;
ySReD>’d.wuh>I/ tCd,wnDE>k uwdRw>vXzdo.tusdmb.I

17
pl.&J.tJ.’d;zD.w>vXtpkM.vDRI wbsDwcD.t0JwD>w>vX
zk’gzDcd.vDRI weHRM.,vJRqlySRwhbSDw>zdttd.vDRI ,rRM>
oh.weDRvXySRwhbSDw>zdwol0JvXRb.M.vDRI t0Jud;0JvX
oh.ulmvmvDRI ,rRbs›tDR’fod;pl.&J.rh>vdmuGJtDRM.ok
wb.’dw*hRt*D>vDRI ,[h.vDRoh.ulmvmtHRqlp.l &J.vDRI
t0Jw>D vdmuG0J v
J Xzk’gzDc.d vDRI ,’k;eJ.tDRvXub.zXEkmoh.
ulmvmvXw>’XtylRvDRI w,Hmb.’D;t0JrR’.tw>ohvRD I
t0JzXEkmoh.ulmvmvXx;’XtylR’D;[H;xD.uhR0JvRD I t0JrR
0J’ftHRtgbsDvDRI ,qdurd.vXwrkmb.,Rtgtgb.I b.
q.pl.&J.b.o;0JvRD I

18
,b.rRpXRpl.&J.’fod;pGg0Juoht*D>vDRI t0JtHRrh>w>vX
,rRM.vDRI ,ymtDRvXcsD.zDcd.’D;,ymeD.wXR’D;w>’XvX
bl;’D;tDRM.vDRI t0J,lmxD.tpkb.q.t0JzD.0JwwkRb.I
t0Jb.ok;to;M.vDRI t0Jus;J pX;0Jtgbsv D RD I zJt0Jus;J pX;0J
tgbsD0HRtvD>cHM.t0Jok;to;vDRI ‘D;,ok;,HRuGHm’D;tDRw
pJ;M.vDRI zJt0J[JzD.0JwkRvHM.,ok;,HRuGHm,HR’D;tDRu’D;
M.vDRI yvdmuGJw>*JRvdmuGJtHRweHR0HRweHRM.vDRI pl.&J.pGg
0JxDbd’D;td.ywkmuGHm0JvDRI t0Jtd.zsgvXtuwJ0J< ?rh>0HR
,ub.ok;,pk rhwrh> ,cD.vDRI/
vXpSREGHylRuGHmtvD>cHM.t0Jok;tpk’D;tcD.wbsDCDvDRI t0J
ok;to;’ftHR<?tpkph.< tcD.ph.< tpkxGJ< tcD.xGJ/ t0Jw
b.td.ywkm’D;qdurd.0JvXRb.I

19
weHRM.pl.&J.zD.xD.pD>eDRcd.tcD.’D;xk;xD.to;vDRI t0JrR
ohvH< qXxX.vXtcD.cHcDvHI ,wJ<?pl.&J.< *hR’d.r;vDRI cJ
tHRerh>ySReD>’d.vHvRD I ewrh>q.zdu>D zdvXttd.’D;tcD.vG>H cD
vXRb.I/ zJ,wJ’t f RH M.< pl.&J.xGt
J cD.’D;t0JvRD qJ;xlcu
H Rh
oD.0J?wlm/ vDRI
vXcHweHRt0JrR0Ju’D;< ‘D;vXcHweHRph>uD; rR0JvRD I t0Jz.D Cm
w>’D;qXxX.0JM>,HmxD.‘D;,HmxD.vDRI

20
0HR’D;,rRpXRpl.&J.vXuqXxX.vXtup>’.0JM.vDRI ,rR
tDR’ftRH vDRI tqd,[h.vDR,pkccH v D XuzD.0Jt*D>’D;qXxX.
0JvRD I tgbs0D RH tvD>cH,[h.tDR,pkxw J cDM.vDRI t0JvRD qh.
eDRuhRvXtcHwbsDwcD.< b.q.t0JvDRqh.eDRtbsDpSRvDR0J
vDRI weHRM.t0JvJRwvXuGHm,pk’D;qXxX.’.0JM.vDRI
?[h< pl.&J.I cJtHReqXxX.’.ew>ohvHI zJ,wJ’ftHR0HRtcg
t0JvRD qh.eDRuhRoD. wlm vDRI/ ,wJ< ?rdr<d tcD.wqS.d *hR*hR
’H;b./ rdrw d 0J <J ?tcD.wb.w>eDwrHRb.I rh>t0JxX.vDRt
o;vDRI t0JurRvdxX.vDRto;vDRI/
,oHu>G <?b.q.t0Jb.rRvdxx JG .D tcD.wyRvXt0JwyR
trJmngwrh>{gI/
rdrw
d 0J <J ?td< rh>vDR/ pl.&J.uwDRto;vXu[;vHI rRpXRtDR
wuh>I

