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Absorbent n: see absorption oil. title and other relevant documents. inch). The fluid is used to actuate the
absorber n: 1. A vertical, cylindrical Compare stand- up title opinion. blowout preventer stack.
vessel that recovers heavier abstract company n: a private accuracy n: the ability of a measuring
hydorcarbons from a mixture of company in the business of preparing instrument to indicate values closely
predominantly lighter hydrocarbons. abstracts of title approximating the true value of the
Also called absorption tower. 2. A vessel and performing related services. Also quantity measured.
in which gas is dehydrated by being called abstract plant. accuracy curve of a volume meter n:
bubbled through glycol. See absorb. abstract of title n: a collection of all of a plot of meter factor as a function of
the recorded instruments affecting title to flow rate used to evaluate the meter's
a tract of land. Compare base abstract. performance. See flow rate, meter
abstract plant n: see abstract company. factor:
abyssal adj: of or relating to the bottom acetic acid n: an organic acid
waters of the ocean. compound sometimes used to acidise
Ac abbr: altocumulus. oil wells. It is not as corrosive as other
AC abbr: alternating current. acids used in well treatments. Its
accelerated aging test n: a procedure chemical formula is C2~O2' or
whereby a product may be subjected to CH3COOH.
intensified but controlled conditions of acetylene welding n: a method of
heat, pressure, radiation, or other joining steel components in which
variables to produce, in a short time, acetylene gas and oxygen are mixed in
the effects of long- time storage or use a torch to attain the high temperatures
under normal conditions. acceleration necessary for welding. As an early type
stress n: when a crane is hoisting a of welding (it was also called
load, the additional force the load oxyacetylene welding), its primary
imposes on a wire rope or a sling when disadvantage was the seepage of
the load's speed increases. molten weld material onto the interior
accelerator n: a chemical additive that surface of the pipe, often leading to
absorber capacity n: the maximum
reduces the setting time of cement. See corrosion problems.
volume of natural gas that can be
cement, cementing materials. ACGIH abbr: American Conference of
processed through an absorber at a
accelerometer n: an instrument that Governmental and Industrial Hygienists.
specified absorption oil rate, temperature,
detects changes in motion or measures acid n: any chemical compound. one
and pressure without exceeding pressure
acceleration. accessory equipment n: element of which is hydrogen, that
drop or any oilier operating limitation.
any device that enhances the utility of a dissociates in solution to produce free
absorption n: 1. the process of sucking
measurement system, including hydrogen ions. For example,
up, taking in and making part of an
readouts, registers, monitors, and hydrochloric acid. HCI, dissociates in
existing whole. Compare adsorption. 2.
liquid- or flow-conditioning equipment. water to produce hydrogen ions, H+,
the process in which short wave
accrete v: to enlarge by the addition of and chloride ions, CI-. This reaction is
radiation is retained by regions of the
external parts or particles. expressed chemically as HCI + H+ + CI-
earth.
accumulate v: to amass or collect. . See ion.
absorption dynamometer n: a device
When acid brittleness n: see hydrogen
that measures mechanical force. The
oil and gas migrate into porous embrinlement.
energy measured is absorbed by
formations, the quantity collected is acid clay n: a naturally occurring clay
frictional or electrical resistance.
called an accumulation. that,
absorption gasoline n: the gasoline
accumulator n: 1. a vessel or tank that after activation, usually with acid, is
extracted from natural gas by putting
receives and temporarily stores a liquid used mainly as a decolourant or refining
the gas into contact with oil in a vessel
used in a continuous process in a gas agent, and sometimes as a
and subsequently distilling the gasoline
plant. See drip accumulator. 2. on a desulphuriser, coagulant, or catalyst.
from the heavier oil.
drilling rig, the storage device for acid fracture v: to part or open
absorption oil n: a hydrocarbon liquid
nitrogen-pressurised hydraulic fluid, fractures in productive hard limestone
used to absorb and recover components
which is used in operating the blow out formations by using a combination of oil
from natural gas being processed. Also
preventers. See blowout preventer and acid or water and acid under high
called wash oil.
control unit. pressure. See formation fracturing.
absorption plant n: a plant that
acid gas n: a gas that forms an acid
processes natural gas with absorption
when mixed with water. In petroleum
oil.
production and processing, the most
absorption-refrigeration cycle n: a
common acid gases are hydrogen
mechanical refrigeration system in which
sulphide and carbon dioxide. Both
the refrigerant is absorbed by a suitable
cause corrosion, and hydrogen sulphide
liquid or solid. The most CODlD1only
is very poisonous.
used refrigerant is ammonia; the most
acidity n: the quality of being acid.
commonly used absorbing medium is
Relative acid strength of a liquid is
water. Compare compression-
measured by pH. A liquid with a pH
refrigeration cycle. accumulator bottle n: a bottle-shaped below 7 is acid. See pH.
absorption tower n: see steel cylinder located in a blowout
absorber. preventer control unit to store nitrogen
abstract-based title opinion n: a title pdfMachine
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acidise 3 adjustable choke
aeration n: the injection of air or gas into a setting. The process is sometimes called
adjustable spacer sub n: a sub run below
liquid. In the oil industry a common form of curing. See cure.
a dual or triple packer to permit the correct
aeration is the injection of natural gas into agency n: a federal entity such as a
space-out. See space-out.
reservoir liquids standing in a well. Aeration department, a bureau, a corporation, a
Adjustment n: the operation of bringing a
with natural gas reduces the density of the commission, or a division under the US
measuring instrument, such as a meter, into
liquids and allows declining reservoir government that is charged by Congress to
a satisfactory state of performance and
pressure to lift the liquids. See gas lift. administer, implement, and enforce US law.
accuracy.
administrative penalties n pi: penalties or aerial cooler n: see air-cooled exchanger. agglomerate n: the groups of larger
fines handed down by administrative aerial river crossing n: a river crossing individual particles usually originating in
agencies, such as the EPA. technique in which a pipeline is either sieving or drying operations.
administrator n: person appointed by the suspended by cables over a waterway or agglomeration n: the grouping of individual
court to administer the estate of someone attached to the girders of a bridge designed particles.
who dies without a will (intestate). to carry vehicular traffic.
aggregate n: a group of two or more
ADS abbr: atmospheric diving system. aerobic adj: requiring free atmospheric particles held together by strong forces.
adsorbent n: a solid used to remove oxygen for normal activity. Aggregates are stable with normal stirring,
components from natural gas that is being aerobic bacteria n pi: bacteria that require shaking, or handling; they may be broken by
processed. free oxygen for their life processes. Aerobic treatment such as ball milling a powder or
adsorption n: the adhesion of a thin film of a shearing a suspension.
bacteria can produce slime or scum, which
gas or liquid to the surface of a solid. Liquid accumulates on metal surfaces, causing agitator n: a motor-driven paddle or blade
hydrocarbons are recovered from natural gas oxygen-concentration cell corrosion. used to mix the liquids and solids in drilling
by passing the gas through activated char-
AESC abbr: Association of Energy Service mud.
coal, silica gel, or other solids, which extract
the heavier hydrocarbons. Steam treatment Companies. A-h abbr: ampere-hour.
AFE abbr: authority for expenditure. affiant n: AIME abbr: American Institute of Mining,
of the solid removes the adsorbed
the person who makes a sworn Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers.
hydrocarbons, which are then collected and
re-condensed. The adsorption process is statement.
air-actuated adj: equipment activated by
also used to remove water vapour from air or affidavit n: a written affirmation of fact made compressed air, as are the clutch and the
natural gas. Compare absorption. and sworn to before a notary public or other air-balanced pumping unit n: a beam
adsorption plant n: a plant that processes authorised official. The official signs a pumping unit on which the counterbalancing
natural gas with an adsorbent. certificate called a jurat, which states that is done by means of an air cylinder.
the affidavit was signed and sworn to before
ad valorem tax n: 1. a state or county tax
him or her.
based on the value of a property. 2. tax
imposed at a percent of a value. affiliated company n: a company that is
either directly or indirectly controlled and/or
advance payment agreement n: an
owned by another firm or company.
agreement between a producer and a
purchaser to make an advance payment for A-frame n: 1. a derrick or crane shaped like
gas to be delivered at a future date. the letter A and used to handle heavy loads.
advection fog n: a fog caused by the 2. an A-shaped openwork structure that is
movement of warm, moist air over a surface the stationary and supporting component of
with a temperature less than the dew point the mast of a jackknife rig and to which the
of the air. Also called sea fog. mast is anchored when it is in an upright or
drilling position. 3. the uppermost section of
adverse possession n: a method of air bit n: a roller cone bit that is specially
a standard derrick, shaped like the letter A
asserting and gaining title to property designed for air or gas drilling. It is very
and used as a support in lifting objects such
against other claimants, including the owner similar to a regular bit, but features screens
as the crown block to the water table.
of record. The claim through adverse over the bearings to protect them from
possession must include certain acts (as aft adv: toward or near the stem of a ship clogging with cuttings and thicker hardfacing
required by statute) over an uninterrupted or offshore drilling rig. on the shirttail to protect them from
interval of time. It must also be, in most aftercooler n: on a supercharged engine, a abrasive, high-velocity air or gas drilling
states, "open," "notorious," and "hostile." device, cooled by either air or by engine fluid.
aeolian adj: deposited by wind. coolant, that reduces the temperature of air cleaner n: a device installed on an
the engine's exhaust. It is necessary to cool engine's air intake to remove foreign
aeolian deposit n: a sediment deposited
the exhaust's temperature because the materials, such as dirt or dust, from the air
by wind.
exhaust drives the supercharger, which before it enters the engine.
aerated mud n: drilling mud into which air
forces air into the engine's intake manifold.
or gas is injected. Aeration with air or gas
The temperature of the supercharged air
reduces the density of the mud and allows
must be at an acceptable level; otherwise,
for faster drilling rates. The lighter aerated
the engine will run too hot. See
mud does not develop as much pressure
supercharger.
on bottom as a normal mud. The lower
afternoon tour (pronounced tower) n: see
pressure allows the cuttings made by the
evening tour.
bit to easily break away from the bit's
cutters; the cutters therefore always AGA abbr: American Gas
contact fresh, undrilled formation. Association.
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air cleaner element 5 alkane
air cleaner element n: see air cleaner filter air hoist n: a hoist operated by compressed disengages from the flywheel gear. Air-
element. air; a pneumatic hoist. Air hoists are often motor starters are installed on large
air cleaner filter element n: the part of an mounted on the rig floor and are used to lift industrial engines like those used on a
engine's air cleaner that traps dust and dirt joints of pipe and other heavy objects. drilling rig.
particles in the intake air that passes through
air tube clutch n: a clutch containing an
the element. Filter elements are designed to
inflatable tube that, when inflated, causes
trap most, but not all, of the foreign material
the clutch to engage the driven member.
that may be in the air taken in by an engine.
When the tube is deflated, disengagement
(If the filter elements trapped all particles,
occurs.
they would have to be replaced too frequently
to be practical.) Some elements, after they air vapour eliminator n: a device used to
become clogged with dust, can be cleaned separate and remove gases from a liquid to
and reused; others must be discarded and be measured to prevent an error in liquid
replaced. measurement.
air-cooled exchanger n: an atmospheric fin alarm n: a warning device triggered by the
tube exchanger that utilises air for cooling. presence of abnormal conditions in a
Ambient air contacts the external fins by fan- machine or system. For example, a low-
forced or natural draft. Also called air-fin unit water alarm automatically signals when the
or aerial cooler. water level in a vessel falls below its preset
air-cut adj: having inadvertent mechanical air induction system n: the network of minimum. Offshore, alarms are used to warn
incorporation of air into a liquid system. devices by which air is taken into an engine personnel of dangerous or unusual
air diving n: diving in which a diver uses a for combustion in the cylinders. conditions, such as fires and escaping
normal atmospheric mixture of oxygen and air injection n: 1.the injection of air into a gases.
nitrogen as a breathing medium. It is limited reservoir in a pressure maintenance or an in aIidade n: a surveying instrument consisting
to depths less than 190 feet (58 metres) situ combustion project. 2. the injection of of sighting device, index, and reading or
because of the dangers of nitrogen narcosis; fuel into the combustion chamber of a diesel recording device.
however, dives with bottom times of 30 engine by means of a jet of compressed air.
minutes or less may be conducted to a aliphatic hydrocarbons n pi: hydrocarbons
maximum of 220 feet (67 metres). air-jacketed thermometer n: a glass-stem that have a straight chain of carbon atoms.
thermometer totally encased in a glass Compare aromatic hydrocarbons.
air drilling n: a method of rotary drilling that
sheath, which provides air space between
uses compressed air as the circulation aliphatic series n: a series of open-chained
the thermometer and the liquid in which the
medium. The conventional method of hydrocarbons. The two major classes are
unit is immersed.
removing cuttings from the wellbore is to d1e series with saturated bonds and the
use a flow of water or drilling mud. air knocking n: on a diesel engine, a series with unsaturated bonds.
Compressed air removes the cuttings with phenomenon that occurs when trapped air
alkali n: a substance having marked basic
equal or greater efficiency. The rate of in the fuel injection system enters the
(alkaline) properties, such as a hydroxide of
penetration is usually increased engine's cylinder with the fuel. The fuel-air
an alkali metal. See base.
considerably when air drilling is used; mixture ignites but, because of the extra air
however, a principal problem in air drilling is in the fuel, the engine cylinder misfires and alkaline (caustic) flooding n: a method of
the penetration of formations containing knocks or hammers. The problem should be improved recovery in which alkaline
water, since the entry of water into the corrected promptly to prevent damage to the chemicals such as sodium hydroxide are
system reduces the ability of the air to engine. injected during a water flood or combined
remove the cuttings. with polymer flooding. The chemicals react
air mass n: a body of air that remains for an
with the natural acid present in certain crude
air eliminator n: a part of a LACT unit in- extended period of time over a large land or
oils to form surfactants within the reservoir.
stalled ahead of the metering equipment to sea area with uniform heating and cooling
The surfactants enable the water to move
separate and remove mass volumes of air properties. The air mass will acquire
additional quantities of oil from the depleted
and gas from the fluid. characteristics (such as temperature and
reservoir. Compare chemical flooding,
air-fin unit n: see air-cooled exchanger. moisture content) of the underlying region.
polymer flooding, water flooding.
airfoil n: a body designed to provide a air mass source region n: an area over
alkalinity n: the combining power of a base,
desired reaction force when in motion relative which an air mass rests and develops
or alkali, as measured by the number of
to the surrounding air. temperature and moisture characteristics
equivalents of an acid with which it reacts to
air gap n: the distance from the normal level typical of that location.
form a salt. Any solution that bas a pH
of the sea surface to the bottom of the hull or air-motor starter n: on an engine, a device greater than 7 is alkaline. See pH.
base of an offshore drilling platform or rig. powered by compressed air that starts the
air gun n: 1. a hand tool that is powered alkane n: see paraffin.
engine. The compressed air, when allowed
pneumatically. 2. a chamber filled with to enter the starter motor by means of a
compressed air, often used offshore in valve, causes a gear on the starter to
seismic exploration. As the gun is trailed engage a gear attached to the outer edge of
behind a boat, air is released, making a low the engine's flywheel. The rotating starter
frequency popping noise, which penetrates gear moves the flywheel gear, which causes
the subsurface rock layers and is reflected the engine's pistons to move. If fuel, air,
by the layers. and, on spark-ignition engines, electric
Sensitive hydrophones receive the spark are present in the engine, the engine
reflections and transmit them to recording pdfMachine
will start after a few rotations. As soon as
equipment on the boat.
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alkanolamine 6 (ACGIH)
alluvial fan n: a large, sloping sedimentary would occupy at the pressure and
alkanolamine n: a chemical family of
deposit at the mouth of a canyon, laid temperature of the mixture.
specific organic compounds, including
down by intermittently flowing water,
monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine A-mast n: an A-shaped arrangement of
especially in arid climates, and composed
(OEA), and triethanolamine (TEA). These upright poles, usually steel, used for lifting
of gravel and sand. The deposit tends to
chemicals, and proprietary mixtures heavy loads. See A-frame.
be coarse and unworked, with angular,
containing them and other amines, are used ambient conditions n pi: the conditions
poorly sorted grains in thin, overlapping
extensively for the removal of hydrogen (pressure, temperature, humidity, etc.) of
sheets. A line of fans may eventually
sulphide and carbon dioxide from other the medium surrounding the case of a
coalesce into an apron that grows broader
gases and are particularly adapted for meter, instrument, transducer, etc.
and higher as the slopes above are eroded
obtaining the low acid gas residuals that are
away. ambient pressure n: the pressure of the
usually specified by pipelines.
alkanolamine process n: a continuous medium that surrounds an object.
operation liquid process for removing acid ambient temperature n: the temperature of
gas from natural gas by using chemical the medium that surrounds an object.
absorption with subsequent heat addition to
strip the acid gas components from the Amerada bomb n: a wireline instrument for
absorbent solution. measuring bottomhole temperature or
pressure. It contains a clock-driven
alkyl n: a compound derived from an
recording section and either a pressure
alkane by removing one hydrogen atom.
element or a temperature element. It is thin
alkylation n: a process for manufacturing enough to pass downhole through small
components for 100-octane gasoline. An tubing.
alkyl group is introduced into an organic
compound either with or without a catalyst. American Association of Petroleum
Now usually used to mean alkylation of ALP abbr: articulated loading platform. Geologists (AAPG) n: a leading national
isobutane with propene, butenes, or industry organisation established to
alpha particle n: one of the extremely
hexenes in d1e presence of concentrated disseminate scientific and technical ideas
small particles of an atom that is ejected
sulphuric acid or anhydrous hydrofluoric and data in the field of geology as it relates
from a radioactive substance (such as
acid. to oil and natural gas exploration and
radium or uranium) as it disintegrates.
production. Its official publications are the
alligator grab n: a fishing device used to Alpha particles have a positive charge.
AAPG Bulletin and the AAPG Explorer:
pick up relatively small objects like
alternating current (A C) n: current in Address: P.O. Box 979; Tulsa, OK 74101;
wrenches that have fallen or have been
which the charge-flow periodically reverses (918) 584-2555.
dropped into the wellbore. The alligator
and whose average value is zero. Compare
grab's jaws are pinned open before the tool American Association of Petroleum
direct current.
is run into the well. The jaws snap shut Landmen (AAPL) n: an international
over the fish when contact is made. alternator n: an electric generator that trade organisation of landmen and related
produces alternating current. professionals. Its official publication is The
all-level sample n: in tank sampling, a
sample that is obtained by submerging a altocumulus (Ac) n: a white or gray mid- Landman. Address: 4100 Fossil Creek
stoppered beaker or bottle to a poinias level cloud that appears as closely Blvd.; Fort Worth, TX 76137; (817) 847-
near as possible to the draw-off level, then arranged rolls. This type of cloud is 7700.
opening the sampler and raising it at a rate composed of either ice crystals or water
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) n:
that makes it about three-quarters full droplets.
US organisation that sets standards and
(maxi- mum 85%) as it emerges from the altostratus n: a bluish or gravish layer of specifications for ships and ship
liquid. uniform mid-level clouds that cover large equipment manufactured in the United
allocation n: the distribution of oil or gas portions of the sky. This type of cloud is States. The organisation also makes
produced from a well per unit of time. In a composed of either ice crystals or water inspections during offshore rig
state using proration, this figure is droplets. construction and conducts periodic
established monthly by its conservation alumina n: aluminum oxide (Al202)' used as surveys to ensure that requirements for
agency. an abrasive, refractory, catalyst, and classification are maintained. Its official
allocation meter n: see tail gate. publications are Records of the American
adsorbent.
allonge n: see rider. Bureau of Shipping and ABS Activity Re-
aluminum bronze n: an alloy of copper and
allotted land n: Native American land port. Address: 2 World Trade Centre;
aluminum that may also include iron, 106th floor; New York, NY 10048; (212)
designated for use by a specific individual,
manganese, nickel, or zinc. 839- 5000.
although the title is still held by the United
States. aluminum cable steel-reinforced American Conference of Governmental
allowable n: the amount of oil or gas that conductor n: wire line made of braided and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) n: a
can be produced legally from a well. In a aluminum wires, which is strengthened by professional multinational organisation of
state using proration, this figure is the addition of steel wires, and which persons employed by governmental units
established monthly by its conservation conducts electricity. responsible for full-time programs of
agency. See proration. aluminum stearate n: an aluminum salt of hygiene and worker health and protection.
alloy n: a substance with metallic proper- stearic acid used as a defoamer. See Address: 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive;
ties that comprises two or more elements stearate. Cincinatti, Ohio 45240; (513) 742-2020.
in solid solution. See ferrous alloy, non- Amagat-Leduc rule n: states that the
ferrous alloy. volume occupied by a mixture of gases
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(AGA) 7 angle-control section
American Gas Association (AGA) n: a AMI abbr: area of mutual interest. floating drilling vessels are often secured
national trade association whose members amine n: any of several compounds over drill sites by large anchors like those
are US and Canadian distributors of employed in treating natural gas. Amines used on ships. For pipelines, a device that
natural, manufactured, and mixed gases. are generally used to remove hydrogen secures pipe in a ditch.
AGA provides information on sales, sulphide from water solutions and carbon anchor buoy n: a floating marker used in a
finances, utilisation, and all phases of gas dioxide from gas or liquid streams. spread mooring system to position each
transmission and distribution. Its official ammeter n: an instrument for measuring anchor of a semi-submersible rig or drill
publications are AGA Monthly and electric current in amperes. ship. See spread mooring system.
Operating Section Proceedings. Address:
amortisation n: I. the return of a debt anchoring system n: in pipeline
1515 Wilson Boulevard; Arlington, VA
(principal and interest) in equal annual construction, a combination of anchors used
22209; (703) 841-8400; fax (703) 841-
instalments. 2. the return of invested to hold a lay barge on station and move it
8406.
principal in a sinking fund. forward along the planned route. Lay-barge
American Institute of Mining, anchors may weigh in excess of 20 tons (18
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers ampere (A) n: the fundamental unit of
tonnes), and a dozen or more may be
(AIME) n: parent group of the Society of electrical current; 1 ampere = 6.28 x 1018
needed.
Petroleum Engineers (SPE). See Society of electrons passing through the circuit per
Petroleum Engineer. Its official publication is second. One ampere delivers I coulomb in 1 anchor key n: a device on the deadline tie-
the Journal of Petroleum Technology. second. ampere-hour n: a unit of electricity down anchor used to secure the drilling line.
Address: 345 East 47th Street; New York, equal to the amount produced in 1 hour by a
anchor packer n: a packer designed for sit-
NY 10017; (212) 705-7695. flow of I ampere. See ampere.
ting on a pipe that rests on bottom, such as
ampere turn n: the number of turns in a a tail pipe or liner. See packer:
American National Standards
coil multiplied by the number of amperes of
Institute(ANSI) n: serves as clearinghouse anchor pattern n: the pattern of minute
current flowing through the coil.
for nationally coordinated voluntary projections from a metal surface produced
standards for fields ranging from information amplifier n: a device for increasing the by sandblasting, shot blasting, or chemical
technology to building construction. magnitude of a quantity such as an etching to enhance the adhesiveness of
Address: 11 W. 42nd Street, 13th floor; New electrical measurement signal. Amplifiers surface coatings.
York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900. may be used to increase a transmitted and
anchor seal assembly n: a seal assembly
received measurement signal.
American Petroleum Institute (API) n: oil run on the production tubing that allows the
trade organisation (founded in 1920) that is amplitude modulation (am) n: modulation tubing to be landed properly in the casing's
the leading standardising organisation for of the amplitude of a radio carrier wave in seal bore when tubing weight alone is not
oilfield drilling and producing equipment. It accordance with the strength of the audio or sufficient to seat the tubing.
maintains departments of transportation, other signal.
anchor wash pipe spear n: a fishing tool
refining, marketing, and production in
amplitudes n pi: shapes and heights of the installed inside washover pipe to prevent a
Washington, DC. It offers publications
peaks in a spontaneous potential curve. fish stuck off bottom from falling to bottom
regarding standards, recommended
anaerobic adj: active in the absence of free during a washover. Slips on the anchor
practices, and bulletins. Address: 1220 L
oxygen. washpipe spear engage the inside of the
Street NW; Washington, DC 20005; (202)
washover pipe as the pipe travels downhole
682-8000. anaerobic bacteria n pi: bacteria that do
around the fish.
not require free oxygen to live or that are not
American Society for Testing and anchor weight n: a weight installed in a
destroyed by its absence. Under certain
Materials (ASTM) n: organisation that sets tank to which the guide wires or cables for
conditions, anaerobic bacteria can cause
guidelines for the testing and use of an automatic tank gauge float are attached
scale to form in water-handling facilities in
equipment and materials. Its publications to hold them taut and plumb.
oilfields or hydrogen sulphide to be
are ASTM Standardisation News, Book of
produced from sulphates. andesite n: finely crystalline, generally light-
Standards, Cement and Concrete
coloured extrusive igneous rock com- posed
Aggregates Journal, Composites analog adj: of or pertaining to an
largely of plagioclase feldspar with smaller
Technology & Research, Geo technical instrument that measures a continuous
amounts of dark-coloured minerals.
Testing Journal, Journal of Forensic variable that is proportional to another
Compare diorite.
Science, and Journal of Testing and variable over a given range. For example,
Evaluation. Address: 100 Barr Harbor; West temperature can be represented or anemometer n: an instrument for
Conshohocken, PA 19428; (610) 832-9500. measured as voltage, its analog. measuring wind speed in the atmosphere.
The most common types are cup, vane, and
American Society of Mechanical analog data n: information indicated by a
hot-wire anemometers.
Engineers (ASME) n: organisation whose continuous form, usually a needle or pointer
equipment standards are sometimes used moving across a dial face. Compare digital aneroid barometer n: a barometer
by the oil industry. Its official publication is readout. consisting of a flexible, spring-filled metal
Mechanical Engineering. Address: 345 East cell from which air has been removed and a
analog signal n: the representation of the
47th Street; New York, NY 10017; (212) mechanism that registers. See barograph.
magnitude of a variable in the form of a
705-7788; fax (212) 705-7856. angle-azimuth indicator n: see riser angle
measurable physical quantity that varies
American Society of Safety Engineers smoothly rather than in discrete steps. indicator.
(ASSE) n: organisation that establishes anchor n: a device that secures, or fastens, angle-control section n: the part of a
safety practices for several industries. Its equipment. In producing wells with sucker groove on the drawworks drum that
publications are Professional Safety and rod pumps, a gas anchor is a special changes direction. Grooves run parallel to
Society Update. Address: 1800 East section of perforated pipe installed below each other, except in the angle-control
Oakton; Des Plaines, IL 60018-2187; (847) the pump. It provides a space for gas to section, where each groove is machined at
699-2929. pdfMachine
break out of the oil. In offshore drilling,
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angle of deflection 8 anoxia
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ANSI 9 arenite
2 m
ANSI abbr: American National Standards pits at the University of Houston. The API Sw = aRw / O Rt
Institute. gamma ray unit is defined as 1/200 of the Archimedes's Principle n: the buoyant
difference in log deflection between two force exerted on a body suspended in a fluid
anticipated load n: (1) in designing or
zones of different gamma ray intensity. The is proportional to the density of the fluid.
ordering hoisting (lifting) equipment, the
test pit is constructed so that the average
maximum weight that the equipment will be Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) n:
midcontinent shale will record about 100 API
able to safely lift. (2) on diesel electric rigs, nineteen million acres on Alaska's north-
gamma ray units.
the maximum amount of electric power that east coast that are believed to contain 600
the generators will have to produce to API gravity n: the measure of the density or million to 9 billion barrels (954 billion to 143
adequately power the rig. gravity of liquid petroleum products in the trillion litres) of oil. Opening of the area to oil
United States; derived from relative density exploration and production is the subject of
anticipated surface pressure n: pressure
in accordance with the following equation: much debate between environmentalists
expected to be measured at the surface
after a well is drilled and completed. and oil-industry personnel.
API gravity at 60°F =
[141.5 + relative density 60/60°F] -131.5 arctic submersible rig n: a mobile
anticlinal trap n: a hydrocarbon trap in
submersible drilling structure used in arctic
which petroleum accumulates in the top of API gravity is expressed in degrees, 1 D.
areas. The rig is towed onto the drilling site
an anticline. See anticline. API being equivalent to 1.0, the specific
and submerged during periods when the
gravity of water. See gravity.
anticline n: rock layers folded in the shape water is free of ice. All equipment below the
of an arch. Anticlines sometimes trap oil and API MPMS abbr: American Petroleum waterline is surrounded by a caisson to
gas. Compare syncline. Institute's Manual of Petroleum protect it from damage by moving ice. The
Measurement Standards. drilling deck has no square comers so that
anticyclonic wind n: the wind associated
API neutron unit n: the standard unit of moving ice can better flow around it. See
with a high-pressure area.
measurement for neutron logs. submersible drilling rig.
antifoam n: a substance used to prevent Standardisation of this unit results from the
foam by greatly increasing surface tension. calibration of each logging tool model in the
Compare defoamer. API neutron test pit at the University of
antifreeze n: a chemical added to liquid that Houston.
lowers its freezing point. Often used to
APO abbr: after payout; commonly used in
prevent water in an engine's cooling system
the land department of an oil company.
from freezing.
apparent compressibility n: the algebraic
antiknock compound n: a substance, such
sum of the actual compressibility of a liquid
as tetraethyl lead or other compounds,
and the volume change per unit volume of
added to the fuel of an internal-combustion
the confining container caused by a unit
engine to prevent detonation of the fuel.
change in pressure at constant temperature.
Antiknock compounds effectively raise the
arc weld v: to join metals by utilising the arc
octane rating of a fuel so that it burns apparent power n: the product of volts and
created between the welding rod, which
properly in the combustion chamber of an amperes in an AC circuit when voltage and
serves as an electrode, and a metal object.
engine. See octane rating, tetraethyl lead. current are measured separately. If voltage
The arc is a discharge of electric current
and current are not in phase, apparent
antiknock rating n: the measurement of across an air gap. The high temperature
power is greater than true power.
how well an automotive gasoline resists generated by the arc melts both the
detonation or pinging in a spark-ignition apparent viscosity n: the viscosity of a electrode and the metal, which fuse.
engine. drilling fluid as measured with a direct- area of mutual interest n: an area, usually
indicating, or rotational, viscometer. outlined on a plat attached to a farmout
antilog abbr: antilogarithm.
appraisal well n: a well drilled to confirm agreement or described in an exhibit, that
antilogarithm n: a second number whose and evaluate the presence of hydrocarbons allows both parties the first right of refusal
logarithm is the first number. See logarithm. in a reservoir that has been found by a wild- on leases acquired by either party after the
antiwhirl bit n: a drill bit, usually a cat well. agreement is executed.
polycrystalline diamond bit, that is designed APR abbr: a trademark name for an annular area rate clause n: see minimum lawful
to prevent the bit's drilling a spiral-shaped price clause.
pressure-responsive valve for a DST string.
hole because it whirls off centre as it rotates. arenaceous adj: pertaining to sand or
See bit whirl. apron n: 1. a body of coarse, poorly sorted sandy rocks (such as arenaceous shale).
sediments formed by the coalescence of
ANWR abbr: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. arenite n: a sandstone in which less than
alluvial or detrital fans along the flanks of a
API abbr: American Petroleum Institute. 15% of the total volume is silt and clay.
mountain range. 2. a similar body of turbidite
API cement class n: a classification system sediments formed by the coalescence of
for oilwell cements, defined in API submarine debris fans along the base of the
Specification 10A. continental slope.
API-certified adj: said of a tool that meets aquifer n: 1. a permeable body of rock
the American Petroleum Institute's minimum capable of yielding groundwater to wells and
standard. springs. 2. the part of a water drive reservoir
API gamma ray unit n: the standard unit of that contains the water.
gamma ray measurement. Standardisation Archie's equation n: the formula for
of this unit results from the normalisation of evaluating the quantity of hydrocarbons in a
the detector-measurement systems of all formation. ThepdfMachine
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primary service companies in the AAPI pdftest
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argillaceous 10 atomic weight
argillaceous adj: pertaining to a formation longer commonly used because asbestos Expressway, Suite 428; Dallas, TX 75206;
that consists of clay or shale (such as can cause respiratory illness. (214) 692-0771.
argillaceous sand). as-delivered Btu n: the number of Btus astern adv or adj: 1. at or toward the stem of
arkose n: sandstone composed largely of contained in a cubic foot of natural gas a ship or an offshore drilling rig; abaft. 2.
feldspar grains and deriving from granitic adjusted to reflect the actual water content of behind the ship or rig.
source rocks. the gas at delivered pressure, temperature, ASTM abbr: American Society for Testing
armature n: a part made of coils of wire and gravity conditions. and Materials.
placed around a metal core, in which ash n: noncombustible residue from the ASTM distillation n: any distillation made in
electric current is induced in a generator, or gasification or burning of coal or a heavy accordance with ASTM procedure. Generally
in which input current interacts with a hydrocarbon. refers to a distillation test to determine the
magnetic field to produce torque in a motor. ASME abbr: American Society of Mechanical initial boiling point, the temperature at which
armored case n: a corrosion-resistant Engineers. percentage fractionations of the sample are
metal case in which a glass-stem asphalt n: a hard brown or black material distilled, the final boiling point, and quantity of
thermometer can be placed to minimise the composed principally of hydrocarbons. It is residue.
risk of breakage. insoluble in water but soluble in gasoline and athwart prep or adv: from side to side of a
arm's-length bargaining n: negotiations can be obtained by heating some petroleum, ship or offshore drilling rig.
between a willing buyer and a willing seller, coal tar, or lignite tar. It is used for paving and
atm abbr: atmosphere.
which should result in a price that truly roofing and in paints.
reflects the market. atmosphere (atm) n: a unit of pressure equal
asphalt-base oil n: see naphthene-base oil.
to the atmospheric pressure at sea level, 14.7
aromatic hydrocarbons n pi: asphalt enamel n: an asphalt-base enamel pounds per square inch (101.325 kilopascals)
hydrocarbons derived from or containing a applied as a coating to pipe that is to be
benzene ring. Many have an odour. Single- atmospheres absolute n pi: total pressure at
buried. The asphalt is combined with finely
ring aromatic hydrocarbons are the a depth underwater, expressed as multiples
ground mica, clay, soapstone, or talc and
benzene series (benzene, ethylbenzenes, of normal atmospheric pressure.
applied while hot. Combined with a
and toluene). Aromatic hydrocarbons also subsequent wrapping, this coating protects atmospheric diving system (ADS) n: a one-
include naphthalene and anthracene. the buried pipe from corrosion. person atmospheric suit rated to depths of
Compare aliphatic hydrocarbons. 2,300 feet (701 metres). Advantages include
asphaltic crude n: petroleum with a high
aromatisation n: the conversion of allowing the operator to work in a safe
proportion of naphthenic compounds, which
aliphatic or alicyclic compounds to aromatic environment for debris salvage or recovery
leave relatively high proportions of asphaltic
hydrocarbons. operations.
residue when refined.
arpent n: a French unit of measurement, atmospheric pressure n: the pressure
asphaltic material n: one of a group of solid.
equal to 191.833 feet (58.5 metres). exerted by the weight of the atmosphere. At
liquid, or semisolid materials that are pre-
sea level, the pressure is approximately 14.7
artesian well n: a well in which water flows dominantly mixtures of heavy hydrocarbons
pounds per square inch (101.325 kilo-
to the surface under natural pressure. and their non-metallic derivatives and are
pascals), often referred to as 1 atmosphere.
obtained either from natural bituminous
articulated loading platform (ALP) n: Also called barometric pressure.
deposits or from the residues of petroleum
offshore platform in which the riser is jointed
refining. atmospheric pressure cure n: the aging of
to allow for changes in water level, current,
specimens for test purposes at normal
and so on. ASSE abbr: American Society of Safety
atmospheric pressure for a designated period
artificial island n: an artificial gravel island Engineers.
of time under specified conditions of
sometimes used in shallow Arctic waters as assignment n: a transfer of rights and
temperature and humidity.
a base on which drilling and production interests in real or personal property or rights
under a contract-for example, the transfer of atoll n: a coral island consisting of a reef
equipment is erected.
an oil and gas lease from the original lessee surrounding a lagoon.
artificial lift n: any method used to raise oil
to another party. atom n: the smallest quantity of an element
to the surface through a well after reservoir
assignment clause n: a clause in any capable of either entering into a chemical
pressure has declined to the point at which
instrument that allows either party to the combination or existing alone.
the well no longer produces by means of
natural energy. Sucker rod pumps, gas lift, instrument to assign all or part of his or her atomic number n: a number that expresses
hydraulic pumps, and submersible electric interest to others. the number of protons and an equal number
associated free gas n: see associated gas. of electrons in each atom of an element.
pumps are the most common means of
artificial lift. associated gas n: natural gas that overlies atomic weight n: a number that
and contacts crude oil in a reservoir. Where approximates the number of protons plus the
artificial satellite n: an information reservoir conditions are such that the number of neutrons in an atom; it expresses
collecting instrument that orbits the earth. As production of associated gas does not the relative weights of atoms.
abbr: altostratus. substantially affect the recovery of crude oil in
asbestos n: term applied to many heat the reservoir, such gas may also be
resistant and chemically inert fibrous reclassified as non-associated gas by a
minerals, some forms of which are used in regulatory agency. Also called associated
certain drilling fluids. It finds only limited use free gas. See gas cap.
because prolonged exposure can cause Association of Energy Service Companies
respiratory illness. (AESC) n: organisation that sets some of the
asbestos felt n: a wrapping material standards, principles, and policies of oilwell
consisting of asbestos saturated with asphalt; servicing contractors. Its official publication is
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atomise 11 automatic wire welding
atomise v: to spray a liquid through a automatic drilling control unit n: see systematic basis, which can be tested to
restricted opening, causing it to break into automatic driller. determine the quality of the liquid flowing in
tiny droplets and mix thoroughly with the automatic fill-up shoe n: a device usually the line. An automatic sampling device
surrounding air. installed on the first joint of casing to consists of a probe inserted into the line, an
attachment efficiency n: in crane regulate automatically the amount of mud in extractor, a timer or other device that
operations, the relative strength of a sling's the casing. The valve in this shoe keeps controls the sampling rate, and a small tank
end attachment, such as a loop eye or a mud from entering the casing until mud (sample receiver) that holds the samples.
swaged terminal, which attaches the sling to pressure causes the valve to open, allowing automatic shutdown n: a system in which
the load to be lifted by the crane. The less mud to enter. certain instruments are used to control or to
efficient the attachment is, the more the maintain the operating conditions of a
sling's strength is reduced. process. If conditions become abnormal, this
attapuigite n: a fibrous clay mineral that is a system automatically stops the process and
viscosity-building substance; used principally notifies the operator of the problem.
in saltwater-base drilling muds. Also called automatic slips n pi: a device, operated by
fuller's earth. air or hydraulic fluid, that fits into the opening
attest v: to verify or witness, by a designated in the rotary table when the drill stem must be
company official, the signature of the signing suspended in the wellbore (as when a
company officer and the affixing of the official connection or trip is being made). Automatic
company or corporation seal. The title of the slips, also called power slips, eliminate the
company official executing the instrument need for roughnecks to set and take out slips
and the title of the company official attesting it manually. See slips.
should appear under the signatures.
automatic tank gauge n: an instrument that
auger n: a boring tool that consists of a shaft automatically measures and displays liquid
with spiral channels. An auger may be used levels or ullages in one or more tanks
to bore the hole for a pipeline that must cross continuously, periodically, or on demand.
automatic gauge n: a measuring device in-
beneath a roadbed.
stalled on the outside of a tank to permit automatic tank gauge tape n: a metal tape
authority for expenditure n: an estimate of observation of the depth of the liquid inside. used to connect the liquid level-detecting
costs prepared by a lease operator and sent
automatic gauging tape n: the flexible element and the gauge-head mechanism.
to each non operator with a working interest
for approval before work is under taken. measuring or connecting element that is automatic temperature compensator n: a
Normally used in connection with well-drilling used to measure the liquid level in tanks by meter accessory that enables a meter that is
operations. the automatic gauge method. measuring volume at stress temperature to
automatic J n: a mechanism in packers and register the equivalent volume at a reference
automated plant n: a plant that contains
other tools in which straight pickup or set- or base temperature.
instruments for the measurement and control
of temperatures, pressures, flow rates, and down action will set or release the tool. automatic Yawl tank gauging system n: a
properties of resulting products and thereby Rotation is not needed to set or release a system that automatically measures and
makes necessary corrections in the plant tool with an automatic J. displays liquid levels or ullage in one or more
operating conditions so as to maintain automatic positioner n: see hook vessel tanks on a continuous, periodic, or on-
specification products. Such a plant contains positioner: demand basis.
shutdown and other automatic devices for
automatic positioner lock n: a device 00 a automatic welding n: a welding technique
minimising damage in the absence of
drilling rig's hook that allows the hook to for joining pipe ends. Two general types of
operating personnel.
rotate freely when hoisting the drill string out automatic welding used in pipeline
automatic cathead n: see breakout cat- of open (uncased) hole but automatically construction are submerged-arc welding and
head, cathead. makeup cathead. rotates the elevators to face the derrickhand automatic wire welding.
