Wireless and Mobile Network

Architectures
Chapter 1
Introduction

Digital Media Lab.

Jin-woo Bae

DIMA
Contents

● Overview
● PCS architecture
● Cellular Telephony(high-tier digital cellular systems)
 Advanced Mobil Phone Service(AMPS)
 Global system for Mobil Communications(GSM)
 EIA/TIA IS-139 Digital Cellular System
 EIA/TIA IS-95 Digital Cellular System
● Cordless Telephony and Low-tier PCS (low-tier DCS)
 CT2, DECT, PHS, PACS, Unlicensed System
● Third-Generation Wireless Systems
● Summary

DIMA
 Overview
● Personal communications services (PCS)
 Variety of wireless access & mobility services provided
 any time, any place, any form
● High-tier digital cellular systems
 Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM)
 Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service(DAMPS)
 IS-136 TDMA Based
 Personal Digital Cellular(PDC)
 IS-95 CDMA-based cdmaOne System
● Low-tier telecommunication systems
 CT2, DECT, PACS, PHS……
● Wideband wireless systems
 cdma2000, evolved from cdmaOne
 W-CDMA, proposed by Europe
 SCDMA, proposed by China/Europe

DIMA
 1.1 PCS Architecture
● Two of the most popular
 Cellular telephony
 Cordless and low-tier PCS telephony
Mobility DB
● consist of two parts PSTN
 Radio Network
 PCS
 mobile stations (MSs) Mobile Switching Center
 base stations (BSs)
Base station controller
 Wireline Transport Network
 PSTN
 mobile switching center (MSC)

Base station
Radio Network
The basic PCS network architecture
DIMA
 1.2 cellular Telephony

1.2.1 Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

 Developed during the 1970s(first analog cellular system)
 Service has been available since 1983
 832 full-duplex(50MHz band, FDMA)
 824~849MHz(R) / 869~894MHz (T)
 Different cluster  frequency reuse

1.2.2 Global System for Mobile communications (GSM)

 Developed by CEPT and ETSI(European countries)
 Combines TDMA and FDMA
 13kbps speech coding
 include most features a digital switch can provide  IS-41
 Point-to Point short messaging, group addressing, call waiting……

DIMA
 1.2 cellular Telephony(cont’)

1.2.3 EIA/TIA IS-136 Digital Cellular System

 DAMPS, ADC, NA-TDMA, IS-54  IS-136 (IS-54 revision C(Renamed))
 capacity is around three times that AMPS
 Speech coding rate : 7.95kbps(AMPS : 30Kbps)

1.2.4 EIA/TIA IS-95 Digital Cellular System

 Developed by Qualcomm
 Has been operating in the USA since 1996
 Based on CDMA
 Bandwidth is 1.25MHz(narrow CDMA system)
 capacity is around ten times that AMPS

DIMA
1.2 cellular Telephony(cont’)

DIMA
 1.3 Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS

1.3.1 Cordless Telephone, second Generation(CT2)

 CT2 was developed in Europe (since 1989)
 40 FDMA channels with a 32-Kbps rate
 Maximum transmit power is 10mW

1.3.2 Digital European Cordless Telephone(DECT)

 Spec were published in 1992
 Using TDMA(time slot transfer)
 12 voice channels per frequency carrier
 Dynamic channel allocation
 Wireless-PBX  PSTN

DIMA
 1.3 Cordless Telephony and Low-Tier PCS(cont’)

1.3.3 Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)

 Developed by RCR
 Using TDMA
 77channels with 300KHz bandwidth
 40ch for public systems, 37ch for home/office app
 Dynamic channel allocation

1.3.4 Personal Access Communications System (PACS)

 Developed by telcordia
 PACS is designed for wireless local loop

DIMA
 1.4 Third-Generation Wireless Systems

● High speed, wireless Internet access, and wireless

multimedia service
● GPRS, EDGE ……
● Wideband CDMA, cdma2000 are major

DIMA
1.5 Summary

system High-tier cellular Low-tier pcs Cordless

Large Medium Small
Cell size
(0.4-22mi.) (30-300ft.) (30-60ft.)
High Medium Low
User speed
(≤160mph) (≤60mph) (≤30mph)
Large/continuous macro Medium micro and pi Small/zonal picocell
Coverage area
cells cocells s

Handset complexity High Low Low

Handset power High Low Low

consumption (100-800mW) (5-10mW) (5-10 mW)
Low High High
Speech coding rate
(8-13Kbps) (32 Kbps) (32Kbps)
High Low Low
Delay or latency
(≤600ms) (≤10ms) (≤20ms)

DIMA
 Chapter 2
Mobility Management

DIMA
Overview
Mobile Switching Center
Visitor Location Register Home Location Register
VLR MSC HLR
PSTN

Base Station
VLR MSC

Base Station

• Handoff : when a Mobile user moves to another BS,  old BS disconnect & new BS conversation

• Roaming : When a Mobile user moves to another PCS System  informed of current location of the user

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2.1 Handoff

● MCHO (Mobile Controlled Handoff)

 MS 가 통화채널의 신호강도를 측정 , MS 가 handoff 여부 결정
 DECT, PACS

● NCHO (Network Controlled Handoff)

 BS 가 통화채널의 신호강도를 측정 , MSC 가 handoff 여부 결정
 CT-2, AMPS (analog cellular system 에서 사용하는 방식 )