21
,zD.tpkcHcD’D;rRpXRtDRvXucgtcD.ql,td.vDRI yrR’ftHR
tgbsvD RD I wbsw
D cD.,ys>vDRuGmH ,pk’;D t0JvRD CHR0JvRD I b.
q.t0J*JRqXxX.’D;usJ;pX;u’D;0JtoDwbsDvDRI t0Jto;’l
wbDI
weHRM.t0J*RJ qXxX.’.0J’;D xGt J cD.wcgvDRI tg< t0Jxu JG ’D;
0JwcgvDRI rdrdwJ0J<?ydmcGgzd{Xw>wl>vdmrkmeRqlySR[D.cd.zdt
’l.txXtylRvDRI/ zJrrd w d 0J RH tcgM.pl.&J.vDRqh.eDRuhRoD.
wlm vDRI vXcHweHRrdr[ d uJ Rh ql[.H Ckm’D;cD.zH;toDwpl.vDRI
wrh>vXySR[;ohoDw*Rt*D>b.I rh>vX,*D>vDRI

22
pl.&J.rRvduwdRw>

tqduwX>M.pl.&J.[;’.wcgrhwrh>cHcgM.vDRI ‘D;t0JvDR
qh.eDRuhRvXtcHu>d oD.0J wlm t0Jp;xD.[;’D;wvDRCHRvXR
b.I w,Hmb.’D;t0J[;ohcsc› sv › RD I ‘D;t0Jp;xD.Ch>0JvRD I t0J
Ch>vXw>vD>ud;wDR’J;vDRI t0JCh>vX[H.ylR’D;[H.csXvDRI t
0JCh.0;w&H;[H.M.vDRI t0JrRoh.z;w>cJvXmvDRI weHRM.
t0JrRoh.z;xHc;G < cG;’D;oyXRvDRI rh>vXt0JrR’ftRH tCdyud;
tDRvX pl.&J.rR[;*DR vDRI

,rd>eHRb.rHRvXy[h.tDRvDRI t0JwJ0J<?eub.yvD>eo;
vX pl.&J.rR[;*DR vDRI eub.uG>[k.tDRxDbdvDRI t0Ju
vJRxD.qluszJ cD .d vDRI t0JuCh>qlr.h tlt.d ’D;rh.tlutD.tDR
vDRI t0Ju[H;xD.w>tuvkmuvkm’D;zXEkm0Jqt l udmylRvDRI
eub.rRM>tDRw>vdmuGJwz.vXt0JuvdmuGJ0Jt*D>vDRI/
23
,rRM>w>vdmuGJtgr;vXpl.&J.t*D>vDRI ,rRM>tDReD.usHR
vXt0JuqD.0Jt*D>vDRI ,rRM>tDRzsX.xlvXwuGx H .l tvkR
vDRI ,rRM>tDRodvh.z;’d.vXuxk;0Jt*D>vDRI
‘D;,vJRqlySRq;w>zdttd.’D;ChM>w>uH;n.tuhvXtw
ol0JvXRwz.vDRI t0J[h.,Rtuht’d.weDR’D;tqH;weDR
vDRI
,oud;eD>zdoq l ;0Jx.HG zdvXpl.&J.t*D>vDRI t0Jq;0JztJ rRvd
q;w>zJuFdtcgvDRI w>uH;n.vXt’d.wuhM.t0Jq;0JvX
w>csXvDRI w>uH;n.tqH;wz.M.t0JzXEkm0JvXtudmylR
vDRI rh>0Jx.HG vXtol’;D t0gM.vDRI pl.&J.tJ.txG.H ’D;uhRpdm
0JqltvD>rHylRud;eHR’J;vDRI t0JzD.Cm0J’D;uwdRw>’D;tDRvDRI
wbsDwcD.t0JtD.uG>0JvDRI ,wJtDR<?ywtD.xGH.b.I/