automatic choke n: an adjustable choke that when they reach the monkeyboard. Allowing automatic wire welding n: an automatic
is power-operated to control pressure of flow. the elevators to rotate prevents them from welding process utilising a continuous wire
See adjustable choke. damaging the open hole and prevents the feed and a shielding gas. Automatic wire
drilling line from becoming twisted. The welding is similar to semiautomatic welding
automatic control n: a device that regulates
positioner lock can also lock die elevators except that manual adjustment of the rate of
various factors (such as flow rate, pressure,
into one position when tripping in cased hole wire feed and amount of shielding gas is
or temperature) of a system without
where it is not necessary to allow the unnecessary. See also semiautomatic
supervision or operation by personnel. See
elevators to rotate freely. welding.
instrumentation.
automatic custody transfer n: a system for automatic pumping station n: an
automatically measuring and sampling oil or automatically operated station installed on a
products at points of receipt or delivery. See pipeline to provide pressure when a fluid is
lease automatic custody transfer. being transported.
automatic sampler n: a device that, when
automatic driller n: a mechanism used to installed in a pipe or flow channel and
regulate the amount of weight 00 the bit actuated by automatic control equipment.
without the presence of personnel. Automatic enables a representative sample to be
drillers free the driller from the sometimes obtained of the fluid flowing therein.
tedious task of manipulating the drawworks
brake to maintain correct weight on the bit. automatic sampling n: the gathering of
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automation 12 azimuth angle indicator
bailer n: a long, cylindrical container fitted ballast movement n: a voyage or voyage leg banana peel n: a thin sheet of steel
with a valve at its lower end, used to remove made without any paying cargo in the created when a washover pipe's rotary
water, sand, mud, drilling cuttings, or oil from vessel's tanks. To maintain proper stability, shoe grinds into the casing and mills a
a well in cable-tool drilling. trim, or draft, seawater is usually carried portion of the casing. It can be prevented
during such movements. Also called ballast by selecting a shoe diameter that is much
bailing v: the operation of cleaning mud leg or ballast passage. smaller than the diameter of the casing but
cuttings and other material from the bottom of ballast passage n: see ballast movement. is still of adequate diameter to remove the
the well bore with a bailer. ballast tank n: any shipboard tank or tanker material that is sticking the fish.
bailing drum n: the reel around which the compartment normally used for carrying
bank draft n: see draft.
bailing line is wound. See bailing line. saltwater ballast. When these compartments
or tanks are not connected with the cargo bar v: to move or turn (as a flywheel) with a
bailing line n: the cable attached to a bailer, bar used as a lever.
system, they are called segregated ballast
passed over a sheave at the top of the
tanks or systems. barefoot completion n: see open-hole
derrick, and spooled on a reel.
ball bearing n: a bearing in which a finely completion.
bail pin n: a large steel dowel (pin) that machined shaft (a journal) turns on freely
barge n: 1. a flat-decked, shallow-draft
attaches the swivel's bail to the swivel's body. rotating hardened-steel spheres that roll
vessel, usually towed by a boat. Barges are
Normally, swivels have two bail pins, one for easily within a groove or track (a race) and
not self-propelled. They are used to transport
each side of the bail where it attaches to the thus convert sliding friction into rolling friction.
oil or products on rivers, lakes, and inland
body. See bail. See ball race.
waterways. Also, a complete drilling rig may
bail throat n: the inside curve in the ball catcher n: a cylindrical tube placed
be assembled on a barge and the vessel
swivel's bail where the bail hangs from the around the retrieving neck of a retrievable
used for drilling wells in lakes and in inland
travelling block's hook. See bail. bridge plug to catch debris or frac balls.
waters and marshes. Similarly, well service
ball cock n: a device for regulating the level
balance point n: the point at which enough and workover equipment can be mounted on
of fluid in a tank. It consists of a valve
pipe has been snubbed into the hole to allow a barge. 2. an offshore drilling vessel built in
connected to a hollow floating ball that, by
the pipe's weight to overcome the upward the shape of a ship. Unlike a ship, however, it
rising or falling, shuts or opens the valve.
force of well pressure. See snubbing, is not self-propelled. Also called a drill barge.
balled-up bit n: see ball up.
stripping in.
ballistic prover n: see small-volume prover.
bail n: a spherical object that, when pumped ball joint n: see flex joint.
down the hole, operates certain hydraulic ball mill n: a hollow drum that contains
tools. material to be ground or pulverised, heavy
bail-and-seat valve n: a device used to steel or ceramic balls, and a liquid such as
restrict fluid flow to one direction. It consists water. The drum is rolled or agitated so that
of a polished sphere, or ball, usually of metal, the balls crush or polish the material as they
and an annular piece, the seat, ground and roll about.
polished to form a seal with the surface of the ball-mill v: to use a ball mill to grind, polish,
baric wind law n: see Buys-Ballots law.
ball. Gravitational force or the force of a or pulverise metal or stone particles.
barite n: barium sulphate, BaSO4; a mineral
spring holds the ball against the seat. flow in balloon v: in reference to tubing under the
frequently used to increase the weight or
the direction of the force is pre- vented, while effects of temperature changes, sucker rod
density of drilling mud. Its relative density is
flow in the opposite direction overcomes the pumping, or high internal pressure, to
4.2 (i.e., it is 4.2 times denser than water).
force and unseats the ball. increase in diameter while decreasing in
See barium sulphate, mud.
length. Compare reverse-balloon.
ballast n: 1. for ships, water taken on board barium sulphate n: a chemical compound of
ball-out v: to plug open perforations by using
into specific tanks to permit proper angle of barium, sulphur, and oxygen (BaS°4), which
ball sealers.
repose of the ve.'lSe1 in the water, and to may form a tenacious scale that is very
ball race n: a track, channel, or groove in
assure structural stability. 2. for mobile off- difficult to remove. Also called barite.
which ball bearings turn.
shore drilling rigs, weight added to make the barograph n: an aneroid barometer that
ball sealers n pi: balls made of nylon, hard
rig more seaworthy, increase its draft, or continuously records atmospheric pressure
rubber, or both and used to shut off
submerge it to the seafloor. Seawater is values on a graph or chart.
perforations through which excessive fluid is
usually used for ballast, but sometimes barometer n: an instrument for measuring
being lost.
concrete or iron is also used to lower the rig's atmospheric pressure. See aneroid
ball up v: 1. to collect a mass of sticky
centre of gravity permanently. barometer, mercury barometer.
consolidated material, usually drill cuttings,
ballast control n: the act of maintaining a on drill pipe, drill collars, bits, and so forth.
floating offshore drilling rig on even keel, A bit with such material attached to it is
regardless of weather or load conditions. called a balled-up bit. Balling up is
frequently the result of inadequate pump
ballasted condition n: the condition of a
pressure or insufficient drilling fluid. 2. in
floating offshore drilling rig when ballast has
reference to an anchor, to fail to hold on a
been added.
soft bottom, pulling out, instead, with a
ballast engineer n: on a semi submersible large ball of mud attached.
drilling rig, the person responsible for
ball valve n: a flow-control device
maintaining the rig's stability under all
employing a ball with a rotating mechanism
weather and load conditions.
to open or close the tubing.
ballast leg n: see ballast movement. pdfMachine
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barometric pressure 15 batch treatment
barometric pressure n: see atmospheric reaction is written chemically as NaOH + HCl form thick sequences of sedimentary rock. 2.
pressure. -+ NaCI + H2O. the area drained by a stream and its
base abstract n: an abstract of title that tributaries. 3. a geologii: structure in which
barrel (bbl) n: 1. a measure of volume for contains full and complete copies of all strata are inclined toward a common centre.
petroleum products in die United States. {A)e recorded instruments from the sovereignty of
barrel is the equivalent of 42 US gallons or the soil to the date the same is completed as basket n: a device placed in the drill or work
0.15899 cubic meters (9,702 cubic inches). set forth in the abstractor's certificate. string that catches debris when a drillable
One cubic metre equals 6.2897 barrels. 2. object is being milled or drilled downhole.
the cylindrical part of a sucker rod pimp in base exchange n: the replacement of cat-
whid1 the piston like plunger moves up and ions associated with a clay surface by those basket grapple n: an expandable,
down. Operating as a piston inside a cylinder, of another element, e.g., the conversion of cylindrically shaped gripping mechanism that
the plunger and ~I create pressure energy to sodium clay to calcium clay. is fitted into an overshot to retrieve fish from
lift well fluid to the surface. the borehole. See grapple.
base gas n: the volume of gas needed as
barrel compressor n: a special type of permanent inventory to maintain adequate basket hitch n: in crane operations, a
centrifugal compressor with a barrel-shaped underground storage reservoir pressures and method of attaching a sling to a load in which
housing. deliverability rates throughout the withdrawal both ends of the sling are passed under the
season. load and then attached to the crane's hook.
barrel equivalent n: a laboratory unit used base line n: I. the fore and aft reference line
for evaluating or testing drilling fluids. One at the upper surface of the flat plate keel at basket sub n: a fishing accessory run above
gram of material, when added to 350 the centre line for flush shell plate vessels. 2. a bit or a mill to recover small, nondrillable
millilitres of fluid, is equivalent to 1 pound of the thickness of the garboard strake above pieces of metal or junk in a well.
material added to one 42-gallon barrel of that level for vessels having lap seam shell
fluid. plating. batch n: 1. a specific quantity of material that
barrel-mile n: a unit of measure for pipeline is processed, treated. or used in one
shipment of oil or liquid product that signifies base load n: as applied to gas, a given send- operation. 2. in corrosion control, a quantity
1 barrel moved 1 mile. out of gas remaining fairly constant over a of chemical corrosion inhibitors injected into
barrel reamer n: in pipeline construction, a period of time and usually not temperature the lines of a production system. 3. in oilwell
cylindrical device fitted on both ends with sensitive. For example, residential base load cementing, a part of the total quantity of
hollow cutting teeth, used in directionally is a given send-out of gas consumed by cement to be used in a well. 4. in pipelining, a
drilled river crossings. Used during the p111- clothes dryers, water heaters, and in cooking. quantity of one weight or type of crude or
back portion of a crossing effort, the barrel base map n: horizontal representation of liquid product pumped next to one of different
reamer opens the hole and keeps the pull on nongeologic surface features such as weight or type.
course. streams, roads, buildings, survey bench-
barrels per day (bpd) n: in the United marks, and property lines. batch cementing n: in oilwell cementing, the
States, a measure of the rate of flow of a pumping of cement in partial amounts, or
well; the total amount of oil and other fluid basement rock n: igneous or metamorphic batches, as contrasted with pumping it all in
produced or processed per day. rock, which seldom contains petroleum. one operation.
barring n: turning over an engine by hand. A Ordinarily, it lies below sedimentary rock.
solid-steel rod (a bar) is inserted into special When it is encountered in drilling, the well is batching n: in pipelining, the pumping of a
holes in the engine's flywheel. By lifting up or usually abandoned. quantity of crude or product of one weight
pressing down on the bar, the flywheel can base metal n: 1. any of the reactive metals at next to one of different weight or type.
be turned, which rotates the pistons in the the lower end of the electrochemical series. Usually, a small amount of mixing occurs
cylinders. Barring is used as a precautionary 2. metal to which cladding or plating is where the two batches come in contact.
measure before starting an engine that has applied.
not been run in some time. base pressure n: the pressure exerted by a batching sphere n: a large rubber ball
bar sand n: reservoir rock formed from a specific number of molecules contained in a placed in a pipeline to separate batches and
mass of sand, gravel, or alluvium deposited specific volume (usually I cubic foot) at a prevent mixing.
on the bed of a stream, sea, or lake by waves specific temperature. Base pressure is a
and currents. factor used in calculating gas volume. batch mixer n: a cement-mixing system in
baruio n: see baguio. Standard base pressure varies from state to which dry cement and water are blended by a
state. In Texas, for example, base pressure stream of air. The primary disadvantages are
baryte n: variation of barite. See barite. is 14.73 psia at 6().F. In Louisiana, base uneven mixing and volume limitations.
pressure is 15.025 psia at 6()°F.
basalt n: an extrusive igneous rock that is base price II: the value of natural gas, usually batch treating n: the process by which a
dense, fine grained, and often dark gray to at the wellhead, before any imposition of single quantity of crude oil emulsion is broken
black. Compare gabbro. taxes, gathering, compression, or other into oil and water. The emulsion is gathered
charges, as stated in a gas sales contract. and stored in a tank or container prior to
base n: a substance capable of reacting with basicity II: pH value above 7 and the ability to treating. Compare flow-line treating.
an acid to form a salt. A typical base is neutralise or accept protons from .:ids.
sodium hydroxide (caustic), with the chemical basic sediment n: see sediment. batch treatment n: in corrosion control, the
formula NaOH. For example, sodium basic sediment and water (BS&W) n: see injection of a quantity of chemical corrosion
hydroxide combines with hydrochloric acid to sediment and water (S& W). inhibitors into the lines of a production
form sodium chloride (a salt) and water. This basin n: 1. apdfMachine
local depression in the earth's system, usually on a regular schedule.
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bath 16 benzene ring
bath n: liquid placed in a container and held bearing n: 1. an object, surface, or point that benchmark price n: the price per barrel of
at a controlled temperature to regulate the supports. 2. a machine part in which another certain crude oils such as West Texas
temperature of any system placed in it or part (such as a journal or pin) turns or slides. intermediate and North Sea Brent, which
passing through it. serves as an indicator of worldwide oil prices.
battery n: 1. an installation of identical or bearing cap n: a device that is fitted around
nearly identical pieces of equipment (such as a bearing to hold or immobilise it. bending load pressure n: the force created
a tank battery or a battery of meters). 2. an bearing pin n: a machined extension around on an object by applying the weight of an-
electricity storage device. which are placed bit bearings. other object so that the weight bends or
Baume gravity n: specific gravity as Beaufort scale n: a numerical ranking tends to bend the first object.
measured by the Baume scale. Two arbitrary system that provides an estimate of the force
scales are employed: one for liquids lighter of wind and the height of waves. Higher- bending stress n: in crane operations,
than water and the other for liquids heavier scale values correlate with higher forces. stress that is imposed on the wires making
than water. This scale is also used to up a wire rope's strand or on the wire rope
describe the density of acid solutions. bed n: a specific layer of earth or rock that itself when the wire rope is bent or curved.
presents a contrast to other layers of different
Baume scale n: either of two arbitrary material lying above, below, or adjacent to it. Bendix n: the brand name for a type of
scales-one for liquids lighter than water and friction clutch in an electric starter for small
the other for liquids heavier than water-that bedding plane n: the surface that separates engines. When electric current is applied to
indicates specific gravity in degrees. each successive layer of a stratified rock the starter, the friction clutch (the Bendix)
from the preceding layer. It is here that minor moves forward to engage a pinion gear on
bbl abbr: barrel. changes in sediments or depositional the starter with a ring gear on the engine
bbV acre-ft abbr: barrels per acre-foot. bbVd conditions can be observed. flywheel. As the starter's pinion rotates, it
abbr: barrels per day. rotates the ring gear, which moves the
Bcf abbr: billion cubic feet. bed load n: the gravel and coarse sand that flywheel to turn the engine over.
Bcf/d abbr: billion cubic feet per day. are rolled and bounced along the bottom of a
b/d abbr: barrels per day; often used in flowing stream. Compare dissolved load, bends n: a highly painful and potentially fatal
drilling reports. suspended load. condition in which air or other breathable
BID abbr: barrels per day. bedrock n: solid rock just beneath the soil. gases come out of solution in the blood-
BOC abbr: bottom dead centre belching n: slang. See flow by heads. stream and cause distress or death. So
bell v: to flare the end of a cylindrical object named because the bending joints of the
beam n: (1) the extreme width (breadth) of so that it resembles the bottom of a bell. body are most often affected. Also called
the hull of a ship or mobile offshore drilling decompression sickness.
rig. (2) a walking beam. See walking beam. belled box n: a tool joint box which has been
subjected to a torque which has resulted in bent housing n: a special housing for the
beam-balanced pumping unit n: a beam permanent enlargement of the box diameter. positive-displacement downhole mud motor,
pumping unit that has a counterbalance This normally occurs adjacent to the box which is manufactured with a bend of 10 to
weight on the walking beam. sealing shoulder. 30 to facilitate directional drilling.
beam counterbalance n: the weights on a
beam pumping unit installed on the end of bell hole n: a hole shaped like a bell, larger bentonite n: a colloidal clay, composed
the walking beam, which is opposite the end at the top than at the bottom. A bell hole may primarily of montmorillonite, that swells when
over the well. The counterbalance offsets, or be dug beneath a pipeline to allow access for wet. Because of its gel-forming properties,
balances, the weight of sucker rods and other workers and tools. bentonite is a major component of water-
downhole equipment installed in the well. base drilling muds. See gel, mud.
bell nipple n: a short length of pipe (a nipple)
beam pumping unit n: a machine designed installed on top of the blowout preventer. The bentonite extenders n pi: a group of
specifically for sucker rod pumping. An top end of the nipple is flared, or belled, to polymers that can maintain or increase the
engine or motor (prime mover) is mounted on guide drill tools into the hole and usually has viscosity of bentonite while flocculating other
the unit to power a rotating crank. The crank side connections for the fill line and mud clay solids in the mud. With bentonite
moves a horizontal member (walking beam) return line. extenders, desired viscosity can often be
up and down to produce reciprocating bellows n pi: a pressure-sensing element of maintained using only half the amount of
motion. This reciprocating motion operates cylindrical shape whose walls contain bentonite that would otherwise be required.
the pump. Compare pump jack. convolutions that cause the length of the
bellows to change when pressure is applied. bent sub n: a short cylindrical device
beam well n: a well whose fluid is being lifted bellows meter n: see orifice meter. installed in the drill stem between the bottom
by rods and pump actuated by a beam most drill collar and a downhole motor. Its
pumping unit. belt n: a flexible band or cord connecting and purpose is to deflect the downhole motor off
wrapping around each of two or more pulleys vertical to drill a directional hole. See drill
bean n: a nipple or restriction placed in a line to transmit power or impart motion. stem.
(a pipe) to reduce the rate of flow of fluid belt guard n: a protective grill or cover for a benzene n: C6H6' colourless, volatile,
through the line. Beans are frequently placed belt and pulleys. flammable toxic liquid aromatic hydrocarbon
in Christmas trees to regulate the flow of benchmark n: a marking on the pin and the used as a solvent and as a motor fuel.
fluids corning out of the well. Also called a box of a tool joint that gauges the amount of benzene ring n: the structural arrangement
flow bean. See Christmas tree. metal that can be safely removed when of atoms believed to exist in benzene.
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bequeath 17 bit dresser
bequeath v: to make a gift of personal at the point of destination on their paying the
property by means of a will. Compare devise. stipulated freight.
Bernoulli's theorem n: a mathematical biochemical adj: involving chemical
expression of the conservation of energy in reactions in living organisms.
streamline flow; the theorem states that the biofacies n: a part of a stratigraphic unit that
sum of the ratio of the pressure to the mass differs in its fossil fauna and flora from the
density, the product of the gravitational rest of the unit.
constant and the vertical height. and the biogenic adj: produced by living organisms.
square of the velocity divided by 2 are bioherm n: a reef or mound built by small
constant. organisms and their remains, such as coral,
best-available control technology (BACT) plankton, and oysters. Originally a wave- bit n: the cutting or boring element used in
n: an air emission standard of technology resistant coral structure served as an anchor drilling oil and gas wells. The bit consists of a
determined by the states on a case-by-case for calcareous debris that formed limestone. cutting element and a circulating element.
basis. The BACT is applied in attainment It was tectonically submerged, or the sea The cutting element is steel teeth, tungsten
areas that meet or exceed NAAQS. and level rose faster than the corals could build it, carbide buttons, industrial diamonds, or
states can consider cost and economic and it was eventually buried beneath marine polycrystalline diamonds (PDCs). The
impact when determining exactly what the shales. A bioherm is often porous enough to circulating element permits the passage of
BACT is and how it will be applied in a hold large accumulations of hydrocarbons, drilling fluid and utilises the hydraulic force of
specific case. especially if it has been dolomitized. A the fluid stream to improve drilling rates. In
beta particle n: one of the extremely small bioherm is a stratigraphic trap. rotary drilling, several drill collars are joined
particles, sometimes called rays, emitted biomass n: the total mass of living to the bottom end of the drill pipe column,
from the nucleus of a radioactive substance organisms per unit volume per unit of time. and the bit is attached to the end of the drill
such as radium or uranium as it disintegrates. bioremediation n: I. the process of breaking collars.
Beta particles have a negative charge. down organic wastes with microbes. Bacteria
beta ratio ( ) n: measure of the relationship that are naturally present in the environment bit breaker n: a special device that fits into a
use microbial enzymes to break down die bit breaker adapter (a plate that goes into the
of the size of the pipe through which fluid is
materials into a soluble form that passes rotary table) and conforms to the shape of
flowing and the size of a restriction, such as
through the cell walls of the bacteria. The the bit. Rig workers place the bit to be made
an orifice.
bacteria metabolise d1e material and convert up or broken out of the drill stem into the bit
bevel gear n: one of a pair of toothed wheels
it into components d1at are more readily breaker and lock the rotary table to hold the
whose working surfaces are inclined to non-
assimilated in d1e environment, such as bit breaker and bit stationary so that they can
parallel axes.
water or carbon dioxide (i.e., a gardener's tighten or loosen the bit.
BFPH abbr: barrels of fluid per hour; used in
compost pile). 2. the creation of engineered bit breaker adapter n: a heavy plate that fits
drilling reports.
and managed conditions to boost natural into the rotary table and holds the bit breaker;
BRA abbr: bottomhole assernbly.
bioremediation processes. Nutrients are a device used to hold the bit while it is being
bhhp abbr: bit hydraulic horsepower.
added to stimulate the bacteria naturally made up or broken out of the drill stem.
bhp abbr: brake horsepower.
present in the waste. Oxygen ari1 pH levels bit cone n: on a roller cone bit, a cone-
BHP abbr: bottomhole pressure.
are adjusted for maximum effectiveness, and, shaped steel device from which the
BHT abbr: bottomhole temperature.
if conditions are right, the bacteria grow in manufacturer either mills or forges steel
bias drilling n: see directional drilling.
large numbers and break down the teeth, or into which the manufacturer inserts
Big Inch n: the first cross-country pipeline
hydrocarbons much more rapidly than with tungsten carbide buttons. Most roller cone
with a 24-inch (61-centimetre) diameter. The
natural bioremediation. In cases in which the bits have three cones, which roll, or rotate, on
1,340-mile (2,157 -kilometre) Big Inch was
necessary bacteria are not already present in bearings as the bit rotates. As the cones roll
begun in 1942 with government financing as
the waste, suppliers can provide diem along over the formation, the cutters on the cone
a part of an emergency construction program
with die appropriate nutrients. scrape or gouge the formation to remove the
(War Emergency Pipelines) to meet the
biosphere n: the thin zone of air, water, and rock.
demand for petroleum products during World
soil where all terrestrial life exists. bit cutter n: the cutting elements of a bit.
War II.
biota n pi: the animals, plants, fungi, etc., of a bit dresser n: 1. a member of a cable-tool
big-inch pipe n: thin-walled pipe of high
region or period. drilling crew who repairs bits. 2. a machine
tensile strength with a diameter of 20 inches
biotic adj: relating to life, biologic; relating to used to repair, sharpen, and gauge bits.
(51 centimetres) or more.
bilge radius n: the radius of the rounded the actions of living organisms.
portion of a vessel's shell that connects the biotite n: a type of mica that is high in
bottom to the sides. magnesium and dark in colour.
billet n: a solid steel cylinder used to produce birdcage n: a wire rope that has been
seamless casing. The billet is pierced flattened and the strands of which have been
lengthwise to form a hollow tube that is spread. v: to flatten and spread the strands of
shaped and sized to produce the casing. a wire rope.
bill of lading n: a document by which the birdcaged adj: see wickered.
master of a ship acknowledges having birdcaged wire n: wire rope used for hoisting
received in good order and condition (or the that has had its wires distorted into the shape
reverse) certain specified goods consigned of a birdcage by a sudden release of load.
by a particular shipper, and binds himself or bird-dog v: to supervise another too closely
herself to deliver them in similar condition,
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bit drift 18 block and bleed valve
bit drift n: the tendency of the bit to move blanket gas n: a gas phase above a liquid blind ram preventer n: a blowout preventer
other than vertically, caused by an interaction phase in a vessel. It is placed there to protect in which blind rams are the closing elements.
between the rotation of the bit and the the liquid from contamination, to reduce the See blind ram.
varying resistance of the formation being hazard of detonation, or to pressure the blizzard box n: a housing built around
drilled. liquid. The gas has a source outside of the controls on equipment that is sensitive to
bit gauge n: a circular ring used to deter- vessel. cold. such as heater-treaters.
mine whether a bit is of the correct outside blank flange n: a solid disk used to dead- BLM abbr: Bureau of Land Management.
diameter. Bit gauges are often used to end, or close off, a companion flange. block n: any assembly of pulleys on a
determine whether the bit has been worn blanking plug n: a plug used to cut of flow of common framework; in mechanics. one or
down to a diameter smaller than liquid. more pulleys. or sheaves. mounted to rotate
specifications allow; such a bit is described blank joint n: a heavy wall sub placed in the on a common axis. The crown block is an
as undergauge. tubing string opposite flowing perforations. assembly of sheaves mounted on beams at
bit hydraulic horsepower n: the measure of blank liner n: liner with no perforations. the top of the derrick or mast. The drilling line
hydraulic power expended through the bit blank off v: to close off (as with a blank flange is reeved over the sheaves of the crown
nozzles for cleaning the bit cutters and the or bull plug). block alternately with the sheaves of the
hole bottom. blank pipe n: pipe, usually casing, with no travelling block. which is hoisted and lowered
bit matrix n: on a diamond bit, the material perforations. in the derrick or mast by the drilling line.
(usually powdered and fused tungsten blasthole drilling n: the drilling of holes into When elevators are attached to a hook on a
carbide) into which the diamonds are set. the earth for the purpose of placing a blasting conventional travelling block. and when drill
bit nozzle n: see nozzle. charge (such as dynamite) in them. blasting pipe is latched in the elevators. the pipe can
bit pin n: the threaded element at the top of n: see shooting rock. be raised or lowered in the derrick or mast.
a bit that allows it to be made up in a drill blasting mats n pi: coverings used to See crown block, travelling block.
collar or other component of the drill stern. contain flying debris and rock caused by the
bit program n: a plan for the expected use of explosives during pipeline ditching.
number and types of bits that are to be used blast joint n: a tubing sub made of abrasion-
in the drilling of a well. The bit program takes resistant material. It is used in a tubing string
into account all the factors that affect bit where high-velocity flow through perforations
performance so that reliable cost calculations may cause external erosion.
can be made. bld abbr: bailed; used in drilling reports.
bit record n: a report that lists each bit used bleed v: to drain off liquid or gas, generally
during a drilling operation, giving the type, the slowly, through a valve called a bleeder. To
footage it drilled. the formation it penetrated, bleed down, or bleed off, means to release
its condition, and so on. pressure slowly from a well or from
bit shank n: the threaded portion of the top pressurised equipment.
of the bit that is screwed into the drill collar. bleeder valve n: a special valve used to
Also called the pin. bleed pressure slowly from a line or vessel.
bit sub n: a sub inserted between the drill Also called a blow-down valve.
collar and the bit. See sub. bleed line n: a pipe through which pressure
bitumastic material n: a compound of is bled, as from a pressurised tank, vessel, or
asphalt and filler that is used to coat metals other pipe.
exposed to corrosion or weathering. blending stock n: a petroleum product that
bitumen n: a substance of dark to black is mixed, or blended, with another petroleum
colour consisting almost entirely of carbon product.
and hydrogen with very little oxygen, blend sample n: a representative sample
nitrogen, or sulphur. Bitumens occur naturally taken from any suitable JX>int in a tank. or block and bleed valve n: a high-integrity
and can also be obtained by chemical from a tank side sample connection after valve with double seals and with provision for
decomposition. mixing the tank contents and before any determining whether either seal leaks.
bituminous shale n: see oil shale. significant separation of phases bas
bit walk n: the tendency of the bit to drill in occurred.
the direction of rotation in an inclined hole; blind n: a circular metal disk installed in a
e.g., a right-rotating bit walks to the right pipeline to prevent flow by fastening it
bit whirl n: the motion a bit makes when it between flanges. v: to close a line to prevent
does not rotate around its centre but instead flow.
drills with a spiral motion. It usually occurs to blind drilling n: a drilling operation in which
a bit drilling in a soft or medium soft formation the drilling fluid is not returned to the surface;
when the driller does not apply enough rather. it flows into an under- ground
weight or does not rotate the bit fast enough. formation. Sometimes blind-drilling
A whirling bit drills an overgauge hole (a hole techniques are resorted to when lost
larger than the diameter of the bit) and circulation occurs.
causes the bit to wear abnormally. blind ram n: an integral part of a blowout
bl abbr: black; used in drilling reports. black preventer. which serves as the closing
granite n: see diorite. element on an open hole. Its ends do not fit
blackout n: the total loss of power on a around the drill pipe but seal against each
drilling rig or production facility other and pdfMachine
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block billing 19 boil weevil
block billing n: FERC proposal calling for reservoir without being replaced by injected blowout preventer operating and control
separation of old and new gas into blocks. or gas. system n: See blowout preventer control
batches. for interstate sales and shipping. blow-down valve n: see bleeder valve. unit.
blown adj: supercharged. See supercharge. blowout preventer rams n pi: the closing
block diagram n: a three-dimensional blown oil n: fatty oil the viscosity of which has and sealing components of a preventer.
perspective view of a cube. or block. of earth. been increased by blowing air through it at an Corresponds to the gate in the gate valve.
It is developed from cross sections of the elevated temperature.
area. blowoff cock n: a device that permits or blowout preventer stack n: the assembly of
block squeeze n: a technique in squeeze arrests a flow of liquid from a receptacle or well-control equipment including preventers.
cementing in which (1) the zone below the through a pipe, faucet. tap, or stop valve. spools. valves. and nipples connected to the
producing interval is perforated and a high top of the wellhead.
pressure squeeze carried out; (2) the zone blowout n: an uncontrolled flow of gas, oil, or blowout sticking n: jamming or wedging of
the producing interval is perforated and other well fluids into the atmosphere. A the drill string in the borehole by sand or
squeezed off in a similar manner; (3) the hole blowout, or gusher, occurs when formation shale that is driven uphole by formation fluids
is drilled out; and (4) the producing interval is pressure exceeds the pressure applied to it during a blowout.
perforated. The purpose of block squeezing by the column of drilling fluid. A kick warns of
is to isolate the producing interval and an impending blowout. See kick. BLPD abbr: barrels of liquid per day; usually
prevent communication with the sand used in reference to total production of oil
immediately above and below the producing blowout preventer n: one of several valves and water from a well.
interval. installed at the wellhead to prevent the blue pod n: see hydraulic control pod.
block valve n: a valve that completely shuts escape of pressure either in the annular BO abbr: barrels of oil; used in drilling
off flow of a fluid. It is usually either space between the casing and the drill pipe reports.
completely open or completely closed. or in open hole (i.e., hole with no drill pipe) bob n: see gaugers bob.
during drilling or completion operations. bob-tail plant n: an extraction plant without
blooey line n: the discharge pipe from a wen Blow- out preventers on land rigs are located fragmentation facilities.
being drilled by air drilling. The blooey line is beneath the rig at the land's surface; on body lock ring n: an internal mechanism
used to conduct the air or gas used for jackup or platform rigs, at the water's surface; employed in certain tools to lock cones to the
circulation away from the rig to reduce the and on floating offshore rigs, on the seafloor. mandrel.
fire hazard as well as to transport the cut- See annular blowout preventet; ram blowout
tings a suitable distance from the wen. See preventer: body wave n: transverse or longitudinal
air drilling. seismic waves transmitted in the interior of
bloom n: the colour of fluorescent light an elastic solid or fluid and not related to a
exhibited by some oils when viewed by boundary surface.
reflected light. This usually differs from the boilaway test n: see weathering test.
colour as seen by transmitted light. boiler n: a closed pressure vessel that has a
blow v: 1. to supercharge an engine. See furnace equipped to bum coal. oil. or gas and
supercharge. 2. to depressure. See that is used to generate steam from water.
depressure.
blowby n: the percentage of gases that boiler feed water n: water piped into a boiler
escape past the piston rings from the from which steam is generated.
combustion chamber into the crankcase of an boiler fuel n: fuel suitable for generating
engine. steam or hot water in large industrial or
blow case n: 1. a pressurised device electricity-generating utility applications.
blowout preventer control panel n:
capable of transferring liquid; sometimes
controls, usually located near the driller's
used to transfer crude oil and water mixtures boiler fuel gas n: natural gas used as a fuel
position on the rig floor, that are manipulated
if pump agitation would create unwanted for the generation of steam or hot water.
to open and close the blowout preventers.
emulsions. 2. a small tank in which liquids
See blowout preventer.
are accumulated and drained by applying gas boiler house v: (slang) to make up or fake a
or air pressure above the liquid level. Such a report.
blowout preventer control unit n: a device
vessel is usually located below a pipeline or
that stores hydraulic fluid under pressure in
other equipment at a location where an boiling point n: the temperature at which the
special containers and provides a method to
outside power source is not convenient for vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to
open and close the blowout preventers
removing the drained liquids. Sometimes the pressure exerted on the liquid by the
quickly and reliably. Usually, compressed air
referred to as a drip. surrounding atmosphere. The boiling point of
and hydraulic pressure provide the opening
blow down v: to empty or depressure a water is 212°F or 100°C at atmospheric
and closing force in the unit. See blowout
vessel. Also called depressure. pressure (14.7 pounds per square inch
preventer. Also called an accumulator.
gauge or 101.325 kilopascals).
bIowdown n: 1. the emptying or
blowout preventer drill n: a training
depressurising of material in a vessel. 2. the boil weevil n: (slang) an inexperienced rig or
procedure to determine that rig crews are
material thus discarded. oilfield worker; sometimes shortened to
familiar with correct operating practices to be
weevil.
followed in the use of blowout prevention
blowdown period n: that period following the
equipment.
completion of a cycling or pressure
maintenance operation in a reservoir in which pdfMachine
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boll weevil comer 20 bottomhoIe assembly
boll weevil comer n: (slang, obsolete) the are conducted before they enter the larger material contained in a barrel, case, bag, or
work station of an inexperienced rotary vessel. A boot aids in the separation of gas cake.
helper, on the opposite side of the rotary from from wet oil. Also called a flume or conductor bottled gas n: liquefied petroleum gas
the rotary helper who sets pipe back on the pipe. 2. a large pipe connected to a process placed in small containers for sale to
rig floor during trips. tank to provide a static head that can absorb domestic customers.
surges of fluid from the process tank. Also
boll weevil hanger n: a tubing hanger. called surge column. bottleneck n: an area of reduced diameter in
bomb n: a thick-walled container, usually boot basket n: see junk sub. pipe caused by excessive longitudinal strain
steel, used to hold devices that determine or by a combination of longitudinal strain and
and record pressure or temperature in a boot sub n: a device made up in the drill the swaging action of a body. A bottleneck
wellbore. See bonomhole pressure. stem above the mill to collect bits of junk may result if the downward motion of the drill
ground away during a milling operation. pipe is stopped with the slips instead of the
bomb hanger n: a device set in a tubing During milling, drilling mud under high brake.
coupling to facilitate the landing of pressure pressure forces bits of junk up the narrow bottleneck elevator n: an elevator that is
bombs (recorders). space between the boot sub and hole wall. bored to match the 18-degree taper of a tool
bond n: the adhering CK joining together of When the junk reaches the wider annulus joint.
two materials (as cement to formation). v: to above the boot sub and pressure drops bottle test n: a test in which different
adhere or to join to another material. slightly, the junk falls into the boot sub. A chemicals are added to bottle samples of an
bonnet n: the part of a valve that packs off boot sub also can be run above the bit during emulsion to determine which chemical is the
and encloses the valve stem. routine drilling to collect small pieces of junk most effective at breaking the emulsion into
that may damage the bit or interfere with its oil and water. Once an effective chemical is
bonus consideration n: a cash payment by operation. Also called a junk sub or junk boot. determined, varying amounts of it are added
the lessee for the execution of an oil and gas to bottle samples of the emulsion to
lease by the mineral owner; expressed as BOP abbr: blowout preventer. determine the minimum amount required to
dollars per acre. Occasionally, an oil payment BOPD abbr: barrels of oil per day. break the emulsion effectively.
or overriding royalty may be reserved as a BOPE abbr: blowout preventer equipment.
bonus by a lessor in addition to regular BOP stack n: the assembly of blowout bottle-type submersible rig n: a mobile
royalty. preventers installed on a well. submersible drilling structure constructed of
boom n: 1. a movable arm of tubular or bar bore n: 1. the inside diameter of a pipe or a several steel cylinders or bottles. When the
steel used on some types of cranes or drilled hole. 2. the diameter of the cylinder of bottles are flooded, the rig submerges and
derricks to support the hoisting lines that an engine. v: to penetrate or pierce with a rests on bottom; when water is removed from
carry the load. 2. floating device used to rotary tool. Compare tunnel. the bottles, the rig floats. The latest designs
contain oil. 3. a period of high activity in the of this type of rig drill in water depths up to
oil industry. bored crossing n: a hole under a road, rail- 100 feet (30.5 metres). See submersible
road, stream, or other obstacle under which a drilling rig.
boom dog n: a ratchet device on a crane pipeline must cross. It is created by using an bottom angle n: the angle formed where the
that prevents the boom of the crane from auger or other type of drill. bottom and the side of the oil tank meet.
being lowered but still permits it to be raised. borehole n: a hole made by drilling or boring; usually nearly 9()'.
