Luis A Orozco

Diego A Chavarro
Cristhian F Ruiz
 Biotecnología
• No es un sector
• No es un área de la ciencia
• No es un concepto estático

• Es una tecnología transversal que opera en los

seres vivos o sus partes para obtener bienes y
servicios en salud, medio ambiente, industria y
agricultura
• Es tanto la promesa más importante como el
riesgo más trascendente para la humanidad
• muchos grupos “pertenecen” al programa de ciencias
básicas porque su trabajo es esencialmente en biología
molecular, pero “pertenecen” al de biotecnología porque
ese trabajo se orienta a producir anticuerpos
monoclonales, lo que los hace “pertenecer” al de
ciencias de la salud pues el propósito de los anticuerpos
es generar vacunas o al de ciencias agropecuarias, si
las vacunas se refieren a salud pecuaria. Por ello no
puede construirse la suma de productos de un Programa
Nacional simplemente agregando la de grupos. Hay que
dar cuenta de la actividad de investigación y las
temáticas que se trabajan en el tiempo para denotar
mejor una capacidad en producción de nuevos
conocimientos y aplicaciones.
• Percepción pública - Bioética
• Bioseguridad
• Derechos de propiedad intelectual
• Acceso a recursos genéticos
• Capacidad científica y tecnológica
 Impacto
• Análisis diacrónico
• Medición de cambios
• Acuerdo entre lo planteado y lo alcanzado
• Multicausalidad
• Aumento de capacidad científica y técnica
• Creación de capital
• Desarrollo económico
• Bienestar social
• En esta metodología la noción fundamental de impacto hace
referencia a los cambios registrados en el tiempo por la interacción
entre actores que intervienen en los procesos de construcción,
desarrollo, producción, aplicación, promoción, distribución,
adopción y uso del conocimiento, y que generan productos,
obtienen logros y facilitan la aparición de efectos en términos
socioeconómicos y medioambientales, que pueden ser explicados
por medio de indicadores, índices y estadísticas.
• El impacto es multicausal, y está especialmente en función de la
coordinación de actividades entre diferentes actores, haciendo
énfasis en los esfuerzos de trabajo conjunto entre las instituciones
del estado, los planes de gobierno y las asociaciones de la
producción que hacen políticas, programas, legislaciones y
estrategias para consolidar una capacidad nacional en el nivel
micro que pueda generar desarrollo y acercar a la sociedad a un
nivel meta deseado.
 GOAL
Human development, Democracy, Macroeconomic Stability, Growth, Equity,
Competitiveness,
Sustainability, Productivity, Technological Progress Social Capital

International Organizations
IDB – IMF – FAO – WCO – OAS – UNDP – UNESCO - ONUDI

MACRO LEVEL MESO LEVEL

Monetary policy Public and private sectorial
SOCIAL AND policy: Programs and action
Fiscal policy
ENVIRONMENT SETTING plans of a national nature on a
National Development Plan
National Council of Economic certain setting of a country
MARKET
and social Policy