24
,wJb.vH&J.<?wbsDwcD.,qdurd.vXpl.&J.uuJxD.ySR
bSw
D >zdzt
J ’d.xD.tcgvDRI t0JuvDR*m’D;ySRbSw D >zdzyJ o0DyRl
vDRI t0JbSDxD.[H.z;’d.vXtylRuGHmwEGHvDRI t0JbSDxD.0Jcs›
o’H;’D;tw>vDRyS>D uGmH 0JvRD I pl.&J.vDR*m’D;tDRvDRI t0JbxDS .D
w>xDbdvDRI/
,vJRql,oud;ySRwhbw DS >ttd.’D;t0J[.h ,Roh.ulmvmtg
xD.vDRI ,vJRql,oud;ySRqgw>zd’D;t0J[h.,RwvgvX
ttd.uvDwz.vDRI pl.&J.ymxD.0JwzsX.0HRwzsX.vDRI b.
q.vDRwJmuGmH xDbv d RD I

,rdw0J <J ?t0JrRvdot


l pkvRD I t0JusJ;pX;ymusXRoh.uhwz.
vDRI t0JusJ;pX;yvX>uG>uh>*DRvXtvDRqDwz.vDRI/
25
zJpl.&J.wJw>uwdRtcD.xH;eD>eD>wzsX.M.,woh.ngb.I
t0JuwdRw>tgr;< b.q.tw>uwdRtd.’.0JvDRI ,we>
yX>tDRb.I ‘D;t0Jp;xD.wJw>uwdR’ftrh> ?rdrd’D;ygyg/ vDRI
‘D;weHRM.t0JwJ0J<?pDpD/ ‘D;t0JeHRb.,RvDRI ,o;ck’d.
r;vDRI ,wJtDR<?,uod.vdeRvXeub.uwdRw>vDRI
,uod.vdeRvXeuuwdRw>xDbdvDR*m’D;,o&.vDRI/
tCd,od.vdpl.&J.vXuuwdRw>vDRI ,’k;eJ.tDRw>wz.
vDRI ,wJ<?odvh.z;’d.td.vXM.< usD>td.vXM.< xGH.td.
vXM.I/ ,o;0H.w>’D;vdmuGJw>vdmuGJ’D;tDRvDRI ,o;0H.<
?zJyys>yrJmyrR’ftHR< zJy’JypkyrR’ftHR/vDRI pl.&J.rRuG>w>
wz.tHRvDRI t0JusJ;pX;uG>0JtgbsDvDRI

26
,ymclol.w>zdw>vHRzJt0JCk0Jb.nDu’.M.vDRI ,wJ<
?zsX.xltd.zJvJ.I/ pl.&J.xH.uhRtDRcs›o’H;vDRI zJt0JxH.
uhRw>zdw>vHRtcgM.,o;ckCkm’D;tDR’D;,wJw>zdw>vHR0J
M.trHRtgbsv D RD I pl.&J.<?zsX.xlt.d vXM.exH.zsX.xlv{H gI
erh>ydmcGgzdvXtzF;J vDRI/ pl.&J.wJ0<J ?zsX.xl< zsX.xl< zsX.xl/
vXtuvk>z;’d.vDRI t0Jb.o;w>vdmuGJtHRvDRI ,vdmuGJ
pXRtDRbsJb.,RvHI

rdrw
d MJ >pl.&J.w>wJzwd z.vDRI rdrwd bJ .tDRw>wJzwd z.b.
C;w>uwdRzsX.vXtoh.ng0Jwz.vDRI rdrw d b
J .tDRb.C;
odvh.wz.’D;usD>wz.t*h>vDRI rdrdwJtDRb.C;,R’D;b.
C; ’D;y’Dyk>0J>rk.vDRI rdrdwJw>’D;tDRxDbdvDRI
27
,rRM>vHmwbh.vXpl.&J.t*D>zJuFdvDRI ,rRtDRvXp;cdwD.
tvD>vHRM.vDRI ySRqgw>zd[h.vDR,RM.vDRI ,wHmM>w>
*DRvXvHmw>upD.tylRvDRI odvh.wz.< [H.’D;zdo.wz.
t*DRtd.0JvDRI ,rRM>w>pJvXEGJ.oh.turl.’D;xHM.vDRI
,us;vDRw>*DRwz.vXp;cdwD.tzDcd.’D;pXwHmCmtDRvXysHR
’ftHRM.vDRI