Also called a boom ratchet. a wellbore.
bottom dead centre (BOC) n: the
boomer n: 1. (slang) an oilfield worker who borehole ballooning n: an effect that occurs positioning of the piston at the lowest point
moves from one centre of activity to another; when certain shale zones are penetrated by possible in the cylinder of an engine; often
a floater or transient. 2. a device used to the wellbore and the pressure exerted by the marked on the engine flywheel.
tighten chains on a load of pipe or other drilling mud exceeds the pressure exerted by
equipment on a truck to make it secure. the shale. The pressure differential causes bottom guide wire anchor n: a bar welded
boom pendant n: the large-diameter wire the borehole to flex, or balloon, and the to the bottom of a tank to which guide wires
rope or the strands that support the boom of borehole no longer behaves as a fixed, rigid or cables for the float of an automatic tank
a crane. cylinder. gauge are attached.
boom ratchet n: see boom dog. borehole-contact log n: any logging device bottom hold-down n: a mechanism for
boom stop n: the steel projections on a whose operation depends on a portion of the anchoring a bottomhole pump in a well;
crane struck by the boom if it is raised too logging tool touching the wellbore. located on the lower end of the pump.
high or lowered too far. borehole effect n: false influence on well Compare top hold-down.
booster station n: an installation on a logging measurement caused by the bore-
pipeline that maintains or increases pressure hole environment, e.g., diameter, shape, bottomhole n: the lowest or deepest part of
of the fluid corning through the pipeline and rugosity, type of fluid, or mud cake. a well. adj: pertaining to the bottom of the
being sent on to the next station or terminal. wellbore.
borehole pressure n: the total pressure
booster-type pump n: usually a small pump exerted in the wellbore by a column of fluid bottomhoIe assembly n: the portion of the
mounted upstream of anod1er pump that and any back-pressure imposed at the drilling assembly below the drill pipe. It can
charges the fluid being pumped prior to the surface. be very simple - composed of only the bit and
fluid's reaching the main pump. drill collars - or it can be very complex and
borings sample n pi: obtained by collecting made up of several drilling tools.
boot n: 1. a tubular device placed in a the chips made by boring holes with a ship
vertical position, either inside or outside a auger from pdfMachine
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larger vessel, and through which A pdf
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bottomhole choke 21 box threads
bottomhole choke n: a device with a bottomhole pump n: any of the rod pumps, submersible rigs and jack up rigs. See mobile
restricted opening placed in the lower end of high-pressure liquid pumps, or centrifugal offshore drilling unit.
the tubing to control the rate of flow. See pumps located at or near the bottom of the bottoms-up time n: the time required for
choke. well and used to lift the well fluids. See mud to travel up the borehole from the bit to
bottomhole contract n: a contract providing centrifugal pump. hydraulic pumping. the surface.
for the payment of money or other submersible pump. sucker rod pumping. bottom time n: the total amount of time,
considerations upon the completion of a well bottomhole separator n: a device used to measured in minutes, from the time a diver
to a specified depth. separate oil and gas at the bottom of wells to leaves the surface until he or she begins the
bottomhole flow regulator n: see increase the volumetric efficiency of the ascent.
bottomhole choke. pumping equipment. bottom water n: water found below oil and
bottomhole heater n: an electric heater bottomhole temperature n: temperature gas in a producing formation.
screwed onto lengths of tubing and lowered measured in a well at a depth at the mid- bottom-water drive n: see water drive.
into the well. It raises the bottomhole point of the thickness of the producing zone. bottom water sample n: a spot sample of
temperature of the well to prevent bottom-intake electric submersible pump free water taken from beneath the petroleum
solidification of paraffin in subsurface n: a submersible pump configuration in which contained in a ship or barge compartment or
equipment. the pump and die motor sections are a storage tank.
bottomhole letter n: a contract providing for reversed, with the pump intake through a bottom wiper ping n: a device placed in the
the payment of money or other C(X1Siderati~ stinger at the bottom of the unit. It is used cementing head and run down the casing in
on the completion of a well to a specified where casing size prohibits the desired front of cement to clean the mud off the walls
depth, regardless of whether the well is a production volume because of tubing friction of the casing and to prevent contamination
producer of oil or gas or is a dry hole. loss or pump diameter restriction. between the mud and the cement.
bottomhole money n: money paid by a bottom loading pressure n: the pressure bounce dive n: a rapid dive with a very short
contributing company in exchange for the exerted on the bottom hull of a column- bottom time to minimise decompression time.
information received from the drilling on the stabilised semisubmersible drilling rig when Bourdon tube n: a pressure-sensing
completion of a wen to a specified depth, the hull is submerged to drilling water depth. element consisting of a twisted or curved
regardless of whether the well is a producer bottom plug n: a cement wiper plug that tube of noncircular cross section, which tends
of oil or gas or is a dry hole. precedes cement slurry down the casing. The to straighten when pressure is applied
bottomhole packer n: a device, installed plug wipes drilling mud off the walls of the internally. By the movements of an indicator
near the bottom of the hole, that blocks pas- casing and prevents it from contaminating the over a circular scale, a Bourdon tube
sage through the annular space between two cement. See cementing, wiper plug. bottom- indicates the pressure applied.
strings of pipe. See packer. pull method n: an offshore pipe- bowl n: in drilling operations, an insert that
bottomhole plug n: a bridge plug or cement line construction technique in which the pipe fits into the opening of a master bushing and
plug placed near the bottom of the bole to string remains below the surface while it is accommodates the slips.
shut off a depleted, water-producing, or towed to its final location. bowline knot n: a knot used primarily in
unproductive zone. bottoms n pi: 1. the liquids and the residue lifting heavy equipment with the catline, since
bottomhole pressure n: 1. the pressure at that collect in the bottom of a vessel (such as it can be readily tied and untied regardless of
the bottom of a borehole. It is caused by the tank bottoms) or that remain in the bottom of the weight of the load on it.
hydrostatic pressure of the wellbore fluid and, a storage tank after a period of service. 2. the bow lines n pl: the lines running from the
sometimes, by any back-pressure held at the residual fractions remaining at the bottom of bow of a mobile offshore drilling rig,
surface, as when the well is shut in with a fractionating tower after lighter components especially the forward mooring lines.
blowout preventers. When mud is being have been distilled off as vapours. box n: the female section of a connection.
circulated, bottomhole pressure is the bottom sample n: in tank sampling, a See tool joint.
hydrostatic pressure plus the remaining sample obtained from the material near the box and pin n: see tool joint.
circulating pressure required to move the bottom surface of the tank, container, or line box tap n: old-style tap with longitudinal
mud up the annulus. 2. the pressure in a well at a low point. grooves across the threads. See tap, taper
at a point opposite the producing formation, bottomset bed n: the part of a marine delta tap.
as recorded by a bottomhole pressure bomb. that lies farthest from shore. It consists of silt box threads n pi: threads on the female
bottomhole pressure bomb n: a pressure- and clay extending well out from the toe of section, or box, of a tool joint. See tool joint.
tight container (bomb) used to record the the steep delta face. Such beds grow slowly,
pressure in a well at a point opposite the out of reach of most of the effects of river
producing formation. current and wave action.
bottomhole pressure gauge n: an bottom sub n: a device run at or near the
instrument to measure bottomhole pressure. bottom of the tubing sting to which production
Also called bottomhole pressure bomb. tools can be attached.
bottomhole pressure test n: a test that bottoms up n: a complete trip from the
measures the reservoir pressure of the well, bottom of the wellbore to the top.
obtained at a specific depth or at the mid- bottom-supported offshore drilling rig n: a
point of the producing zone. A flowing type of mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU)
bottomhole pressure test measures pressure that has a part of its structure in contact with
while the well continues to flow; a shut-in the seafloor when it is on site and drilling a
bottomhole pressure test measures pressure well. The remainder of the rig is supported
after the well has been shut in for a specified above the water. The rig can float. however,
period of time. See bottomhole pressure. allowing it to be moved from one drill site to
bottomhole pressure gauge. pdfMachine units include
another. Bottom-supported
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Boyle's law 22 breathe
Boyle's law n: the principle that states that at curvature of the band and attached to it with breaker points n: contacts that interrupt the
a fixed temperature, the volume of an ideal countersunk screws. See brake band. current in the primary circuit of the ignition
gas or gases varies inversely with its brake Bange n: the surface on a winch, system in a spark-ignition engine.
absolute pressure. As gas pressure drum, or reel to which the brake is applied to breaking down v: unscrewing the drill stem
increases, gas volume decreases control the movement of the unit by means of into single joints and placing them 00 the
proportionately. friction. pipe rack. The operation takes place 00
bpd or BPD abbr: barrels per day. brake horsepower n: the power produced by completion of the well, or in changing from
BPH abbr: barrels per hour; used in drilling an engine as measured by the force applied one size of pipe to another. See lay down
reports. to a friction brake or by an absorption pipe.
B-P mix n: a liquefied hydrocarbon product dynamometer applied to the shaft or the breaking strength n: in crane operations,
composed chiefly of butanes and pr0- pane. flywheel. the amount of load that causes a wire rope or
If it originates from a refinery, it may also brake lining n: the part of the brake that a sling to fail. Also called actual strength.
contain butylenes and propylene. presses on the brake drum. On the draw- Compare minimum acceptance strength.
BPO abbr: before payout; commonly used in works, the circular series of brake blocks are nominal strength.
land departments. bolted to the brake bands with counter- sunk break out v: 1. to unscrew one section of
brackish water n: water that contains brass bolts; the lining is the frictional, or pipe from another section, especially drill
relatively low concentrations of soluble salts. gripping, element of a mechanical brake. pipe while it is being withdrawn from the
Brackish water is saltier than fresh water but brake linkage n: everything from the dead wellbore. During this operation, the tongs are
not as salty as salt water. ends of the brake bands to the brake lever. used to start the unscrewing operation. 2. to
bradding n: a condition in which the weight brake rider n: (slang) a driller who is said to separate, as gas from a liquid or water from
on a bit tooth has been so great that the tooth rely too heavily on the drawworks brake. an emulsion.
has dulled until its softer inner portion caves brake rim n: see brake linkage. breakout block n: a heavy plate that fits in
over the harder case area. braking capacity n: how much weight the the rotary table and holds the drill bit while it
bradenhead n: (obsolete) casinghead. Glen brake can stop in a given length of time. is being unscrewed from the drill collar. See
T. Braden invented a casinghead in the branch line n: a line, usually a pipe, joined to bit breaker.
1920s that became so popular that all and diverging from another line. branded breakout cathead n: a device attached to
casingheads were called bradenheads. distributor n: gasoline wholesaler who, under the catshaft of the drawworks that is used as
bradenhead flange n: a flanged connection the supplier's brand name, provides his or a power source for unscrewing drill pipe;
at the top of the oil well casing. her own financing, transportation, and usually located opposite the driller's side of
bradenhead gas n: see casinghead gas. storage and who may also retail. brash n: a the drawworks. See cathead.
bradenhead squeeze n: a process used to mass of ice fragments. breakout tongs n pi: tongs that are used to
repair a hole in the casing by pumping brass running nipple n: a device used in the start unscrewing one section of pipe from
cement down tubing or drill pipe. First. the flow cross of the Christmas tree as a thread another section, especially drill pipe coming
casinghead, or bradenhead, is closed to protector while the rods are being run. Be- out of the hole. Compare makeup tongs. See
prevent fluid from moving up the casing. cause it is brass, it prevents friction sparks. also tongs.
Then the rig's pumps are started. Pump breadth n: the greatest overall dimension breakover n: the change in the chemistry of
pressure moves the cement out of the tubing measured perpendicular to the longitudinal a mud from one type to another. Also called
or pipe and, since the top of the casing is centreline of the hull of a mobile offshore conversion.
closed, the cement goes into the hole in the drilling rig. Also called the beam. break tour (pronounced "tower") v: to
casing. The tubing or pipe is pulled from the break v: to begin or start (e.g., to bleak begin operating 24 hours a day. Moving the
well and the cement allowed to harden. The circulation or break tour). rig and rigging up are usually carried on
hardened cement seals the hole in the breakaway torque n: see starting torque. during daylight hours only. When the rig is
casing. Although the term "bradenhead break circulation v: to start the mud pump for ready for operation at a new location, crews
squeezing" is still used, the term restoring circulation of the mud column. break tour.
,."bradenhead" is obsolete. See annular Because the stagnant drilling fluid has breathe v: to move with a slight, irregular
space. casinghead, squeeze. thickened or gelled during the period of no rhythm. Breathing occurs in tanks of vessels
braided sling n: in crane operations, a sling circulation, high pump pressure is usually when vapours are expelled and air is taken
made from a braided wire rope. required to break circulation. in. For example, a tank of crude oil expands
braided wire rope n: a rope formed by breakdown n: 1. a failure of equipment. 2. in because of the rise in temperature during the
plaiting (braiding) several strands of wire a fracture treatment or a squeeze job, the day and contracts as it cools at night,
rope. failure of formation rock to withstand expelling vapours as it expands and taking in
brake n: a device for arresting the motion of pressure, allowing it to rupture. adj: air as it contracts. Tubing breathes when it
a mechanism, usually by means of friction. as pertaining to the amount of pressure needed moves up and down in sequence with a
in the drawworks brake. Compare at the wellhead to rupture the formation in a sucker rod pump.
electrodynamics brake. hydrodynamic brake. fracture treatment or a squeeze job (as in
brake band n: a part of the brake formation breakdown pressure).
mechanism consisting of a flexible steel band breakdown torque n: the maximum torque
lined with a material that grips a drum when an induction motor will develop as load is
tightened. On a drilling rig, the brake band increased, starting from full speed at no load
acts on the flanges of the drawworks drum to until the motor begins to stall.
control the lowering of the travelling block breaker n: a surface wave that has become
and its load of drill pipe, casing, or tubing. too steep to be stable.
brake block n: a section of the lining of a breaker plate n: see bit breaker adapter.
brake band shaped to conform to the pdfMachine
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breather 23 bug blower
breather n: a small vent in an otherwise bring on a well v: to bring a well on-line, that bubble, of gas enter the annulus, the bubble
airtight enclosure for maintaining equality of is, to put it on producing status. British chopper allows mud in the drill string to be
pressure inside and outside. thermal unit (Btu) n: a measure of heat diverted into the gas bubble by means of an
breathing n: see tubing movement. energy equivalent to the amount of heat opening, or port, in the tool. The mud from
breathing bag n: part of the semiclosed needed to raise 1 pound of water 1°F at or the drill string mixes with and spreads out the
circuit breathing apparatus, used to mix gas near its point of maximum density (39.1°F). large gas bubble so that the gas cannot
and ensure low breathing resistance. Equivalent to 0.252 kilogram- calorie or 1,055 expand to a great extent as it nears the
breccia n: a conglomerate rock composed joules. surface. Reducing the amount of bubble
largely of angular fragments greater than brittleness n: the state of having rigidity but expansion reduces pressure on the casing
0.08 inch (2 millimetres) in diameter. little tensile strength. Compare toughness. near the surface and thus minimises the
buckling stress n: bending of pipe that may brkn abbr: broken; used in drilling reports. chances of formation fracture and an
occur because of hole deviation. Pipe may broaching n: blowing out of formation fluids underground blowout.
bend because of the angle of the hole or be- outside the casing and under the rig. bubble point n: 1. the temperature and
cause of an abrupt deviation such as a bromine value n: the number of centigrams pressure at which part of a liquid begins to
dogleg. of bromine that are absorbed by 1 gram of oil convert to gas. For example, if a certain
brecciation n: the breaking of solid rock into under certain conditions. This is a test for the volume of liquid is held at constant pressure,
coarse, angular fragments by faulting or degree of unsaturatedness of a given oil. but its temperature is increased, a point is
crushing. Brownian movement n: the random reached when bubbles of gas be- gin to form
Brent n: a major area of oil production in the movement exhibited by microscopic particles in the liquid. That is the bubble point.
British sector of the North Sea. when suspended in liquids or gases. It is Similarly, if a certain volume of liquid is held
bridge n: 1. an obstruction in the borehole, caused by the impact of molecules of fluid at a constant temperature but the pressure is
usually caused by the caving in of the well or surrounding the particle. reduced, the point at which gas begins to
the borehole or by the intrusion of a large brush n: a carbon block used to make an form is the bubble point. Compare dew point.
boulder. 2. a tool placed in the hole to retain electrical connection between the rotor of a 2. the temperature and pressure at which
cement or other material; it may later be generator or motor and a circuit. gas, held in solution in crude oil, breaks out
removed, drilled out, or left permanently. BS&W abbr: basic sediment and water. API of solution as free gas.
bridge over n: a phenomenon that some- Committee on Petroleum Measurement bubble tower n: a vertical cylindrical vessel
times occurs when a well blows out. Rocks, prefers simply S&W. in which bubble caps and bubble-cap trays
sand, clay, and other debris clog the hole and Bscf/d abbr: billion standard cubic feet per are arranged.
stop the blowout. day. bubble tray n: see bubble-cap tray.
bridge plug n: a downhole tool, composed Btu abbr: British thermal unit. buck up v: to tighten up a threaded
primarily of slips, a plug mandrel, and a bubble bucket n: a bucket of water into connection (such as two joints of drill pipe).
rubber sealing element, that is run and set in which air from the drill stem is blown through buddy system n: a method of pairing two
casing to isolate a lower zone while an upper a hose during the first low period of a drill persons for their mutual aid or protection.
section is being tested or cemented. stem test. In drill stem testing, the flow into The buddy system is used to ensure that
bridge socket n: a forged or cast steel fitting the bubble bucket is an easy way to judge each crew member is accounted for,
for a wire rope or a strand. It has a basket flow and shut-in periods. particularly in situations where hydrogen
with adjustable bolts that secure rope ends. bubble cap n: a metal cap, mounted on a sulphide may be encountered.
bridging materials n pI: the fibrous, flaky, or tray, that has openings allowing vapour buffer n: any substance or combination of
granular material added to a cement slurry or bubbles in a gas-processing tower to contact substances that, when dissolved in water,
drilling fluid to aid in sealing formations in cool liquids, causing some of the vapour to produces a solution that resists a change in
which lost circulation has occurred. See lost condense to liquid. its hydrogen ion concentration with the
circulation, lost circulation material. bubble-cap tray n: a perforated steel tray on addition of acid or base.
bridle n: a cable on a pumping unit, looped which bubble caps are mounted. Bubble caps bug blower n: (slang) any large fan
over the horsehead and connected to the and trays are arranged in bubble towers, installed on a drilling rig or production facility
carrier bar to support the polished rod clamp. cylindrical vessels set vertically. See sieve to move large quantities of air across the rig
See sucker rod pumping. tray. valve tray. floor or other area.
bridle sling n: in crane operations, a sling
composed of several legs, the tops of which
are gathered in a fitting that goes over the
crane's lifting hook. See leg.
bright oil n: oil that contains little or no
water.
bright spot n: a seismic phenomenon that
shows up on a seismic, or record, section as
a sound reflection that is much stronger than
usual. A bright spot sometimes directly
indicates natural gas in a trap. See record
section.
brine n: water that has a large quantity of
salt, especially sodium chloride, dissolved in
it; salt water. bubble chopper n: a special well-control tool
bring in a well v: to complete a well and put made up in the drill pipe usually just above
it on producing status. the drill collars. Should a large quantity, or
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builder's monogram 24 burst strength
builder's monogram n: a plate on a tank bull plug n: a threaded nipple with a Bureau of Land Management (BLM) n: an
built to API specifications that records the rounded, closed end used to stop up a hole agency within the Department of the Interior
name of the manufacturer, erection date of or close off the end of a line. (DOI) that is responsible for managing the
the tank, and nominal diameter, height, and nation's public lands and resources in a
capacity. building assembly n: see fulcrum bull shaft n: see crankshaft. combination of ways that best serves the
assembly. buildup test n: a test in which a bull wheel n: one of the two large wheels needs of the American people. The re-
well is shut in for a prescribed period of time joined by an axle and used to hold the drilling sources on public lands under BLM authority
and a bottom hole pressure bomb run in the line on a cable-tool rig. include recreation; forestry; fish and wildlife;
well to record the pressure. From these data bump a well v: to cause the pump on a range; timber; minerals; water-shed;
and from knowledge of pressures in nearby pumping unit to hit the bottom of the well by wilderness; and natural, scientific, and
wells, the effective drainage radius or the having too long a sucker rod string in the unit. cultural values. Address: Dept. of the Interior,
presence of permeability barriers or other bumped adj: in cementing operations, Main Interior Bldg.; Washington, DC 20240;
production deterrents surrounding the pertaining to a cement plug that comes to Director's Office (202) 452- 5125.
wellbore can be estimated. rest on the float collar. A cementing operator
may say, "I've a bumped plug" when the plug burette n: graduated glass tube with small
bulb n: the temperature-sensing (detecting) strikes the float collar. opening and stopcock used for delivering
element of a temperature-measuring device. measured quantities of liquid or for
measuring liquid or gas received or
bulkhead n: an interior wall that subdivides a bumper jar n: a device discharged.
ship or a mobile offshore drilling rig into made up in the drill buried hill n: an elevation on an ancient land
compartments. string that, when surface that is covered by younger
bulkhead deck n: the highest deck to which actuated, de- livers a sedimentary rocks.
water bulkheads extend on a ship or a mobile heavy downward blow buried valley n: a depression in an ancient
offshore drilling rig. to the string. A bumper land surface that is concealed by younger
bulk modulus n: the ratio of the intensity of jar has a hollow body deposits.
stress to the volume of strain produced by that moves upward burner tip n: an attachment to a natural gas
stress. when the drill string is line for a burner head that forms a burner
bulk plant n: a wholesale distributing point picked up. When the port modified for a specific application. The
for products made from natural gas and string is dropped burner tip represents the end of the
petroleum. quickly, the jar body transportation of natural gas from the
bulk tank n: on a drilling rig, a large metal produces a sharp wellhead and includes its consumption. By
bin that usually holds a large amount of a downward blow on the definition, it also includes its consumption as
certain mud additive, such as bentonite, that tubing or pipe made up a feedstock (an ingredient in manufactured
is used in large quantities in the makeup of below the jar. If down- products) and its use in pipeline operations
the drilling fluid. Also called a P-tank. ward blows can free a and other overhead activities.
bullet perforator n: a tubular device that, fish, a bumper jar can
when lowered to a selected depth within a be very effective. burning point n: the lowest temperature at
well, fires bullets through the casing to which an oil or fuel will bum when an open
provide holes through which the formation flame is held near its surface.
fluids may enter the wellbore. bumper sub n: a percussion tool run on a
fishing string to jar downward or upward on a bum over v: to use a mill to remove the
stuck fish to knock it free. The bumper sub outside area of a permanent downhole tool.
body moves up and down on a mandrel.
bum pit n: an earthen pit in which waste oil
bump off a well v: to disconnect a pull-rod and other materials are burned.
line from a central power unit. bum shoe n: a milling device attached to the
bottom of washpipe that mills or drills debris
Buna-N n: a nitrile rubber used in seals and accumulated around the outside of the pipe
packing units throughout the oilfield. being washed over. Usually, a bum shoe has
bullets n pI: the devices loaded into bunker C oil n: see residuals. pieces of very hard tungsten carbide
perforating guns to penetrate casing and bunkers n: heavy fuel oil (#6 oil) used by embedded in it. Also caned a rotary shoe.
cement and for some distance into the ships as fuel to power the vessel. See washpipe.
formation when the guns are fired. See gun- burst pressure n: the amount of internal
perforate. buoyancy n: the apparent loss of weight of pressure, or stress, required to burst casing
bull gear n: the large circular gear in a mud an object immersed in a fluid. If the object is or other pipe. When the pipe's internal
pump that is driven by the prime mover and floating, the immersed portion displaces a pressure is greater than its external pressure,
that, in turn, drives the connecting rods. volume of fluid the weight of which is equal to the pipe bursts.
the weight of the object. burst rating n: the pressure at which a
bullheading n: 1. forcing gas back into a buoyant weight n: the weight of the drill manufacturer has determined that a pipe or
formation by pumping into the annulus from stem in a mud-filled borehole. Buoyant vessel will burst from internal pressure.
the surface. 2. any pumping procedure in weight is less than the weight of the drill burst strength n: a pipe or vessel's ability to
which fluid is pumped into the well against buoyant effect of stem in air because of the withstand rupture from internal pressure.
pressure. mud on the drill stem.
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bury barge 25 bypass valve
bury barge n: a vessel used to bury a pipe- butylene n: hydrocarbon member of the
line beneath the seafloor. The barge moves olefin series, with the chemical formula C4H8.
forward by means of anchors. A jet sled is Its official name is butene.
lowered over the pipeline; as the barge pulls Buys-Ballot's law n: a law that clarifies the
it over the pipe, high-pressure jets of water relationship between the horizontal wind
remove soil from beneath the pipe, allowing direction in the earth's atmosphere and the
the pipe to fall into the jetted-out trench. distribution of pressure. The law states that if
bury sled n: in pipeline construction, a pipe- one stands facing the wind, the barometric
straddling device, fitted with nozzles, spoil pressure to the right is lower than to the left
from beneath the pipe is removed and in the Northern Hemisphere. This
pumped to one side of the trench. The line relationship is reversed in the Southern
then sages naturally into position in the Hemisphere. Also known as the baric wind
trench. law.
bus n: an assembly of electrical conductors BW abbr: barrels of water; used in drilling
for collecting current from several sources reports.
and distributing it to feeder lines so that it will BWPD abbr: barrels of water per day.
be available where needed. Also called bus BWPH abbr: barrels of water per hour; used
bar. in drilling reports.
bus bar n: see bus. by heads n: intermittent flow in a flowing
bushing n: 1. a pipe fitting on which the well.
external thread is larger than the internal by pass n: 1. a pipe connction around a
thread to allow two pipes of different sizes to valve or other control mechanism that is
be connected. 2. a removable lining or sleeve installed to permit passage of fluid through
inserted or screwed into an opening to limit the line while adjustments or repairs are
its size, resist wear or corrosion, or serve as being made on the control. 2. a delivery of
a guide. gas to a customer by means of a pipeline
butane n: a paraffin hydrocarbon, C4H10 , other than that customer's traditional
that is a gas in atmospheric conditions but is supplier. For example, delivery of gas to an
easily liquefied under pressure. It is a end user directly off a transmission pipeline
constituent of liquefied petroleum gas. See without moving the gas through the end
commercail butane, field-grade butane, user's traditional local distribution company
normal butane. supplier.
butane, commercial n: see commercial bypass valve n: a valve that permits flow
butane. around a control valve, a piece of equidment,
butanes required n pl: the quantity of butane or a system.
extracted in a precessing plant for wich lease
settlement is included in the settlement made
for natural gasoline by virtue of the gasoline
settlement's being used on a higher vapour
pressure natural gasoline actually extracted.
Sometimes called free butane or excess
butanes.
butene n: see butylene
Butterworth tank cleaning system n: trade
name for appratus for cleaning and freeing oil
tanks of gas by means of high-pressure jets
of hot water. It consistes essentially of
opposed double nozzles, which rotate slowly
about their horizontal and vertical axes and
project two streams of hot water at a
pressure of 175 psi (1,206 kilo pascals)
against all inside surfaces of the deck, bulk-
heads, and shell plating.
button bit n: a drilling bit with tungsten
carbide inserts on the cones that resemble
plugs or buttons. See roller cone bit.
button bit n: a drilling bit with tungsten
carbide "buttons" in lieu of conventional
wicker-type teeth to set tools in very hard
casing.
button up v: to secure the wellhead or other
components.
buttress n: a special type of heavy-duty
threads. pdfMachine
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pump installation is made possible by power equipment below the waterline of an Arctic
C abbr: Celsius (formerly centigrade). See cables submersible rig, thereby protecting the
Celsius scale. designed for tensile loads in excess of equipment from damage by moving ice.
C sym: coulomb. 100,000 pounds (45,360 kilo- grams).
C' n: 1. the rate of flow in cubic feet per hour caisson-type drilling platform n: a drilling
at base conditions. Also called flow cable-tool drilling n: a drilling method in platform that rests on a steel or concrete
coefficient. 2. a factor used in the calculation which the hole is drilled by the rig's caisson. Used mainly in the Arctic, caisson-
of gas volume flow through an orifice meter, equipment dropping a sharply pointed and type drilling platforms are mobile offshore
now largely supplanted by an equation heavily weighted bit on bottom. The bit and
formulated in 1992. Mathematical weight are attached to a cable, and the rig's drilling units built to withstand the ravages of
accounting for variations in pressure, equipment repeatedly drops the cable to drill moving ice in Arctic waters.
temperature, density, and so on, of a gas as the hole.
it flows through an orifice of a particular caisson-type platform rig n: see caisson-
size. Also called orifice flow constant; type drilling platform. platform rig.
formerly called flow coefficient. cake n: see filter cake.
CAA abbr: Clean Air Act. cake comistency n: the character or state
cable n: 1. a rope of wire, hemp, or other of the drilling mud filter cake. According to
strong fibers; often, but not always, API RP I3B, such notations as "hard," "soft,"
personnel in the petroleum industry call it "tough," "rubbery," and "firm" may be used
cable wire rope. 2. braided wire used to to convey some idea of cake consistency.
conduct electricity, often called power cable.
cable-guide assembly n: fishing equipment cake thickness n: the thickness of drilling
used to recover wireline tools stuck in the mud filter cake.
hole when the wireline or cable is intact. It
consists of a cable hanger, spear point rope calcareous adj: containing or composed
socket, spearhead overshot, conventional largely of calcium carbonate, or calcite
overshots, drill pipe, and elevators. (CaCO3)'
calcite n: calcium carbonate, CaCO3'
capacity indicator n: a device fitted to a capped well n: a well capable of production carbon log n: a record that indicates the
proving tank to indicate the position of the but lacking wellhead installations and a presence of hydrocarbons by measuring
liquid surface in relation to the reference pipeline connection. carbon atoms and that reveals the presence
mark corresponding to the nominal capacity caprock n: 1. a disklike plate of anhydrite, of water by measuring oxygen atoms. Oil and
of the proving tank, thus enabling the gypsum, limestone, or sulphur overlying most water saturations can be closely
determination of the tank's liquid contents. salt domes in the Gulf Coast region. 2. approximated without the requirement of
capacity rating n: a rating equal to the impermeable rock overlying an oil or gas adequate salinity of known concentration to
maximum number of cubic feet of gas that reservoir that tends to prevent migration of oil calculate saturations (as in resistivity and
will pass through a meter when the pressure or gas out of the reservoir. pulsed neutron surveys).
differential across the meter equals a 0.5- captive customers n pi: buyers who can carbon monoxide n: a colourless, odourless
inch water column and the flowing pressure purchase natural gas from only one supplier gaseous compound of carbon and oxygen,
is 0.25 psig. and have no access to alternate fuel sources. CO. A product of incomplete combustion, it is
capacity table n: a table that tells the This term is usually applicable to residential extremely poisonous to breathe.
quantity of liquid contained in a tank at any and small commercial users, but can, under carbonyl sulphide n: a chemical compound
given level. certain conditions of alternative fuel of the aldehyde groups containing a carbonyl
cap a well v: to control a blowout by placing availability, be applied to large industrial and group and sulphur, COS A contaminant in
a very strong valve on the wellhead. See electric utility users as well. Also called core gas liquids, it is usually removed to meet
blowout. customers. sulphur specifications.
cap bead n: the final welding pass made to capture cross section n: the tendency of carboxymethyl cellulose n: a
complete the uniting of two joints of pipe. elements in their compounds to reduce nonfermenting cellulose product used in
cap gas n: natural gas trapped in the upper energy or number of particles by absorbing drilling fluids to combat contamination from
part of a reservoir and remaining separate them. The more densely populated an area anhydrite (gypsum) and to lower the water
from any crude oil, salt water, or other liquids may be, the more certain it is that energy will loss of the mud.
in the well. be absorbed or that the particles will be carburetion n: the mixing of fuel and air in
retained within the atomic structure. the carburetor of an engine.
capture gamma ray n: a high-energy carburetor n: the device in a spark-ignition
gamma ray emitted when the nucleus of an internal-combustion engine in which fuel and
atom captures a neutron and becomes air are mixed in controlled quantities and
intensely excited. Capture gamma rays are proportions.
counted by the neutron logging detector. carburise v: to impregnl1te or combine with
carbonate n: 1. a salt of carbonic acid. 2. a carbon.
compound containing the carbonate radical carcinogen n: cancer-causing material or
(CO3)' 3. a carbonate rock. substance.
carbonate mud n: a mud that forms on the care abbr: Conservation Award for
seafloor by the accumulation of calcite Respecting the Environment.
particles. It may eventually become cargo manifest n: a document that lists the
limestone. goods or materials carried by a ship, train,
carbonate reef n: see reef. airplane, or truck.
carbonate rock n: a sedimentary rock com- cargo quantity option certificate n: a
posed primarily of calcium carbonate (calcite) certificate signed by vessel representatives
capillaries n pi: very small fissures or cracks or calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomite). acknowledging the amount of cargo that they
in a formation through which water or carbonation n: 1. a chemical reaction that intend to load. In general, most product
hydrocarbons flow. produces carbonates. 2. in geology, a form of cargoes have a tolerance based on supplier,
capillarity n: the rise and fall of liquids in chemical weathering in which a mineral receiver, or vessel capabilities. Each party
small-diameter tubes or tubelike spaces, reacts with carbon dioxide (in solution as involved with the loading agrees to the
caused by the combined action of surface carbonic acid) to form a carbonate mineral. quantity to be loaded.
tension (cohesion) and wetting (adhesion). carbon black n: very fine particles of almost carnotite n: see radioactive tracer.
See capillary pressure. pure amorphous carbon, usually produced
capillary meter seal n: the liquid seal that from gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons by
reduces slippage between moving parts of a thermal decomposition or by controlled
meter. combustion with a restricted air supply. It is
capillary pressure n: a pressure or adhesive used in the manufacture of carbon paper,
force caused by the surface tension of water. tires, cosmetics, and so on.
This pressure causes the water to adhere carbon dioxide n: a colourless, odourless
more tightly to the surface of small pore gaseous compound of carbon and oxygen, A
spaces than to larger ones. Capillary product of combustion and a filler for fire
pressure in a rock formation is comparable to extinguishers, this heavier-than-air gas can
the pressure of water that rises higher in a collect in low-lying areas, where it may
small glass capillary tube than it does in a displace oxygen and present the hazard of
larger tube. anoxia.
capitalise v: in accounting, to include carbon dioxide excess n: see hypercapnia.
expenditures in business accounts as assets carbonic adj: of or relating to carbon,
instead of expenses. carbonic acid, or carbon dioxide.
capitalised adj: pertaining to expenditures carbonise v: to convert into carbon or a
treated as assets instead of expenses. pdfMachine
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carriage 29 casinghead
carriage n: the transportation of a third cased hole n: a wellbore in which casing has allows a more uniform cement sheath to form
party's natural gas by a pipeline as a been run. around the pipe.
separate service for a fee, as opposed to the cased.hole fishing n: the procedure of re- casing collar n: a coupling between two
pipeline's transportation of its own system's covering lost or stuck equipment in a well joints.
supply of natural gas. bore in which casing has been run. casing coupling n: a tubular section of pipe
carried interest n: an interest in oil and gas case-hardened adj: hardened (as for a that is threaded inside and used to connect
properties that belongs, for example, to a ferrous alloy) so that the surface layer is two joints of casing.
working interest owner or unleased land- harder than the interior. casing cutter n: a heavy cylindrical body.
owner who agrees to a joint operation without case law n: see common law. fitted with a set of knives, used to free a
being willing to pay a share of the costs of cash flow n: the difference between inflow section of casing in a well. The cutter is run
the operation. An interest may be carried until and outflow of funds over a period of time. downhole on a string of tubing or drill pipe,
the well pays out, at which point it may stop Cash flow can be positive (profit) or negative and the knives are rotated against the inner
or may continue for the life of production. (loss). walls of the casing to free the section that is
Stated another way, an agreement between cash flow analysis n: an economic analysis stuck.
two or more working interests whereby one that relates investments to subsequent
party (the carried party) does not share in revenues and also makes possible a
lease revenue until a certain amount of comparison between investments. It usually
money has been recovered by the other party also includes the general plan to be used for
(the carrying party). The carrying party pays the figuring of federal income tax on the
costs applicable to the carried party's investments.
interests in the property and is reimbursed
out of the revenue applicable to the carried
party's interest.
carrier n: a pipeline, trucking company, or
marine transportation company that
transports oil or gas.
carrier bar n: yoke or clamp fastened to a
pumping well's polished rod and to which the
bridle of the pumping unit's horsehead is
attached.
carrier pipe n: term used to refer to a pipe-
line when other pipe, called casing, is used casing n: 1. steel pipe placed in an oil or gas
with it in crossing under roadbeds and rail- well to prevent the wall of the hole from
road rights-of-way. See casing. caving in, to prevent movement of fluids from
carrier rig n: a large, specially designed, one formation to another, and to improve the casing elevator n: see elevators.
self-propelled workover rig that is driven efficiency of extracting petroleum if the well is casing float collar n: see float collar.
directly to the well site. Power from a carrier productive. A joint of casing may be 16 to 48 casing float shoe n: see float shoe.
rig's hoist engine or engines also propels the feet (4.8 to 14.6 metres) long and from 4.5 to casing gun n: a perforating gun run into the
rig on the road. While a carrier rig is primarily 20 inches (11.4 to 50.8 centimetres) in casing string. Most perforating guns are run
intended to perform workovers, it can also be diameter. Casing is made of many types of into the well through the tubing string. casing
used to drill relatively shallow wells. A carrier steel alloy, which vary in strength, corrosion hanger n: a circular device with a frictional
rig may be a back-in type or a drive-in type. resistance, and so on. 2. large pipe in which gripping arrangement of slips and packing
Compare back-in unit, drive-in unit. a carrier pipeline passes under railroad rings used to suspend casing from a
rights-of-way and some roads to shield the casinghead in a well.
pipeline from the unusually high load casinghead n: a heavy, flanged steel fitting
stresses of a particular location. State and connected to the first string of casing. It
local regulations identify specific locations provides a housing for slips and packing
where casing is mandatory. assemblies, allows suspension of
casing adapter n: a swage nipple, usually intermediate and production strings of casing,
beveled, installed on the top of a string of and supplies the means for the annulus to be
carrier unit n: see carrier rig.
pipe that does not extend to the surface. It sealed off. Also called a spool.
carved-out interest n: an interest in oil and
prevents a smaller string of pipe or tools from
gas created out of a greater interest and
hanging up on the top of the column when it
assigned by the owner. Examples are the
is run into the well.
grant of an overriding royalty interest out of a
casing burst pressure n: the amount of
working interest and the grant of an oil
pressure that, when applied inside a string of
payment out of a working interest.
casing, causes the wall of the casing to fail.
cascade system n: in systems supplying a
This pressure is critically important when a
breathable source of air to workers wearing
gas kick is being circulated out, because gas
breathing equipment in a toxic atmosphere.
on the way to the surface expands and exerts
a serial connection of air cylinders in which
more pressure than it exerted at the bottom
the output of air from one adds to that of the
of the well.
next.
casing centraliser n: a device secured
cased adj: pertaining to a wellbore in which
around the casing at regular intervals to
casing has been run and cemented. See
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casinghead gas 30 catenary
casinghead gas n: gas produced with oil. allowing the rollers to contact all sides of the low temperatures and pressures. 2. a motor
casinghead gas contract n: a contract used casing and restore it to roughly its original gasoline refining process in which heavy
by industry for the purchase and sale of condition. hydrocarbon components are broken down
casinghead gas. casing scraper n: a bladed tool used to into light hydrocarbon components using
gasoline n: (obsolete) natural gasoline. scrape away junk or debris from inside catalysts and relatively low temperatures and
casing overshot n: see casing-patch tool. casing; it is usually run into the casing on drill pressures. It produces a gasoline that has a
casing pack n: a means of cementing casing pipe or tubing. higher octane rating and a lower sulphur
in a well so that the casing may, if necessary, casing seal receptacle n: a casing sub content than that produced by thermal
be retrieved with minimum difficulty. A special containing a seal bore and a left-handed cracking.
mud, usually an oil mud, is placed in the well thread; it is run as a crossover sub between catastrophism n: the theory that the earth's
ahead of the cement after the casing has casing sizes and to provide a tubing anchor. landforms assumed their present
been set. Nonsolidifying mud is used so that casing seat n: the location of the bottom of a configuration in a brief episode at the
it does not bind or stick to the casing in the string of casing that is cemented in a well. beginning of geologic history-possibly in a
hole in die area above the cement Since the Typically, a casing shoe is made up on the single great catastrophic event-and have
mud does not gel for a long time, the casing end of the casing at this point. remained relatively unchanged since that
can be cut above the cemented section and casing seat test n: a procedure whereby the time. Compare uniformtarianism.
retrieved. Casing packs are used in wells of formation immediately below the casing shoe catcher n: a device fitted into a junk basket
doubtful or limited production to permit reuse is subjected to a pressure equal to the that retains the junk picked up by the basket
of valuable lengths of casing. pressure expected to be exerted later by the catch samples v: to obtain cuttings for geo-
casing-pack v: to cement casing in a well in drilling fluid or by the drilling fluid and the logical information as formations are
a way that allows for easy retrieval of back-pressure created by a kick. See leak- penetrated by the bit The samples are
sections of casing. See casing pack. off test. obtained from drilling fluid as it emerges from
casing-patch tool n: a special tool with a casing shoe n: see guide shoe. casing slip the wellbore or, in cable-tool drilling, from the
rubber packer or lead seal that is used to n: see spider. bailer. Cuttings are carefully washed until
repair casing. When casing is damaged casing spear n: a fishing tool designed to they are free of foreign matter, dried, and
downhole, a cut is made below the dam- grab casing from the inside so that when the labelled to indicate the depth at which they
aged casing, the damaged casing and the spear is retrieved, the attached casing comes were obtained.
casing above it are pulled from the well, and with it. cat cracker gas n: gas that is a by-product of
the damaged casing is removed from the casing spider n: see spider. refining liquid hydrocarbons in a catalytic
casing string. The tool is made up and casing string n: the entire length of all the cracker.
lowered into the well on the casing until it en- joints of casing run in a well. Most casing categorical exclusion n: a category of
gages the top of the casing that remains in joints are manufactured to specifications actions that do not individually or
the well, and a rubber packer or lead seal in established by API, although non-API cumulatively have a significant effect on the
the tool forms a seal with the casing that is in specification casing is available for special human environment and that have been
the well. The casing-patch tool is an situations. Casing manufactured to API found to have no such effect in procedures
overshot1ike device and is sometimes called specifications is available in three length adopted by a federal agency when
a casing overshot. ranges. A joint of range 1 casing is 16 to 25 implementing NEPA regulations. Therefore,
casing point n: 1. the depth in a well at feet (4.8 to 7.6 metres) long; a joint of range neither an environmental assessment nor an
which casing is set, generally the depth at 2 casing is 25 to 34 feet (7.6 to 10.3 metres) environmental impact statement is required.
which the casing shoe rests. 2. the objective long; and a joint of range 3 casing is 34 to 48 catenary n: the curve assumed by a perfectly
depth in a drilling contract, either a specified feet (10.3 to 14.6 metres) long. The out- side flexible line hanging under its own weight
depth or the depth at which a specific zone is diameter of a joint of API casing ranges from between two fixed points. A suspension
penetrated. When the depth is reached, the 4Yz to 20 inches (11.43 to 50.8 centimetres). bridge is an example of a catenary structure;
operator makes a decision with respect to casing sub n: a sub used to join two an anchor chain is a catenary.
running and setting a production string of dissimilar joints of casing.
casing. Under some farm- out and letter casing swage n: a solid cylindrical body
agreements, some owners are carried to pointed at the bottom and equipped with a
casing point. tool joint at the top for connection with a jar. It
casing pressure n: the pressure in a well is used to make an opening in a collapsed
that exists between the casing and the tubing casing and drive it back to its original shape.
or the casing and the drill pipe. casing tongs n pi: large wrench used for
casing protector n: a short threaded nipple turning when making up or breaking out
screwed into the open end of the coupling casing. See tongs.
and over the threaded end of casing to casing-tubing annuals n: in a wellbore, the
protect the threads from dirt accumulation space between the inside of the casing and
and damage. It is made of steel or plastic. the outside of the tubing.
