Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Design
Introduction
Communication skills are crucial to every
professional
Verbal skills are not enough when presenting
geographic information
Graphic skills are needed for mapmaking
Cartographic expertise allows you to communicate
geographic information clearly with maps
Designing better maps means thinking carefully about
each aspect of the map design process
Design Process
forces the designer to construct a map with a particular focus & purpose
directs the reader's attention to a particular message
combines intellectual and aesthetic processes
Perception and Design 10
Design &Construct
Process -Design
Filters
Some examples of
the four classes of
symbols (point-,
line-, area-, and
volume-
emphasising) and
how they might be
used for a few of the
kinds of qualitative
and quantitative
data.
From Robinson, et al., 1995
The visual
variables with
some examples
of their simple
application to the
classes of
symbols.
From Robinson, et al., 1995
Associative Selective
Ordered Quantitative
Bar chart
70
6
5
4
0
0
0
1
994
30
20
Pie chart 10
0
0 5
0 1
00
Scatter plot
1
00 1
974
Histogram 5
0
1
984
1
994
0
Urb
an
1994
Rural
21% Urban
39%
Sub-
urban 140
40% 120 B
and5
100
80
60
40
20
0
30 17.4
Perception and Design 50
Visual Contrast
contrast --> perceptual differentiation ;a sign contrast
with its background and adjacent signs. This determines
how crisp, clean and sharp a map looks
critical to distinguishing important pieces of information
- IMPORTANT
achieved through:
line - character ,weight
texture
value - human limitation in number of different values
that can be perceived
detail
color
Visual
centre
Actual
centre
Which one?
Which one?
Which one?
Which one?
Which one?
Which one?
Which one?
Which one?
Which one?
1
Perception and Design 1.618 74
Interesting balance
Frame Layout
Island Map Layout
Frame Layout
Symmetric balance
Informal balance
e
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r
r
et
et
tim
im
e
r
et
ill
n
ce
m
m
10-3 10-2 10-1 1 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 nm
INVISIBLE INVISIBLE
Gamma and X-rays Infrared Radio – Microwave - Television
value - lightness or
darkness. Can be hard
to perceive variations
in value
saturation - intensity or
purity compared to a
neutral gray
e2
Area → brightness
e1
Green China - studies indicate this is not a good color choice for packaging, green
hats mean a man's wife is cheating on him.
France - studies indicate this is not a good color choice for packaging.
India - the color of Islam.
Ireland - religious significance (Catholic).
Some tropical countries - associated with danger
United States - indicates go (safe) at traffic lights, environmental
awareness, St. Patrick's Day, Christmas color (red and green).
Perception and Design 92
Purple Western cultures - royalty.
White = (1, 1, 1)
Magenta = (1, 0, 1)
Yellow
cyan
paper
Example: Paper reflects whatever light
reaches it, in this case green
The Relation
between RGB
and CMY
Yellow + Cyan = Green
Yellow + Magenta = Red
Cyan + Magenta = Blue
An assortment
of common line,
dot,
pictographic,
and reversed
patterns.
From Robinson, et al., 1995
Arial Narrow
Bold
Arial Narrow Bold
Italic