,’k;eJ.,vHmtHRqlpl.&J.M.vDRI ,eJ.qlw>*DR’D;wJb.tDR
w>wJwz.vDRI w,Hmb.‘D;pl.&J.oh.ngw>*DRwz.cJvXm
vDRI t0Jw0J <J ?odv.h < [H.< us>D < y>/ ydmcGgud;*R’J;M.t0Ju;d
0JvXy>vDRI
28
pl.&J.rRvdM>w>uwdRvXyusdm’.0Jtgr;vDRI ud;eHR’J;M.zsg
vXt0JrRM>0JtoDwzsX.vDRI weHRzJpl.&J.to;ySJRxD.cHeH.
M.t0Jp;xD.ymzS.d w>uwdRwz.wylRCDvRD I t0Jw0J <J ?eJr.J
[JzvJ .J /
,wJb.rdrd<?t0JuwdRw>vHI t0JwwJw>uwdRxJwzsX.
b.I t0Jolw>uwdR’DusdRvDRI/ rdrdwJ0J<?rh>< t0JwJw>vHI
qXuwD>b.vXeurRM>eqhuRzdtoDwbh.vDRI/

29
pl.&J.rRvd*H>'G;w>

rdrdwJ0J<?*hRvHbJ&J.< eyk>’hcGgpl.&J.uwdRw>vHI qlrJmngt0J


ub.*H>’G;w>vDRI/
?eD.*H>M./ ,oHuG><?etJ.’d;wJ 1< 2< 3< 4< M./
?rh>/ pl.&J.ub.*H>0JwXwkRvXwqHvDRI ,wJ<?td< t0J
ub.vJRrRw>0JM.vXuFdvDRI/ ?wvd.b.I eod.vdtDRoh
vDRI zJpl.&J.*H>’G;w>ohvHM.,u[h.eRw>t*hRweDRvDRI/
,oHuG>w>vXtb.wz.vDRI rdrdwJ0J<?euxH.b.vDRI
,qdurd.< td< wrh>b.I ,rRwohb.I w>0JtRH u,Hm’d.r;
vDRI pl.&J.*H>w>uohtqXuwD>zJvJ.I/ t0Jtd.zsgvXtzFJ;
b.,R’d.r;vDRI cJtHRt0Jtd.zsgvXtwoh.ng0JtgtgvXR
b.I teg’hth.vDR‘.vJmwoh.ng0Jb.I

30
wu;b.pl.&J.tJ.’d;vdmuGv J XuyHmusgvDR*m’D;xd;tod;vDRI
,wyst J RD vXtuvdmuGv J XuyHmusgb.I uyHmrRb.tXtDR
vDR*m’D;xd;tod;vDRI weHRM.rdrx d .H tDRvXtpGgvXuyHmusg
vDRI rdrw
d pdmxD.uGmH tDRb.I rdr[ d .h tDRw>’XvXtuvD’;D eD.
wXRvXtvD>vHRvDRI pl.&J.bsX.xD.rJ;vXeD.wXR’D;zXEkm0J’.
qlx;’XtylRvDRI rdrdvluGHmtw>vDRI pl.&J.zXEkmu’D;0JvDRI
,vJRvdmuGC J mk ’D;t0Jo.h ’D;zXEkmuyHmvXw>’XtylRph>uD;vDRI
‘D;,ymcd.vDRvmw>’XvDRI zJ,xk;xD.w>’XtcgM.tuh>
t*DRvDR*m’D;ud.ch;u0DRvDRI pl.&J.wD>vDRySD>uGHmuyHmud.ch;
Ckm’D;eD.wXR< b.q.,rRud.ch;toDwcgvDRI

31
rdrw
d 0J <J ?ySRJ tHRb.vH< pl.&J./ rdrpd md xD.tDR’D;’k;vk>tDRxHvRD I
rdrdwJ0J<?pl.&J.vdmuGJvXuyHmusgrh>0HRw>rh>rRuqSDtDRwbsD
CDM.t0JvdmuGJvXuyHmusgohvDRI/
,rRM>tDRud.ch;uyHmwz.tgr;vDRI weHRM.,yk>’hr.k usJu
yHmwz.*hR*hR’D;wh0JcG;qH;qH;wzsX.vDRI t0JvdCh0JvXrk>ud>
usg’D;udR0J’d.r;vDRI