Also called thread protector. Cat n: 1. short for an industrial or gas engine
casing rack n: see pipe rack. manufactured by Caterpillar, Inc. 2. short for
casing roller n: a tool composed of a any piece of industrial equipment. such as a
mandrel on which are mounted several bulldozer manufactured by Caterpillar, Inc.
heavy-duty rollers with eccentric roll surfaces. catalyst n: a substance that alters,
It is used to restore buckled, collapsed, or accelerates, or instigates chemical reactions
dented casing in a well to normal diameter without itself being affected.
and roundness. Made up on tubing or drill catalytic cracking n: 1. the breaking down of
pipe and run into the well to the depth of the pdfMachine
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catenary anchor leg mooring 31 cementre
catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM) n: a substances by formation waters that may still spaces between clastic particles, causing
type of offshore mooring in which the facility be present. See vug. them to become consolidated into
is anchored by at least six anchors; it caving n: collapsing of the walls of the sedimentary rock. 2. precipitation of a binding
generally has no storage facility. wellbore. Also called sloughing. material around grains or minerals in rocks.
cathead n: a spool-shaped attachment on cavings n pi: particles that fall off (are cement bond n: the adherence of casing to
the end of the catshaft. around which rope for sloughed from) the wall of the wellbore. cement and cement to formation. When
hoisting and moving heavy equipment on or Compare cuttings. casing is run in a well, it is set, or bonded, to
near the rig floor is wound. See break- out cavitation n: the formation and collapse of the formation by means of cement.
cathead, makeup cathead. vapour gas-filled cavities that result from a cement bond log n: an acoustic logging
sudden decrease and increase of pressure. method based on the fact that sound travels
Cavitation can cause mechanical damage to at different speeds through materials of
adjacent surfaces in meters, valves, pumps, different densities. The fact that sound travels
and pipes at locations where flowing liquid faster through cement than through air can
encounters a restriction or change in be used to determine whether the cement
direction. has bonded properly to the casing.
Cb abbr: cumulonimbus. cement bond survey n: an acoustic survey
CBHT abbr: circulating bottomhole or sonic-logging method that records the
temperature. quality or hardness of the cement used in the
CBL abbr: cement bond log. annulus to bond the casing and the
Cc abbr: cirrocumulus. formation. Casing that is well bonded to the
cathead spool n: see co/head. cc abbr: cubic centimetre. formation transmits an acoustic signal
cathode n: 1. one of two electrodes in an CCL abbr: casing collar log. quickly; poorly bonded causing transmits a
electrolytic cell, represented as the positive cd abbr: candela. signal slowly. See acoustic survey. acoustic
terminal of a cell. 2. in cathodic protection ceiling n: the height above the ground up to well logging.
systems, the protected structure that is the base of the lowest layer of clouds when cement casing v: to fill the annulus between
representative of the cathode and is over half the sky is obscured. the casing and wall of the hole with cement to
protected by having a conventional current ceiling price n: the maximum lawful price support the casing and prevent fluid
flow from an anode to the structure through that may be charged for the first sale of a migration between permeable zones.
the electrolyte. specified NGPA category of natural gas. cement channelling n: when casing is being
cathodic protection n: a means of cellar n: a pit in the ground, usually lined with cemented in a borehole, the cement slurry
preventing the destructive electrochemical concrete, steel pipe, or wood, that provides can fail to rise uniformly between the casing
process of corrosion of a metal object by additional height between the rig floor and and the borehole wall, leaving spaces devoid
using it as the cathode of a cell with a the wellhead to accommodate the installation of cement. Ideally, the cement should
sacrificial anode. Current at least equal to of blowout preventers, rathole, mousehole, completely and uniformly surround the casing
that caused by the corrosive action is and so forth. It also collects drainage water and form a strong bond to the borehole wall.
directed toward the object, offsetting its and other fluids for subsequent disposal. cement dump bailer n: a cylindrical
electrical potential. cellar deck n: the lower deck of a double- container with a valve used to release small
cation n: a positively charged ion; the ion in decked semisubmersible drilling rig. See batches of cement in a remedial cementing
an electrolysed solution that migrates to the milin deck, Texas deck. operation.
cathode. See ion. Compare anion. cellophane n: a thin, transparent material cementre n: a retrievable cement squeeze
catline n: a hoisting or pulling line powered made from cellulose and used as a lost tool that is used in remedial cementing. See
by the cathead and used to lift heavy circulation material. See cementing milterials. remedial cementing; secondary cementing.
equipment on the rig. See cathead. Celsius scale n: the metric scale of
catshaft n: an axle that crosses through the temperature measurement used universally
drawworks and contains a revolving spool by scientists. On this scale, O' represents the
called a cathead at either end. See cathead. freezing point of water and 100. its boiling
catwalk n: I. the ramp at the side of the point at a barometric pressure of 760 mm.
drilling rig where pipe is laid to be lifted to the Degrees Celsius are converted to degrees
derrick floor by the catline or by an air hoist. Fahrenheit by using the following equation:
See carline. 2. any elevated walkway. °F = 9/5 (°C) + 32.
caustic soda n: sodium hydroxide, NaOH. It The Celsius scale was formerly called the
is used to maintain an alkaline pH in drilling centigrade scale; now, however, the term
mud and in petroleum fractions. "Celsius" is preferred in the International
caustic treater n: a vessel holding sodium System of Units (SI).
hydroxide or other alkalis through which a cement n: a powder consisting of alumina.
solution flows for removal of sulphides, silica, lime, and other substances that
mercaptans, or acids. hardens when mixed with water. Extensively
cave-in n: the collapse of the walls of the used in the oil industry to bond casing to the
wellbore. walls of the wellbore.
cavern n: a natural cavity in the earth's crust cement additive n: a material added to
that is large enough to permit human entry. cement to change its properties. Chemical
Commonly formed in limestone by ground- accelerators, chemical retarders, and weight-
water leaching. Compare vug. reduction materials are common additives.
cavernous formation n: a rock formation See cementing materials.
that contains large open spaces, usually cementationpdfMachine
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cementing 32 CFR
cementing n: the application of a liquid slurry the middle. Compare side-door elevators. An electric submersible pump is a centrifugal
of cement and water to various points inside See elevators. pump.
or outside the casing. See primary centreline n: the middle line of the hull of a centrifuge n: a machine that uses centrifugal
cementing, secondary cementing. squeeze mobile offshore drilling rig from stem to stem, force to separate substances of varying
cementing. as shown in a waterline view. densities. A centrifuge is capable of spinning
cementing barge n: a barge containing the centre of buoyancy n: the centre of gravity substances at high speeds to obtain high
cementing pumps and other equipment of the fluid displaced by a floating body (such centrifugal forces. Also called the shake-out
needed for oilwell cementing in water as a ship or mobile offshore drilling rig). or grind-out machine.
operations. centre of flotation n: the geometric centre of centrifuge test n: a test to determine the
cementing basket n: a collapsible or folding the water plane at which a mobile off- shore amount of S&W in samples of oil or emulsion.
metal cone that fits against the walls of the drilling rig floats and about which a rig rotates The samples are placed in tubes and spun in
wellbore to prevent the passage of cement; when acted on by an external force without a a centrifuge, which breaks out the S&W.
sometimes called a metal-petal basket. change in displacement. CEQ abbr: Council on Environmental Quality.
cementing head n: an accessory attached to centre of gravity n: the point at which an cerci. abbr: Comprehensive Environmental
the top of the casing to facilitate cementing of object can be supported so that it balances, Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of
the casing. It has passages for cement slurry and at which all gravitational forces on the 1980.
and retainer chambers for cementing wiper body and the weight of the body are certificate n: a certificate of public
plugs. Also called retainer head. concentrated; the centre of mass. convenience and necessity issued under the
cementing materials n pi: a slurry of port- centre of pressure n: the point at which all Natural Gas Act.
land cement and water and sometimes one wind pressure forces are concentrated. certificate natural gas n: any natural gas
or more additives that affect either the centre spear n: a barbed fishing tool used to that has a certificate issued and that in effect
density of the mixture or its setting time. The snag and retrieve broken wireline from the is transported by an interstate pipeline.
portland cement used may be high early wellbore. certified copy n: a copy made from records
strength, common (standard), or slow set- centigrade scale n: see Celsius scale. in a recorder's or county clerk's office and
ting. Additives include accelerators (such as centimetre (cm) n: a unit of length in the certified to by the recorder or county clerk as
calcium chloride), retarders (such as gyp- metric system equal to one-hundredth of a being an exact copy of the paper on file or of
sum), weighting materials (such as barium metre (1-2 metre). record.
sulphate), lightweight additives (such as centimetre-gram-second (cgs) n: a variant certs n pi: (slang) certifications of materials
bentonite), or a variety of lost circulation of the metric system in which the measures on physical and chemistry properties.
materials (such as mica flakes). are founded on the centimetre, gram, and cessation of production clause n: a clause
cementing pump n: a high-pressure pump second rather than directly on the kilogram in an oil and gas lease that provides the
used to force cement down the casing and and metre. lessee with the right to begin new operations
into the annular space between the casing centipoise (cp) n: one-hundredth of a poise; within a stated time period should production
and the wall of the borehole. a measure of a fluid's viscosity, or resistance cease.
cementing time n: the total elapsed time to flow. cetane number n: a measure of the ignition
needed to complete a cementing operation. central facility n: an installation serving two quality of fuel oil. The higher the cetane
cement kIinker n: a substance formed by or more leases and providing one or more of number, the more easily the fuel is ignited.
melting ground limestone, clay or shale, and such functions as separation, compression, CFG abbr: cubic feet of gas; used in drilling
iron ore in a kiln. Cement kIinker is ground dehydration, treating, gathering, or delivery of reports.
into a powdery mixture and combined with gas and oil. CFR abbr: I. Code of Federal Regulations. 2.
small amounts of gypsum or other materials centraliser n: see casing centralise Coordinating Fuels and Equipment Re-
to form cement. central oil-treating station n: a processing search Committee.
cement plug n: 1. a portion of cement placed network used to treat emulsion produced
at some point in the well bore to seal it. 2. a from several leases, thus eliminating the
wiper plug. See cementing, wi per plug. need for individual treating facilities at each
cement retainer n: a tool set temporarily in lease site.
the casing or well to prevent the passage of centrifugal compressor n: a compressor in
cement, thereby forcing it to follow another which the flow of gas to be compressed is
designated path. It is used in squeeze moved away from the centre rapidly, usually
cementing and other remedial cementing by a series of blades or turbines. It is a
jobs. continuous-flow compressor with a low
cement system n: a particular slurry pressure ratio and is used to transmit gas
containing cement and water, with or without through a pipeline. Gas passing through the
additives. compressor contacts a rotating impeller, from
Cenozoic era n: the time period from 65 which it is discharged into a diffuser, where
million years ago until the present. It is its velocity is slowed and its kinetic energy
marked by rapid evolution of mammals and changed to static pressure. Centrifugal
birds, flowering plants, grasses, and shrubs, compressors are nonpositive-displacement
and little change in invertebrates. machines, often arranged in series on a line
centre distance n: in a chain-and-sprocket to achieve multistage compression.
drive, the distance between the centres of the centrifugal force n: the force that tends to
two sprockets or the shafts they fit on. pull all matter from the centre of a rotating
centre-latch elevators n: elevators that have mass.
the handles and latch arranged so that when centrifugal pump n: a pump with an impeller
a crew member opens the latch, they part in or rotor, an pdfMachine
impeller shaft, and a casing,
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chain 33 chemical consolidation
chemical cut off n: a method of severing chiller n: a heat exchanger that cools the bean; the larger the opening. the greater
steel pipe in a well by applying high-pressure process fluids with a refrigerant. the flow.
jets of a very corrosive substance against the chip hold-down effect n: the holding of choke control panel n: a panel or board on
wall of the pipe. The resulting cut is very formation rock chips in place as a result of the rig floor, usually near the driller's position,
smooth. high differential pressure in the wellbore (i.e., that allows a person to remotely adjust the
chemical cutter n: a fishing tool that uses pressure in the wellbore is greater than size of the opening of a choke installed in the
high-pressure jets of chemicals to sever pressure in the formation). This effective- its choke manifold. By adjusting the choke's
casing, tubing, or drill pipe stuck in the hole. the cutting action of the bit by retarding opening, the operator can increase or
chemical fingerprinting n: the process of circulation of bit cuttings out of the hole. decrease the amount of back-pressure being
tracking down the source of an illegal waste chk abbr: choke; used in drilling reports. held on the well by the choke. Usually, the
discharge through sampling the waste and chlorine n: a greenish-yellow, acrid gas (CI) panel also has pressure gauges and other
possible sources to determine which source that irritates the skin and mucous instruments to help the operator control the
matches the discharge best. Fingerprinting is membranes and causes breathing difficulties. well.
expensive, but in large damage cases, it can chlorine log n: a record of the presence and choke flow n: see criticalflow.
help prove or disprove whether a substance concentration of chlorine in oil reservoirs. choke flow line n: see choke line.
was discharged from a particular source. See chlorine survey. choke line n: a pipe attached to the blowout
chemical flooding n: see alkaline (caustic) preventer stack out of which kick fluids and
flooding, micellarpolymer flQoding. mud can be pumped to the choke manifold
chemical inhibitor n: liquid chemical com- when a blowout preventer is closed in on a
pounds that are injected into lines carrying kick.
fluids that contain H2S, Most of these choke manifold n: an arrangement of piping
inhibitors are designed to coat equipment and special valves, called chokes. In drilling,
surfaces to physically isolate them from mud is circulated through a choke manifold
compressive substances. Others react with when the blowout preventers are closed. In
sulfur compounds to form less-destructive well testing, a choke manifold attached to the
compounds. wellhead allows flow and pressure control for
chemical inventory n: an inventory required test components down- stream.
by HAZCOM. Under HAZCOM, all employers choke nipple n: see bean.
must keep a complete list, or inventory, of all choke pressure n: see back-pressure.
hazardous materials on site. choker hitch n: in crane operations, a method
chemical protective clothing n: clothing of attaching a sling to a load in which one
that is designed to protect against a specific chlorine survey n: a special type of radio- end of the sling is passed around the load,
chemical hazard (i.e., suits or aprons made activity-logging survey used to measure die through an attachment or an eye on the other
of or coated with chemical-resistant materials relative amount of chlorine in the formation. end, and then to the crane's hook. As the
like butyl rubber, neoprene, or polyvinyl Rocks with low chlorine content are likely to load is lifted by the crane, the hitch tightens
chloride). contain gas or oil; rocks with high chlorine on the load.
chemical pump n: an injection pump used to content usually contain salt water only. choker sling n: a wire rope sling that forms
introduce a chemical into a fluid stream or choke n: a device with an orifice installed in CHRISTMAS a slip noose around an TREE
receptacle. a line to restrict the flow of fluids. Surface object to re moved or lifted by a crane.
chemicals n pi: in drilling-fluid terminology, a chokes are part of the Christmas tree on a Christmas tree n: the conbul valves,
chemical is any material that produces well and contain a choke nipple, or bean. with pressure gauges, and chokes assembled at
changes in the viscosity, yield point, gel a small-diameter bore that serves to restrict the top of a well to control the flow of oil and
strength, fluid loss, and surface tension. the flow. Chokes are also used to control the gas after the well has been drilled and
chemical treatment n: any of many rate of flow of the drilling mud out of the hole completed. It is used when reservoir pressure
processes in the oil industry that involve the when the well is closed in with the blow-out is sufficient to cause reservoir fluids to flow to
use of a chemical to effect an operation. preventer and a kick is being circulated out of the surface.
Some chemical treatments are acidising, the hole. See adjustable choke. bottomhole
crude oil demulsification, conclusion choke. positive choke.
inhibition, paraffin removal, scale removal,
drilling fluid control, refinery and plant
processes, cleaning and plugging operations,
chemical flooding, and water purification.
chert n: a rock of precipitated silica whose
crystalline structure is not easily discemible
and that fractures conchoidally (like glass).
Flint, jasper, and chat are forms of chert.
chicken hook n: a long steel pole with a
hook on one end that allows one of the rotary
choke angle n: in crane operations, the
helpers to release the safety latch on the
angle between the vertical part and choked
drilling hook so that the bail of the swivel can
part of a choker sling. As this angle de-
be removed (as when the kelly is set back
creases, the load-lifting capacity of the sling
prior to making a trip). Also called a
also decreases. See choker sling.
shepherd's stick, or hook.
choke bean n: a device placed in a choke
Chicksan line n: a flexible coupling used in
line that regulates the flow through the choke.
high-pressure lines. pdfMachine
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chromate 35 Class I injection wells
chromate n: a compound in which chromium circulate-and-weight method n: see con- cirrus n: a high-level, white, feather like
has a valence of 6, e.g., sodium bichromate. current method. cloud that is composed of ice crystals.
Chromate may be added to drilling fluids circulate the short way v: see reverse citations n pi: notations that appear in
eimer directly or as a constituent of chrome circulation. government documents for cross-referencing
lignites or chrome lignosulfonates. In certain circulating and releasing overshot n: an information.1f you are reading a regulation
areas, chromate is widely used as a external gripping tool that allows direct that refers to another regulation or to a
corrosion inhibitor, often in conjunction with circulation through the tool and the fish to different section in the same regulation, the
lime. keep the wellbore lubricated during fishing. citation will be listed so that you may refer to
chromatograph n: an analytical instrument See overshot. the appropriate material for more information.
mat separates mixtures of substances into circulating components n pi: the equipment city gas station n: see city gate station.
identifiable components by means of included in the drilling fluid circulating system city gate station n: a station to which a
chromatography. of a rotary rig. Basically, the components transmission company delivers gas to the
chromatograph tests n pi: a laboratory consist of the mud pump, the rotary hose, the distribution company. This is the point at
analysis of a gas sample to determine me swivel, the drill stem, the bit, and the mud which interstate and intrastate pipelines sell
composition of me gas. The analysis will return line. and deliver gas to local distribution
determine the percentage of each component circulating density n: see equivalent companies. Usually built adjacent to a natural
of the gas; this percentage can be used to circulating density. gas transmission line in a sparsely populated
calculate liquid volume percentage, GPMs, circulating fluid n: see drilling fluid, mud. area on the outskirts of a population centre.
Btu, and gravity. circulating head n: an accessory attached to Also called city gas station, town border
chromatography n: a method of separating the top of the drill pipe or tubing to form a station.
a solution of closely related compounds by connection with the mud system to permit civil law n: see statute law.
allowing it to seep through an adsorbent so circulation of the drilling mud. In some cases, civil penalties n pi: penalties for damages to
mat each compound is adsorbed in a it is also a rotating head. private individuals or organisations typically
separate layer. circulating pressure n: the pressure determined by a court decision on suits filed
chrome lignite n: mined lignite, usually generated by the mud pumps and exerted on against private individuals or corporations.
leonardite, to which chromate has been the drill stem. Cl form: chlorine.
added or has reacted. The lignite can also be circulating rate n: the volume flow rate of clabbered adj: (slang) commonly used to
causticised with either sodium or potassium the circulating drilling fluid usually ex- describe moderate to severe flocculation of
hydroxide. pressed in gallons or barrels per minute in mud due to various contaminants. Also called
Ci abbr: cirrus. the United States. Elsewhere, it is expressed gelled-up.
arc abbr: circulated; used in drilling reports. in cubic metres per minute. cladding n: metal coating bonded to another
circle wrench n: see wheel-type back-off circulation n: the movement of drilling fluid metal usually by means of high heat and
wrench. out of the mud pits, down the drill stem, up pressure.
circuit n: a complete electrical path from one the annulus, and back to the mud pits. See clamp n: a mechanical device used to hold
terminal of a source of electricity to me other, normal circulation, reverse circulation. an object in place. For example, a leak-repair
usually connected to a load. When me circuit circulation sleeve n: see sliding sleeve. clamp, or saddle clamp, holds a piece of
is closed, electric current flows through it; circulation squeeze n: a variation of metal with the same curvature as the pipe
when it is opened, me current flow stops. squeeze cementing for wells with two over a hole in a line, effecting a temporary
circular reader n: a metering instrumentation producing zones in which (1) the upper fluid seal. A wireline clamp holds the end of a wire
system component mat counts me sand is perforated; (2) tubing is run with a rope against the main rope, while a polished-
revolutions of me index shaft. packer, and the packer is set between the rod clamp attaches the top of the polished
circulate v: to pass from one point through- two perforated intervals; (3) water is rod to the bridle of a pumping unit
out a system and back to me starting point. circulated between the two zones to remove Class I injection wells n pi: a classification
For example, drilling fluid is circulated out of as much mud as possible from the channel; of injection wells under Safe Drinking Water
the suction pit, down the drill pipe and drill (4) cement is pumped through the channel Act that are related to hazardous, industrial
collars, out the bit, up the annulus, and back and circulated; (5) the packer is released and nonhazardous, and municipal wastewater
to the pits while drilling proceeds. picked up above the upper perforation, a low disposal below underground sources of
squeeze pressure is applied, and the excess drinking water.
cement is circulated out. The process is
applicable where there is communication
behind the pipe between the two producing
zones because of channelling of the primary
cement or where there is essentially no
cement in the annulus.
circulation valve n: an accessory employed
above a packer, to permit annulus-to-tubing
circulation or vice versa.
cirrocumulus n: a white high-level cloud that
is composed primarily of ice crystals. This
type of cloud forms from cirrus or cirrostratus
clouds and has a rippled appearance. status
n: a very thin, white, high-level cloud that
produces halos visible around the sun or
moon. This type of cloud is composed of ice
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Class II injection wells 36 cloud point
Class II injection wells n pi: a classification other manner processed or handled. with the which air is not allowed to enter, thereby
of injection wells under SDWA that are ultimate goal of making the site safer for preventing corrosion or scale.
related to oil and gas activity. Typically, these people or the environment. close in v:.1. to shut in a well temporarily
wells are used to dispose of produced waters Clean Water Act (CWA) n: law that that is capable of producing oil or gas. 2. to
into depleted oil formations below drinking regulates the discharge of toxic and nontoxic close the blowout preventers on a well to
water sources; to inject produced water from pollutants into the surface waters of the control a kick. The blowout preventers close
production operations back into the United States. Under the jurisdiction of both off the annulus so that pressure from below
producing zone; to inject fluids for enhanced the EPA and the Army Corps of Engineers, cannot flow to the surface.
recovery; and to store hydrocarbons. CWA's short-term goal is to make surface close nipple n: a very short piece of pipe
classic rock n: a sedimentary rock com- waters safe for recreation, fishing, and other threaded its entire length.
posed of fragments of preexisting rocks. The uses. Its long-term goal is to eliminate all closing gauge n: the measurement in a tank
principal distinction among clastics is grain harmful discharges into surface waters. after a delivery or receipt. Compare opening
size. Conglomerates, sandstones, and shales clearance n: 1. the distance by which one gauge.
are clastic rocks. object clears another. 2. the amount of space closing machine n: a machine that braids
clastics n pi: I. sediments formed by the between two objects. wires into strands and strands into rope in the
breakdown of large rock masses by clearance pocket n: a device mounted on manufacture of wire rope. Also called a
climatological processes, physical or the cylinder of a compressor that allows the stranding machine.
chemical. 2. the rocks formed from these amount of clearance space to be adjusted. closing ratio n: the ratio between the
sediments. Clearance space may have to be adjusted to pressure in the hole and the operating-piston
clastic texture n: rock texture in which compensate for increases or decreases in pressure needed to close the rams of a blow-
individual rock, mineral, or organic fragments the load on the compressor. out preventer.
are cemented together by an amorphous or clearance sample n: in tank sampling, a closing unit n: see blowout preventer control
crystalline minera1 such as calcite. Compare spot sample taken 4 inches (100 milli- unit.
crystalline texture. metres) below the level of the tank outlet. closing-up pump n: an electric or hydraulic
Claus process n: a process to convert clearance space n: in a reciprocating pump on an accumulator that pumps
hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur by compressor, the volume between the top of hydraulic fluid under high pressure to the
selective oxidation. the piston and the cylinder head with the blowout preventers so that they may be
clay n: I. a term used for particles smaller piston at the top of its stroke. closed or opened.
than \1156 millimetre (4 microns) in size, clearance volume n: the amount of space closure n: I. the vertical distance between
regardless of mineral composition. 2. a group between the travelling and standing val~ in a the top of an anticline., or dome, and the bot-
of hydrous aluminum silicate minerals (clay sucker rod pump when the pump is at the tom, an indication of the amount of producing
minerals). 3. a sediment of fine clastics. bottom of its stroke. formation that may be expected. 2. the
clay extender n: any of several substances - clear brine n: a drilling fluid made up mainly process of closing down a site, such as
usually organic compounds of high molecular of chemical salts, such as sodium chloride, plugging and abandoning a well or filling in a
weight-that, when added in low calcium chloride, or potassium chloride. Clear pit.
concentrations to a bentonite or to certain brine contains little or no clay or other solid cloud on a title n: a claim or encumbrance
other clay slurries, will increase the viscosity material and is virtually transparent. It is often that, if upheld by a court, would impair the
of the system. See low-solids mud. used when drilling into a producing formation owner's title to the property.
Clean Air Act (CAA) n: one of the first because clear brine minimises formation cloud point n: the temperature at which
environmental laws passed by the federal damage. See completion fluid formation paraffin wax begins to congeal and become
government. The CAA addresses and damage. cloudy.
regulates airborne pollution that may be clear water drilling n: drilling operations in
potentially hazardous to public health or which plain water (usually salt water) is used
natural resources. as the circulating fluid.
clean ballast n: ballast that is free of any cleat n: see coal clear.
measurable quantity of hydrocarbon cleaning clevis n: see shackle.
and priming machine n: a self- propelled CLFP abbr: choke-line friction pressure.
machine with a rotating set of brushes and clingage n: the amount of oil that adheres to
buffers that removes from pipe surface any the wall of a measuring or prover tank after
loose material and applies a thin coat of draining.
primer to prepare the pipe for coating. Clinton flake n: finely shredded cellophane
clean out v: to remove sand, scale, and used as a lost circulation material for cement.
other deposits from the producing section of clip n: a U-bolt or similar device used to
the well to restore or increase production. fasten parts of a wire cable together.
cleanout door n: an opening made to permit closed circuit n: 1. a life-support system in
removal of sediments from the bottom of a which the gas is recycled continually while
tank. Usually a plate near ground level is the carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen
removed from the side of the tank to make added periodically. 2. a television installation
the door. in which the signal is transmitted by wire to a
cleanout tools n pi: the tools or instrument, limited number of receivers.
such as bailers and swabs, used to clean out closed-in pressure n: see shut-in pressure.
an oilwell. closed stationary tank prover n: see positive-
clean-up operation n: (HAZWOPER) an volume prove1:
operation during which hazardous sub- closed system n: a water-handling system
stances are removed, contained, incinerated, (such as a pdfMachine
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clump weights 37 coiled-tubing workover
clump weights n pi: special segmented coating n: any material that forms a exchangers. In more complex installations, a
weights attached to the guy wires of a guyed continuous film over a metal surface to tube bundle is used instead of a coil.
compliant platform that keep the guy wires prevent corrosion damage. coiled tubing n: a continuous string of
taut as the platform jacket moves with the coating flaw n: a gap or flaw in pipe coating. flexible steel tubing, often hundreds or thou-
waves and current of the water. As tension Coating flaws, which must be repaired to sands of feet long, that is wound onto a reel,
on a guy wire is lessened, one or more prevent corrosion problems, are detected often dozens of feet in diameter. The reel is
segments of the weight drop to the seafloor through mechanical or visual inspections of an integral part of the coiled tubing unit,
and re-establish tension on the wire. As the line. Also called holiday. which consists of several devices that en-
tension increases on a guy wire, the tension coating machine n: a machine that applies sure the tubing can be safely and efficiently
pulls one or more segments off the seafloor an even layer of coating material to pipe inserted into the well from the surface. Be-
so that the wire is not over stressed. surface. Most coating machines also apply cause tubing can be lowered into a well
clutch n: a coupling used to connect and outer wrapping on the pipe. without having to make up joints of tubing,
disconnect a driving and a driven part of a Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) n: an running coiled tubing into the well is faster
mechanism, especially a coupling that annual paperback set of all the final and and less expensive than running
permits the former part to engage the latter permanent agency rules and regulations conventional tubing. Rapid advances in the
gradually and without shock. In the oilfield, a published in the Federal Register. The CFR use of coiled tubing make it a popular way in
clutch permits gradual engaging and is divided into 50 titles, which represent which to run tubing into and out of a well.
disengaging of the equipment driven by a broad areas subject to federal regulation. Also called reeled tubing.
prime mover. v: to engage or disengage a coefficient n: a number that serves as a coiled-tubing unit n: the equipment for
clutch. measure of some property or characteristic transporting and using coiled tubing,
cm abbr: centimetre. and that is commonly used as a factor in including a reel for the coiled tubing, an
cm2 abbr: square centimetre. computations. injector head to push the tubing down the
3
cm abbr: cubic centimetre. coefficient of cubical expansion n: see well, a wellhead blowout preventer stack, a
CMC abbr: carboxymethylcellulose. coefficient of expansion. power source (usually a diesel engine and
CO form: carbon monoxide. coefficient of discharge n: the ratio of hydraulic pumps), and a control console. A
CO2 form: carbon dioxide. actual flow to theoretical flow. unique feature of the unit is that it allows
coagulation n: see flocculation. coefficient of elasticity n: see modulus of continuous circulation while it is being
coal n: a carbonaceous, rocklike material elasticity . lowered into the hole. A coiled tubing unit is
that forms from the remains of plants that coefficient of expansion n: the increment in usually mounted on a trailer or skid.
were subjected to biochemical processes, volume of a unit volume of solid, liquid, or coiled-tubing workover n: a workover per-
intense pressure, and high temperatures. It is gas for a rise of temperature of I' at constant formed with a continuous steel tube, normally
used as fuel. pressure. Also called coefficient of cubical 0.75 inch to I inch (1.9 to 2.54 centimetres)
coal cleat n: the cleavage or fracture plane expansion, coefficient of thermal expansion, outside diameter, which is run into the well in
of coal as found in a mine or in a coal de- expansion coefficient, expansivity. one piece inside the normal tubing. Lengths
posit. Natural gas often migrates through coefficient of expansion adjuster n: an of the tubing up to 16,000 feet (4,877 metres)
cleats. accessory for a meter that is used with an are stored on the surface on a reel in a
coalesce v: to unite as a whole. automatic temperature compensator. It is manner similar to that used for wireline. The
coalescence n: 1. the change from a liquid used to regulate the magnitude of unit is rigged up over the wellhead. The
to a thickened, curdlike state by chemical temperature compensation consistent with tubing is injected through a control head that
reaction. 2. the combining of globules in an the coefficient of expansion of the liquid seals off the tubing and makes a pressure-
emulsion caused by molecular attraction of being metered. tight connection.
the surfaces. coefficient of thermal expansion n: see
coalescer n: a device used to cause the coefficient of expansion.
separation and removal of one liquid from an- COFCAW abbr: combination of forward
other. May be used to remove water from a combustion and water flooding. Also called
petroleum liquid sample withdrawn from a wet combustion.
pipeline. cofferdam n: the empty space between two
coal fine n: coal crushed sufficiently finely to bulkheads that separates two adjacent
pass through a screen. compartments. It is designed to isolate the
coal gas n: gas produced from coal and two compartments from each other, thereby
used for fuel. It contains primarily hydrogen, preventing the liquid contents of one
methane, and carbon monoxide. compartment from entering the other in the
coal tar epoxy n: a thermosetting resin event of the failure of the bulkhead of one to
made from the by-product of the retain its tightness. In oil tankers, cargo
carbonisation of bituminous coal. It is used as spaces are always isolated from the rest of
a coating because of its adhesiveness, the ship by cofferdams fitted at both ends of
flexibility, and resistance to chemicals. the tank body.
Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Act of cogeneration n: an energy-producing
1972 n: a congressional act that established process involving the simultaneous
policies for the balanced protection and wise generation of thermal and electrical energy
development of coastal resources. from a single primary heat source.
coastal zone management (CZM) program cohesion n: the attractive force between the
n: a state-level program that provides for same kinds of molecules (i.e., the force that
state review of exploration, development, and holds the molecules of a substance together).
production plans that affect the coastal zone. pdfMachine
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coke 38 commercial propane
coke n: 1. a solid cellular residue produced of a colloid and the liquid. gaseous, or solid combustion n: 1. the process of burning.
from the dry distillation of certain medium in which it is dispersed. Chemically, it is a process of rapid oxidation
carbonceous materials that contains carbon colloidal adj: pertaining to a colloid. i.e., caused by the union of oxygen from the air
as its principal constituent 2. a residue of involving particles so minute (less than 2 with the material that is being oxidised or
heavier hydrocarbons formed by thermal microns) that they are not visible through burned. 2. the organised and orderly burning
cracking and distillation and deposited in the optical microscopes. Bentonite is an ex- of fuel inside the cylinder of an engine.
reservoir during in situ combustion. This ample of a colloidal clay. come-along n: a manually operated device
residue catches fire and becomes the fuel for colloidal composition n: a colloidal that is used to tighten guy wires or move
continued combustion. suspension containing one or more colloidal heavy loads. Usually, a come-along is a
coke breeze n: crushed coke used for constituents. gripping tool with two jaws attached to a ring
packing underground anodes in cathodic colloidal suspension n: finely divided so that, when the ring is pulled, the jaws
protection systems to obtain increased anode particles of ultramicroscopic size suspended close.
efficiency at a reduced cost See coke. in a liquid. come in v: to begin to produce; to become
cold front n: the leading edge of a cold air colour test n: a visual test made against profitable.
mass that replaces warmer air. The warm air fixed standards to determine the colour of a come out of the hole v: to pull the drill stem
is lifted to ride up over the cool air. petroleum or other type of product. out of the wellbore to change the bit, to
cold wall n: the sharp water-temperature column-stabilised drilling unit n: see change from a core barrel to the bit, to run
gradient between the Gulf Stream and the semisubmersible drilling rig. electric logs, to prepare for a drill stem test,
Labrador Current. combination drive n: a combination of two to run casing, and so on. Also called trip out.
cold-work n: plastic deformation of metal at or more natural energies that work together come to see you v: (slang) to blowout. A
a temperature low enough to insure or cause in a reservoir to force fluids into a wellbore. well will "come to see you" if it blows out.
permanent strain. Possible combinations include gas-cap and commercial amount n: see commercial
coliform n: any of several bacilli found in the water drive, solution gas and water drive, and quantity.
large intestine of humans and animals; its gas-cap drive and gravity drainage. commercial butane n: a liquefied
presence in water indicates fecal pollution. combination book-block n: a piece of hydrocarbon consisting chiefly of butane or
collapse pressure n: the amount of force drilling equipment that joins the hook and butylenes and conforming to the GPA
needed to crush the sides of pipe until it travelling block into one unit designed to specification for commercial butane defined
caves in on itself. The pipe collapses when support the swivel and drill stem during in GPA Publication 2140.
the pressure outside it is greater than the drilling and to raise and lower drilling tools in commercial gauger n: someone licensed by
pressure inside it. and out of the hole. the US Customs Service to perform the
collapse resistance n: the ability of the wall combination rig n: a light rig that has the duties of independent inspector or
of a pipe or vessel to resist collapse. essential elements for both rotary and cable- independent surveyor.
collar n: 1. a coupling device used to join two tool drilling. It is sometimes used for re- commercial laboratory n: US Customs
lengths of pipe, such as casing or tubing. A conditioning wells. Service-approved laboratory, including those
combination collar has left-hand threads in combination strand n: a wire rope strand of commercial gaugers.
one end and right-hand threads in the other. that uses two or more strand designs to form commercial production n: oil and gas
2. a drill collar. See drill collar. a single strand. Compare Seale strand, production of sufficient quantity to justify
collar-lift elevator n: an elevator that is Warrington strand. keeping a well in production.
bored to match a square shouldered tool combination string n: a casing string with commercial propane n: a liquefied hydro-
joint. joints of various collapse resistance, internal carbon product consisting chiefly of pr0- pane
collar locator n: a logging device used to yield strength, and tensile strength, designed and/or propylene and conforming to the GPA
determine accurately the depth of a well; the for various depths in a specific well to best specification for commercial pro- pane as
log measures and records the depth of each withstand the conditions of that well. In deep defined in GPA Publication 2140.
casing collar, or coupling, in a well. Since the wens, high tensile strength is required in the
length of each joint of casing is written down, top casing joints to carry the load, whereas
along with the number of joints of casing that high collapse resistance and internal yield
were put into the well, knowing the number strength are needed in the bottom joints. In
and depth of the collars allows an accurate the middle of the casing, average quality is
measure of well depth. usually sufficient. The most suitable
collar locator log n: see collar locatol: combination of types and weights of pipe
collar pipe n: heavy pipe used between the helps to ensure efficient production at a
drill pipe and the bit in the drill stem. See drill minimum cost.
collar. combination trap n: I. a subsurface
collet n: a finger like device used to lock or hydrocarbon trap that has the features of
position certain tool components by both a structural trap and a stratigraphic trap.
manipulating the tubing string or downhole 2. a combination of two or more structural
tool. traps or two or more stratigraphic traps.
collision bulkhead n: the foremost bulk- combined misatignment n: a type of chain
head that extends from the bottom to the misalignment that may result from combined
freeboard deck of a drill ship. It keeps the angular and offset misalignment, or from two
main hull watertight if a collision occurs. shafts that are not level with each other.
colloid n: 1. a substance whose particles are combining weight n: see equivalent weight.
so fine that they will not settle out of combustible gas indicator n: device used
suspension or solution and cannot be seen to measure the percentage of combustible
under an ordinary microscope. 2. the mixture gas present inpdfMachine
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commercial quantity 39 compounding transmission
commercial quantity n: an amount of oil and company hand n: see company driven through guides attached to outside
gas production large enough to enable the representative. legs of the jacket.
operator to realise a profit, however small. To company man n: see company compliant platform n: an offshore platform
keep the lease in force, production must be in representative. that is designed to flex with wind and waves.
quantities sufficient to yield a return in excess company representative n: an employee of Two types are the guyed-tower platform rig
of operating costs, even though drilling and an operating company who supervises the and the compliant piled tower.
equipment costs may never be recovered. operations at a drilling site or well site and composite sample n: a sample of a sub-
commingle v: to mix crude oil or oil products co-ordinates the hiring of logging, testing, stance that is made up of equal portions of
rather than moving them as separate service, and workover companies. Also two or more spot samples obtained from a
batches. See batch. called company hand, company man. tank or pipeline. In a crude oil storage tank,
commingling n: the mixing of crude oil compartment n: a subdivision of space on a one type of composite sample is taken at the
products that have similar properties, usually floating offshore drilling rig, a ship, or a top, at the bottom, and in the middle.
for convenient transportation in a pipe- line. barge. composite spot sample n: in tank sampling,
commingling facility n: an installation, compemated neutron log n: a measure and a blend of spot samples mixed in equal pro-
serving two or more leases, that provides record of limestone porosity. The log is portions for testing.
services such as gathering, separating, produced using one source and two composite stream n: 1. a flow of oil and gas
treating, and storing more economically than detectors instead of just one detector, as an in one stream. 2. a flow of two or more
several smaller facilities. uncompensated neutron log does. A different liquid hydrocarbons in one stream.
commingling gas n: gas from two or more compensated neutron log is less influenced compound n: I. a mechanism used to
sources that is combined in a single stream. by borehole effects than an uncompensated transmit power from the engines to the pump,
committed reserves n: in gas contracts, the neutron log. See borehole effect. the drawworks, and other machinery on a
amount of gas the seller has available to sell compemating index n: a meter index that drilling rig. It is composed of clutches, chains
to the buyer or buyers named in the con- has a pressure correction factor built into the and sprockets, belts and pulleys, and a
tract. gear ratio of the dial. number of shafts, both driven and driving. 2.
common carrier n: any cargo transportation compemation n: provision of a supplemental a substance formed by the chemical union of
system available for public use. Nearly all device, circuit. or special materials to two or more elements in definite proportions;
pipelines are common carriers. counteract known sources of error. the smallest particle of a chemical compound
common cement n: a regular portland compemator governor n: a type of engine is a molecule. v: to connect two or more
cement classified as either API Class A or governor that prevents hunting (an engine's power-producing de- vices, such as engines,
ASTM Type I cement. speeding up and slowing down as it seeks to to run driven equipment, such as the
common law n: a system of law based on run at the speed dictated by the engine drawworks.
court decisions, or judicial precedent, rather governor.) A compensator on the governor compounding n: 1. the act of connecting two
than on legislated statutes or executive anticipates the engine's return to its set or more power-producing devices to run
decrees. Common law began in England and speed. When an engine's speed goes faster driven equipment. 2. the act of paying an
was later used in English colonies. It is still than the set speed, the compensator drops amount on the accrued interest and the
applied in most of the United States; how- the engine's rpm; when engine speed drops principal. Compare discounting.
ever, Louisiana operates under the below set speed, the compensator increases compounding transmission n: on a
Napoleonic Code. Also called case law. the engine's rpm. Normally, engine operators mechanical-drive rig, the type of transmission
common rail n: the line in a certain type of set the compensator to keep the drop small. that sends power from the engines to the
fuel-injection system for a diesel engine that With a small speed drop, the governor and drawworks and the rotary table, and
keeps fuel at a given pressure and feeds it compensator quickly make the engine go sometimes to the mud pumps. See also
through feed lines to each fuel injector. back to control speed. See govemo1; transmission.
common-rail injection n: a fuel-injection hunting.
system on a diesel engine in which one line, compematory royalty n: payments to royalty
or rail, holds fuel at a certain pressure and owners as compensation for losses in income
feed lines run from it to each fuel injector. that they may be suffering because of failure
community property n: property, usually to develop a lease adequately.
acquired after marriage, held jointly by competitive field n: an oil or gas field com-
husband and wife. prising wells operated by various operators.