MICRO LEVEL

Technological Pole
Scientific Pole
Technological products and Business Pole
Academic products: Bibliographic
processes, and scientific and Innovations, new products trade
Production
technological services marks
 Products
Micro Publications, technologies
(patents), scientific and
technological services and
education activities existing on
the subject of study
Meso Aggregate of products
according to work areas and
themes and program
classifications
Macro Proper products and products
generated by the new
knowledge, now in the market
Fig. 2. Systemic impact matrix
Achievements Effects
Obtaining of proposed specific Thematic reorientations,
objectives (verified form the formation of networks and
products of R&D projects) increase of joint research
Proposal of the National Thematic organization of S&T
Biotechnology Program activities in time.
against results Policy networks and social
reached networks articulated in the
corresponding area
Sectorial policies of the
object of
study,
both public and
private
-ministries
and
trade
associations-
Reaching objectives Changes generated, indicators
proposed by the national of productivity,
government in competitiveness and social
development plans development
regarding
S & T plans
 Products
Academic Scientific Publications
Research projects
Technological Patented and registered
products
Applied and experimental
R&D projects
Social Products of new knowledge
present in a market
Listings of social demands and
matching with R&D
supplies applying RICyT
methodology
Achievements
Degree of accord between program
proposals and results in
relation to production and
publication of new knowledge
Degree of accord between program
proposals and results
regarding production and transfer of
technology, as well as
proposals on innovation and
business development
Achievement of objectives proposed
by the program on social
matters, which in coordination
with other institutions
generally materialize in rules,
regulations, laws and public
policies
Effects
Networks of coauthorship,
quotations and themes
worked
Development of academic
programs, creation of new
research groups, etc
Appropriation of products and
variations in
competitiveness and
productivity of enterprises
Number of subscribers to
journals, indexes where
they circulate, quantity of
issues sold
Number of conferences,
workshops, seminars and
courses
Number of mass
communication media that
disclose S&T themes.
Changes in social, economic,
human development
indicators, etc
 El capital social
» Conjunto de ciudadanos
» Conocimientos
» Confianza
» Coordinación
» Marco institucional
» Cooperación
» Colaboración
» Acción colectiva que posibilita la articulación de los
niveles de acción social
Result/Level Micro
•Setting
Academic - Technologic – Social
Products 15 research groups with 20 projects and 280
products.
17 full national papers, 1 Msc thesis, 2
undergraduate papers associated to research
projects of the groups whose main national
program is biotechnology. Between 1978-2006
appear 32 full papers (P) in Thomson Scientific®,
with 199 citations (TC). 27 of them in journals of
SCI 2003 with 1.311 average of impact factor
(IFm).
Achievements There are 20 projects declared by the groups whose
main national program is biotechnology in GrupLAC.
7 of these projects have 18 associated products.
Effects 1993 Corpoica created the Nacional System of
Vegetable Germplasm Bank. In 1994 UNIPAPA
(UNAL / ICA / Fedepapa) initiate research on
resistance genes (UNAL in 1996 studies pre-
investment for creation of Cevipapa, 1997 develops
clones resistant to blight and frosting, 2000 researches
on genetic engineering systems for Colombian
varieties). 1997 - 2003 Corpoica projects for certified
seed culture methods, biologic control of Guatemalan
moth and bio-fertilizers. Corpoica develops the
National Research and Transfer of Technology Plan of
Potato in Colombia. Networks developed by:
COLCIENCIAS - CORPOICA - UNAL - ANDEAN
MCCAIN - ESPOL – FUNDASES GTZ- IFI - ICA –
CIP - MADR
Meso
Setting
Academic - Technologic - Social
5 projects between 1993 and 2003 (US$360.538 constant
prices 2003). 4 full papers and a new variety of potato
“Betina” resistant to blight resulting from projects financed
by the National Biotechnology Program Council.
13 more projects financed by Colciencias (US$630.637
constant prices 2003) through the National Agricultural
S&T program (10), Environment and Habitat program (2)
and Electronic, Telecommunication and Information
program (1).
Strategic Objective No. 5[1]
“To strengthen the agricultural field in the areas of
genomic studies and application of phytoimprovement
tools to national strategic interest crops”.
Strategic Axis No. 3[2] “Strengthening of ties between
productive sector and researchers”. 5 interview on minutes
of National Biotechnology Council (No. 13/1993; 14/1993;
16/1994; 47/1999 about new transgenic variety of potato
with virus tolerance.
CORPOICA – MADR – UNAL – ICA – COLCIENCIAS –
COSMOAGRO S.A - UMATAS (Unidad Municipal de
Asistencia Técnica Agropecuaria) – FEDEPAPA ––
CEVIPAPA (Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico de la
Cadena Agroalimentaria de la Papa). – CIB (Corporación
para Investigaciones Biológicas ) – IBUN (Instituto de
Biotecnología de la Universidad Nacional).
Topics:
1993 virus tolerance and phytopathology
1997 tissue culture In Vitro and seed production
2002 genetic engineering and insect control
2003 virus tolerance and moth biocontrol.
Macro
•Setting
Academic - Technologic - Social
New varieties: Supreme Pastusa, Betina, Red Nariño.
Super Elite and certified Elite seed production system.
Biopesticide for control of Guatemalan Moth.
Bioinputs based on Baculovirus.
One transgenic variety for biosecurity evaluation.
The creation of TDC Cevipapa www.cevipapa.org.co/ and the
Electronic Potato Network Redepapa www.redepapa.org/
80 workshops have been carried out by Cevipapa in Boyacá,
Cundinamarca and Caldas.(2002-2004).
11 courses, 1 course – workshop, 1 program and one collaborative
project, leaded by Corpoica.
50 species in germoplasm bank (Corpoica 18, UNAL 32). 7
species in crops
Policy for productivity and competitiveness. 1999.
Presidency of the Republic – Ministry of Foreign Trade – National
Planning Department.
Resolution 500 of 1999 whereby the National Potato Council of
the Ministry of Agriculture is created.
Competitiveness and productivity Agreements, potato chain.
Decree 2487 of 2001 whereby the quality certificate for potato
intended to the foreign market is made official.
Production of certified seed: Final costs of Super Elite mini-tubers
go down from US$0.40 to US$0.08.
Productivity of the 3 new varieties is between 35 and 45 tons per
hectare and resistant to blight. There are 165,294 hectares planted
(growing 1.2% per year), 15 thousand with Super Elite and Elite. It
is E
stimated 90,000 families in crops and US$144 million in wages
per year. There are 1,500 producers with clean seed and 173
thousand wages per year (115 wages per hectare). The per capita
consumption is 66.7 kg higher than the world average (50.4 Kg).
Average productivity of crop in the country 16.7 ton/ha, slightly
over the world average of 16 ton/ha. The chain value in 2000
generated US$488 million, range 20 worldwide as producer and
surplus in trade balance of US$4.9 million.
 Potato importation and exportation

60.000
Importation
50.000 Exportation

40.000
Tn

30.000

20.000

10.000

-
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Year
 Productivity Tn/ha

17,5 17,4
17
16,7
16,6
16,5
Tn/ha

16,2 16,3 16,2

16 16,1
15,7 15,6 15,9
15,5 15,5 15,5

15
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Year
 Conclusiones
• La metodología permite abordar la innovación desde la
construcción social de la tecnología
• No es un sistema de análisis causa efecto, sino una guía
de evaluación para las políticas en ciencia, tecnología e
innovación
• Nuestra matriz, como un constructo teórico representa la
posibilidad de entender un sistema dinámico en la
interacción social
• Como un instrumento práctico, permite poner en
conjunto los hechos en los niveles de acción social en
sus resultados
• Es un primer paso para construir la teoría del capital
conocimiento