,wJpl.&J.<?exH.{g< euvdmuGJvXuyHmusgvDR*m’D;xd;t
vD>M.evdmuGv J RD *m’D;ySRwhoyXRoh0v
J RD I/ pl.&J.rRtuvk>
vDReHR’fx;d tod;vDRI t0JM.rh>epH;qX,w>oHu>G {gI b.oh.
oh.t0Je>yX>w>vX,wJtRD vDRI t0Je>yX>w>uwdRtgr;vDRI
zJyoHu>G tDRw>tcgM.t0Jp;H qX0JvX rh> rhwrh> wrh>vDRI b.
q.t0Jwoh.ngeD.*H>eDwzsX.b.I
32
yuwdRw>’D;pl.&J.tgtgvDRI zJrrd ’d ;k vk>tDRxHM.rdrw
d b
J .tDR
trd>yS>uh>*DRwz.trHRvDRI tCdt0JrRvdM>w>uwdRwz.
tHRvDRI zJ,’hr.k yktRD vXtcsXtcgM.±l;M>tDRxgwz.vDRI ,
eJ.qlr>k ’D;vg’D;wJb.tDRtrHRvDRI w,Hmb.’D;t0Je.J qlr>k ’D;
vg’D;ud;0JtrHRvDRI
zJ,td.’D;rJ;tChvXxHpRJ wzsX.tcgM.pl.&J.zXEkmrJ;vXw>’X
wzsX.’D;t0Jvv l RD rJ;M.qlw>’Xt*RwzsX.vDRI ‘D;t0Jvv l RD
u’D;0Jqw l >’Xt*RwzsX.vDRI zJ,[h.u’D;tDRxHvXxHpRJ w
zsX.M.t0JrR0J‘Mf .vDRI t0JrRySRJ w>’XwzsX.’D;vlvRD uhR0Jql
w>’Xt*RwzsX.vDRI rh>ySRvXtvDReHRvDRI
rdrdwJ0J<?pl.&J.rRvdw>tgr;zJt0JrRw>tHRvDRI/ rdrdph>uD;
vDReHRvDRI

33
pl.&J.to;td.oXeH.vHI t0Jt.J ’d;vX,uvdmuG’J ;D tDRxDbd
vDRI zJ,wvdmuGJtcgM.t0J[D.0JvDRI ,o;td.teH.wqH
vDRI ,tJ.’d;vdmuGJ’D;ydmcGgzdt*RvXto;xJod;’D;,RvDRI
b.rEkR,’hr.k zdwvdmuG’J ;D t0Jv.J I rdrw
d 0J <J ?,zdcgG bJ&.J {X<
vdmuGJ‘D;pl.&J.wuh>I zJto;xJtHRtcgM.t0JrRvdM>w>tg
r;vDRI/
,’hrk.wJ0J<?w>rEkRvJ.I t0JwxD.uFd’H;b.I/
,oHuG><?,rh>vdmuGJ’D;tDRM.t0JurRvdM>w>’fvJ.I/
rdrdwJ0J<?rh>vXzdo.M.rRvdM>w>cDzsdtvdmuGJtCdvDRI vX
t0Joh.t*D>M.w>vdmuGJrh>w>rRvdvDRI/
,oHu>G vDR,o;<?rh>teD>uD>ph>{gI ,rd>M.rh>uoH.o&.rk.I
t0Jwrh>uFo d &.rk.b.I/

34
,vJRql,o&.rk.ttd.’D;,oHuG>tDR<?yrRvdM>w>vXy
vdmuGJtylRM.rh>teD>uD>ph>{gI/
t0Jw0J <J ?td< rh>vDRI erh>vdmuGw J >vdmuGv
J Xt*hR’ftrh>w>u
wdR’D;eD.*H>w>vdmuGJwz.M.t0Joh.od.vdeRvXeub.
qdurd.w>vDRI vXw>vdmuGJtwDRylRyvdmuGJw>vdmuGJt*hR
wz.wrh>{gI/
,wJ<?rh>< yvdmuGJvDRI b.q.b.C;’D;,’hcGgpl.&J.rD.I
t0Jrh>’.zdo.zdvDRI t0JwrRvdw>eDwwDR’H;b.I t0JrRvd
M>w>vXtvdmuGJtcgoh{gI/
t0Jw0J <J ?tdr>h vDRI e’hcgG qH;M.rRvdM>w>ohtgr;wcsK;t0J[J
rRvd’H;w>vXuFdb.vDRI/

35
vXuFdM.ywhuJxD.w>vXzdo.uvdmuGJ0Jwz.vDRI weHRM.
yrRuJxD.w>*DRwcgvXp;cdwD.tzDcd.vDRI yrRwuGHo.rH
weDRt*DRvDRI ‘D;ywHmwJmp;cdw.D M.qlv>HG uhvRD I ,uhRpdmp;cd
uhwz.ql[.H ’D;ymzS.d uhRtDRwylRCD’;D ’k;uJx.D qlw>*DRvDRI
?pl.&J.==uG>I exH.wuGHo.{gI/ pl.&J.uG>0JvDRI t0JeHR
0JvDRI t0JtD.wuGHo.bJvDRI t0Jxd;uG>w>*DRvDRI ,[H;
xD.p;cduwh z.’D;ymus.J ust
D RD vDRI w>*DRwtd.vXRb.I pl.
&J.uG>,RvDRI ,wJtRD <?wb.ud>w*hRI ,’k;pJb;l uhRw>*DR
ohvDRI/