Community Right to Know n: see SARA competitive leasing n: a procedure, based
1l"tle Ill. on competitive bidding, used to acquire oil
commutator n: a series of bars connected to and gas leases to federal lands within areas
the armature coils of an electric motor or designated by USGS as known geologic
generator. As the commutator rotates in structures (KGS) or on offshore federal lands.
contact with fixed brushes, the direction of complete a well v: to finish work on a well
flow of current to or from the armature is in and bring it to productive status. See well
one direction only. completion.
comp abbr: completed or completion; used in completion fluid n: low-solids fluid or drilling
drilling reports. mud used when a well is being completed. It
compact n: see insert. is selected not only for its ability to control
compaction n: a decrease in the volume of a formation pressure, but also for the proper-
stratum due to pressure exerted by over- ties that minimise formation damage.
lying strata, evaporation of water, or other compliant piled tower n: an offshore plat-
causes. form jacket that flexes with wind, wave, and
compaction anticline n: see draped anti- current forcespdfMachine
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(CERCLA) 40 (CERCLA)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, compressive yield strength n: the maxi- concrete gravity platform rig n: a rigid
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 mum stress a metal, subjected to offshore drilling platform built of steel-
(CERCLA) n: a congressional act that gives compression, can withstand without a reinforced concrete and used to drill
the government the authority to clean up any predefined amount of permanent development wens. The platform is floated to
site where there is an unremedied release of deformation. the drilling site in a vertical position. At the
a hazardous substance. Frequent]y, these site, one or more tall caissons that serve as
sites, which are referred to as "Superfund" compressor n: a device that raises the the foundation of the platform are flooded so
sites, are areas where hazardous waste has pressure of a compressible fluid such as air that the platform comes to rest on bottom.
been disposed of improperly. or gas. Compressors create a pressure Because of the enormous weight of the
differential to move or compress a vapour or platform, the force of gravity alone keeps it in
compressibility n: the change in volume per a gas, consuming power in the process. They place. See platform rig.
unit of volume of a liquid caused by a unit may be positive-displacement compressors
change in pressure at constant temperature. or nonpositive-displacement compressors.
compressibility factor n: the ratio of the actual See centrifugal compressor; jet compressor;
volume of gas at a given temperature and reciprocating compressor.
pressure to the volume of gas when
calculated by the idea] gas law. compressor clearance n: the ratio of the
volume remaining in a compressor cylinder at
compression n: the act or process of the end of a compression stroke to the
squeezing a given volume of gas into a volume displaced by one stroke of the piston.
smaller space. Usually expressed as a percentage.
condensate water n: water that condenses caving in and to conduct drilling mud from the congl abbr: conglomerate; used in drilling
out the air inside a fuel tank. When the bottom of the hole to the surface when drilling reports.
temperature drops, water vapour in the air starts. Also called conductor pipe, drive pipe. conglomerate n: a sedimentary rock
that lies above the fuel in a tank condenses conductor line n: a small-diameter composed of pebbles of various sizes held
into liquid water. This water tends to fall to conductive line used in electric wireline together by a cementing material such as
the bottom of the tank where it can be operations, such as electric well logging and clay. Conglomerates are similar to sandstone
drained. It is good practice to keep the tank perforating, in which the transmission of but are composed mostly of grains more than
full of fuel to minimise the amount of air out of electrical current is required. Compare 2 millimetres (0.08 inch) in diameter. Most
which condensate water can drop. wireline. conglomerates are found in discontinuous,
condensate well n: a gas well producing conductor pipe n: 1. see conductor casing. thin, isolated layers; they are not very
from a condensate reservoir. 2. a boot, or flume. abundant. In common usage, the term
condensation n: the process by which cone n: a conical-shaped metal device into "conglomerate" is restricted to coarse
vapours are converted into liquids, chiefly which cutting teeth are formed or mounted on sedimentary rock with rounded grains;
accomplished by cooling the vapours, a roller cone bit. See roller cone bit. conglomerates made up of sharp, angular
lowering the pressure on the vapours, or cone bit n: a roller bit in which the cutters are fragments are called breccia.
both. Condensation is often the cause of the conical. See bit. conical angle n: the angle of the cone of a
presence of water in fuels. cone offset n: the amount by which lines bit. This angle may be steep, in which case
condenser n: 1. a form of heat exchanger in drawn through the centre of each cone of a the cone has a sharp taper, or it may be
which the heat in vapours is transferred to a bit fail to meet in the centre of the bit. For shallow, in which case the cone has a flatter
flow of cooling water or air, causing the example, in a roller cone bit with three cones, taper.
vapours to form a liquid. 2. a capacitor. three lines can be drawn through the centre conical drilling unit (CDU) n: a drilling
condistometer n: a thickening-time tester of each cone and extended to the centre of structure whose base is shaped like a
having a stirring apparatus to measure the the bit If these cone centrelines do not meet truncated (cut off) cone. It is designed for
relative thickening time for mud or cement in the bit's centre, the coles are said to be drilling in offshore arctic waters, where
slurries under predetermined temperatures offset In general, bits designed for drilling soft moving ice can damage the structure. The
and pressures. formations have more offset than cones for cone shape helps deflect the ice around the
condition v: to treat drilling mud with hard formations, because offset affects the base and keep it intact
additives to give it certain properties. Some- angle at which the bit teeth contact the coning n: the encroachment of reservoir
times the term applies to water used in formation. Since soft formations require a water or gas into the oil column and well
boilers, drilling operations, and so on. To gouging and scraping action by bit teeth, high because of production. The water or gas
condition and circulate mud is to ensure that offset achieves the necessary action. tends to rise near the well bore and assume
additives are distributed evenly throughout a a conical shape.
system by circulating the mud while it is
being conditioned.
conditions of approval n pi: special
conditions or additional requirements that are
attached to permits to drill, deepen, or plug
back. These conditions range from
administrative matters, such as the frequency
and number of required reports, to technical
or environmental conditions, such as
requirements for drilling mud disposal. In all
cases, these are specific conditions that
amplify or explain a requirement in OCSLA,
MMS regulations, OCS Orders, or lease cone-roof tank n: a tank with a fixed conical
stipulations. roof. connate water n: water retained in the pore
conductivity n: 1. the ability to transmit or cone shake n: shaking or vibrating of the spaces, or interstices, of a formation from the
convey (as heat or electricity). 2. an cones of a bit that occurs when the bit time the formation was created. Compare
electricallogging measurement obtained from bearings are worn. interstitial water:
an induction survey, in which eddy currents cone shell n: that part of the cone of a Toner
produced by an alternating magnetic field cone bit out of which the teeth are milled or
induce in a receiver coil a voltage into which tungsten carbide inserts are
proportionate to the ability of the formation to placed and inside of which the bearings are
conduct electricity. See induction log. housed.
conductor n: a material with a high cone skidding n: locking of a cone on a
concentration of free electrons. It readily con- roller cone bit so that it will not turn when the
duct.. an electric current. bit is rotating. Cone skidding results in the
conductor Casing n: generally, the first flattening of the surface of the cone in contact
string of casing in a well. It may be lowered with the bottom of the hole.
into a hole drilled into the formations near the confirmation well n: the second producer in
surface and cemented in place; it may be a new field, following the discovery well.
driven into the ground by a special pile driver conformable adj: layered in parallel and
(in such cases, it is sometimes called drive unbroken rows of rock, indicating that no
pipe); or it may be jetted into place in disturbance occurred during deposition of the
offshore locations. Its purpose is to prevent rock. Compare pdfMachine
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connecting rod 42 continuous steam injection
pressure, because gas expands as it rises in continental margin n: a zone that separates
connecting rod n: 1. a forged-metal shaft the annulus. In any case, it is not a emergent continents from the deep sea
that joins the piston of an engine to the recommended well-control procedure. bottom.
crank-shaft. 2. the metal shaft that is joined to constant pit-level method n: a method of continenetal rise n: the transition zone
the bull gear and crosshead of a mud pump. killing a well in which the mud level in the pits between the continental slope and the
connecting rod bearing n: the bearing is held constant while the choke size is oceanic abyss.
between the rod and the crankshaft. Often reduced and the pump speed slowed. It is continental shelf n: a zone, adjacent ot a
called the rod bearing. not effective, and therefore is not continent, that extends from the lower
connection n: 1. a section of pipe or fitting recommended, because casing pressure waterline to the continental slope, the point at
used to join pipe to pipe or to a vessel. 2. a increases to the point at which the formation which the seafloor begins to slope off steeply
place in electrical circuits where wires join. 3. fractures or the casing ruptures, and control into the oceanic abyss.
the action of adding a joint of pipe to the drill of the well is lost. continental slope n: a zone of steep,
stem as drilling progresses. construction n: in contract law, the variable topography forming a transition from
connection gas n: the relatively small interpretation given by a court of competent the continental shelf edge to the ocean basin.
amount of gas enters a well when the mud jurisdiction – for example, an interpretation of continuous development clause n: in an oil
pump is stopped for a connection to be a possibly ambiguous instrument or statute. and gas lease, a clause designed to keep
made. Since bottomhole pressure decreases consultant n: a person who contracts with drilling operations going steadily after the
when the pump is stopped, gas may enter an oil company to supervise the operations at primary term has expired. In some clauses,
the well. a drilling site or well site and to coordinate designated intervals between completion of
connector link n: in roller chain, a type of the hiring of logging, testing, service, and one well and commencement of the drilling of
link used to make a continuous loop of chain workover companies another may require the operator to develop
by connecting the two ends of the chain. The contact n: 1. In geology, any sharp or well- the leased land up to its allowable density.
connector link is a pin link with either a spring defined boundary between two different continuous flowmeter log n: a log used to
clip or a cotter to hold the pins. bodies of rock. 2. A bedding plane or determine the contribution of each zone to
conservation n: preservation; economy; unconformity that separtaes formations. the total production or injection. These
avoidance of waste. It is especially important contact angle n: the angle formed when two sureys are used to indicate chages in the
in the petroleum industry, since the amount immiscible fluids meet a solid surface. For flow pattern versus changes in conditions at
of oil and gas is finite. Many conservation example, in a reservoir where water contacts the suface, in time, in type of operation, or
practices, such as the trapping of a grain of sand or rock, it conforms to the after stimulation treatments; particularly
condensable vapours, are used in the shape of the solid and its angle of contact is useful for measuring gas well flow.
industry. at or near zero. Because of surface tension, continuous flow-responsive sampler n: a
Conservation Award for Respecting the any oil in the area does not conform to the sampler that automatically adjusts the
Environment (CARE) program n: an MMS shape of the water and grain; instead, the oil quantity of sample in proportion to the rate of
award program that recognises and surrounds the wet grain and produces angles flow.
champions exemplary actions and at the point of contact between the oil and the continuous line sampling n: see automatic
accomplishments by private companies water. sampling.
engaged in offshore energy development that contact area n: the gas-oil or oil-water continuous phase n: the liquid in which
support the broader conservation and interface in a reservoir. solids are suspended or droplets of another
environmental goals of the nation, the contact log n: any log in which the logging liquid are dispersed, sometimes called the
Department of the Interior, and the coastal sonde must be put into contact with the walls external phase. In a water-in-oil emulsion, oil
states. of the hole or casing to obtain the log. is the continuous phase. Compare internal
consideration n: a promise or an act of legal contact metamorphism n: a type of phase.
value bargained for and received in return for metamorphism that occurs when an intruded continuous sample n: a pipeline sample
a promise; an essential element of a contract. body of molten igneous rock changes the that is withdrawn in a uniform and continuous
In oil and gas leases, consideration may be rocks immediately around it, primarily ny rate or in one or more increments per minute.
payment in money or in kind; it must often be heating and by chemical alteration. continuous spinner flowmeter n: a
“serious” consideration. Compare bonus contact metamorphism n: a type of produciton log used to determine which of
consideration. metamorphism that occurs when an intruded several zones contributes the most to the
consistency n: the cohesion of the individual body of molten igneous rock changes the total production or, in the case of an injection
particles of a given materal (i.e., its ability to rocks immediately around it, primarily by well, which zone is receiving the most
deform or its resistance to flow). heating and by chemical alteration. injected fluids.
consistometer n: a thickening-time tester contactor n: 1. a vessel or piece of
with a stirring appratus to measure the equipment in which two or more substances
relative thickening time for mud or cement are brought together. 2. a switch used to
slurries under predetermined temperatures open or close an electric circuit.
and pressures. contaminant n: a material, usually a mud
Console n: see driller’s consoel. component, that becomes mixed with cement
Consolidation n: the process by which sand slurry during displacement and that affects it
or other loose materials become firm. adversely.
constant choke-pressure method n: a continental drift n: according to a theory
method of killing a well that has kicked, in proposed by Alfred Wegener, a German
which the choke size is adjusted to maintain meteorologist, in 1910, the migration of
a constant casing pressure. This method continents across the ocean floor like rafts
does not work unless the kick is all or nearly drifting at sea. Compare plate tectonics.
all salt water. If the kick is gas, this method pdfMachine
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continuous steam injection 43 converter
continuous steam injection n: see steam control head n: a special blowout preventer conventional pollutants n pi: those air
drive. used in snubbing. pollutants that fall under NAAQS:
continuous time-cycle sampler n: a controlled aggregation n: a condition in particulates, ozone, carbon monoxide,
sampler that transfers equal increments of oil which clay platelets remain stacked by a nitrogen dioxide, lead, and sulphur dioxide.
from the pipeline to the sample container at a polyvalent cation, such as calcium, and are Sometimes called criteria pollutants.
uniform rate. deflocculated by use of a thinner. conventional pump n: see fixed pump.
continuous treatment n: in corrosion controlled directional drilling n: see conventional river crossing n: a waterway
control, the constant injection of small directional drilling. crossing in which pipeline construction
quantities of chemical corrosion inhibitors into controller n: an electric device used for techniques similar to those on land are used.
the lines of a production system. governing the power that goes to an In a conventional crossing, the route is
contour map n: a map constructed with apparatus to which it is connected. graded and ditched; the pipe is welded,
continuous lines connecting points of equal control line n: a small hydraulic line used to tested, and pulled across the stream; and
value, such as elevation, formation thickness, run fluid from the surface to a downhole tool, then the pipe is tied in on each side to the
and rock porosity. such as a subsurface safety valve. cross-country line.
contract n: a written agreement that can be control panel n: switches and devices to conventional rotating system n: the rotary
enforced by law and that lists the terms under start. stop, measure, monitor, or signal what drilling system that uses a conventional
which the acts required are to be per- is taking place. swivel, a kelly, a kelly drive bushing, a master
formed. A drilling contract covers such control pod n: see hydraulic control pod. bushing, and a rotary table to turn the drill
factors as the cost of drilling the well control rack n: on a diesel engine, the rack- stem and bit. Compare top drive.
(whether by the foot or by the day), the and-pinion gear that allows the engine conventional tank n: a tank of a shape
distribution of expenses between operator operator to regulate the amount of fuel the commonly used in the petroleum industry. It
and contractor, and the type of equipment to injector forces into the combustion chamber is not constructed to withstand any
be used. of the engine. See rack-and-pinion gear. appreciable pressure or vacuum in the
contract carrier n: a facility that voluntarily control valve n: a valve designed to regulate vapour space; it may, therefore, be gauged
provides its services to others on a private the flow or pressure of a fluid. directly through an open hatch.
contractual basis. control well n: a well previously drilled in an convergence pressure n: the pressure at a
contract demand n: the amount of gas a area of drilling interest, the data from which given temperature for a hydrocarbon system
seller agrees to deliver on a periodic (daily, may be a reliable source of information in the of fixed composition at which the vapour-
monthly, annually) basis in accordance with a planning of a new well. liquid equilibrium values of the various
service agreement. The buyer need not take conventional chart n: a circular paper or components in the system become or tend to
this maximum quantity during the applicable lightweight plastic chart on which circular become unified. The convergence pressure
period. graduations are printed and on which a pen is used to adjust vapour-liquid equilibrium
contract depth n: the depth of the wellbore or stylus draws a recording indicating the values to the particular system under
at which a drilling contract is fulfilled. quantities being measured. Conventional consideration.
contracted reserves n pi: natural gas charts have a uniform scale in that minor conversion n: the change in the chemistry of
reserves dedicated to the fulfillment of gas graduations are spaced an equal distance a mud from one type to another. Reasons for
purchase contracts. between major graduations. making a conversion may be (1) to maintain
contract market n: oldest system for trading conventional completion n: a method for a stable well bore, (2) to provide a mud that
oil. Suppliers offer long-term contracts to completing a well in which tubing is set inside will tolerate higher weight, or density, (3) to
customers with the contracts specifying all 4.5-inch (1.4-centimetre) or larger casing. drill soluble formations, or (4) to protect
terms except price, which is fixed at the time Compare miniaturised completion. producing zones. Also called a breakover.
of sale. conventional coupling n: piping configuration converter n: a device for changing
contract maximum quantity n: the that uses ten diameters of straight full pipe alternating current to direct current or vice
maximum quantity of gas the seller is upstream of a meter and straightening vanes; versa; usually, if the device changes AC to
required to make available to the purchaser the downstream contains five or more full DC, it is called a rectifier.
during a specified period under terms of a pipe diameters.
gas sales contract. Conventional Electric Log n: an electric log
contract minimum quantity n: the minimum in which current flow in the logging tool was
quantity of gas the seller is required to make dispersed through the mud in the wellbore
available to the purchaser during a specified prior to entering the formation. As a result,
period under terms of a gas sales contract. formation resistivity measurements were
contractor n: see drilling contractor: often inaccurate. These logs are no longer
contract volume n: quantity of gas based on used.
measurement conditions and procedures conventional gas-lift mandrel n: see gas-
specified in a gas sales contract. lift mandrel.
control board n: a panel on which are conventional gravel pack n: a type of gravel
grouped various control devices such as pack in which the well's production packer is
switches and levers, along with indicating removed and a service packer is run in with
instruments. the gravel pack assembly. After packing, the
control chart n: a chart of successive meter service tool is retrieved and the production
factors (or relative meter errors) generally packer rerun.
plotted as a function of time. Used to conventional mud n: a drilling fluid
evaluate meter stability and to determine containing essentially clay and water; no
when meter performance has departed from special or expensive chemicals or
its normal range. pdfMachine
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convey 44 corrosion cell
convey v: to transfer title to property from metallic, partly solid, and partly molten coring n: the process of cutting a vertical,
one party to another, usually by means of a interior of the earth, about 4,400 miles (7,084 cylindrical sample of the formations en-
written instrument. kilometres) in diameter. 3. the central, axial countered as an oilwell is drilled. The
coolant n: a cooling agent, usually a fluid, member of a wire rope around which the purpose of coring is to obtain rock samples,
such as the liquid applied to the edge of a strands are laid. v: to obtain a solid, or cores, in such a manner that the rock
cutting tool to carry off frictional heat or a cylindrical formation sample for analysis. See retains the same properties that it had before
circulating fluid for cooling an engine. radiator core. it was removed from the formation.
coolant pump n: see water pump. coring reel n: see sand reel.
cooler n: a heat exchanger that reduces the Coriolis force n: an apparent force caused
temperature of a fluid by transferring the heat by the rotation of the earth about a vertical
to a nonprocess medium. axis. This force causes wind or water to
cooling tower n: a structure in which air move clockwise in the Northern Hemi- sphere
contact is used to cool a stream of water that and counter clockwise in the South- em
has been heated by circulation through a Hemisphere.
system. The air flows countercurrently or corkscrew n: the buckling of tubing in a
crosscurrently to the water. large-diameter pipe or casing.
cooling water n: treated fresh water that core analysis n: laboratory analysis of a Corod n: a trade name for a special form of
circulates inside a diesel engine to transfer core sample to determine porosity, sucker rod. Corod, or continuous rod,
heat. cooperative n: an organisation or penneability, lithology, fluid content, angle of normally has no joints between the downhole
company that collects money or resources dip, geological age, and probable productivity pump and the surface. It is installed into the
from several companies into a common-use of the formation. well by unwinding it from a reel. See sucker
pool, which can be utilised by any core barrel n: a tubular device, usually from rod.
cooperative member if the need arises. One 10 to 60 feet (3 to 18 metres) long, run at the correlate v: to relate subsurface information
of the largest private oil spill response bottom of the drill pipe in place of a bit and obtained from one well to that of others so
cooperatives is the Marine Spill Response used to cut a core sample. that the formations may be charted and their
Corporation (MSRC), formed by a group of core bit n: a bit that does not drill out the depths and thicknesses noted. Correlations
US oil companies. centre portion of the hole, but allows this are made by comparing electrical well logs,
Coordinating Research Council, Inc. centre portion (the core) to pass through the radioactivity logs, and cores from different
(CRC) n: a nonprofit organisation sup- ported round opening in the centre of the bit and into wells.
jointly by the American Petroleum Institute the core barrel. correlative rights n pi: rights afforded the
and the Society of Automotive Engineers, core catcher n: the part of the core barrel owner of each property in a pool to produce
Inc. It administers work of the CFR and other that holds the formation sample. without waste his or her equitable share of
committees that correlate test work and other core customers n pi: see captive customers. the oil and gas in such pool.
studies on fuels, lubricants, engines, and core cutter head n: the cutting element of the corrodent n: a corrosion agent, e.g., acid.
engine equipment. Address: 219 Perimeter core barrel assembly. In design it corrosion n: any of a variety of complex
Centre Parkway, Suite 400; Atlanta, GA corresponds to one of the three main types of chemical or electrochemical processes, e.g.,
30346; (770) 396-3400. bits: drag bits with blades for cutting soft rust, by which metal is destroyed through
co-owners n pi: see cotenants. formations; roller bits with rotating cutters for reaction with its environment.
copolymer n: a substance formed when two cutting medium-hard formations; and corrosion cell n: an area on a corrodable
or more substances polymerise at the same diamond bits for cutting very hard formations. substance (usually metal) where corrosion
time to yield a product which is not a mixture core-drill v: to obtain a core from the bot- occurs because electrical current is able to
of separate polymers but a complex having tom of an existing well by using a core bit. flow.
properties different from either polymer See core (defn. I), core bit.
alone. See polymer. Examples are polyvinyl core marker n: a metal device that is placed
acetatemaleic anhydride copolymer (clay in the inner core barrel before coring. When
extender and selective and selective all of the core has been removed from the
flocculant), acrylamide-carboxylic and core barrel, the core marker falls out to
copolymer (total flocculant). indicate that the barrel is empty. Also called a
copper loss n: see J2R loss. rabbit.
copper strip test n: a test using a small strip corer n: a tool used to obtain cylindrical
of pure copper to determine qualitatively the samples of rock and other materials from the
corrosivity of a product. wellbore.
copper sulfate electrode n: a commonly core sample n: 1. a small portion of a
used nonpolarising electrode used in formation obtained by using a core bit in an
corrosion control to measure the electrical existing wellbore. See core bit. 2. a spot
potential of a metal structure to a surrounding sample of the contents of an oil or oil product
electrolyte to determine the potential for storage tank usually obtained with a thief, or
corrosion damage or to monitor the core sampler, at a given height in the tank.
effectiveness of existing control measures. core thief n: see thief.
See half-cell. core-type junk basket n: a device made up
cord n: a small-diameter wire rope or strand. on a fishing string that drills a formation core
cordage n: all of the rope on a ship or an surrounding and containing the fish to be
offshore drilling rig. retrieved. It has two sets of catchers: one to
cordonazo n: a tropical cyclone in Mexico. break off the drilled core, and another to form
core n: 1. a cylindrical sample taken from a a basket below pdfMachine
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corrosion control 45 crank wash
corrosion control n: the measures used to counterbalancing n: the placing of a weight crane n: a machine for raising, lowering, and
prevent or reduce the effects of corrosion. on a mechanism to restore it to equilibrium, revolving heavy pieces of equipment,
These practices can range from simply or balance. especially on offshore rigs and platforms.
painting metal, to isolating it from moisture counterbore n: flat-bottomed enlargement of crank n: an arm keyed at right angles to a
and chemicals and insulating it from galvanic the mouth of a cylindrical bore. v: to enlarge shaft and used for changing radius of rotation
currents, to cathodic protection, in which a part of a hole by means of a counter- bore. or changing reciprocating motion to circular
galvanic or impressed direct electric current countercurrent n: a current that flows motion or circular motion to reciprocating
renders a pipeline cathodic, thus causing it to adjacent to, but in the opposite direction of, motion. On a beam pumping unit, the crank is
be a negative element in the circuit. The use an accompanying current. connected by the pitman to the walking
of chemical inhibitors and closed systems are counter emf n: see back emf. beam, thereby changing circular motion to
other examples of corrosion control. countershaft n: a shaft that gets its reciprocating motion.
corrosion coupon n: a metal strip inserted movement from a main shaft and transmits it crank arm n: a steel member connected to
into a system to monitor corrosion rate and to to a working part. each end of the shaft extending from each
indicate corrosion inhibitor effectiveness. counterweight n: see counterbalance side of the speed reducer on a beam
corrosion fatigue n: metal fatigue weight. pumping unit.
concentrated in corrosion pits. See fatigue. couplant n: that which couples. crank-balanced pumping unit n: a beam
corrosion inhibitor n: a chemical substance couple v: to join, connect with a coupling. pumping unit that has the counterbalance
that minimises or prevents corrosion in metal coupling n: 1. in piping, a metal collar with weight on the crank arm.
equipment. internal threads used to join two sections of crankcase n: die housing that encloses the
corrosion-resisting steel n: a steel alloy threaded pipe. 2. in power transmission, a crankshaft of an engine.
that contains chromium and nickel and that connection extending longitudinally between crank pin n: a cylindrical projection on a
does not corrode as quickly as normal steel a driving shaft and a driven shaft. Most such crank that holds a connecting rod and is held
alloys. couplings are flexible and compensate for by a bearing.
corrosion test n: one of a number of tests to minor misalignment of the two shafts. crankshaft n: a rotating shaft to which
determine qualitatively or quantitatively the courtesy rights n: the rights of a husband to connecting rods are attached. It changes up
corrosion-inducing compounds in a product. a life interest in all of his wife's inheritable and down (reciprocating) motion to circular
corroosiveness n: the tendency to wear lands. These rights come into effect on her (rotary) motion.
away a metal by chemical attack. death, provided the couple have children crank throw n: on a crankshaft, the highly
corrosive product n: a hydrocarbon product capable of inheriting. Effective in some polished and accurately machined portion of
that contains corrosion-inducing com- pounds states. the crankshaft to which a piston rod is
in excess of the specification limits for a covalent reaction n: a method of forming attached.
sweet product. compounds in which atoms share electrons, crank wash n: an off-line method of
corrosivity n: the quality of being corrosive. thus forming nonpolar, or covalent, unions. compressor cleaning in which the
cosurfactant n: a surfactant, generally an coverall clause n: see Mother Hubbard compressor is washed with water and
alcohol, added to a micellar solution to ad- clause. detergent or solvents. Ineffective for
just the viscosity of the solution, maintain its cover depth n: the measurement from the removing baked-on contaminants.
stability, and prevent adsorption of the main top of a pipeline to the top of the soil used to
surfactant by reservoir rock. cover the pipeline along a right-of-way. Ditch
cotenants n pi: persons who hold depth and cover requirements are regulated
possessory interests, from title or a lease, in by the US Department of Transportation.
the same piece of land. Also called co- cover requirements n pi: requirements,
owners or tenants in common. usually set by a regulatory agency,
cotton core n: see fiber core. concerning the characteristics and manner of
coulomb (C) n: the metric unit of electric covering a pipeline.
charge. CP abbr: casing pressure or casing point;
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) used in drilling reports.
n: a council established under NEPA as the CPC abbr: computerised production control.
agency responsible for ensuring that other CfI. abbr: the correction for pressure on
federal agencies comply with the pro- visions liquid; a factor used during a proving run to
stated in NEPA. adjust for pressure on the liquid in the prover
counterbalance n: see tong counterbalance. and pipe.
counterbalance effect n: the effect of Cps abbr: the correction for pressure on
counterweights on a beam pumping unit. The steel; a factor used during a proving run to
approximate ideal counterbalance effect is adjust for pressure on the steel of the prover
equal to half the weight of the fluid plus the and pipe.
buoyant weight of the rods. cracked gas n: hydrocarbon gases formed in
counterbalance system n: see two-step the catalytic cracking process.
grooving system. cracked naphtha n: the hydrocarbon liquid
counterbalance weight n: a weight applied lighter than kerosene that can be recovered
to compensate for existing weight or force. by catalytic or thermal cracking in a refinery.
On pumping units in oil production, cracking n: the process of breaking down
counterweights are used to offset the weight large chemical compounds into smaller
of the column of sucker rods and fluid on the compounds under the influence of heat or
upstroke of the pump, and the weight of the catalysts. In petroleum refining, the two major
rods on the downstroke. pdfMachine
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crater 46 crown block
crater v: (slang) to cave in; to fail. After a critical speed n: the speed reached by an both an oil and a gas zone, with the gas zone
violent blowout, the force of the fluids engine or rotating system that corresponds to on the bottom.
escaping from the wellbore sometimes blows a resonant frequency of the engine or crossover section n: see angle-control
a large hole in the ground. In this case, the system. Often, in combination with power section.
well is said to have cratered. Equipment impulses, critical speed can cause damaging crossover sub n: a sub that allows different
craters when it fails. shock waves. sizes and types of drill pipe to be joined.
crawler n: a self-propelled X-ray machine critical temperature n: the highest cross sea n: the irregular wave patterns
that rides inside pipe to examine welds for temperature at which a substance can be produced when different wave systems cross
possible defects. separated into two fluid phases-liquid and each other at an angle.
CRC abbr: Coordinating Research Council, vapour. Above the critical temperature, a gas cross section n: I. the property of atomic
Inc. cannot be liquefied by pressure alone. nuclei of having the probability of collision
crd abbr: cored; used in drilling reports. critical value n: see critical point, defn. 1. with a neutron. The nucleus of a lighter
creaming or emulsiom n: the settling or critical velocity n: the velocity at the element is more likely to collide with a
rising of the particles of the dispersed phase transitional point between laminar and neutron than is the nucleus of a heavier
of an emulsion. Identifiable by a difference in turbulent fluid flow. See laminar flow, element. Cross section varies with the
colour shading of the layers formed. turbulent fluid flow. critical volume n: the elements and with the energy of the neutron.
Creaming can be either upward or down- specific volume of gas at its critical 2. a geological or geophysical profile of a
ward, depending on the relative densities of temperature and pressure. vertical section of the earth.
the continuous and dispersed phases. critical weight n: weight placed on the bit cross sectional area n: total area of the wall
created fracture n: fracture induced by that results in tension on the drill string, which thickness if the pipe were to be cut
means of hydraulic or mechanical pressure causes the mill string to vibrate at tile rotary transversally.
exerted on the formation. crest n: the top of a speed being used. A drill stem operating with cross-thread v: to screw together two
wave. critical weight and at the critical speed for threaded pieces when the threads of the
Cretaceous ad}: of or relating to the geologic that weight will have stresses develop that pieces have not been aligned properly.
period from about 135 million to 65 million cause very rapid failure. crown n: I. the crown block or top of a derrick
years ago at the end of the Mesozoic era, or critical zone n: in tanks with floating roofs, or mast. 2. the top of a piston. 3. a high spot
to the rocks formed during this period, the vertical range in which the gauging formed on a tool joint shoulder as the result
including the extensive chalk deposits for measurements are not accurate. of wobble.
which it was named. crooked bole n: a wellbore that has been crown block n: an assembly of sheaves
crew n: 1. the workers on a drilling or unintentionally drilled in a direction other than mounted on beams at the top of the derrick
workover rig, including the driller, the vertical. It usually occurs where there is a or mast and over which the drilling line is
derrickhand, and the rotary helpers. 2. any section of alliterating hard and soft strata reeved. See block, reeve the line. sheave.
group of oilfield workers. steeply inclined from the horizontal.
crew chief n: the driller or head well puller in crooked bole country n: an area in which
charge of operations on a well servicing rig particular subsurface formations make it
that is used to pull sucker rods or tubing. difficult to keep a drilled hole straight.
crg abbr: coring; used in drilling reports. cross assignment n: when several
criminal penalties n pi: penalties (fines or producers, either voluntarily or by state
imprisonment) for damages against society regulation, pool acreages to form a "unit."
or government, typically determined by court They may cross-assign their leases to one
cases brought against individuals or another, creating a common obligation to
corporations. each royalty owner.
criteria pollutants n pi: the six air pollutants cross-bedding n: sedimentation in which
listed under NAAQS in the CAA: ozone, laminations are transverse to the main
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,lead. stratification planes.
nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter. crosshead n: the block in a mud pump that
Sometimes called conventional pollutants. is guided to move in a straight line and
critical density n: the density of a substance serves as a connection between the pony rod
at the critical temperature and pressure. and the Commenting rod.
critical flow n: the rate of flow of a fluid that cross linking n: a process of molecular
is equivalent to the speed of sound in that bridging of polymers with other chemical
fluid. substances that alters viscosity and shear
critical-flow prover n: a pipe-shaped device rates to enhance lifting of bit cuttings and
with a restriction, usually an orifice or nozzle, increase drilling rates.
that is used to measure the velocity of gas crossover n: the place at each end of the
flow during an open-flow test of a gas well. drawworks drum where the drilling line being
critical point n: 1. the point at which, in spooled onto or off of the drum stops moving
terms of temperature and pressure, a fluid in one direction and starts moving in the
cannot be distinguished as being either a gas other direction. Also called turn back.
or a liquid, i.e., the point at which die physical crossover joint n: a length of casing with one
properties of a liquid and a gas are identical. thread on the field end and a different thread
2. one of the places along die length of in the coupling, used to make a changeover
milling line at which strain is exerted as pipe from one thread to anod1er in a string of
is run into or pulled out of the hole. casing.
critical pressure n: the pressure needed to cover packerpdfMachine
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crown frame flanges 47 curtailment
crown frame flanges n pi: projections on the Ctl abbr: the correction for temperature of current n: 1. the flow of electric charge or the
frame to which the crown block is attached. liquid; a factor used during proving to convert rate of such flow, measured in amperes. 2.
Crown-O-Matic n: see crown saver: the temperature of a liquid to a standard the predominantly horizontal movement of
crown platform n: the working platform at temperature. ocean waters.
the top of the derrick or mast that permits Cts abbr: the correction for temperature of current meter n: an instrument that records
access to the sheaves of the crown block and steel; a factor used during proving to adjust an ocean current's speed and direction
provides a safe working area for service to the temperature of the prover steel to a (along with temperature, salinity, pressure,
the gin pole. See crown block. standard temperature. and other variables). The current meter is
crown saver n: a device mounted near the CU abbr: cubic. moored in position by an anchor or weight on
drawworks drum to keep the driller from Cu abbr: cumulus. the ocean bottom that is connected to a float
3
inadvertently raising the travelling block into cubic centimetre (cm ) n: a commonly used at the surface.
the crown block. A probe senses when too unit of volume measurement in the metric curtailment n: reduction in service or
much line has been pulled onto the drum, system equal to 10-6 cubic metre, or I purchases below contracted-for levels.
indicating that the travel block is about to millilitre. The volume of a cube whose edge is Curtailment of gas sales service is a method
strike the crown. The probe activates a 1 centimetre. of balancing a utility's natural gas
switch that simultaneously disconnects the cubic foot (ft3) n: the volume of a cube, all requirements with its natural gas supply.
drawworks from its power source and edges of which measure I foot. Natural gas in There is usually a hierarchy of customers for
engages the drawworks brake. the United States is usually measured in the curtailment plan based on priority of us-
crown walkaround n: the structure at the top cubic feet. with the most common standard age according to established regulatory
of the drilling derrick or mast that supports cubic foot being measured at roof and 14.65 standards of priority. A customer may be
the crown block. Also called water table. pounds per square inch absolute, although required to cut back partially or totally to
crow's nest n: an elevated walkway where base conditions vary from state to state. eliminate this take of gas, depending on the
3
employees work (as on the top of a derrick or cubic metre (m ) n: a unit of volume severity of the shortfall between gas sup- ply
a refinery tower). measurement in the metric system, replacing and demand and the customer's position in
crude oil n: unrefined liquid petroleum. It the previous stagnant unit known as the the hierarchy. From the customer's
ranges in gravity from 9. API to 55. API and barrel, which was equivalent to 35 imperial standpoint. curtailment may also mean a
in colour from yellow to black. and may have gallons or 42 US gallons. The cubic metre reduction by the customer of its takes of gas
a paraffin, asphalt, or mixed base. If a crude equals approximately 6.2898 barrels. from its supplier. Curtailment of a
oil, or crude, contains a sizeable amount of cumulonimbus n: a cloud formed from a transportation service occurs when demands
sulphur or sulphur compounds, it is called a cumulus cloud that has reached great vertical for service exceed the capacity of the
sour crude; if it has little or no sulphur, it is development. This type of cloud has a top pipeline. Capacity curtailment is based on
called a sweet crude. In addition, crude oils composed of ice crystals and a bottom contract rather than end-use priority. All
may be referred to as heavy or light composed of water droplets. Also called a interruptible service must be entirely cur-
according to API gravity, the lighter oils thunderhead. tailed before any firm service is curtailed.
having the higher gravities. cumulus n: a white, puffy cloud with a dark Currently, interruptible transportation service
crude oil average domestic first purchase base. Its shape is constantly changing. is curtailed based on position in the first-
price n: the average price at which all Prominent in the summer months, cumulus come, first-served queue. Firm transportation
domestic crude oil is purchased. Before clouds generally cover only 25% of the sky. service is usually curtailed on a pro rata
February 1976, the price represented an cup case thermometer n: a holder for a basis.
estimate of the average of posted prices; mercury-in-glass thermometer that
since then, it represents an average of actual incorporates a small metal container into
first purchase prices. Frequently called which the bulb of the thermometer is inserted
wellhead price. and that serves to hold a small sample of
crude oil refinery input n: total crude oil liquid the temperature of which is being
(including lease condensate input to crude oil measured. The liquid in the cup keeps the
distillation units and other processing units. bulb sub-merged in liquid until the
crude oil stocks n: stocks of crude oil and temperature is recorded.
lease condensate held at refineries, in pipe- cup pecker n: a device made up in the drill
lines, at pipeline terminals, and on leases. stem and lowered into the well to allow the
crust n: the outer layer of the earth, varying casing and blowout presenters to be
in thickness from 50 to 30 miles (10 to 50 pressure- tested. The sealing device is cup-
kilometres). It is composed chiefly of oxygen, shaped and is therefore called a cup.
silicon, and aluminum. cup test n: see packer test.
cryogenic plant n: a gas-processing plant cup-type elements n pi: rubber seals that
that is capable of producing natural gas liquid are energised by pressure and not by
products, including ethane, at very low mechanical force.
operating temperatures. cure v: to age cement under specified
cryogenics n: the study of the effects of very conditions of temperature and pressure.
low temperatures. cure a title v: to remedy defects and
crystalline e n: rock texture that is the result omissions that, in the opinion of the
of progressive and simultaneous interlocking examining attorney, could make the present
growth of mineral crystals. Compare clastic owner's claim to property questionable. To
texture. cure a title. a title examiner may require
crystallisation n: the formation of crystals additional facts not evident in the material
from solutions or melts. examined. The pdfMachine
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cushion 48 CZM
cushion n: a quantity of water, drilling fluid, sides) of the bit that scrapes, gouges, or cycling plant n: a plant that cycles residue
or compressed gas placed inside drill pipe or otherwise removes the formation to make gas back into the reservoir.
tubing to control both annular and formation hole. 2. the parts of a reamer that actually cyclogenesis n: the development of a low-
pressures. Usually mud in the pipe or tubing contact the wall of the hole and open it to full pressure system, or cyclone.
supports prevents the pipe or tubing from gauge. A three-point reamer has three cyclone n: 1. a low-pressure area, around
collapsing; mud also holds back formation cutters; a six-point reamer has six cutters. which wind flow is counter-clockwise in the
pressure pushing up the pipe or tubing. But Cutters are available for different formations. Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the
sometimes, such as in drill stem testing, it is cutting in n: an action of wire rope during Southern Hemisphere. The term is
necessary to have empty pipe or tubing loose drum spooling in which a layer of rope sometimes used to describe storms occurring
downhole. The cushion protects the pipe or spreads apart so that the next layer travels in in the atmosphere; in the Indian Ocean it is
tubing until it is in place. It also allows control the groove produced. Crushing, flattening, or used to designate a tropical cyclone. 2. a
of the rising formation pressure as the distorting of the rope results. device for the separation of various particles
cushion is removed, as in drill stem testing, to cuttings n pI: the fragments of rock from a drilling fluid, most commonly used as
prevent formation damage. dislodged by the bit and brought to the a desander. The fluid is pumped tangentially
cushion gas n: see blanket gas. sulphur in the drilling mud. Washed and dried into a cone, and the fluid rotation provides
custodian n: also called a lease operator or cuttings samples are analysed by geologists enough centrifugal force to separate particles
pumper. See pumper. to obtain information about the formations by mass weight.
custody transfer n: the changing of the drilled. cyclonic wind n: the wind associated with a
ownership of or the responsibility for low-pressure area.
quantities of gas, petroleum, or petroleum cyclonite n: a powerful, highly explosive
products. See also lease automatic custody material (cyclo-trimethylene-trinitramine)
transfer: used as the main charge in jet perforating
cut n: 1. portion or fraction of hydrocarbons guns. Also called RDX. See jet-perforate.
that have been separated according to cycloparaffin n: a saturated nonaromatic
boiling point or gravity. 2. the line of hydrocarbon compound with ring-shaped
demarcation on the measuring scale made molecules. of the general chemical formula
by the material being measured. CnH2n' Also called naphthene.
cut and fill v: to cut down high ground or fill cylinder n: 1. the unit of an internal-
in low ground to achieve a uniform grade for combustion engine in which combustion and
cuttings-sample log n: a record of hydro-
a pipeline. compression take place. 2. a chamber in a
carbon content in cuttings gathered at the
cut-and-fill boundary n: the limits to which a pump from which the piston expels fluid.
shale shaker; usually recorded on the mud
crew may cut and fill when laying a pipeline. cylinder block n: a housing that has one or
log.
cut drilling fluid n: a drilling mud whose more cylinders in it. See engine block.