● MAHO (Mobile Assisted Handoff)

 MS 가 통화채널의 신호강도를 측정하여 BS 에 전송 , MSC 가 handoff
여부 결정
 IS-95 CDMA, GSM

DIMA
2.1.1 Inter-BS Handoff

MSC

x
Old BS New BS

Old BS New BS

(a) Step 1: MS 는 새로운 BS 상의 현재 비어있는 채널의 신호에 의해 잠시 통신을 중단하고 핸드오프 절차를 시작

(b) Step 2 :
신호 수신 후 , MSC 는 선택된 새로운 채널에게 암호화된 정보를 전송 , MS 에게 채널을 통해
새로운 통신로를 설정 . 스위치는 새로운 통신로와 이전통신로를 연결하며 MS 에게 이전채널에서부터 새로운 채널로
전환하게 알리는 역할을 한다

(c) Step 3 : 새로운 채널로의 전환을 후 , MS 는 망에게 신호를 보내고 새로운 채널을 이용하여 통신을 다시
시작 .

(d) Step 4 : 핸드오프 완료신호를 접수한 후 , 망은 이전채널로의 자원과 통신로를 삭제 .

DIMA
2.1.1 Inter-BS Handoff(cont’)

● Channel assignment schemes

 Reserved channel scheme
 Similar to the nonprioritized scheme
 Some channels in each BS are reserved for handoff calls
 Queueing priority scheme
 Overlapped area(handoff area)
 New BS buffers the handoff request in a waiting queue
 Subrating scheme
 Creates a new channel for a handoff call by sharing resources with an existi
ng call
 Divided into two channels at half the original rate
 Call / handoff request

DIMA
2.1.2 Intersystem Handoff

BS1 BS2 BS1 BS2

Base Stations Base Stations

PSTN MSC Trunk MSC PSTN MSC Trunk MSC

A B A B
(a) Before the handoff (b) After the handoff

DIMA
2.2 Roaming Management

● MS registration procedure

Home Location Register :

network database
Visitor Location Register

NEW OLD
2 HLR 4
VLR VLR

1 3

Morristown, New Jersey

Los Angeles, California New York City, New York

DIMA
2.2 Roaming Management(cont’)

● Call delivery procedure

PSTN 1 HLR 1
2 2 VLR
1 Routable Address
3
trunk(voice circuit) MSC
3

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2.3 Roaming Management under SS7

● SS7 is a Common channel signaling(CCS) system

 CCS(Common Channel Signaling)
 Provides control & management func. in the telephone network
 Consists of supervisory functions, addressing and call information provisioni
ng
 Uses a separate out-of-band signaling network to carry signaling messages
 SS7(Singalling System No. 7)
 Signaling between a PCS network and the PSTN are achieved by SS7
network

DIMA
 2.3 Roaming Management under SS7(cont’)

Signaling
Links

STP
STP STP
STP
SCP HLR
(SCP)

 SSP(Service Switching Point)

 Perform call processing Trunk
SSP MSC
 STP(Signaling Transfer Point)
 Relays SS7 messages PSTN
PCN (PCS Network)
 SCP(Service Control Point)
 Contains databases

DIMA
 2.3.1 Roaming Management under SS7

● Registration

deregistration (HLR4)
5
PST reg. acknowledgement
N
4 SCP
Global
Title
MIN? (Mobile Identification Number) Translation
STP2 2 STP3
STP3
3 STP4
STP2 STP4
2 1 PSTN PST
table-lookup 
N MIN-to-HLR
SCP Registration query
SCP
MSC1 MSC2
(VLR1) (VLR2)

DIMA
2.3.1 Roaming Management under SS7(cont’)

● Reduce the deregistration traffic

 Implicit deregistration
 Obsolete VLR records aren’t deleted until the database is full
 If the database is full, a record is deleted
 No deregistration messages
 Periodic re-registration
 MS periodically reregisters to the VLR
 Only creates local message traffic between MSC and VLR
 No SS7 signaling message are generated if the VLR is co-located with the
MSC

DIMA
2.3.1 Roaming Management under SS7(cont’)

● Reduce the registration traffic (a pointer forwarding scheme)

 Move operation (registration)
 A pointer is created from SCP(VLR)
the old VLR to new VLR
 No registration to the HLR is required
SCP SCP SCP
MSC (VLR) MSC (VLR) MSC (VLR)

 Find operation (call delivery)

 After the find operation,
SCP(VLR)
the HLR points directly to destination VLR
x

SCP SCP SCP

MSC (VLR) MSC (VLR) MSC (VLR)

DIMA
2.3.2 Call Delivery

● Call Delivery
 Maintain the cache in the STP that performs GTTs

3 (HLR)
SCP

Global
Title
Translation
3
STP 1 STP3 1 STP 2 STP
STP STP3 STP STP
PST PST PST
N N N
SCP
MSC MSC (VLR)

DIMA
Roaming Management for CT2

● Basic Public CT2 System (One-Way Calling)

 Did not support call delivery
 CT2 control system
 Bear the responsibility for monitoring and billing
 Be connected indirectly to the BSs through the PSTN
 Utilized the paging system to provide call delivery

CT2 Control
System

PSTN
switch
BS BS
switch switch
handset

DIMA