,’k;pJb;l uhRp;cdw.D wylRCD’;D uJx.D uhRwuGo


H .vDRI pl.&J.
eHRurSH0JvDRI ,ymusJ.usDu’D;c;uhwz.’D;,wJ<?pl.&J.< ‘k;
uJxD.uhRwuGHo.wuh>I/ t0J[H;xD.p;cduhwz.b.q.
t0JxD0JwuJxD.wuGHo.b.I
36
,oHuG>,o&.rk.b.C;w>*h>tHRvDRI t0JwJ0J< ?pl.&J.u
rRw>0JM.t*D>wtd.uwJmuwDRto;’H;b.I tqdM.t0Ju
b.rRvdw>h EkmuG>w>vDRI t0Jb.rRvdx.H uh>*DRwz.vDRI/
,wHmwJmp;cdwD.wz.qlw>u0DR’D;eX.b.vGH>uElRtuh>t
*DRwz.vDRI ,’k;eJ.pl.&J.vXw>u0DRM.wb.vdmto;’D;
eX.b.vGH>uElRClb.I ,’k;eJ.tDRvXeX.b.vGH>uElRClM.
b.vdm'.to;’D;eX.b.vG>H uElRClvRD I ,vJRqlyRS whbw DS >
ttd.u’D;wbsv D RD I ,rRM>tgxD.oh.ulmvmvXtbsw › z.
vDRI ,rRM>ph>uD;oh.ulmvmvXtu0DRwz.vDRI ,oloh.
ulmvmwz.M.’D;whM>pl.&J.w>vdmuGJwz.vDRI ,whusJrk><
wdR’D;[H.vDRI
wbsw D cD.,yspJ .l &J.vdmuGo J .h ulmvm’.tw>vDRI weHRM.y
xH.pl.&J.usJ;pX;zXEkmoh.ulmvmz;’d.ql,cD.zH;tylRvDRI
t0JusJ;pX;0JtgbsDvDRI b.q.oh.ulmvmM.’d.uJmqd;vDRI
pl.&J.woh.ngw>t’d.tvJ>’H;b.I

37
,zD.xD.oh.ul;vm’D;,wJtDR ?’d./ ‘D;,[H;xD.cD.zH;’D;
,wJtDR ?qH;/
,rdw, J R<?bJ&.J {X< *hR’d.r;vDRI pl.&J.ub.wJw>uwdR ’d.
‘D; qH; vDRI b.q.t0Jb.oh.ngvHmzsX.tHRtcDynDph>uD;
vDRI/ rdrdwJ0J<?rRM>wvgvXpl.&J.t*D>tgtg’D;vdmuGJ,kR
tDRwuh>I/ tCd,rRM>rh.uGH;t’Xwz.tgr;< pHu&J;t’X
wz.’D;w>‘XtuvkmuvkmvDRI pl.&J.zXEkmw>’XvXw>’Xw
z.tylRvDRI zXEkm0Jw>’XtqH;wz.qlw>’X’d.tylRvDRI t0J
p;xD.rRvdM>w>zJtxH.w>wcg’d.M> rhwrh> qH;M>w>t*R
wz.vDRI
t0Jp;xD.rRvdw>zJw>wcg}wD>qlt*RwcgtylRvDRI t0JrR
vdM>ph>uD;w>vXw>wcgM.}wD>w>xJvJ.vDRI t0Jp;xD.qd
urd.b.C;w>wz.vDRI