CWA abbr: Oean Water Act.
density has been decreased by the cylinder gas n: liquefied petroleum gas,
cycle n: the number of strokes a piston
entrainment of formation fluids or air. oxygen, acetylene. or any other gas that is
makes from one intake stroke to another
cut fluorescence test n: a test involving the C(XD- pressed and confined in a pressure
intake stroke. Diesel engines may have either
observation of a formation sample immersed cylinder.
two strokes or four strokes per cycle.
in solvent and under ultraviolet light. If any cylinder head n: the device used to seal the
cycle condense n: condense produced from
hydrocarbons, which fluoresce under top of a cylinder. In modem drilling rig
cycle gas.
ultraviolet light, are in the sample, they will engines, it also houses the valves and has
cycle gas n: gas that is compressed and
dissolve and appear as streamers or streaks exhaust passages. In four-cycle operation,
returned to the gas reservoir to minimise the
of colour different from the solvent. the cylinder head also has intake passages.
decline of reservoir pressure.
cutoff valve n: a special valve on an engine Also called head.
cyclic compound n: a compound that
that, when activated, blocks the flow of fuel to cylinder liner n: a removable. replaceable
contains a ring of atoms.
the engine to make it stop running. sleeve that fits into a cylinder. When the
cyclic steam injection n: the injection of
cut oil n: an oil that contains water, usually in sliding of the piston and rings wears out the
steam into the rock surrounding a production
the form of an emulsion. Also called wet oil. liner. it can be replaced without the block's
well to lower the viscosity of heavy oil and
cutterhead n: in pipeline construction, the having to be replaced.
increase its flow into the wellbore. Steam
lead component in a directional drilling CZM abbr: coastal zone management. actual
injection may be followed by immediate
assembly. A circular steel band ringed with boring of the hole for the pipeline under the
production or by closing the well (called the
conical cutting teeth, the cutterhead does the waterway being crossed. Also called fly
soak phase) to allow even heat distribution
actual boring of the hole for the pipeline cutter.
before production is begun. The cycle of
under the waterway being crossed. Also
injection, soak, and production is repeated as
called fly cutter.
long as the oil yield is profitable. Also called
steam soak and huff 'n' puff.
cyclic stressing n: stress that occurs on a
pipe. vessel. or machine in cycles. such as
the sucker rod string.
cycling n: the process by which effluent gas
from a gas reservoir is passed through a gas-
processing plant or separation system and
the remaining residue gas returned to the
reservoir. The word recycling is sometimes
cutters n pI: 1. on a bit used on a rotary rig, used for this function, but it is not the
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D&A abbr: dry and abandoned; used in dart n: a device, similar to a ball, used to daywork rates. In effect, daywork rates pay
drilling reports. manipulate hydraulically operated down- hole the drilling contractor by the hour rather than
daily contract quantity (DCQ) n: that daily tools. See ball. by the foot.
quantity of gas, formulated on some basis dart-type inside blowout preventer n: a drill DC abbr: I. direct current. 2. drill collar; used
(usually a combination of reserves and pipe inside blowout preventer that is installed in drilling reports.
delivery capacity or delivery capacity only). on top of the drill stem when the well is DCFR abbr: discounted cash flow rate of
that the pipeline company will attempt to kicking through the drill stem. It is stabbed in return.
take; mayor may not equal the take-or-pay the open position and then closed against the DDC abbr: deck decompression chamber.
quantity. pressure. The valve that closes is dart- dead end n: the end of a brake band that is
daily drilling report n: a record made each shaped, thus the name. anchored to the drawworks frame and does
day of the operations on a working drilling rig database n: a complete collection of not move.
and, traditionally. phoned or radioed in to the information, such as contained on magnetic deadline n: the drilling line from the crown
office of the drilling company every morning. disks or in the memory of an electronic block sheave to the anchor. so called
Also called morning report. See driller's computer. because it does not move. Comparefastline.
report. datum n: any numerical or geometrical
Dalton's law n: the law that states that the quantity or quantities that serve as a
pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the reference or base for other quantities.
sum of the partial pressures of the gases of datum elevation n: a reference elevation, or
which it is composed. Also called law of height, used in mapping, usually sea level.
partial pressures. datum level n: a height. or elevation, usually
damage clause n: the clause in an oil and sea level, from which altitudes are measured
gas lease that specifies that the lessee will in surveys.
be liable to the surface owner for damage to datum plate n: a level metal plate attached
growing crops and other listed items. to the tank shell or bottom and located
dampener n: an air- or inert gas-filled de- directly under the gauging reference point to
vice that minimises pressure surges in the provide a fixed contact surface from which
output line of a mud pump. Sometimes called liquid depth measurement can be made.
a surge dampener. datum point n: the point to which all
dampening n: the dissipation of energy in measurements for the calibration of a tank
motion of any type. especially oscillatory are related.
motion, and the consequent reduction of davit n: an A-frame that booms out 5 to 10
deadline anchor n: see deadline tie-down
decay of the motion. feet over the side of a barge. It has a cable or
anchor.
damper n: a valve or plate used to regulate chain that is lowered to pick up pipeline. A
deadline sheave n: the sheave on the crown
the flow of air or other gas. diver attaches the pipeline to the line and it is
block over which the deadline is reeved.
damping sub n: see Shock Sub. reeled in on the davit.
D&P platform n: a drilling and production daylight tour (pronounced "tower") n: in
platform. Such an offshore platform is a large areas where three 8-hour tours are worked,
structure with room to drill and Complete a the shift of duty on a drilling rig that starts at
number of wells. or about daylight. Compare evening tour;
darcy (Pl. darcys) n: a unit of measure of graveyard tour.
permeability. A porous medium has a day tank n: a fuel tank in the fuel supply
permeability of 1 darcy when differential system for a diesel engine between the main
pressure of 1 atmosphere across a sample 1 supply tank and the engine that holds a
centimetre long and I square centimetre in limited amount of fuel.
cross section will force a liquid of 1 centipoiseday tour (pronounced "tower") n: in areas
of viscosity through the sample at the rate of where two 12-hour tours are worked. a period
1 cubic centimetre per second. The of 12 daylight hours worked by a drilling or
permeability of reservoir rocks is usually so workover crew when equipment is being run
low that it is measured in millidarcys. around the clock.
Datty's law n: a law stating that the rate of daywork adj: descriptive of work done on
flow of a fluid through a rock varies directly daywork rates.
with the amount of interconnected pore daywork rates n pi: the basis for payment on
space (permeability) and the applied drilling contracts when footage rates are
pressure and varies inversely with the suspended (as when the drilling rig is used in
viscosity, or flow resistance, of the fluid. taking extra cores. logging. or other activities
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deadline tie-down anchor 50 deflect-to-connect connection
deadline tie-down anchor n: a device to pressure. It is especially equipped to help deep-well pump n: a production pump
which the deadline is attached, securely divers complete their decompression designed for service in a deep well.
fastened to the mast or derrick substructure. schedules and may also be used to treat deethanised liquid n: hydrocarbon mixture
Also called a deadline anchor. diving casualties. One or more of the remaining after the removal of ethane and
deadman n: 1. a buried anchor to which guy compartments may be installed on the deck lighter hydrocarbons.
wires are tied to steady the derrick, mast, of a work boat or barge. deferred production agreement n: an
stacks, and so on. 2. an anchoring point declination n: 1. the angle, variable with agreement between working-interest owners
against which the winch on a boring machine geographic position, between the direction in of a lease under which an owner's share of
for pipe lining can pun. which a magnetic needle points and the true the gas reserves under the lease is
dead oil n: oil in which little or no gas is meridian. 2. a turning aside or swerving. considered to remain in the reservoir while
dissolved. decompression n: the process of gradually the other owner's share of the gas is being
dead sheave (pronounced "shiv") n: the lowering elevated ambient pressure to produced.
sheave on a crown block over which the eliminate dissolved gases from a diver's deficiency gas n: the difference between the
deadline is reeved. blood- stream and tissues. quantity of gas a purchaser is obligated by a
deadweight ton (dwt) n: a unit of capacity of decompression sickness n: a condition gas sales contract to take or to pay for if not
tank ships equal to the difference in tons resulting from the formation of gas bubbles in taken and the quantity of gas actually taken.
between the ship's displacement when a diver's blood or tissues during ascent. deficiency payment n: the amount paid by
unloaded and when loaded. Failure to rid tissues of the inert gas may the purchaser for the quantity of deficiency
dead well n: 1. a wen that has ceased to cause a wide variety of symptoms, including gas as required by a gas sales contract.
produce oil or gas, either temporarily or pain, nausea, paralysis, unconsciousness, deflection n: a change in the angle of a well-
permanently. 2. a wen that has kicked and temporary blindness, and even death. Also bore. In directional drilling, it is measured in
been killed. called the bends. degrees from the vertical.
deadwood n: any fitting, appurtenance, or decompression table n: a profile of ascent
structural member that affects the capacity of rates and breathing mixtures that safely
an oil storage tank. It is positive if it increases reduce the pressure on a diver to
tank capacity and negative if it decreases atmospheric after a dive. The table shows
capacity. depths, bottom times, decompression stops,
dead wraps n: the first of several wraps of and total decompression times.
wire rope around the drawworks drum that decontaminants n pi: materials added to
will never be played out (unspooled) as the cements or cement slurries to counteract the
rope moves off the drum. effects of contamination.
deaerator n: a device used for removing air decontamination n: (under HAZWOPER)
or other noncondensable gases from a the removal of hazardous substances from
process stream or steam condensate and employees and their equipment to the extent
boiler feed water. necessary to preclude the occurrence of
Dean-Stark apparatus n: a device that uses foreseeable adverse health effects.
a solvent to reflux, or flow back over, a decontrol n: the act of ending federal
sample to clean it. Such a device extracts oil government control of the wellhead price of deflection tool n: a device made up in the
or salt-laden water efficiently without harming new natural gas sold in interstate commerce. drill string that causes the bit to drill at an
the core samples. Also called deregulation. angle to the existing hole. It is often called a
DEA unit n: a treating system using dedication n: the commitment of reserves of kickoff tool. because it is used at the kick-off
diethanolamine (DEA) for reduction of natural gas to a buyer or lessor. point to start building angle.
hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, carbonyl deed of trust n: an instrument used to deflect-to-connect connection n: an under-
sulfide, and other acid gases from sour transfer legal title to property as security for water pipe-joining technique in which the pipe
process streams. the repayment of a loan or the fulfillment of is pulled to a target area in line with the
debug v: to detect, locate, and correct mal- some other obligation. Compare mortgage. platform but to one side of it. The connection
functions in a computer, instrumentation, or deep drilling n: any drilling project that is is made by winding or otherwise deflecting
other type of system. deeper than average for a given area or time the pipe laterally until it mates with the riser
deburr v: to remove small projections (burrs) period. connection. Compare direct pull-in
from metal pieces or threads. deepen v: to increase the depth of a well. connection.
debutanised liquid n: hydrocarbon mixture Deepening is generally a workover operation
remaining after the removal of butane and carried out to produce from a deeper
lighter hydrocarbons. formation or to control excessive gas found in
debutaniser n: a unit of equipment for the upper levels of a reservoir.
separating butane, with or without lighter deep-sea dress n: see standard dress.
components, from a mixture of hydrocarbons deep tank n: one of the bulk liquid tanks on
and leaving a bottoms product that is freighters, usually under the cargo holds.
essentially butane free. deep test well n: see exploration well.
decanewton n: ten times the newton, which deep water n: in offshore operations. water
is the unit of force in the metric system. depths greater than normal for the time and
decision tree n: a graphic representation of current technology.
predicted financial gains or losses for the deepwater adj: of or pertaining to operations
outcomes of several courses of action. in deep water.
deck n: (nautical) floor. deepwater drilling n: offshore drilling
deck decompression chamber n: a operations in relatively deep oceans or seas.
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deflocculation 51 density log
deflocculation n: the dispersion of solids operations and keeping the lease valid. May tanks to a diver's ambient pressure so that
that have stuck together in drilling fluid, be paid monthly, quarterly, or annually. he or she can breathe the air with no
usually by means of chemical thinners. See delineation well n: a well drilled in an resistance. Also called open-circuit regulator.
flocculation. existing field to determine, or delineate, the demethaniser n: see rich-oil demethaniser.
defoamer n: any chemical that prevents or extent of the reservoir. demulsifier n: a chemical with properties
lessens frothing or foaming in another agent. deliquescence n: the liquefaction of a solid that cause the water droplets in a water-in-
deformation n: the action of earth stresses substance due to the solution of the solid by oil emulsion to merge and settle out of the
that results in folding, faulting, shearing, or adsorption of moisture from the air. oil, or oil droplets in an oil-in-water emulsion
compression of rocks. deliverability n: the ability of a gas to be to coalesce, when the chemical is added to
degasser n: the device used to remove delivered. the emulsion. Also called emulsion breaker.
unwanted gas from a liquid, especially from deliverability capacity n: the maximum See demulsify, emulsion breaker.
drilling fluid. amount of gas a producer can deliver to the demulsifier-solvent stock n: a combination
degradation product n: an unwanted purchaser at a specified delivery point. of a demulsifier and solvent that is used
substance produced because of some deliverability plot n: a graph that compares during testing for the suspended S& W con-
reaction such as cracking, dehydrogenation, flowing bottom hole pressure of a well with tent of oil and during other operations.
or polymerization. The term implies the production in barrels of oil per day to show demulsify v: to resolve an emulsion,
formation of a contaminant or low-value the relationship between draw down and the especially of water and oil, into its
product. producing rate. Its main purpose is to find the components. See emulsion treating.
degrade v: to break down a compound; to most efficient flow rate for the well. densification n: the process of making a
deteriorate. deliverability test n: a type of test for either substance heavier, or denser. For example,
degree API n: a unit of measurement of the an oil well or a gas well to determine the in a gas plant, a product may be densified.
American Petroleum Institute that indicates actual flow rate. Densilog n: a logging company's name for a
the weight, or density, of oil. See API gravity. delivery n: I. the actual volume delivered density log.
degree-day n: a unit of temperature and through a meter during a proving or metering densimeter n: a device that measures the
time, computed per day, equivalent to the operation. 2. a volume of delivered liquid that specific gravity or relative density of a gas,
difference between a 65°F (18.3°C) base and is measured by a meter. A batch or tender liquid, or solid.
a daily mean temperature (when the latter is may also be called a delivery. See batch. densitometer n: see densimeter.
less than 65°F). The total of degree-days for delivery capacity (DC) n: the total daily rate density n: the mass or weight of a substance
a given period of time can be used to that seller maintains and can deliver on per unit volume. For instance, the density of
estimate energy requirements such as the demand over an extended period to buyer. a drilling mud may be 10 pounds per gallon,
amount of fuel oil needed to heat a building. delivery gas n: natural gas delivered to a 74.8 pounds/cubic foot, or 1,198.2
dehydrate v: to remove water from a sub- distribution point, such as a gas plant or a kilograms/cubic metre. Specific gravity,
stance. Dehydration of crude oil is normally city gate. Compare redelivery gas. relative density, and API gravity are other
accomplished by treating with emulsion deliveryman n: a shipper's representative units of density.
breakers. The water vapor in natural gas who takes delivery of oil from a pipeline density log n: a special radioactivity log for
must be removed to meet pipeline company at a terminal or junction. open-hole surveying that responds to
requirements; a typical maximum allowable delivery ticket n: see measurement ticket. variations in the specific gravity of
water vapor content is 7 pounds per million delivery tube n: a small device used inside a formations. It is a contact log (i.e., the
cubic feet (3.2 kilograms per million cubic bottle when tap sampling. The tube al- lows logging tool is held against the wall of the
metres) per day. for the delivery of liquid from the tank into the hole). It emits neutrons and then measures
dehydration n: the removal of water or water bottle with little or no splashing. the secondary gamma radiation that is
vapor from gas or oil. delta n: see lacustrine delta. marine delta. scattered back to the detector in the
dehydration plant n: a plant having delta connection n: three-wire connection instrument. The density log is an excellent
equipment or apparatus for effecting used in three-phase circuits, resembling the porosity-measure device, especially for
dehydration. Greek letter delta (A). Used alone or in shaley sands. Some trade names are
dehydrator n: equipment or apparatus for various combinations with wye connections. Formation Density Log, Gamma- Gamma
effecting dehydration. demand n: the quantity of oil, gas, or other Density Log, and Densilog.
dehydrogenation n: the process of petroleum products, or commodities (such as
removing hydrogen from a compound. electricity) wanted at a specified time and
delamination n: a phenomenon in which price.
layers of surface metal peel away from the demand meter n: a quantity recorder that
rest of the metal body. Journal (plain) measures and integrates the instantaneous
bearings sometimes fail by delamination. demands on a circuit during a given period,
delayed (chronic) health hazard n: usually 15 minutes.
carcinogens and other hazardous chemicals demand rate n: the highest rate of power
that cause an adverse effect on a target consumption for a minimum period of 15
organ (as defined by the Code of Federal minutes during a billing period, usually one
Regulations) that manifests itself after a long month. This rate is registered on a demand
period of time following or during repeated meter.
contact with the substance. demand regulator n: the part of the open-
delay rental n: a sum of money payable to circuit diving system that allows a diver to
the lessor by the lessee for the privilege of expel all used air directly into the water and
deferring the commencement of drilling avoid rebreathing exhaled carbon dioxide.
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dent 52 desiccant
dent n: a small depression made b, striking overriding royalty, production payment assembly of heavy beams used to elevate
or pressing. Sometimes called, ding. interest, and net profits interest. the derrick and provide space to install
Department of Energy (DOE) n: a federal depletion drive n: see gas drive. blowout preventers, casingheads, and so
department set up to provide a frame- work depletion n: the laying down of sediments or forth. Because the standard derrick must be
for a complete and balanced national energy other potential rock-forming material. assembled piece by piece, it has largely
plan through coordination and ad- depositional environment n: the set of been replaced by the mast, which can be
ministration of the energy functions of the physical, chemical, and geological conditions lowered and raised without disassembly.
federal government. It is responsible for long- (such as climate. stream flow, and sediment Compare mast.
term, high-risk research and development of source) under which a rock layer was laid
energy technology, the marketing of federal down.
power, energy conservation, the nuclear depreciation n: 1. decrease in value of an
weapons program, energy regulatory asset such as a plant or equipment due to
programs, and a central energy data normal wear or passing of time; real property
collection and analysis program. Address: (land) does not depreciate. 2. an annual
1000 Independence Ave. SW; Washington, reduction of income reflecting the loss in
DC 20585; (202) 586-5000. useful value of capitalized investments by
Department of the Interior (DOl) n: a reason of wear and tear. The concept of
federal department set up as the nation's depreciation recognizes that the purchase of
principal conservation agency. The DOl is an asset other than land will benefit several
responsible for nationally owned lands and accounting cycles (periods) and should be
natural resources. It fosters wise use of land expensed periodically over its useful life.
and water resources, protects fish and wild- depressure v: to release the pressure
life, preserves the environmental and cultural contained in a tank, vessel, or pipe to a
derrick floor n: also called the rig floor or the
values of national parks and historic places, predetermined value. See bleed.
depropaniser n: a unit of equipment for drill floor. See rig floor.
and provides for the enjoyment of life through
derrickhand n: the crew member who
outdoor recreation. Address: 1849 C Street separating propane, with or without lighter
handles the upper end of the drill string as it
NW; Washington, DC 20240; (202) 208- components. from a mixture of hydrocarbons
3100. and leaving a bottoms product that is is being hoisted out of or lowered into the
Department of Transportation (DOT) n: a essentially propane-free. hole. On a drilling rig, he or she is also
depth n: 1. the distance to which a well is responsible for the circulating machinery and
federal department that develops regulations
governing transportation. Each mode of drilled, stipulated in a drilling contract as the conditioning of the drilling or workover
transportation has a different administration. contract depth. Total depth is the depth after fluid.
derrickman n: see derrickhand.
The administrations under DOT include the drilling is finished. 2. on offshore drilling rigs,
desalt v: to remove dissolved salt from crude
US Coast Guard, the Federal Aviation the distance from the baseline of a rig or a
Administration, the Federal Highway ship to the uppermost continuous deck. 3. oil. Sometimes fresh water is injected into the
crude stream to dissolve salt for removal by
Administration, the Federal Railroad the maximum pressure that a diver attains
Administration, the National Highway Traffic during a dive. expressed in feet (metres) of electrostatic treaters.
desander n: a centrifugal device for
Safety Administration, the Urban Mass seawater.
depth in n: the depth of the wellbore when a removing sand from drilling fluid to prevent
Transportation Administration, the Saint
Lawrence Seaway Development new bit or other tool is run in. Compare depth abrasion of the pumps. It may be operated
Corporation, and the Research and Special mechanically or by a fast-moving stream of
out.
depthometer n: a device used to measure fluid inside a special cone-shaped vessel, in
Programs Administration. Address: 400 7th
Street SW; Washington, DC 205W; (202) the depth of a well or the depth at a specific which case it is sometimes called a
366-4000. point in a well (such as to the top of a liner or hydrocyclone. Compare desiller.
descent and distribution laws n: the laws
departure n: see deviation. to a fish) by counting the turns of a calibrated
deplete v: to exhaust a supply. An oil and wheel rolling on a wireline as it is lowered in a state that determine the disposition of
gas reservoir is depleted when most or all into or pulled out of the well. property among heirs in the absence of a
will.
economically recoverable hydrocarbons have depth out n: the depth of the wellbore when
desiccant n: a substance able to remove
been produced. a bit or other tool is pulled out of the hole.
depletion n: 1. the exhaustion of a resource. Compare depth in. water from another substance with which it is
in contact. It may be liquid (e.g., triethylene
2. a reduction in income reflecting the derating factor n: the percentage of the
exhaustion of a resource. The concept of rated power output that a given motor can glycol) or solid (e.g., silica gel).
depletion recognizes that a natural resource deliver without being thermally overloaded.
such as oil is used up over several deregulation n: see decontrol.
accounting periods and permits the value of deregulation clause n: a clause in a con-
this resource to be expensed periodically as tract currently governed by regulatory price
the resource is exhausted. ceilings to provide a process to reset the
depletion allowance n: a reduction in US price of gas should price controls and
taxes for owners of an economic interest in regulatory authority cease.
minerals in place to compensate for the derrick n: a large load-bearing structure,
exhaustion of an irreplaceable capital asset. usually of bolted construction. In drilling, the
This economic interest includes mineral standard derrick has four legs standing at the
interest, working interest in a lease, royalty, comers of the substructure and reaching to
the crown block.pdfMachine
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desiccator 53 DF
sends an electric current through a cable to a deviation and azimuth indicator n: see
desiccator n: a device used for removing pulse generator. double recorder.
moisture from substances. For drying core detent n: a mechanism that keeps one part deviation effect n: when a gas is confined
samples, the desiccator is a container with a in a certain position relative to that of an- within a pressure-tight container, the
bottom section holding moisture-absorbing other; it can be released by applying force to tendency of the gas pressure to be slightly
chemicals and a top section in which the one of the parts. above or below that which is normally
sample is placed. detergent n: in lubricating oils and in some expected because of the attraction or
design factor n: the ratio of the ultimate load engine fuels, a chemical that is added to the repulsion of individual gas molecules.
a vessel or structure will sustain to the oil or to the fuel that suspends dirt, carbon, deviation survey n: an operation made to
permissibly safe load placed on it. Such and other foreign matter in the oil or fuel. As determine the angle from which a bit has
safety factors are incorporated into the a result of the detergents in motor oil, the oil deviated from the vertical during drilling.
design of casing, for example, to allow for will very quickly appear dirty because it is There are two basic deviation-survey, or drift-
unusual burst, tension, or collapse stresses. suspending the particles. survey, instruments: one reveals the drift
design factor of wire rope n: see safety determinable fee n: an interest in property angle; the other indicates both the angle and
factor of wire rope. that will end at the happening or the direction of deviation.
design water depth n: 1. the vertical nonhappening of a particular event. In some devise v: to make a gift of real property (e.g.,
distance from the ocean bottom to the states, an oil and gas lease is considered a land) by means of a will. Compare bequeath.
nominal water level plus the height of determinable fee in real estate. Devonian adj: of or relating to the geologic
astronomical and storm tides. 2. the deepest detonation n: 1. an explosion. 2. the knock period from about 400 million to 350 million
water in which an offshore drilling rig can or ping produced when fuel of too-low octane years ago in the Paleozoic era, or to the
operate. rating is used in the engine. Compare rocks formed during this period, including
desilter n: a centrifugal device for removing preignition. those of Devonshire, England, where
very fine particles, or silt, from drilling fluid to deuterium n: the isotope of the element outcrops of such rock were first identified.
keep the amount of solids in the fluid at the hydrogen that has one neutron and one dew point n: the temperature and pressure
lowest possible point. Usually, the lower the proton in the nucleus; atomic weight is at which a liquid begins to condense out of a
solids content of mud, the faster is the rate of 2.0144. gas. For example, if a constant pressure is
penetration. The desilter works on the same development and production plan n: a held on a certain volume of gas but the
principle as a desander. Com- pare plan required by the MMS before temperature is reduced, a point is reached at
desander. development and production can take place which droplets of liquid condense out of the
Desk and Derrick Club n: an association of in the OCS. The MMS approves or gas. That point is the dew point of the gas at
employees in the petroleum and allied disapproves the plan based on that pressure. Similarly, if a constant
industries. The principal function of the group environmental, technical, and economic temperature is maintained on a volume of
is to provide informational and educational considerations. gas but the pressure is increased, the point
programs for the enlightenment of its development drilling n: drilling d1at occurs at which liquid begins to condense out is the
members about the industry they serve. after the initial discovery of hydrocarbons in a dew point at that temperature. Compare
Membership ranges from secretaries through reservoir. Usually, several wells are required bubble point.
managers and directors of companies. to adequately develop a reservoir. dew-point recorder n: a device used by gas
Address: 4823 S. Sheridan, Suite 308- A; development well n: 1. a well drilled in transmission companies to determine and to
Tulsa, OK 74145; (918) 622-1675. proven territory in a field to complete a record continuously the dew point of the gas.
desorb v: to remove an absorbate or pattern of production. 2. an exploitation well. dew-point spread n: the difference between
adsorbate from an absorbent or adsorbent. deviation n: departure of the wellbore from the actual air temperature and the dew-point
desorption n: the process of removing an the vertical, measured by the horizontal temperature.
absorbate or adsorbate from an absorbent or distance from the rotary table to the target. dew-point temperature n: the temperature
adsorbent. The amount of deviation is a function of the at which the rate at which water vapor leaves
destroctive testing n: a procedure in which drift angle and hole depth. The term is a gas equals the rate at which water vapor
a weld is tom apart so that its structure can sometimes used to indicate the angle from enters the gas at a given pressure.
be examined. Destructive testing is used which a bit has deviated from the vertical dew-point tester n: a high-pressure
primarily during the qualification procedures during drilling. See drift angle. stainless steel or nickel-plated brass
required of all welders who work on chamber with a magnifying window, a
pipelines. sample inlet. a pressure gauge, a tripod
desulfurise v: to remove sulfur or sulfur socket. a gas outlet. and an angle-mounted
compounds from oil or gas. mirror. It ascertains dew point by observing
detector n: a device used to sense or the temperature and the pressure at which
ascertain the presence of such items as condensation occurs on and disappears from
objects, radiation, poisonous gases, or the mirror.
chemicals. DF abbr: derrick floor; used in drilling reports.
detector signal n: a contact closure change,
or other signal, that starts or stops a prover
counter/timer and defines the calibrated
volume of the prover.
detector switch n: in a pipe prover, an
electrical switch activated by the
displacement sphere as it moves through the
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diagenesis 54 differential range
the cell wall persists and forms diatomite. For example, the pressure differential across
diagenesis n: the chemical and physical Diatoms first appeared in the Cretaceous a choke is the variation between the
changes that sedimentary deposits undergo period and still live today. pressure on one side and that on the other.
(compaction, cementation, recrystallisation, diatomaceous earth n: an earthy deposit 2. the value or volume payment
and sometimes replacement) during and made up of the siliceous cell walls of one- accompanying an exchange of oil for oil. The
after lithification. celled marine algae called diatoms. It is used payment serves as compensation for quality,
dial thermometer n: a thermometer on as an admixture for cement to produce a low- location, or gravity differences between the
which the temperature is indicated by a density slurry. oils being exchanged.
moving needle or pointer on a circular face or diatomite n: a rock of biochemical origin, differential displacing valve n: a special-
disk rather than with liquid in a glass or a which is composed of the siliceous (glassy) purpose valve used to facilitate spacing out
liquid crystal display (LCD). shells of microscopic algae called diatoms. and flanging up the well, run in on the tubing
dial-type assembly n: see dial thermometer. die n: a tool used to shape, form, or finish string.
diamagnetic adj: antimagnetic. Diamagnetic other tools or pieces of metal. For example, a differential drop n: the reduction in pressure
materials resist flux by aligning themselves at threading die is used to cut threads on pipe. that occurs as gas flows through a restriction
right angles to the lines of force in a die collar n: a collar or coupling of tool steel, in a line, such as through an orifice.
magnetic field. See ferromagnetic. threaded internally, that can be used to differential fill-up collar n: a device in-
paramagnetic. retrieve pipe from the well on fishing jobs; the stalled near the bottom of the casing. It has a
diameter n: the distance across a circle, female counterpart of a taper tap. The die valve that keeps mud out of the casing so
measured through its center. In the collar is made up on the drill pipe and that the casing can be floated into the hole to
measurement of pipe diameters, the inside lowered into the hole until it contacts the lost lessen the weight on the rig's equipment This
diameter is that of the interior circle and the pipe. If the lost pipe is stuck so that it cannot valve will, however, automatically open to let
outside diameter that of the exterior circle. rotate, rotation of the die collar on top of the mud into the casing when the pressure of the
diamond bit n: a drill bit that has small pipe cuts threads on the outside of the pipe, mud outside the casing becomes high
industrial diamonds embedded in its cutting providing a firm attachment. The pipe is then enough to collapse the joints of casing near
surface. Cutting is performed by the rotation retrieved from the hole. It is not often used the bottom of the string. Thus, this special
of the very hard diamonds over the rock because it is difficult to re- lease it from the collar, with its pressure-sensitive valve, not
surface. fish should it become necessary. Compare only allows casing to float, but also keeps it
diaphragm n: a sensing element consisting taper tap. from collapsing.
of a thin, usually circular, plate that is de- dielectric n: a substance that is an insulator, differential head n: see differential pressure.
formed by pressure applied across the plate. or nonconductor, of electricity. differential pen n: on a flow recorder, the
diaphragm meter tangent n: part of a dielectric constant n: the value of pen used to record differential pressure
diaphragm meter that regulates the length of dielectricity assigned to a substance. A across the orifice in the meter; usually
the diaphragm stroke; used to adjust the substance that is a good insulator has a high recorded in red ink on the flow recorder
volumetric displacement. dielectric constant, whereas a poor insulator chart.
diapir n: a dome or anticlinal fold in which a has a low one. The dielectric constant of oil differential pressure n: the difference
mobile plastic core has ruptured the more is lower than that of water, and on this between two fluid pressures; for example,
brittle overlying rock. Also called piercement principle a net-oil computer operates. die the difference between the pressure in a
dome. nipple n: a device similar to a die collar but reservoir and in a well bore drilled in the
with external threads. reservoir, or between atmospheric pressure
dies n pi: see insert. at sea level and at 10,000 feet (3,048
diesel-electric power n: the power supplied metres). Also called pressure differential.
to a drilling rig by diesel engines driving differential-pressure gauge n: a pressure-
electric generators; used widely. diesel- measuring device actuated by two or more
electric rig n: see electric rig. diesel engine n: pressure-sensitive elements that act in
a high-compression, opposition to produce an indication of the
internal-combustion engine used extensively difference between two pressures.
for powering drilling rigs. In a diesel engine, differential-pressure reducer n: an
air is drawn into the cylinders and electrical device that senses very small
compressed to very high pressures; ignition bellows or diaphragm movement in a bellows
occurs as fuel is injected into the com- meter. Allows a computer to calculate flow
pressed and heated air. Combustion takes rates directly by producing electrical output
place within the cylinder above the piston, differential-pressure valve n: a valve used
and expansion of the combustion products to regulate automatically a uniform difference
diapirism n: the penetration of overlying imparts power to the piston. in pressure between two locations in a
layers by a rising column of salt or other diesel fuel n: a light hydrocarbon mixture for pipeline.
easily deformed mineral caused by diesel engines, similar to furnace fuel oil; it differential range n: the extent of variation
differences in density. has a boiling range just above that of between the lowest and highest differential
diastrophism n: the process or processes of kerosene. pressures that an orifice meter can
deformation of the earth's crust that pro- diesel-oil plug n: see gunk plug. accurately measure.
duce oceans, continents, mountains, folds, diethylene glycol n: a liquid chemical used
and faults. in gas processing to remove water from the
diatom n: any of the algae of the class gas. See glycol. glycol dehydrator.
Bacillariophyceae, noted for symmetrical and differential n: 1. the difference in quantity or
sculptured siliceous cell walls. After death, degree between pdfMachine
two measurements or units.
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differential sticking 55 directional drilling
diode n: 1. an electronic device that resbicts dip weight n: a European term for a plumb
differential sticking n: a condition in which current flow chiefly in one direction. 2. a radio bob that is attached to a metal dip tape and
the drill stem becomes stuck against the wall tube that contains an anode and a cathode. that is of sufficient weight to keep the tape
of the wellbore because part of the drill stem diorite n: intrusive. or platonic. generally taut and of such shape as to facilitate the
(usually the drill collars) has become coarse-grained igneous rock composed penetration of any sludge that might be
embedded in the filter cake. Necessary largely of plagioclase feldspar with smaller present on the datum plate of a tank. Also
conditions for differential-pressure sticking, amounts of dark-colored minerals. Also called outage bob.
or wall sticking, are a permeable formation known as black granite. Compare andesite. direct-acting electric actuator n: a device
and a pressure differential across a nearly dip n: 1. a European term for the depth of on a diesel engine's governor that increases
impermeable filter cake and drill stem. Also liquid in a storage tank. 2. formation dip. See the engine's speed by increasing positive
called wall sticking. See differential pressure, formation dip. iMage. ullage. voltage going to the actuator and governor.
filter cake. dip gauge point n: a European term for the As the engine needs more fuel to go faster,
differential test n: a test taken at a particular point on the bottom of a container that the the direct-acting actuator increases positive
point in the flow of a meter, which is dip weight touches during gauging and from voltage to make the governor increase the
compared with the same flow rate on a which the measurement of the oil and water fuel flowing to the fuel injectors. See
differential curve that was established at the depths are taken. The dip point usually electrically actuated governor:
time the meter was installed. If the differential corresponds with the datum point, but any direct connection n: a straightforward
pressure reading obtained during the test is difference in levels must be designated in the connection that makes the speeds of a prime
50% higher than the original test value (at calibration table. mover and a driven machine identical.
the same flow rate), with pressure and dip batch n: a European term for the direct current (DC) n: electric current that
temperature conditions being approximately opening in the top of a container through flows in only one direction. Compare
the same, the meter is removed and the which dipping (gauging) and sampling alternating current.
cause of the increased operating resistance operations are carried out. direct heater n: used in emulsion treating to
determined. dip log n: see dipmeter survey. heat noncorrosive emulsions that are under
diffuser n: a device that uses part of the dipmeter log n: see dipmeter survey. comparatively low pressure. Types are
kinetic energy of a fluid passing through a dipmeter survey n: an oilwell-surveying tubular, fluid-jacket, internal firebox, and
machine by gradually increasing the cross method that determines the direction and volume, or jug-type. Compare indirect heater.
section of the channel or chamber through angle of formation dip in relation to the direct-indicating viscometer n: commonly
which it flows so as to decrease its speed borehole. It records data that permit called a "V-G meter:' A rotational device
and increase its pressure. computation of both the amount and direction powered by means of an electric motor or
diffusion n: 1. the spontaneous movement of formation dip relative to the axis of the handcrank. Used to determine the apparent
and scattering of particles of liquids, gases, hole and thus provides information about the viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point, and
or solids. 2. the migration of dissolved geologic structure of the formation. Also gel strengths of drilling fluids.
substances from an area of high called dipmeter log or dip log. directional drilling n: 1. intentional deviation
concentration to an area of low dipping reference point n: a European term of a wellbore from the vertical. Although well
concentration. for a point marked on the dip hatch of a tank bores are normally drilled vertically, it is
digital adj: pertaining to data in the form of directly above the dip point to indicate the sometimes necessary or advantageous to
digits, especially electronic data stored in the position at which dipping should be carried drill at an angle from the vertical. Controlled
form of a binary code. out. directional drilling makes it possible to reach
digital readout n: a type of register on which dip plate n: a European term for datum subsurface areas laterally remote from the
the information is indicated by directly plate. dip rod n: a rigid length of wood or point where the bit enters the earth. It often
readable characters, particularly numerals. metal that is provided with a scale for involves the use of deflection tools. 2. a
Compare analog data. measurement and usually graduated in units technique of river crossing in pipeline
digital signal n: the representation of the of volume. It is used for manual construction in which the pipe is buried under
magnitude of a variable in the form of measurement of liquid in a container. Also the riverbed at very much greater than those
discrete values or pulses of a measurable called dipstick. of conventional crossings. With this
physical quantity. dip slip n: upward or downward technique, a hole in the form of an inverted
dilatant fluid n: a dilatant. or inverted plastic, displacement along a fault plane. arc is drilled beneath the river, and the
fluid is usually made up of a high dip-slip fault n: a fault in which the slip is made-up pipeline is pulled through it.
concentration of well-dispersed solids that practically in the line of the fault dip.
exhibits a nonlinear consistency curve
passing through the origin. The apparent
viscosity increases instantaneously with
increasing rate of shear. The yield point, as
determined by conventional calculations from
the direct-indicating viscometer readings, is
negative; however, the true yield point is
zero.
diluent n: liquid added to dilute or dtin a
solution. dip tape n: a European tem1 for gauging
dimensionless number n: a number that tape.
does not have a unit of measurement dip tube n: the small-diameter tube
associated with it. extending below the pump suction of a
sucker rod pdfMachine
pump, usually inside the mud
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directional drilling service company 56 displacement meter
ties in the natural gas delivery system (i.e., disk-spring compressor valve n: a type of
directional drilling service company n: a pipeline transmission company or local compressor valve in which springs and disks
business that provides directional hole distributing company) does not take title to are used to open and close the valve.
planning, sophisticated directional tools, and the natural gas but only transports it. dispatcher n: an employee responsible for
on- site assistance to the oil company Historically, a sale of natural gas to an end scheduling movement of oil through pipe-
operator of a drilling rig. user, as opposed to a "sale for resale." More lines.
directional drilling supervisor n: an recently, the term has also been applied to a dispersant n: a substance added to cement
employee of a directional drilling service sale by a producer directly to a local that chemically wets the cement particles in
company whose main job is to help the driller distribution company. the slurry, allowing the slurry to flow easily
at a well site keep the wellbore as close as disbonding n: a common coating failure in without much water.
possible to its planned course. Also called which the coating separates from the pipe. dispersed phase n: that part of a drilling
directional operator. discharge coefficient n: a measure of the mud – clay, shale, barite, and other solids -
directional hole n: a wellbore intentionally efficiency with which gas flows through an that is dispersed throughout a liquid or
drilled at an angle from the vertical. See actual orifice. Compares the actual orifice's gaseous medium. forming the mud.
directional drilling. discharge rate with an ideal orifice's disperser n: see emulsifying agent.
directional operator n: see directional discharge rate. dispersible inhibitor n: an inhibitor
drilling supervisor. discharge line n: a line through which substance that can be dispersed evenly in
directional perforating n: see oriented drilling mud travels from the mud pump to the another liquid with only moderate agitation.
perforating. standpipe on its way to the wellbore. dispersion n: a suspension of extremely fine
directional survey n: a logging method that discharge of dredged material n: any particles in a liquid (such as colloids in a
records drift angle, or deflection from the addition of dredged material into US waters. colloidal solution).
vertical, and direction of the drift. A single- discharge valve n: on a mud pump, the dispersion medium n: see continuous
shot directional-survey instrument makes a valve that opens to allow mud to be pushed phase.
single photograph of a compass reading of out of the pump (discharged) by the pistons dispersoid n: a colloid or finely divided
the drift direction and the number of degrees moving in the liners. substance. See also colloid.
the hole is off vertical. A multi shot survey discharge vessel ratio n: the total displacement n: 1. the weight of a fluid
instrument obtains numerous readings in the calculated volume (TCV) by vessel (such as water) displaced by a freely floating
hole as the device is pulled out of the well. measurement on arrival, less remaining on or submerged body (such as an offshore
See directional drilling. board (ROB), divided by the TCV by shore drilling rig). If the body floats, the
directional survey instrument n: a tool that, measurement at discharge. displacement equals the weight of the body.
when lowered into the wellbore, makes a disclaimer n: complete denial and 2. replacement of one fluid by another in the
photographic record of the angle and drift of renunciation of any claim to title to property. pore space of a reservoir. For example, oil
the wellbore; that is, it records the number of Surface tenants, for example, often sign may be displaced by water.
degrees the hole is off vertical and the disclaimers (in the form of tenant consent displacement efficiency n: the proportion
direction in which it is off vertical. Several agreements) relating to the mineral estate by volume of oil swept out of the pore space
types of instrument are available; some are and title of land leased for oil and gas of a reservoir by the encroachment of an-
capable of photographing only a single exploration. other fluid. The displacing fluid may be
record - single-shot survey instruments- disconformity n: an interruption in reservoir water or gas or an injected fluid.
whereas others are capable of making sedimentation caused by erosion; the strata displacement engine n: see reciprocating
several records in one run - multishot survey above and below the disconformity are engine.
instruments. parallel. See unconformity. Compare dispIacement fluid n: in oilwell cementing,
direct measurement n: a measurement that nonconformity. the fluid. usually drilling mud or salt water,
produces a final result directly from the scale disconnect n: a device such as a switch or that is pumped into the well after the cement
on an instrument. circuit breaker used to open a circuit. is pumped into it to force the cement out of
direct pull-in connection n: an underwater discounted cash flow rate or return n: the the casing and into the annulus.
pipe-joining technique in which the pipe with rate that causes the sum of the discounted displacement meter n: 1. a meter in which a
its connector sled is steered straight onto the outflows and inflows of funds to equal the net piston is actuated by the pressure of a
matching receiver at the base of the platform. cash outlay in year zero of a project. It is measured volume of liquid, and the volume
Compare deflect-to-connect connection. used in evaluating exploration investments. swept by the piston is equal to the volume of
direct reading chart n: a type of orifice discounting n: taking account of future the liquid recorded. 2. a meter in which the
meter chart that indicates the differential value in present calculations, i.e., measuring element measures a volume of
pressure and static pressure for a particular determining present value of future dollars. liquid by mechanically separating the liquid
time period. The pressures can be read Discounting is compounding in reverse. into discrete quantities of fixed volume and
directly from the chart instead of being discovery well n: the first oil or gas well counting the quantities in volume units.
calculated from information given on the drilled in a new field that reveals the
chart. presence of a hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir.
direct-reading viscometer n: a device for Subsequent wells are development wells.
measuring the viscosity of a fluid (a fluid's discrimination n: the ability to sense and
resistance to flow) that provides a value for record the actual temperature of a liquid to
the viscosity on the device. No calculations the specified temperature increments.
have to be made since the device gives a disk lubrication n: see slinger disk
direct reading of the value. lubrication.
direct sale n: a natural gas sales transaction
in which at least one of the intermediary par- pdfMachine
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displacement plunger 57 dogleg
lines provide gas to homes, schools, and diverter line n: a side outlet on a rig that
displacement plunger n: a device used to other buildings. directs flow away from the rig.
pump liquids, usually at high pressures, with distribution system n: a system of pipe- diverter valve n: a type of valve that
an action similar to that of a piston. lines and other equipment by which natural changes the direction of fluid flow from the
displacement rate n: a measurement of the gas or other products are distributed to intended path to an alternate route.
speed with which a volume of cement slurry customers, to lease operations, or to other divided agreement n: type of operating
or mud is pumped down the hole. points of consumption, that is, the mains, agreement that provides for sharing of costs
displacer n: a spherical or cylindrical object services, and equipment that carry or control and benefits based on participating areas
that is a component part of a pipe prover that the supply of gas from the point of local that may change.
moves through the prover pipe. The supply to and including the sales meters. divided interest n: a fractional interest in
displacer has an elastic seal that contacts distribution transformer n: an electrical minerals that, when conveyed, gives the new
the inner pipe wall of a prover to prevent device designed to reduce voltage from owner a 100% interest in the designated
leakage. The displacer is made to move primary distribution levels, usually 7,200 or fraction of the described tract. For example,
through the prover pipe by the flowing fluid 12,400 volts, to utilization voltages of 480, a one-quarter dividabl interest in an 80-acre
and displaces a known measured volume of 240, or 120 volts. See power transfornlet: (32- hectare) tract results in a 100% interest
fluid between two fixed detecting devices. distributor n: a device that directs the in 20 specific, describable acres (8 hectares)
disposal well n: a well into which salt water proper flow of fuel or electrical current to the out of that tract. Compare undivided interest.
or spent chemical is pumped, most proper place at the proper time in the proper diving bell n: a cylindrical or spherical
commonly part of a saltwater-disposal amount. compartment used to transport a diver or
system. distributor timing n: on a diesel engine with dive team to and from an underwater work
dissociation n: the separation of a molecule a distributor-type fuel injection system, the site. division order n: a contract of sale of oil
into two or more fragments (atoms, ions) by sequence in which the distributor sends fuel or gas to a purchaser who is directed to pay
interaction with another body or by the to each engine cylinder. for the oil or gas products according to the
absorption of electromagnetic radiation. district regulator station n: station to which proportions set out in the division order. The
dissolved gas n: natural gas that is in odorized gas is piped from the city gate purchaser may require execution thereof by
solution with crude oil in the reservoir. station. This station uses regulators and all owners of interest in the property.
dissolved-gas drive n: a source of natural controllers to maintain consistent pressure division order opinion n: a statement of
reservoir energy in which the dissolved gas and to ensure a constant supply of natural opinion by a title examiner on the state of the
coming out of the oil expands to force the oil gas to consumers. See also city gale station. title to land, mineral, royalty, or working
into the well bore. Also called solution-gas disulfides n pi: chemical compounds interests in a producing tract of land. This
drive. See reservoir drive mechanism. containing an -S-S linkage. They are opinion, usually in letter form, is the basis of
dissolved load n: in a flowing stream of colorless liquids completely miscible with payment to all affected owners and must
water, those products of weathering that are hydrocarbons, insoluble in water, and sweet recite all the owners' interests. Com- pare
carried along in solution. Compare bed load, to the doctor test. Mercaptans are converted drill site opinion. title opinion.
suspended load. to disulfides in treating processes employing dizzy nut n: a mechanism used in packers to
dissolved water n: water in solution in oil at oxidation reactions. lock components together.
a defined temperature and pressure. ditch n: a trench or channel made in the dk abbr: dark; used in drilling reports.
distillate n: 1. a product of distillation, i.e., earth, usually to bury pipeline, cable, and so doctor test n: a qualitative method for
the liquid condensed from the vapor on. On a drilling rig, the mud flow channel detecting hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans
produced in a still. Sometimes called from the conductor-pipe outlet is often called in petroleum distillates. The test
condensate. 2. heavy gasoline or light a ditch. See mud return line. v: to excavate a distinguishes between sour and sweet
kerosenes used as fuels. trench in which to lay pipe or cable. Ditching products.
distillate fuel oil n: light fuel oils distilled equipment and methods for pipe laying vary DOE abbr: Department of Energy.
during the refining process and used according to terrain and weather. dog n: a spring-loaded finger in a tubing end
primarily for space heating, on- and off- ditch breaker n: a device that divides a ditch locator.
highway diesel engine fuel, and electric into sections to form internal barriers to water doghouse n: 1. a small enclosure on the rig
power generation. movement. Ditch breakers are used for floor used as an office for the driller and as a
distillation n: the process of driving off gas pipelines in areas where washouts are a storehouse for small objects. 2. any small
or vapor from liquids or solids, usually by threat. building used as an office, a change house,
heating, and condensing the vapor back to ditch magnet n: a powerful magnet placed or a place for storage.
liquid to purify, fractionate, or form new in the return line between the wellbore and dogleg n: 1. an abrupt change in direction in
products. the mud pit to remove metal particles from the wellbore, frequently resulting in the
distribution n: the apportioning of daily the drilling mud. A ditch magnet is often used formation of a keyseat. 2. a sharp bend
production rates to wells on a lease. during milling operations. permanently put in an object such as a pipe,
Because there may be many wells on a diurnal tide n: a tide having one high water wire rope. or a wire rope sling.
lease, such production is apportioned on the level and one low water level a day.
basis of periodic tests rather than on the diverter n: a device used to direct fluids
individual receiving and gauging of oil at flowing from a well away from the drilling rig.
each well. When a kick is encountered at shallow
distribution main n: in a gas distribution depths, the well often cannot be shut in
system, such as in a city or town, a relatively safely; therefore, a diverter is used to allow
large pipeline through which gas is supplied the well to flow through a side outlet (a
to several smaller pipelines. The smaller divetter line).
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dognut 58 downhole telemetry
double n: a length of drill pipe, casing, or correct reading of the resting angle of the
dognut n: an upper kelly cock that is tubing consisting of two joints screwed tool.
enclosed in a ball-shaped housing. together. Compare fourble, single, thribble. doughnut n: a ring of wedges or a threaded,
DOl abbr: Department of the Interior. double-acting adj: in reference to a mud tapered ring that supports a string of pipe.
dol abbr: dolomite; used in drilling reports. pump, the action of the piston moving mud dovetail n: a cutout section in a cone
dolly n: see pipe dolly. through the cylinder on both its forward and enabling positive slip movement without the
dolly assembly n: on a top-drive unit, the backward stroke. Compare single-acting. aid of conventional slip return springs.
device that attaches the unit to the guide double board n: the name used for the dowel n: a pin fitting into a hole in an abut-
rails. See guide rails, top drive. working platform of the derrickhand (the ting piece to prevent motion or slipping.
dolo abbr: dolomite; used in drilling reports. monkeyboard) when it is located at a height dower property n: in some states, that part
dolomite n: a type of sedimentary rock in the derrick or mast equal to two lengths of of an estate to which a wife is entitled (for her
similar to limestone but containing more than pipe joined together. Compare fourble board, lifetime) on the death of her husband.
50 percent magnesium carbonate; thribble board. downcomer n: a tube that conducts liquids
sometimes a reservoir rock for petroleum. double-box coupling n: a special coupling downward in a vessel such as an absorber.
dolomitisation n: the shrinking of the solid that has a female connection (box) on each downcutting n: the direct erosive action of
volume of rock as limestone turns to end and that is used to connect sucker rods flowing water on a streambed.
dolomite, i.e., the conversion of limestone to that have a male connection (pin) on each downdip adj: lower on the formation dip
dolomite rock by replacement of a portion of end. angle than a particular point.
the calcium carbonate with magnesium double-drum hoist n: a device consisting of down-draft retort n: a device that measures
carbonate. two reels on which wire rope is wound that the saturation, or the amount, of each fluid in
dolostone n: rock composed of dolomite. provides two separate hoisting drums in the a core sample by distilling the fluid from the
dome n: a geologic structure resembling an assembly. The main drum is used for pulling core with heat. The core sample is heated to
inverted bowl, i.e., a short anticline that dips tubing or drill pipe; the second drum is used about 350°F (176.7°C). The fluids are
or plunges on all sides. for coring and swabbing. See hoist. vaporized and cooled until they condense in
double extra-strong pipe n: a pipe receiving tubes, where they are measured.
incorporating twice as many safety design downhole adj, adv: pertaining to the well-
factors as normally used. bore.
double grip n: a tool employing gripping downhole motor n: a drilling tool made up in
devices (slips) that limit tool movement from the drill string directly above the bit. It causes
pressure either above or below the tool. the bit to turn while the drill string remains
double bull tanker n: tanker with two hulls. fixed. It is used most often as a deflection
Theoretically, the first hull absorbs all or most tool in directional drilling, where it is made up
of any impact, leaving the second hull intact between the bit and a bent sub (or,
dome-roof tank n: a storage tank with a or less damaged and thus able to contain the sometimes, the housing of the motor itself is
dome-shaped roof affixed to the shell. cargo. bent). Two principal types of down-hole
doodlebug n: (slang) a person who double jointing n: the process of welding motor are the positive-displacement motor
prospects for oil, especially by using two pipe joints together-usually on a double- and the downhole turbine motor. Also called
seismology. Also called doodlebugger. v: joint rack-to form a single piece of pipe. The mud motor.
(slang) to explore for oil, especially by using usual length of a double joint for pipeline downhole telemetry n: signals transmitted
seismic techniques in which explosive construction is 80 feet (24 metres). from an instrument located downhole to a
charges are detonated in shot holes to create double-plane roller assembly n: in a kelly receiving monitor on the surface-a surface-
shock waves (name taken from the bushing, a double set of roller assemblies readout instrument. Downhole telemetry may
resemblance of these explosions to the puffs that are installed on two levels, or planes, be transmitted via a special wireline or via
of loose dirt thrown up by the doodlebug, or within the bushing. Compare single-plane mud pulse (much as radio signals are
ant lion, when digging its funnel-shaped roller assembly. See also kelly bushing, roller transmitted through the air). Frequently,
hole). assembly. downhole telemetry is employed in
door sheet n: a plate at the base of a tank double-post mast n: a well-servicing unit determining the drift angle and direction of a
shell or wall that is removed so the tank can whose mast consists of two steel tubes. deviated wellbore. See measurement while
be cleaned. Double-pole masts provide racking platforms drilling.
dope n: a lubricant for the threads of oilfield for handling rods and tubing in stands and
tubular goods. v: to apply thread lubricant. extend from 65 to 67 feet (20 to 20.4 metres)
dope bucket n: the container in which dope so that rods can be suspended as 50-foot (
is stored on the rig floor. 15-metre) doubles and tubing set back as
dope pot n: a portable container used to 30- foot (9-metre) singles. See pole mast.
melt coal tar enamel and maintain it at the double recorder n: a device containing an
temperature required by a pipe-coating angle indicator, a timing element, and a
operation. replaceable chart that is used to measure the
doping n: 1. the process of adding certain direction and the degree of deviation as a
impurities to an element. 2. applying lubricant hole is being drilled. The timing element goes
(dope) to a tool joint or other threaded off when the tool has come to rest just above
connection. the drill bit and descends on the sharply
DOT abbr: Department of Transportation. pointed angle indicator, which then punches
a hole in the chart. The chart rotates 180.,
and a second pdfMachine
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downstream 59 drift diameter
drill string n: the column, or string, of drill drive bushing n: see kelly bushing.
pipe with attached tool joints that transmits drive chain n: a chain by means of which a
drill stem n: all
fluid and rotational power from the kelly to machine is propelled.
members in the
the drill collars and the bit. Often, especially drive dog n: in a gas meter, part of the
assembly used
in the oil patch, the tenD is loosely applied to mechanism that drives the meter.
for rotary drilling
include both drill pipe and drill collars. drive-in unit n: a type of portable service or
from the swivel
Compare drill stem. workover rig that is self-propelled, using
to the bit,
drill string float n: a check valve in the drill power from the hoisting engines. The driver's
including the
string that will allow fluid to be pumped into cab and steering wheel are mounted on the
kelly, the drill
the well but will prevent flow from entering same end as the mast support; thus the unit
pipe and tool
the string. can be driven straight ahead to reach the
joints, the drill
drill to granite v: to drill a hole until base- wellhead. See carrier rig.
collars, the
ment rock is encountered, usually in a drive pipe n: see conductor casing.
stabilizers, and
wildcat well. If no hydrocarbon-bearing drive rollers n pi: see kelly bushing rollers.
various
fonnations are found above the basement, drive shaft n: in a top drive, d1e shaft that
specialty items.
the well is assumed to be dry. The term comes out of the drive's drilling motor.
Compare drill
comes from the fact that basement rock is Usually, crew members attach a saver sub (a
string
sometimes granite. short pipe fitting) to the drive shaft and attach
drill stem safety valve n: a special valve drill under pressure v: to carry on drilling the top joint of drill pipe to the sub. The drive
normally installed below the kelly. Usually, operations with a mud whose density is such shaft transmits the motor's rotating fon:e to
the valve is open so that drilling fluid can flow that it exerts less pressure on bottom than the drill string and bit. See top drive.
out of the kelly and down the drill stem. It the pressure in the fonnation while driven shaft n: in a chain-and-sprocket
can, however, be manually closed with a maintaining a seal (usually with a rotating drive, the shaft that receives the power.
special wrench when necessary. In one head) to prevent the well fluids from blowing Compare driving shaft.
case, the valve is closed and broken out, still out under the rig. Drilling under pressure is driving fluid n: in a hydraulic coupling or
attached to the kelly to prevent drilling mud in ad- vantageous in that the rate of penetration torque converter, the moving fluid that
the kelly from draining onto the rig floor. In is relatively fast; however, the technique impinges against blades to move the
another case, when kick pressure inside the requires extreme caution. member being driven.
drill stem exists, the drill stem safety valve is drip n: 1. the water and hydrocarbon liquids driving shaft n: in a chain-and-sprocket
closed to prevent the pressure from escaping that have condensed from the vapor state in drive, the shaft that provides the power.
up the drill stem. Also called lower kelly cock, the natural gas flow line and accumulated in Compare driven shaft.
mud saver valve. the low points of the line. 2. the receiving drlg abbr: drilling; used in drilling reports.
drill stem test (DST) n: the conventional vessel that accumulates such liquids. drogue n: a current-measuring instrument
method of formation testing. The basic drill drip accumulator n: the device used to col- that is suspended by a buoy and lowered to
stem test tool consists of a packer or lect liquid hydrocarbons that condense out of a specified ocean depth. The effect of the
packers, valves or ports that may be opened a wet gas traveling through a pipeline.drip current on the drogue is shown by the
and closed from the surface, and two or gasoline n: hydrocarbon liquid that separates movement of the buoy at the surface.
more pressure-recording devices. The tool is in a pipeline transporting gas from the well
lowered on the drill string to the zone to be casing, lease separation, or other facilities
tested. The packer or packers are set to and drains into equipment from which the
drum n: 1. a
isolate the zone from the drilling fluid column. liquid can be removed.
cylinder around
The valves or ports are then opened to allow drip lubrication n: a method of lubricating a
which wire rope is
for formation flow while the recorders chart chain-and-sprocket drive in which a reservoir
wound in the
static pressures. A sampling chamber traps drips oil onto the chain at 4 to 20 drops per
drawworlcs. The
clean formation fluids at the end of the test. minute, depending on the speed of the drive.
drawworks drum is
Analysis of the pressure charts is an A drip lubricator for a multistrand drive has a
that part of the hoist
important part of formation testing. pipe to distrioote the oil to all strands.
on which the drilling
drill stem test gases n pi: formation gases drip pot n: a device installed in a flow
line is wound. 2. a
that are produced during a drill stem test, recorder's manifold to collect liquid that may
steel container of
which is the conventional method of testing condense out the gas in the manifold and to
general cylindrical
formations. Although these gases typically minimize the chance of inaccurate differential
form. Some refined
are produced only in very small quantities and static readings caused by liquid in the
products are
and consist mainly of natural gas, they manifold lines.
shipped in steel
become an environmental concern when the drip time n: the amount of time it takes for
drums with
gases fall into the extremely hazardous the liquid clinging to the sides of a tank
substance category under SARA and are prover to fall and drip out of the vessel.
produced in sufficient quantities so that they drive n: 1. the means by which a machine is
exceed the TPQ limit set for that substance. given motion or power, or by which power is capacities of about 50 to 55 US gallons, or
Typically, wells are not set up for production transferred from one part of a machine to about 200 litres.
operations when the drill stem test is run; another. 2. the energy of expanding gas, drum brake n: a device for arresting the
consequently, gas-containment equipment is inflowing water, or other natural or artificial motion of a machine or mechanism by
not installed or operational during the running mechanisms that forces crude oil out of the means of mechanical friction; in this case, a
of the test and such gases must be released reservoir formation and into the wellbore. v: shoe is pressed against a turning drum.
or flared. to give motion pdfMachine
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drum clutch 63 dummy pipe
dry gas n: 1. gas whose water content has packer through one zone while the other is
drum clutch n: a type of friction clutch that been reduced by a dehydration process. 2. produced through the annulus. In a
has a metal housing lined with an gas containing few or no hydrocarbons miniaturised dual completion, two separate
expandable diaphragm and pads of friction commercially recoverable as liquid product. 4.5-inch (11.4-centimetre) or smaller casing
material called friction shoes. The pressure Also called lean gas. strings are run and cemented in the same
of the expanded diaphragm squeezes the dry hole n: any well that does not produce wellbore.
friction shoes against a drum attached to the oil or gas in commercial quantities. A dry
driving shaft. Friction between the shoes and hole may flow water, gas, or even oil, but not
the drum allows the clutch to engage. See in amounts large enough to justify
clutch. Compare plate clutch. production.
drumshaft n: in the drawworks, the axle on dry bole clause n: a clause in an oil and gas
which the drawworks drum rotates. See lease that allows the operator to keep the
drawworks. lease if he or she drills a dry hole. The
dry air cleaner n: on an engine, a device operator has a specified period of time in
that contains an air filter element that does which to drill a subsequent well or begin
not depend on oil to effectively filter the air paying delay rentals again.
entering the engine. Instead, the filter dry bole letter n: a fonn of support
element has a number of folds and chambers agreement in which the contributing
that b'ap dust and dirt going into the engine's company agrees to pay so much per foot
air intake. Some dry elements may be drilled by another company in return for
cleaned and reinstalled; others are discarded information gained from the drilling. The
and replaced. Compare wet air cleane1: contribution is paid only if the well is a dry
dry bed n: the solid adsorption materials hole in all formations encountered in drilling.
such as molecular sieves, charcoal, or other dry bole money n: money paid by a
materials used for purifying or for recovering contributing company on the basis of so dual induction focused log n: a log
liquid from a gas. See adsorption. much per foot drilled by the primary company designed to provide the resistivity
dry-bed dehydrator n: a device for in return for information gained from the measurements necessary to estimate the
removing water from gas in which two or drilling. The contribution is paid only if thee effects of mud filtrate invasion into the
more packages, or beds, of solid desiccant well is a dry hole in all formations formation surrounding the wellbore so that
are used. The desiccant bed is usually encountered in drilling. more reliable values for the the formation
contained in a tower and wet gas is sent dry monsoon n: a winter monsoon that resistivity may be obtained. The resistivity
through one bed for drying while the other is exhibits little or no rainfall. curves on this log are made by deep-,
prepared for later use. dry oil n: oil that has been treated so that medium-, and shallow-investigation
dry-bottom prover n: a type of open tank only small quantities of water and other induction. Visual Observation of the dual
prover that has a gauge glass on the neck of extraneous materials remain in it. induction focused log can give valuable
the prover but not on the bottom of the dry string n: the drill pipe from which drill- information regarding invasion, porosity, and
prover. Compare wet-bottom prover. ing mud has been emptied as it is pulled out hydrocarbon content. The three curves on
dry Btu n: a measure of heating value for of the wellbore. the log can be used to correct for deep
natural gas that is free of moisture. dry suit n: a protective diving garment that is invasion and obtain a better value for
Contractually, natural gas may be defined as completely sealed to prevent water entry. It is formation resistivity. Compare induction
"dry" even though it does contain some water designed to accommodate a layer of survey.
vapor, typically less than 7 pounds per insulation between the diver and die suit. dual meter counter shifter n: an
million cubic feet (3.2 kilograms per million This insulation gives a diver maximum arrangement for connecting two or more
cubic metres). This standard of warmth and protection from the water. meter counters to enable shifting the
measurement reflects the conditions under dry welding n: arc, gas, or plasma welding registration from one counter to another.
which natural gas is usually actually performed in an underwater habitat with a duck's nest n: a relatively small, excavated
delivered for first sales. gas environment at ambient pressure. earthen pit into which are channeled
dry cell n: a primary cell, such as a flashlight dry well n: see dry hole. quantities of drilling mud that overflow the
battery, in which the electrolyte is a paste. DST abbr: drill stem test. usual pits.
The term "dry" is misleading, because DST tool n: drill stem test tool; used for ductile adj: capable of being permanently
moisture is necessary for the electrolyte to formation evaluation. drawn out without breaking (e.g., wire may
function. dual-chamber fitting n: an orifice meter be ductile).
dry combustion n: the use of air as the only fitting having two chambers. The orifice plate ductility n: measure of steel's ability to
injected heat carrier during an in situ is rolled from one chamber to another; the withstand a crack or flaw without fracturing. It
combustion operation. See in situ lower chamber is isolated from the upper can be altered by changing chemical
combustion. The main difficulty with dry chamber so that the gas flow can continue composition, microstructure, and heat
combustion is that about 80 percent of the unimpeded while the plate is removed. treatment. Compare brittleness.
injected heat is lost to the formation. Compare single-chamber fitting. dummy pipe n: the pipe used to slick-bore a
Compare wet combus- tion. dual completion n: a single well that road. The dummy pipe is bored through first
dry drilling n: a drilling operation in which no produces from two separate formations at to create the hole, and the carrier pipe is
fluid is circulated back up to the surface the same time. Production from each zone is welded to it. The dummy is pulled through,
(often as a result of lost circulation). segregated by running two tubing strings with thereby positioning the carrier pipe.
However, fluid is usually circulated into the packers inside the single string of production
well to cool the bit. See blind drilling. casing, or bypdfMachine
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dummy valve 64 dyne
electrochemical treater n: see electrostatic can tell one whether fluid is water or
electrically-actuated governor n: a treater. hydrocarbons.
hydraulic governor on an engine that has a electrode n: a conductor of electric current electromagnetism n: magnetism produced
reversible electric motor (it runs both as it leaves or enters a medium such as an by the action of a current flowing through a
clockwise and counterclockwise). By electrolyte, a gas, or a vacuum. conductor. The electromagnetic field
manipulating a remote control, the engine electrodeposition n: an electrochemical contracts and disappears when the current
operator can adjust the electric motor to process by which metal settles out of an stops flowing.
closely control the engine's speed. See electrolyte that contains the metal's ions and electromechanical adj: refers to equipment
governor; hydraulic governor. is then deposited at the cathode of the cell. comprising both mechanical and electrical
electrical potential n: voltage. electrodynamic brake n: a device mounted components, such as electromechanical
electric dehydration n: see emulsion on the end of the drawworks shaft of a valves and electromechanical counters.
breaker. drilling rig. The electrodynamic brake electromotive force (emf) n: 1. the force
electric drive n: see electric rig. (sometimes called a magnetic brake) serves that drives electrons and thus produces an
electric-drive rig n: see electric rig. as an auxiliary to the mechanical brake electric current. 2. the voltage or electric
electric generator n: a machine by which when pipe is lowered into a well. The pressure that causes an electric current to
mechanical energy is changed into electrical braking effect in an electrodynamic brake is flow along a conductor. 3. a difference of
energy, such as an electric generator on a achieved by means of the interaction of potential, or electrical, flow through a circuit
drilling rig in which a diesel engine electric currents with magnets, with other against a resistance.
(mechanical power) turns a generator to currents, or with themselves. electromotive series n: a list of elements
make electricity (electrical energy). arranged in order of activity (tendency to
electrician n: the rig crew member who lose electrons). The following metals are so
maintains and repairs the electrical arranged: magnesium, beryllium, aluminum.
generation and distribution system on the zinc, chromium, iron, cadmium, nickel, tin.
rig. copper, silver, and gold. If two metals widely
electric line n: see conductor line. separated in the list (e.g., magnesium and
electric log n: see electric well log. iron) are placed in an electrolyte and
electrodynamometer n: a quantity indicator
electric logging n: the process of running connected by a metallic conductor, an
for AC current or voltage.
an electric log. See electric well log. electromotive force is produced. See
electrolysis n: the decomposition of a
electric rig n: a drilling rig on which the corrosion.
chemical compound brought about by the
energy from the power source usually electron n: a particle in an atom that has a
passage of an electrical current through the
several diesel engines is changed to negative charge. An atom contains the same
compound or through the solution containing
electricity by generators mounted on the number of electrons and protons (which
the compound. Corroding action of stray
engines. The electrical power is then have a positive charge). Electrons orbit the
currents is caused by electrolysis.
distributed through electrical conductors to nucleus of the atom.
electrolyte n: 1. a chemical that, when
electric motors. The motors power the electronic flow measurement (efm)n: the
dissolved in water, dissociates into positive
various rig components. Compare measurement of natural gas flow in a
and negative ions, thus increasing its
mechanical rig. pipeline by the use of electronic devices,
electrical conductivity. See dissociation. 2.
electric starter n: a device that uses a including computers.
the electrically conductive solution that must
battery, an electric motor, gears, and cables electronic transfer n: the exchange of data
be present for a corrosion cell to exist.
to provide a way of starting an engine. An for business transactions by computer. Often
electrolytic moisture analyzer n: an
electrically actuated motor turns the engine used for nominations, dispatching, billing,
instrument that uses the principle that
over by means of a pinion gear in the starter and payment.
moisture is absorbed on a phosphorous
that engages a ring gear on the engine electroscanner n: device to scan and
pentoxide film between two electrodes to
flywheel. analyze paper charts electronically. Greatly
measure the amount of water in a fluid such
electric submersible pumping n: a form of increases the number of charts that can be
as gas.
artificial lift that utilizes an electric processed daily.
electrolytic property n: the ability of a
submersible multistage centrifugal pump. electic meter n: a meter that measures
substance, usually in solution, to conduct an
Electric power is conducted to the pump by voltage directly, rather than in terms of its
electric current.
a cable attached to the tubing. relation to current.
electrolyze v: to decompose by electrolysis.
electric survey n: see electric well log. electrostatic treater n: a vessel that
electromagnetic propagation tool (EPT) n:
receives an emulsion and resolves the
electric well log n: a device that emits microwaves into a
emulsion to oil, water, and usually gas, by
record of certain electrical formation and measures the way in which
using heat, chemicals, and a high-voltage
charac-teristics (such as these microwaves are affected by the
electric field. This field, produced by grids
resistivity and con- formation. By interpreting the effects,
placed perpendicular to the flow of fluids in
ductivity) of forma-tions dielectric constants of fluids can be
the treater, aids in breaking the emulsion.
traversed by the borehole. determined. Dielectric constants, in turn, can
Also called an electrochemical treater. See
It is made to identify the tell one whether fluid is water or
emulsion treating.
forma-tions, determine the hydrocarbons.
electrovalent reaction n: the most common
nature and amount of electromagnetic propagation tool (EPT)
method of forming compounds, in which a
fluids they contain, and n: device that emits microwaves into a
positively charged ion and a negatively
estimate their depth. Also formation and measures the way in which
charged ion attract each other. Compare
called an electric log or these microwaves are affected by the
covalent reaction.
electric survey. formation. By interpreting the effects,
dielectric constants of fluids can be
electrochemical series n: see
determined. pdfMachine
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electromotive series.
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element 67 EIA
equivalent weight n: the atomic or formula estate n: the nature and extent of a person's
equalizer n: 1. a device used with weight of an element, compound, or ion ownership or right or interest in land or other
mechanical drawworks brakes to ensure divided by its valence. Elements entering property.
that, when the brakes are used, each brake into combination always do so in quantities estimated ROB (remaining on board) n:
band will receive an equal amount of tension proportional to their equivalent weights. estimated material remaining on board a
and also that, in case one brake fails, the ERA abbr: Economic Regulatory vessel after a discharge. Includes residue or
other will carry the load. A mechanical brake Administration. sediment clingage, which builds up on the
equaliser is a dead anchor attached to the era n: one of the major divisions of geologic interior surfaces of the vessel's cargo
draw works frame in the form of a yoke time. compartments.
attached to each brake band. Some erosion n: the process by which material estoppel n: a legal restraint on a person to
drawworks are equipped with automatic (such as rock or soil) is worn away or prevent him or her from contradicting a
equalisers. 2. any device used to distribute removed (as by wind or water). previous statement.
force equally on two pieces of equipment-for erosion drilling n: the high-velocity ejection estuary n: a coastal indentation or bay into
example, the pitmans on a beam pumping of " a stream of drilling fluid ". from the which a river empties and where fresh water
unit. nozzles of a jet bit to remove rock mixes with seawater. Compare marine delta.
equalizing slings n pi: in crane operations, encountered during drilling. Sometimes sand et aI. abbr: and others (Lat. et alii).
multiple-leg slings of wire rope and fittings or steel shot is added to the drilling fluid to Commonly used in oil and gas leases.
that equally distribute the load among the increase its erosive capabilities. ETBE abbr: ethyl tertiary butyl ether.
slings. ethane n: a paraffin hydrocarbon, C2H6;
equation of state n: a mathematical under atmospheric conditions, a gas. One of
expression that defines the physical state of the components of natural gas.
a homogeneous substance by relating ethene n: see ethylene.
volume to pressure and absolute ethylene n: a chemical compound of the
temperature for a given mass of the olefin series with the formula C2H4 Official
material. name is ethene.
equatorial circumference n: the ethylene glycol n: a colourless liquid used
circumference of the horizontal great circle as an antifreeze and as a dehydration
at the equator of a spherical tank. Compare medium in removing water from gas. See
great circle. glycol, glycol dehydrator.
equilibrium n: a state of balance between ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) n: a
opposing forces or actions that is either compound of ethanol and isobutylene.
erosion surface n: the upper surface of the
static or dynamic. Compare methyl tertiary butyl ether.
most recent sediment layer, formerly smooth
equilibrium constant n: see vapour-liquid ETS abbr: engine temperature switch.
and horizontal, modified by running water or et ox. abbr: and wife (Lat. et uxor, and
equilibrium ratio.
equilibrium vapour pressure n: the other agents.
woman). Commonly used in oil and gas
error and repeatability of measurements
pressure at which a liquid and its vapour are leases.
n: the closeness of the agreement between et vir abbr: and husband (Lat. et vir, and
in equilibrium at a given temperature.
equity n: those maxims and general the results of successive measurements of
man). Commonly used in oil and gas leases.
the same quantity carried out by the same
principles that developed in England to EVE abbr: external upset end.
method, under the same environment, by evaporation loss n: a loss to the
moderate the common law and allow
the same observer, with the same
remedy for injury. In the broadest sense, atmosphere of petroleum fractions through
measuring instruments, in the same
justice. evaporation, usually while the fractions are
equivalent circulating density (ECD) n: laboratory, at quite short intervals.
in storage or in process. See vaporisation.
error curve n: a curve or graph that
the increase in bottomhole pressure evaporator n: a vessel used to convert a
represents the error of a measuring device
expressed as an increase in pressure that liquid into its vapour phase.
such as a pressure gauge as a function evaporite n: a sedimentary rock formed by
occurs only when mud is being circulated.
either of the quantity measured or of any
Because of friction in the annulus as the precipitation of dissolved solids from water
other quantity that has an influence on the
mud is pumped, bottomhole pressure is evaporating in enclosed basins. Examples
error.
slightly, but significantly, higher than when are gypsum and salt.
ERTS abbr: Earth Resource Technology
the mud is not being pumped. ECD is evening tour (pronounced "tower") n: the
Satellite.
calculated by dividing the annular pressure shift of duty on a drilling rig that starts in the
ES abbr: electric survey. See electric wen
loss by 0.052, dividing that by true vertical afternoon and runs through the evening.
depth, and adding the result to the mud log. Sometimes called afternoon tour. Compare
ESA abbr: Endangered Species Act.
weight Also called circulating density, mud- daylight tour; graveyard tour:
escarpment n: a cliff or relatively steep
weight equivalent even keel n: on a ship or floating offshore
equivalent dip n: a European term for the slope that separates level or gently sloping
drilling rig, the balance when the plane of
areas of land.
depth of liquid in a tank. corresponding to a flotation is parallel to the keel.
escheat n: the reversion of property to the
given ullage. It is obtained by subtracting the
state in the event that the owner thereof dies
observed ullage from the height of the ullage
without leaving a will (intestate) and has no
reference point above the dip point on the
heirs to whom the property may pass by
bottom of the tank.
equivalents per million (epm) n: the unit lawful descent. Also called unclaimed
property statute.
chemical weight of solute per million unit
ESD abbr: emergency shut down, an
weights of solution. The epm of a solute in
automated platform system to shut in an
solution is equal to the ppm (parts per
million) divided by the equivalent weight.