38
y0Ju;d *Ryod.vdp.l &J.vXu*H>u’G;w>vDRI yusJ;pX;rRuG>usJ
vXyoh.ngwz.cJvXmvDRI ,olo.h ulmvmwz.vDRI ,xX
xD.wcg’D;wJ ?wX/’D;,ymuGHmvXw>uyRvDRI ,xXxD.t
oDwcg’D;wJ ?cH/ ‘D;ymuGHmvXwXwcgtuyRvDRI ,rR’ftHR
wkRvX,J>vDRI
,’hr.k o;0H.M>tDRw>*H>w>’G;w>o;0H.vDRI t0Jo;0H.0JtgbsD
vDRI pl.&J.o;0H.w>o;0H.b.wpJ;wrS;J vDRI ,rd*>H uG>tpkr>k
cD.rk>wz.vXtuvk>z;’d.vDRI

zJrdrd’k;tD.tDRw>M.< t0J*H>0JeD.wXRweD.wXRM.oD.z;’d.
vDRI w>qXuwD>,Hm0J‘.d r;vDRI b.q.weHRM.pl.&J.*H>0JwX
wkRvX,J>cso › ’H;vDRI ‘D;t0Jw0J <J ?Ck< EG<H Cd;< cG<H wqH/ M.u
,D’DvDRI
39
?[h< pl.&J./ ,ud;xD.<?rd{X< pl.&J.*H>w>ohvH/
rdrw
d 0J <J ?t0J*>H 0Jov
h /H
,qdurd.vXrdrdu[h.,RqhzdtoDvDRI ‘D;t0J[h.,RvDRI
t0J[h.,RzsD.cHzk.toD< cD.zH;< ,D>wud;’D;cD.zsD.vDRI t0J
[h.,’hrk.vXqhz;xDtoDwbh.vDRI
yuRyqhtoDwz.zJrk>td.bSH;vXcHwEGH’D;wvXuGHmpl.&J.M.
ySRud;*RwJ0J< ?ok’d.w>*hRr;/ rhrh>pl.&J.wcDtd.xJeHR0JvDRI
t0Jzsgo;ckvDRI t0J’k;ul’k;od;,RvDRI

,oHuG><?pl.&J.rD.I t0JurRM>rEkRvJ.I/
rdrw
d 0J <J ?,uwJb.eRw>upD.weDRvDRI qlrmJ ngCkvgM.y
u’d;M>zdo.vXtoDw*RvDRI zdo.vXtoDw*RM.u’k;ul’;k
od;’.0Jp.l &J.vDRI/
40
w>*JRvdmuGJcHcg

evd.b.p;cdwD.tuh 16 uhvDRI tvJ>td.0J 15 pJwH.rH.


xX.’D;txDt.d 5 pJw.H rH.wX.vDRI zdo.tg*RrRpXRwhc;tHR
oh0JvDRI erRtDRcs›’D;nD0JvDRI vXp;cdwD.wbh.tzDcd.M.uGJ;
vHmusdRwusdRwuh>I uGJ;tDRxJwuyRwuh>I c;tcsXvXt0J
wyRM.b.td.uvDvRD I vHmusRd wqHCu k sRd td.zJtzDvmvDRI
pl.&J.tDtrd>Ek>xH
pl.&J.uG>zDt*DRwzd;
pl.&J.e>[lrrd ’d pJ k
pl.&J.uG>w>bs;vDRpJR
pl.&J.qh.eDR’D;eHR
pl.&J.zXEkmoh.ulmvmvXw>’XylR
pl.&J.xGJtcD.tcD.xH;wcg
pl.&J.Ch>’D;rRoh.z;w>
pl.&J.rRM>txGH.tvGJ>ol’D;0gw’k
pl.&J.usJ;pX;whxD.w>’D;oh.ulmvm
pl.&J.uG>tvHm’D;wJw>uwdR
pl.&J.ymzS.d vHmzsX.wz.wylRCD
pl.&J.’k;uJxD.uyHmvXw>tuh>t*DRwz.
pl.&J.vdmuGJxH’D;rJ;
pl.&J.ymzS.d oh.ulmvmwz.wylRCD
pl.&J.rRvdw>*H>’G;w>
41
cJtHRwHmwJmc;wuhqloXulm’ftHRwuh>I
pl.&J. qh.eDR’D; eHR
wHmtDRvXuh>*DRvDRqDvdmo;wz.wuh>
pl.&J. xGJtcD. tcD.xH;wcg
zJewHmtDR0HRcJvXmvHM.ep;xD.vdmuGJoh0JvDRI

w>vdmuGJtcD.xH;wcg
zdo.vdmuGJw>vdmuGJtHRohwkRvX cH*R< oX*R rhwrh> vGH>*R
vDRI ymcd.vDRvmtDR’ftHRwuh>I

vHmzsX.wtd.zsgb.
ySRvdmuGJw>tcD.xH;w*RM.[H;M>0JcHuhvDRI w>vXt[H;M>
0Jcu
H rh >h ’fo;d vdmto;M.t0J[;H M>0JtoDwcg’D;toDwcgohvRD I
t0Ju[H;M>0JwkRvXtw’fod;vdmo;vXRb.M.vDRI ‘D;t0J
b.td.uwD>0JvDRI ‘D;ySRtoDw*Rb.vdmuGJ0JvDRI ySRvdmuGJ
w>zdw*RM.vdmuGJ0JohxJ,J>pJ;u.vDRI (*H>wXwkRvX,J>u
,Du,D) vXeuCkxXwuht*D>I t0Jrh>wrRM>0JvXtb.
wcgM.b.ymxD.uhR0J’t f RH vDRI
42
ySRvdmuGw
J >zdqrl mJ ngw*RM.CkxX0Joch u
H v
h RD I t0JCx
k Xc;
vXtymxD.to; rhwrh> c;vXtymcd.vDRvmto;ohvDRI
w,Hmb.’D;c;uhwz.ymxD.to;vXpD>eDRcd.utgxD.0JvRD I
‘D;unD0vJ Xw>CkxXtDRt*D>vDRI ySRvXtd.’D;c;uhtguwX>
zJw>vdmuGJ0HRtcgM.rh>ySRrReXRw>vDRI

w>vdmuGJcHcgwcg

c;uhcv J Xmw>ymxD.tDRvXpD>eDRcd.vDRI zdo.wz.ub.vdm


uG0J cJ *H RwzkvRD I wzkpmk pkmM.ub.ymzS.d c; 16 uhM.wylRCD
vDRI ‘D;t0Joh.b.&J.uhR0JvXtb.M.vDRI ub.vDR*m’f
tcD.xH;tod;vDRI t0JtRH vDR*m’fp.l &J.rRvdM>w>tod;vDRI
zdo.w*RM.ub.uG>w>qXuwD>vDRI t0Jb.’DtcsX’D;ySR
vdmuGw J >zdc*H RM.vDRI ‘D;t0Jb.*H>0Ju,Du,DvRD I erRrh>0HR
cs›uwX>M.erReXRw>vDRI

43
w>vXeb.rRtDR

1I rRM>w>vdmuGJ’fbJ&J.rR0JvXeyk>qH;t*D>I qdurd.M>w>
vdmuGJtoDwz.I
2I vdmuGwJ >*JRvdmuGv J XbJ&.J vdmuG0J ’J ;D eyk>wz.I qdurd.M>
w>vdmuGJtoDwz.I
3I rRxD.vHm’fbJ&J.rR0Jtod;’D;’k;eJ.qlzdo.qH;
4I whpl.&J.t*DR rhwrh> eyk>qH;wz.t*DR
zJtpGgtcg
zJt[;tcg
rRoh.z;w>
vdmuGJ’D;uyHm< rJ;’D;xH
ymxD.uh>*DRwz.wylRCD
5I vJRqlyRS qgw>ttd.vXe0h> rhwrh> eo0DI ChM>w>zdw>vHR
vXeuwhw>vdmuGJwz.t*D>I [h.tDRqleyk>wz. rhwrh>
zdo.qH;t*Rwuh>I wcsK;e[h.qlt0Jo.h M.‘k;eJ.qdyRS eD>
’d.’fod;turRuG>tDRvXuylRzsJ;’D;w>b.’db.xH;wuh>I
6I vdmuGw J >rR[l;rd>yS>’D;w>w,;z;w>vdmuGC J mk ’D;eoud;w
z.wuh>I ymeo;’fod;erh>zdo.qH;’D;erRvdM>w>vXt
&h’d.weDRwuh>I rXt0Joh.z;uG>rh>erRrEkRvJ.I

44
7I uGJ;w>wJzdb.C;eyk>qH;wuh>I

oh.eD.xD.
· rRpXRzdo.vXu’d.xD.
· zdo.’d.wz.rRpXRoh
· zdo.rRvdw>M>*hRxD.Ckm’D;w>rRpXR
· zdo.rRvdw>M>cs›ph>uD;
· t0Joh.rRvdw>M>*hRvXuFd
· zdo.vd.b.w>rRpXRvX
= oltrd>yS>uoh*hR*hR
= rRvdM>usdm
= rRvdqdurd.w>

· uwdRw>’D;t0Joh.xDbd
· o;0H.M>tw>
· o;zSC
H mk ’D;t0Jo.h
· vdmuGCJ mk ’D;zdo.
· [h.t0Joh.w>*JRvdmuGJ’D;w>vdmuGJ
· uG>xGJzdo.
· ym,HRuGmH t0Jo.h ’D;w>b.’db.xH;

45
46

También podría gustarte