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examination of title 70 exploitation
excited state of nucleus n: the increased liquids may expand without overflowing.
examination of title n: a thorough energy condition of the nucleus of an atom Gauge point is often in the expansion dome.
inspection of the recorded documents after it has captured a neutron. On capture, Shell thickness is part of dome capacity.
pertaining to a tract's history of ownership. the nucleus emits a high-energy gamma ray expansion factor n: a multiplying factor
Title examinations are performed by called a capture gamma ray. used when calculating gas flow rate. This
attorneys who look for gaps in the chain of exciter n: a small DC generator mounted on factor corrects for the reduction in fluid
title, ambiguities, or any doubtful points that top of a main generator to produce the field density that a compressible fluid
would cloud the present owner's claim to the for the main generator. experiences when it passes through an
property. The examiner then sets forth in a execution n: the completion of a legal orifice as a result of the increased fluid
written opinion the facts and instruments instrument by the required actions-for velocity and the decreased static pressure.
that, in his or her judgement, are necessary example, by signing and delivering the Also called expansibility factor.
to make the title merchantable or legally instrument. Execution includes the actual expansion joint n: a device used to connect
defensible. delivery of the signed document to the long lines of pipe to allow the pipe joints to
excelsior n: a fibrous material used as a named grantee, lessee, or assignee. expand or contract as the temperature rises
filtering element in heaters or heater- executive rights n pi: in regard to mineral or falls.
treaters. rights and interests, the right to execute oil expansion loop n: a loop built into a pipe-
excess butanes n pl: see butanes required. and gas leases. Executive rights may not line to allow for expansion and contraction of
excess capacity n: the difference in the include the right to bonus or rentals. the line.
amount of gas between the producer's executor n: the person named in a will to expansion refrigeration n: cooling obtained
deliverability capacity and the purchaser's carry out its provisions. from the evaporation of a liquid refrigerant or
excess flow valve n: a valve used exempt adj: free or released from liability or the expansion of a gas.
automatically to prevent the liquid flow rate requirement to which others are subject. expansion thermometer n: a type of
in a pipeline from exceeding a high limit. exempt interest n: an interest owned in a thermometer that uses a known cubical
excess gas used n: gas purchased for property, usually by a charitable or a coefficient of expansion of a solid, a liquid,
lease use, surface or subsurface, when the governmental agency, that is not subject to or a gas to provide indication in terms of
amount the producer is entitled to is state production taxes as provided in the degrees of temperature.
insufficient. applicable tax regulations. Compare tax-free expansion turbine n: a device that converts
exchange agreement n: agreement interest. the energy of a gas or vapour stream into
between producers that provides for the exhaust n: the burned gases that are re- mechanical work by expanding the gas or
exchange of gas produced from one moved from the cylinder of an engine. v: to vapour through a turbine.
property or interest for gas produced from remove the burned gases from the cylinder expansivity n: see coefficient of expansion.
another property or interest. of an engine. expected value concept n: a risk analysis
exchange gas n: gas exchanged under exhaust manifold n: a piping arrangement, process that multiplies expected gain or loss
provisions of an exchange agreement. immediately adjacent to the engine, that of a decision by its probability of occurrence
exchanger n: a piping arrangement that collects burned gases from the engine and and averages all possible outcomes to
permits heat from one fluid to be transferred channels them to the exhaust pipe. choose the action with the highest expected
to another fluid as they travel counter exhaust pipe n: on an engine, flexible steel benefit.
currently to one another. In the heat tubing that connects the engine exhaust expendable gun n: a perforating gun that
exchanger of an emulsion-treating unit, heat manifold outlet to the muffler. See muffler. consists of a metal strip on which are
from the outgoing clean oil is transferred to exhaust port n: an opening in a cylinder wall mounted shaped charges in special
the incoming well fluid, cooling the oil and through which exhaust gas is expelled when capsules. After firing, nothing remains of the
heating the well fluid. In the heat exchanger the exhaust port is uncovered by the piston. gun but debris. See gun-perforate.
of a glycol dehydration unit, heat from the exhaust silencer n: see muffler; expendable plug n: a temporary plug set on
hot lean glycol flows through the inner flow exhaust stack n: see tail pipe. a pressure-setting assembly and landed
tube in the opposite direction of the cool rich exhaust valve n: the cam-operated inside a production packer. The plug
glycol, which flows through a shell built mechanism through which burned gases are temporarily converts the packer into a bridge
around the tube. ejected from an engine cylinder. plug.
exhibit n: see rider. expendable-retrievable gun n: a
expanded perlite n: a siliceous volcanic perforating gun that consists of a hollow,
rock that is finely ground and subjected to cylindrical carrier into which are placed
extreme heat. The resulting release of water shaped charges. On detonation, debris
leaves the rock particles considerably created by the exploded charges falls into
expanded and thus more porous. Expanded the carrier and is retrieved when the gun is
perlite is sometimes used in cement to pulled out of the hole; however, the gun
increase its yield and decrease its density cannot be re-used. See gun-perforate.
without an appreciable effect on its other expensed adj: deducted from income in the
properties. year in which the expenditure is incurred.
expanding cement n: cement that expands exploitation n: the development of a
as it sets to form a tighter fit around casing reservoir to extract its oil.
and formation.
expansibility factor n: see expansion
factor.
expansion coefficient n: see coefficient of
expansion.
expansion dome n: a cylindrical projection
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exploitation well 71 eye splice
temporary health problems, chronic illness, threads, couplings, or tool joints may be
exploitation well n: a well drilled to permit acute illness, or death. attached. Compare internal-external upset
more effective extraction of oil from a extended nozzle n: a special bit nozzle, end, internal upset end.
reservoir. Sometimes called a development often used on large bits, that lengthens the extraction n: the process of separating one
well. nozzle and therefore places the jet of drilling material from another by means of a solvent.
exploration n: the search for reservoirs of fluid exiting the nozzle close to the bottom of The term can be applied to absorption,
oil and gas, including aerial and geophysical the hole. With large bits, where regular liquid-liquid extraction, or any other process
surveys, geological studies, core testing, nozzles can be relatively distant from the using a solvent.
and drilling of wildcats. bottom of the hole, the cleaning power of the extraction loss n: the reduction in volume
exploration and production n: see E&P. jet of drilling fluid may be lost because the of wet natural gas due to the removal of
exploration plan n: a plan required by the velocity, or speed, of the jet diminishes rap- natural gas liquids, hydrogen sulfide, carbon
MMS before exploration can take place in idly after it exits the nozzle. By extending the dioxide, water vapour, and other impurities
the OCS. The plan must include measures length of the nozzles, the jets are placed from the natural gas stream. See also
to protect the environment. The MMS closer to bottom for maximum cleaning. shrinkage.
reviews the plan, analyzes the extended-reach well n: a directionally extraction plant n: a plant equipped to
environmental effects, and determines any drilled well that has a high degree of remove liquid constituents from casinghead
appropriate mitigating measures before deflection. gas or wet gas.
approving the plan. extender n: 1. a substance added to drilling extractor n: in automatic sampling, a device
exploration well n: a well drilled either in mud to increase viscosity without adding for removing small amounts of liquid from a
search of an as-yet-undiscovered pool of oil clay or other thickening material. 2. an flowing stream and diverting these to a
or gas (a wildcat well) or to extend greatly additive that assists in getting greater yield storage container.
the limits of a known pool. It involves a from a sack of cement. The extender acts by extra-long rotary slips n pI: slips for drill
relatively high degree of risk. Exploratory requiring more water than required by neat pipe that fit into the tapered insert bowl of a
wells may be classified as (1) wildcat, drilled cement. four-pin master bushing and whose taper
in an unproven area; (2) field extension or extension n pI: tubular components length is 12¾ inches (324 millimetres) long.
step-out, drilled in an unproven area to attached to the bottom of a packer to extend Compare long rotary slips. See also master
extend the proved limits of a field; or (3) its bore. extension sub n: a device made up bushing, slips.
deep test, drilled within a field area but to on an overshot to lengthen it so that it can extratropical cyclone n: a cyclone that
unproven deeper zones. pass over the damaged top of a fish and develops in the middle and upper latitudes.
explosimeter n: an instrument used to securely engage an undamaged area of the extremely hazardous substance (EHS) n:
measure the concentration of combustible fish. See overshot. 1. chemical determined by the EPA to be
gases in the air. Also called a gas sniffer. extremely hazardous to a community during
explosion cover n: see explosion door: external cutter n: a an emergency spill or release as a result of
explosion door n: on an engine, one of fishing :tool containing its toxicity and physical or chemical
usually several spring-loaded, lightweight metal-cutting knives that properties. 2. (under SARA) a substance
metal plates placed over openings in the is lowered into the hole listed in appendixes A and B of 40 CPR 355.
engine's crankcase. Oxygen in the air and over the outside of a extreme-pressure lubricant n: additives
entering the base of an engine mixes with length of pipe to cut it. that, when added to drilling fluid, lubricate
the oil there. A hot spot could cause the oil The severed part of the bearing surfaces subjected to extreme
and oxygen to explode and damage the pipe can then be brought pressure.
crank- case. To prevent such damage, the to the surface. Also called extrusion n: 1. the emission of magma (as
spring- operated explosion covers (doors) an outside cutter. lava) at the earth's surface. 2. the body of
open to release the pressure from the Compare internal cutter. igneous rock produced by the process of
explosion. They then slam closed to prevent external line-up clamp n: extrusion.
more air from entering. Also called explosion a clamp used on the extrusive adj: volcanic; derived from
cover. outside of pipe to align magnetic materials poured out on the earth's
explosion-proof motor n: a motor with an two lengths of pipe. surface, as distinct from intrusive rocks
enclosure designed to contain an internal formed from magma that has cooled and
explosion and to prevent ignition of solidified beneath the surface.
surrounding gases or vapours by sparks that External line-up clamps are usually used on extrusive rock n: igneous rock fanned from
may occur in the motor. pipe with a diameter of 8 inches (20 lava poured out on the earth's surface.
explosive fracturing n: when explosives centimetres) or less. Compare internal line- eye splice n: a loop, with or without a
are used to fracture a formation. At the up clamp. thimble, formed at the end of a wire rope.
moment of detonation, the explosion externally actuated sampler n: a device Also called an eye. See thimble.
furnishes a source of high-pressure gas to that is operated by a power source other
force fluid into the formation. The rubble than the fluid being sampled, for example,
prevents fracture healing, making the use of an electric or pneumatic motor.
proppants unnecessary. Compare hydraulic external phase n: see continuous phase.
fracturing. external upset end (EVE) n: on tubing,
exposure limits n pi: the limits (based on casing, or drill pipe, the thickening at each
time of exposure, concentration of material, end of the joint such that the internal
means of contact, and material toxicity) of diameter of the joint is not affected; i.e., it
worker exposure to hazardous materials remains uniform throughout the joint's
without ill effect. Exceeding exposure limits length. Only the outside diameter is enlarged
set for various materials can result in at each end. Pipe is thickened, or upset, at
each end to pdfMachine
increase its strength so that
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stabilise or secure the safety of the drilling costs. The primary characteristic of a
operation. farmout is the obligation of the third party to
F abbr: Fahrenheit. See Fahrenheit scale. fairleader n: a device used to maintain or drill one or more wells on the farmout
F sym: farad. alter the direction of a rope or a chain so that acreage as a condition prerequisite to
FAA abbr: Federal Aviation Administration. it leads directly to a sheave or drum without completion of the transfer of title to such
fabrication n: a collective term for the undue friction. third party.
specialised connections and fittings on a fair weather cumulus n: a cumulus cloud farm out v: for a lessee, to agree to assign a
pipeline. Fabrication assemblies control that lies horizontally and shows little vertical leasehold interest to a third party, subject to
product flow, direct products to the proper development, indicating good weather stipulated conditions. See farmout.
location, aid in product separation, and conditions. fast ice n: sea ice attached to the shore.
facilitate maintenance operations. falls n pi: see parts of line. Also called coast ice.
fabrication crew n: pipeline construction fan-driven heater n: a portable electric fastline n: the end of the drilling line that is
workers responsible for welding fabrication heater that circulates air over an electric affixed to the drum or reel of the draw-
assemblies into the line. The fabrication heating element into the space to be heated. works, so called because it travels with
crew works independently of the rest of the fanglomerate n: coarse-grained. poorly greater velocity than any other portion of the
spread. face mask n: a mask made of a sorted sedimentary rock derived from line. Compare deadline.
rubber frame surrounding a clear, flat lens, sediments deposited in alluvial fans; a type
used to seal all or a portion of a diver's face of conglomerate.
from the underwater environment. Fan V-GTM meter n: trade name of a device
face seal n: a type of seal in which used to record and measure at different
deformation of the seal is accomplished by a speeds the flow properties of plastic fluids
plate or flat surface. (such as the viscosity and gel strength of
facies n: part of a bed of sedimentary rock drilling fluids).
that differs significantly from other parts of farad (F) n: the unit of electrical
the bed. capacitance.
Faraday's First Law n: the amount of any
substance dissolved or deposited in
electrolysis is proportional to the total
electric charge passed.
farm boss n: an oil company supervisor
who controls production activities within a
limited area.
farmee n: the individual or company that has
a lease farmed out to it.
farm in v: to accept, as an operator, a farm-
facility n: an installation serving two or more
out. See farmout.
leases, providing one or more functions such
farm-in n: an agreement identical to a farm-
as separation, compression, de- hydration,
out, with the operator as the third party. The
treating, gathering, or delivery.
operator takes the farm-in. See farmout.
Faciolog n: a log generated at a computer
farmor n: the individual or company that
centre that identifies various sediments, or
farms out a lease.
facies, raw log data, and a litho-analysis log.
farmout n: an agreement whereby the
factoring counter n: an electronic register
owner of a lease who does not wish to drill
capable of expressing true throughput
at the time agrees to assign the leasehold
volume. It includes selective means for
interest, or some part of it, to a third party
automatically applying meter factor.
who does wish to drill, conditional on the
Fahrenheit scale n: a temperature scale
third party's drilling a well within the
devised by Gabriel Fahrenheit, in which 32.
expiration date of the primary term of the
represents the freezing point and 212. the
lease. The assignment may include the
boiling point of water at standard sea-level
entire interest together with dry hole money,
pressure. Fahrenheit degrees may be
or partial interest or entire interest with or
converted to Celsius degrees by using the
without an override. If an override is
following formula:
retained, the owner of the lease may retain
°C = 5/9 (°F-32).
an option to convert such overriding royalty
fall safe adj: said of equipment or a system
retained to an agreed-upon working interest.
so constructed that, in the event of failure or
A farmout is distinguished from a joint
malfunction of any part of the system,
operating agreement by the fact that the
devices are automatically activated to
partner farming pdfMachine
out does not incur any of the
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fast sample loop 73 fee tail male
fetch n: the area of wind wave development produced at a gas processing plant. Also
feldspar n: a group of silicate minerals that where a certain wind force prevails from the called mixed butane.
includes a wide variety of potassium, same direction for a period of time. Also the field office manager n: the individual
sodium, and aluminium silicates. Feldspar distance over which the wind blows to responsible for the contractor's financial
makes up about 60 percent of the outer 9.3 generate the observed waves at a given affairs on a pipeline spread. The field office
miles (15 kilometres) of the earth's crust. position or point. manager oversees billing arrangements,
feldspathic adj: containing or largely com- fibre core n: cord or rope of vegetable or payroll, and other money-related matters.
posed of feldspar or feldspar grains. synthetic fibre used as the axial member of a field processing n: the processing of oil
female connection n: a pipe, a coupling, or rope. and gas in the field before delivery to a
a tool threaded on the inside so that only a fibrous material n: any tough, stringy major refinery or gas plant, including
male connection can be joined to it. material of threadlike structure used to separation of oil from gas, separation of
Compare male connection. prevent loss of circulation or to restore water from oil and from gas, and removal of
circulation in porous or fractured formations. liquid hydrocarbons.
fiduciary n: a person who serves, with or field processing unit n: a unit through
without bond, to act for the benefit of another which a well stream passes before the gas
in all matters connected with a specified reaches a processing plant or sales point.
undertaking. Fiduciary obligations exist, for field pump n: a pump installed in a field to
example, between trustees and the transfer oil from a production tank to a
beneficiaries of the trust. central gathering station near a main
fence diagram n: see panel diagram. field n: 1. a geographical area in which a pipeline.
fencing crew n: pipeline construction number of oil or gas wells produce from a field superintendent n: an employee of an
workers responsible for constructing continuous reservoir. A field may refer to oil company who is in charge of a particular
temporary gates at points where a right-of- surface area only or to underground oil or gas field from which the company is
way crosses fence lines. productive formations as well. A single field producing.
FeO form: ferrous oxide. may have several separate reservoirs at field support personnel n: in pipeline
FERC abbr: Federal Energy Regulatory varying depths. 2. the magnetic field in a construction, the mechanics, parts and
Commission. motor or generator, or that part of a motor or warehouse workers, truck drivers, and
FERC/FPC decontrol clause n: clause in a generator that produces a magnetic field; the others who service the machinery that
gas sales contract that covers what buyer magnetic field about any current-carrying actually lays pipe.
and seller agree to do about price in the electrical conductor. FIFRA abbr: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
event of decontrol. and Rodenticide Act.
FERC out n: provision in gas purchase fifty-gallon drum n: see drum.
contracts that allows the purchaser to FIB abbr: fluid in hole; used in drilling
reduce the price paid to the producer by an reports.
amount that FERC did not allow in the file for record v: to send a legal document
purchaser's rate base for ultimate pass- to the county clerk for recording.
through to the purchaser's customer. filler material n: a material added to cement
fermentation n: a decomposition process of or cement slurry to increase its yield.
certain organic substances, such as starch, filler pass n: fourth of five passes or beads
in which a chemical change is brought about in pipeline welding.
field administration n: in pipeline filler wire n: 1. small spacer wire within a
by enzymes, bacteria, or other micro
construction, the assistant superintendent wire-rope strand that positions and supports
organisms. Often referred to as "souring."
and crew foremen. other wires in the strand. 2. a wire-rope
ferromagnetic adj: highly magnetic;
field bevel n: a rebeveling of pipe ends in strand pattern that uses filler wires. See
ferromagnetic materials react to a magnet
the field. usually required because of filler-wire strand, strand pattern.
and can themselves become magnets. See
damage sustained by the pipe during filler-wire strand n: a wire rope strand in
diamagnetic. paramagnetic.
transport or because a defective weld must which two layers of wire of the same size are
ferrous alloy n: a metal alloy in which iron is
be cut out. laid around a centre wire, with the inner
a major component.
field coefficient n: a value used to quickly layer having half the number of wires of the
ferrous oxide n: a black, powdery
determine gas volume flow: it is derived from outer layer. Small wires-the filler wires - are
compound of iron and oxygen (FeO)
several factor, such as the basic orifice laid in the valleys of the inner layer.
produced in petroleum operations from the
factor (Fb), and the pressure base factor
oxidation of ferrous sulphide (FeS), a
(Fph)'
reaction that releases a great deal of heat.
field-extension well n: see exploration well.
Also called iron monoxide.
field facility n: an installation designed for
ferrous sulphide n: a black crystalline
one or more specific field processing units-
compound of iron and sulphur (FeS)
scrubbers, absorbers, drip points,
produced in petroleum operations from the
compressors, single- or multiple-stage
reaction of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and the
separation units, low-temperature
iron (Fe) in steel. Also called iron sulphide.
separators, and other types of separation
ferrule n: a metallic button, usually
and recovery equipment. See also battery.
cylindrical in shape, normally fastened to a
field gas facility n: see central facility.
wire rope by swaging, but sometimes by
field-grade butane n: a product consisting
brazing.
FeS form: ferrous sulphide.
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chiefly of normal butane and isobutane,
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filler-wire strand 75 filler-wire strand
filling density n: the percent ratio of the after being subjected to a set differential slots into drill pipe after it is pulledout of the
wieght of gas in a tank to the weight of water pressure for a set length of time. hole and removed from the drill string.
that the tank will hold. filter paper n: porous unsized paper for
fill line n: see fill-up line. filtering liquids. The API filtration test
fill material n: any material used for the specifies one thickness of 9-centimetre
primary purpose of replacing an aquatic area Whatman No. 50, S&S No. 576, or the
with dry land or of changing the bottom equivalent filter paper.
elevation of a water body. The term does filter press n: a device used in the testing of
not include any pollutant discharged into the filtration properties of drilling mud. See mud.
water.
fill the hole v: to pump drilling fluid into the
wellbore while the pipe is being withdrawn to fingering n: 1. a phenomenon that often
ensure that the wellbore remains full of fluid occurs in an injection project in which the
enen though the pipe is being withdrawn to fluid being injected does not contact the
ensure that the wellbore remains full of fluid entire reservoir but bypasses sections of the
even though the pipe is withdrawn. Filing reservior fluids in a fingerlike manner.
the hole lessens the danger of a kick or Fingering is not desiratble, because portions
caving the wall of the wellbore. of the reservoir are not contacted by the
fill-up line n: the smaller of the side fittings injection fluid. 2. the same phenomenon in
on a bell nipple, used to fill the hole when which water bypasses oil in the reservoir on
drill pipe is being removed from the well. its way to the well.
fill-up rate n: the frequency with which the filtrate n: 1. a fluid that has been passed finger-type junk basket n: a fishing tool
hole is filled with drilling fluid to replace the through a filter. 2. the liquid portion of that uses fingerlike catchers to gather and
pipe removed from the hole. drilling mud that is forced into porous and trap junk at the bottom of the hole for
filter n: a porous medium through which a permeable formations next to the borehole. retrieval. Aso called a poor-boy junk basket.
fluid is passed to separate particles of filtration n: the process of filtering a fluid. fin-tube n: a tube or pipe having an
suspended solids from it. filtration loss n: the escape of the liquid extended suface in the form of fins used in
filter n: a porous medium through which a part of a drilling mud into permeable heat exchangers or other heat-transfer
fluid is passed to separate particles of formations. equipment.
suspended solids from it. filtration qualities n pl: the filtration fire v: to start and maintain the fire in a
filter cake n: 1. compacted solid or characteristics of a drilling mud. In general, boiler or heater.
semisolid material remaining on a filter after these qualities are inverse to the thickness fire bending n: one of the earliest methods
pressure filtration of mud with a standard of the filter cake deposited on the face of a for bending pipe. The joint was first placed
filter press. Thickness of the cake is porous medium and the amount of filtrate over a small bonfire and, when the heat had
reported in thirty seconds of an inch or in allowed to escape from the drilling fluid into rendered it sufficiently malleable, it was
millimetres. 2. the layer of concentrated or through the medium. placed against a tree and pressure was
solids from the drilling mud or cement slurry filtration rate n: see fluid loss. applied until the desired benk was achieved.
that forms on the walls of the borehole fin n: a thin, sharp ridge around the box or Fire bends significantly weakened the pipe.
opposite premeable formations; also called the pin shoulder of a tool joint, caused by the A cold-work process is less damaging.
wall cake or mud cake. use of boxes and pins with different sized fired heater n: a furnace in which natural
shoulders. See radiator fin. gas or ther fuel is burned to heat the gas or
final circulating pressure n: the pressure liquid passing through the furnace tubes.
at which a well is circulated during well- fire flooding n: see in situ conbustion.
killing procedures after kill-weight mud has fire hazard n: flammable, combustible
filled the drill stem. This pressure is pyrophoric and oxidizer (as defined by the
maintained until the well is completely filled Code of Federal Regulations.)
with kill-weight mud. fireman n: the member of the crew on a
final squeeze pressure n: the fluid pressure steam-powered rig who is responsible for
at the completion of a squeeze-cementing care and operation of the boilers. Compare
operation. matorman.
finding of no significat impact (FONSI) n: fire point n: the temperature at which a
an NEPA document that is required when petroleum product burns continuously after
filter cake thickness n: a measurement of agencies determine that there are no being ignited. See flash point.
the solids deposited on filter paper in thirty significant environmental impacts from a fire tube n: a pipe, or set of pipes, within a
seconds of an inch during a standard 30- proposed federal action. The FONSI states tank through which steam or hot gases are
minute API filter test. See cake thickness. the reasons why the agency came to that passed to warm a liquid or gas in the tank.
In certain areas the filter cake thickness is a conclusion. See steam coil.
measurement of the solids deposited on fine n: a fragment or particle of rock or
filter paper for 7.5 minutes. mineral that is too minute to be treated as
filter element n: see air cleaner filter ordinary coarse materal.
element. fingerboard n: a rack that supports the tops
filter loss n: the amount of fluid that can be of the stands of pipe being stacked in the
delivered through a permable filter medium derrick or mast. It has several steel
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filler-wire strand 76 filler-wire strand
fishing n: the procedure of recovering lost the face. or head. of the bit. Compare roller-
fire wall n: a structure erected to contain or stuck equipment in the wellbore. See fish. cone bit.
petroleum or a petroleum-fed fire in case a fishing assembly n: seefishing string. fixed pump n: a type of downhole hydraulic
storage vessel ruptures or collapses. Usually fishing head n: a specialised fixture on a pump that is attached to the end of tubing;
a dike is built around the petroleum storage downhole tool that will allow the tool to be the tubing must be pulled to service the
tank and a steel or stone wall is put up fished out after its use downhole. See fish. pump. See hydraulic pump. Compare free
between the prime movers and the oil fishing magnet n: a powerful permanent pump.
pumps in a pipeline pumping station. magnet designed to recover metallic objects fixed-rate contract n: a contract that enjoys
firing line n: in pipeline construction. the lost in a well. a known rate of dollars per million Btus
welding crew that takes over after the root fishing neck n: a device placed on a piece during every month of sale; the rate paid
pass and the hot pass have been made. The of equipment that is lowered into a wellbore may change from month to month. however.
firing line is responsible for the filler pass so that the equipment may be retrieved by fixed-rate royalty n: royalty calculated on
and the cap bead, which complete the joint. wireline. the basis of a fixed rate per unit of
first responder awareness level n: fishing string n: an assembly of tools made production. without regard to the actual
attaining level achieved by any employee up on drill pipe that is lowered into the hole proceeds received from the sale of such
who has been HAZWOPER trained to to retrieve lost or stuck equipment. Also production.
witness the release, make proper called a fishing assembly. fix-factored correction n: a meter
notifications, and take no further action. In fishing tap n: a tool that goes inside pipe correction to which a constant temperature
other words, if the employee has been lost in a well to provide a firm grip and permit or pressure correction is applied.
trained to recognise an emergency and to recovery of the fish. Sometimes used in ft abbr: flowed or flowing; used in drilling
notify the proper people, this person has place of a spear. reports.
attained the first responder awareness level. fishing tool n: a tool designed to recover flag n: 1. a piece of cloth. rope. or nylon
first responder operational level n: a training equipment lost in a well. strand used to mart the wireline when
level achieved by any employee who has fishing-tool operator n: the person (usually swabbing or bailing. 2. an indicator of wind
been HAZWOPER trained to take a a service company employee) in charge of direction used during drilling or workover
defensive role in emergency response. In directing fishing operations. operations where hydrogen sulphide (sour)
other words, the employee is not trained to fishtail bit n: a drilling bit with cutting edges gas may be encountered. v: 1. to signal or
stop the release, but rather to help contain of hard alloys. Developed about 1900, and attract attention. 2. in swabbing or bailing. to
the release from a safe distance and to first used with the rotary system of drilling, it attach a piece of cloth to the wireline to
prevent exposure. is still useful . drilling very soft formations. enable the operator to estimate the position
first sale of natural gas n: defined by the Also called drag bit of the swab or bailer in the well.
FERC as any sale of natural gas to any fissure n: a crack 0 fracture in a subsurface flag arm n: in a two-diaphragm. four-
interstate pipeline or intrastate pipeline, to formation. chamber diaphragm displacement meter. the
any local distribution company, or to any fitting n: a small, often standardised, part link- age that transfers oscillating motion
per- son for use by such person. from the flag rods to turn a tangent and
first sale of NGL/NGLP n: defined by FERC crank assembly.
as the first transfer for value to a class of flammable adj: capable of being easily
purchaser for which a fixed price per unit of ignited. Sometimes the term "inflammable" is
volume is determined. used. But flammable is preferred because it
fish n: an object that is left in the wellbore correctly describes the condition.
during drilling or workover operations and flange n: a projecting rim or edge (as on
that must be recovered before work can pipe fittings and openings in pumps and
proceed. It can be anything froo1 a piece of vessels), usually drilled with holes to allow
scrap metal to a part of the drill stem. v: 1. to bolting to other flanged fittings.
recover from a well any equipment left there flanged fitting n: a device that holds an
during drilling operations, such as a lost bit orifice plate centred in the line in which a
or drill collar or part of the drill string. 2. to fluid is flowing. It consists of two pieces that
remove from an older well certain pieces of (such as a coupling, valve, or gauge) are joined by placing them together and
equipment (such as packers. liners, or installed in a larger apparatus. tightening bolts and nuts. The orifice plate
screen liner) to allow reconditioning of the five-spot n: four input or injection wells fits between the two pieces. To remove or
well. located in a square pattern with the inspect the orifice plate in a flanged fitting.
production well in the centre. the line must be bled and the flow of fluid
fixed choke n: a choke whose opening is rerouted so that no pressure exists on the
one size only, that is, not adjustable. fitting.
Compare adjustable choke. flanged orifice fitting n: a two-piece orifice
fixed clearance pocket n: a clearance fitting with flanged faces that are bolted
pocket that, when open, adds a specific together.
volume to a compressor cylinder. flange tap n: in a flanged orifice fitting. a
fixed costs n pi: costs that do not vary with threaded hole on each side of the orifice
the level of operation or units produced or plate into which are screwed lines that
sold. Examples are land costs, depreciation. connect the fitting with the flow recorder.
fish eyes n pi: the appearance of the and license fees.
surface of the mud in a mud pit when dry fixed-head bit n: any bit. such as a diamond
polymer fails to dissolve fully in the mud. pdfMachine
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flange union 77 Boating tap
forcefully. The current is then reduced, A float collar also prevents backflow of
flange union n: a device in which two excess flash material in the pipe is cleared. cement during a cementing operation.
matching flanges are used to join the ends and the weld is completed. floater n: see drift bottle. floating offshore
of two sections of pipe. flat n: see kelly flat. drilling rig.
flange up v: 1. to use flanges to make final flat gel n: a condition wherein the 10-minute float guide wires n pi: solid wires or flexible
connections on a piping system. 2. (slang) to gel strength is substantially equal to the cables used to guide the travel of an
complete any operation, as in, "They flanged initial gel strength. automatic gauge float.
up the meeting and went home." flat pricing n: pricing directly from the floating cover n: a lightweight covering of
flapper valve n: a hinged closure posting, without reference to gravity. either metal or plastic material designed to
mechanism operating in a pivot manner. fleet angle n: the angle created by drilling float on the surface of the liquid in a tank.
used to shut off tubing flow. Also called a line between the drawworks drum and die Alternatively, it may be supported by a float
kickstand valve. fast sheave. The line is parallel to the system so that it is just above the free liquid
flare n: an arrangement of piping and sheave groove at only one point on the surface. Used to minimise the evaporation of
burners used to dispose (by burning) of drum. As the rope moves from this point volatile products in a tank.
surplus combustible vapours, usually either way. the fleet angle is created. The floating offshore drilling rig n: a type of
situated near a gasoline plant, refinery, or fleet angle should be held to a minimum-less mobile offshore drilling unit that floats and is
producing well. v: to dispose of surplus than 1.5 degrees for grooved drums. not in contact with the seafloor (except with
combustible vapours by igniting them in the flexible drill pipe n: specially manufactured anchors) when it is in the drilling mode.
atmosphere. Raring is rarely used, because drill pipe that has several pressure- tight Floating units include barge rigs, drill ships,
of the high value of gas and the stringent air joints over the length of the pipe. These and semi-submersibles. See mobile offshore
pollution controls. joints allow the pipe to bend considerably drilling unit.
flare gas n: gas or vapour that is flared. more than regular drill pipe and are used in
flare line n: a line (pipe) that comes out of a directional wells (especially horizontal ones)
mud-gas separator and carries the where the angle of deflection from vertical is
separated gas a safe distance away from relatively abrupt.
the rig. Usually, the gas is disposed of by flex joint n: a device that provides a flexible
burning, or flaring. connection between the riser pipe and the
flare pit n: on land rigs, an earthen pit dug subsea blowout preventers. By
at the end of the flare line. Gas is flared over accommodating lateral movement of a
the flare pit to protect the surrounding area mobile offshore drilling rig, flex joints help to
from heat and fire. prevent a build up of abnormal bending load
flash n: the sudden vaporisation of a liquid pressure.
caused by a rapid decrease in pressure flipped adj: when the opposite occurs of
floating roof n: a tank covering that rests on
and/or an increase in temperature. what is intended in a drilling fluid. In an
the surface of a hydrocarbon liquid in the
flash gas n: gas released from liquid invert water-in-oil emulsion, the emulsion is
tank and rises and falls with the liquid level.
hydrocarbons as a result of an increase in said to be flipped when the continuous and
A floating roof eliminates vapour space
temperature or a decrease in pressure. dispersed phases reverse.
above the liquid in the tank and conserves
flashing n: the continuing process by which float n: 1. an element of a level-control
light fractions of the liquid.
a liquid is caused to flash. assembly designed to operate while partially
floating roof tank n: a tank in which the roof
flash point n: the temperature at which a or completely submerged in a liquid the level
floats freely on the surface of the liquid
petroleum product ignites momentarily but of which is controlled by the assembly. The
contents except at low levels, when the
does not bum continuously. Compare fire buoyancy of the liquid activates the float and
weight of the roof is transmitted by its
point. the control valve to which it is linked and
supporting legs to the tank bottom.
flash point check n: test made to verify that modifies the rate of the inflow or the outflow
floating screen n: a lightweight metal or
each product vaporises within the specified of the vessel to maintain a preset level. 2. a
plastic covering that is arranged to float on
proper temperature range. drill pipe float. 3. a long flat-bed semi-trailer.
the surface of a liquid in a container to retard
flash set n: a premature thickening or
float collar n: a special evaporation.
setting of cement slurry, which makes it
coupling device inserted Boating tank n: a tank with its main gate
unpumpable.
one or two joints above valve open to the main line at a station. Oil
flash tank n: a vessel used for separating
the bottom of the casing may thus enter or leave the tank as pumping
the liquid phase from the gaseous phase
string that contains a rates in the main line vary.
formed from a rise in temperature and/or a
check valve to permit Boating tap system 11: a type of tap
reduction of pressure on the flowing stream.
fluid to pass downward sampling system found on liquid storage
flash welding n: 1. a form of resistance butt
but not upward through tanks. The permanently installed taps on the
welding used to weld wide, thick members or
the casing. The float out- side of the tank are attached to pipes
members with irregular faces together, and
collar prevents drilling and a floating boom inside the tank that rises
tubing to tubing. 2. in pipeline construction, a
mud from entering the and falls with the liquid level.
welding technique in which low voltage is
applied to each pipe joint while the ends are casing while it is being
in light contact. This contact produces a lowered, allowing die
rapid arcing, called flashing. After the pipe casing to float during its
ends have been adequately heated, the descent and thus
current is abruptly increased, and die pipe decreasing die load on
joints are brought together rapidly and die derrick orpdfMachine
mast.
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float shoe 78 flow recorder
proper position. Carbon dioxide cartridges continuous basis (i.e., without an interruption
float shoe n: a short. heavy, cylindrical steel inside the vest are fired when inflation is in the flow of emulsion into the tank or
section with a rounded bottom that is necessary. vessel). Compare batch treating.
attached to the bottom of the casing string. It flow n: a current or stream of fluid. flowmeter n: a device that measures the
contains a check valve and functions flowback n: fluids moving up the well. amount of fluid moving through a pipe. See
similarly to the float collar but also serves as flow bean n: a plug with a small hole drilled orifice meter; positive-displacement meter.
a guide shoe for the casing. through it, placed in the flow line at a well- flowmeter discrimination n: a measure of
float switch n: a switch in a circuit that is head to restrict flow if it is too high. Com- the smallest increment of change in the
opened or closed by the action of a float and pare chou. pulse output of a flowmeter as it relates to
that maintains a predetermined level of liquid flow by beads v: to produce intermittently. the actual volume being measured.
in a vessel. flow chart n: a record made by a recording flow monitor n: any device that senses the
float valve n: see drill pipe float. meter that shows the rate of production. state of fluid flowing in a pipeline or other
float well n: an enclosure built into the roof flow check n: a method of determining container.
of a floating roof tank to contain and guide whether a kick has occurred. The mud flow nozzle n: a restriction installed in a line
the float of an automatic tank gauge. pumps are stopped for a short period to see in which fluid is flowing that produces a
flocculates n pi: chemicals that, when whether mud continues to flow out of the pressure differential. The volume of fluid can
added to a liquid, cause it to coagulate. hole; if it does, a kick may be occurring. be determined by measurement of the
flocculating agent n: material or chemical flow coefficient n: see C'. differential. Flow nozzles can handle dirty
agent that enhances flocculation. flow computer n: computer that handles all and abrasive gases better than orifices.
flocculation n: the coagulation of solids in a calculations, analysis, and processing of flow period n: in formation testing, an
drilling fluid, produced by special additives or electronically transmitted data from a pipe- interval during which a well is allowed to flow
by contaminants. line. while flow characteristics are being
fIocs abbr: flocculates. flow-control connection n: a device that measured.
floe n: a floating ice field of any size. controls product flow and directs it to the flow pressure n: see flowing pressure.
flood v: 1. to drive oil from a reservoir into a proper location. Mainline valves and side flow proportional sample n: a sample
well by injecting water under pressure into taps are examples of flow-control taken from a pipeline during the whole
the reservoir formation. See water flooding. connections. period of transfer of a batch at a rate that is
2. to drown out a well with water. flow coupling n: a tubing sub made of proportional to the rate of flow of the liquid in
floodable length n: the length of a ship or abrasion-resistant material and used in a the pipeline at any instant.
mobile offshore drilling rig that may be tubing string where turbulent flow may cause flow range n: the range between the
flooded without its sinking below its safety or internal erosion. maximum and the minimum flow rates of a
margin line, usually a few inches below the flowing bottomhole pressure n: pressure at meter, generally determined by the limits of
freeboard deck. the bottom of the wellbore during normal oil acceptable error.
flood current n: the movement of the tidal production. flow rate n: the speed, or velocity, of fluid
current toward the shore. flowing bottomhole pressure test n: a flow through a pipe or vessel.
flood district office n: state or local office bottomhole pressure test that measures flow recorder n: a device with a chart and
that is concerned with areas that are subject pressure while the well is flowing. See pens used to record static and differential
to flooding. This office can help deter- mine bottomhole pressure test. pressures and sometimes temperature in an
if a site is in the floodplain and what flowing pressure n: pressure registered at orifice meter installation.
locations may be involved in flooding. In the the wellhead of a flowing well.
event of a hazardous materials incident, flowing temperature n: recorded tempera-
these offices can help determine the route of lure of gas or liquid flowing through a pipe.
runoff from the incident. flowing well n: a well that produces oil or gas
floor crew n: those workers on a drilling or by its own reservoir pressure rather than by
workover rig who work primarily on the rig use of artificial means (such as pumps). flow
floor. See rotary Mlper. line n: the surface pipe through which oil
floorhand n: see rotary helper. floorman n: travels from a well to processing equipment
see rotary helper. or to storage.
flora n pi: the plants of a given region or flow-line manifold n: a place in the flow line
period considered as a whole. from a well, heater-treater, or other device
fIotation cell n: a large, cylindrical tank in where valves, meters, inlets, outlets, and
which water that is slightly oil-contaminated various gauges may be installed.
is circulated to be cleaned before it is flow-line sensor n: a device to monitor the
disposed of overboard or into a disposal rate of fluid flow from the annulus.
well. Since oil droplets cling to rapidly rising flow-line temperature n: the temperature of
gas, a device such as a bubble tower is the drilling mud as it flows out of the
usually installed in the cell to permit the borehole.
introduction of gas into the water. flow-line treater n: a cylindrical vessel into
flotation level n: the depth of submergence which an emulsion is piped to be broken
of a buoyant automatic gauge float in a liquid down into its components. See electrostatic
of known density or weight. treater; heater-treater.
flotation vest n: most commonly worn by flow-line treating n: the process of
sport divers to overcome the buoyancy separating, or breaking down, an emulsion
effect of water and keep them afloat in the pdfMachine
into oil and water in a vessel or tank on a
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flow recorder clock 79 flyweight
fluid (e.g., Newtonian, plastic, pseudo- at the top and bottom of the chamber. When
flow recorder clock n: a clock in a flow plastic, dilatant); properties of the fluid such lowered into a tank in the open position,
recorder that moves an orifice chart during a as viscosity and density; geometry of the liquid flushes through the chamber. The
specific time period, such as 24 hours. system; the velocity. Thus, under a given set chamber can be closed at any level in the
flow-sensing device n: a tool inserted into of conditions and fluid properties, the fluid tank, trapping a sample of liquid around the
a pipeline or other container that can sense flow can be described as plug flow, laminar base of the thermometer and allowing for
the flow of fluid within the container. (called also Newtonian, streamline, parallel, more accurate temperature reading when
flow straightener n: a length of straight pipe or viscous) flow, or turbulent flow. the thermometer is raised to the surface.
containing straightening vanes or the fluid injection n: injection of gases or flush-joint casing n: a casing in which the
equivalent and installed at the inlet of a liquids into a reservoir to force oil toward and outside diameter of the joint is the same as
flowmeter to eliminate swirl from the liquid into producing wells. the outside diameter of the casing itself.
from entering the meter and causing fluidity n: the reciprocal of viscosity. The flush-joint pipe n: pipe in which the out-
measurement errors. measure of rate with which a fluid is side diameter of the joint is the same as the
ftowstream n: the flow of fluids within a continuously deformed by a shearing stress; outside diameter of the tube. Pipe may also
pipe. ease of flowing. be internally flush-joint.
ftowstream samples n pi: small quantities fluid level n: the distance from the earth's flush production n: a high rate of flow from
of fluid taken at the wellhead or from the flow surface to the top of the liquid in the tubing a newly drilled well.
line and analyzed to determine composition or the casing in a well. The static fluid level fluted drill collar n: see spirally grooved
of the flow. is taken when the well is not producing and drill collar:
flow string n: the string of casing or tubing has stabilised. The dynamic, or pumping, fluvial deposit n: sediment deposited by
through which fluids from a well flow to the level is the point to which the static level flowing water.
surface. drops under producing conditions. flux n: the lines in a magnetic field.
flow tank n: see production tank. fluid loss n: the unwanted migration of the flux field n: the area of magnetic or electric
flow test n: a preliminary test to confirm flow liquid part of the drilling mud or cement lines of force.
rate through a tool prior to going downhole. slurry into a formation, often minimised or flux gate n: a detector that produces an
flow-through meter n: any of several types prevented by the blending of additives with electrical signal whose magnitude and
of meter in which the fluid to be measured the mud or cement. phase are proportional to the magnitude and
travels through the meter. fluid-loss additive n: a compound added to direction of the external magnetic field acting
flow treater n: a single unit that acts as an cement slurry or drilling mud to prevent or along its axis. It is used to indicate the
oil and gas separator, an oil heater, and an minimise fluid loss. direction of the earth's magnetic field.
oil- and water-treating vessel. See heater- fluid pound n: the erratic impact of a pump fly cutter n: see cutterhead.
treater. plunger against a fluid when the pump is flysch n: a type of rock consisting of thinly
flow tube n: a restriction installed in a line of operating with a partial vacuum in the bedded sandstone and shale, thought to be
flowing fluid that produces relatively high cylinder, with gas trapped in the cylinder, or the result of the action of turbidity currents; a
differential pressures with relatively low with the well pump off. succession of turbidites originating in marine
permanent pressure losses as the fluid flows fluid sampler n: an automatic device that depositional basins, usually near the base of
through the device. By measuring the periodically takes a sample of a fluid flowing the continental slope. Flysch deposites are
differential, the volume of fluid flowing in a pipe. especially common in the Alpine region of
through the tube can be inferred. fluid saturation n: the amount of the pore Europe.
FLPMA abbr; Federal Land Policy and volume of a reservoir rock that is filled by flyweight n: on a mechanical engine
Management Act of 1976. water, oil, or gas and measured in routine governor, one of usually two small metal
flue gas n: the gases that are produced core analysis. weights that spin as the engine runs. When
from the combustion of a flammable flume n: see boot. the engine speeds up, centrifugal force on
substance in a special chamber or firebox. flume pipe n: large pipe used in creek and the spinning flyweights increases, which
Also called stack gas. stream ditching in pipeline construction to causes a spring to compress and slow the
fluid n: a substance that flows and yields to allow the water to flow normally and to engine down. Conversely, when the engine
any force tending to change its shape. provide a passage for equipment over the slows down, centrifugal force on the fly-
Liquids and gases are fluids. water. weights decreases which causes the spring
fluid catalytic cracker n: a catalytic cracker fluor abbr: fluorescence; used in drilling to expand and speed the engine up.
that is used to crack gas or liquid reports.
hydrocarbons. fluorescence n: instantaneous reemission
fluid contact n: the approximate point in a of light of a greater wave length than that
reservoir where the gas-oil contact or oil- light originally absorbed.
water contact is located. fluoroelastomer n: an elastomer (a material
fluid coupling n: see hydraulic coupling. such as synthetic rubber) in which the
fluid density n: the unit weight of a fluid, hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbons are
e.g., pounds per gallon. replaced by fluorine atoms.
fluid end n: the portion or end of a fluid flushed zone n: the area near the wellbore
pump that contains the parts involved in where invading mud filtrate forces out the
moving the fluid (such as liners and rods) as movable formation fluids. Often abbreviated
opposed to the end that produces the power Rxo
for movement. flushing case thermometer n: an assembly
fluid flow n: in fluid dynamics, the state of a including a mercury-in-glass thermometer
fluid in motion is determined by the type of pdfMachine
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flywheel 80 formation fracturing
the result of an order from a state regulatory formation damage n: the reduction of
flywheel n: a large. circular disk, connected agency, or an order sought by one or more permeability in a reservoir rock caused by
to and revolving with an engine crankshaft. It of the parties affected. the invasion of drilling fluid and treating
stores energy and disburses it as the engine forced unitisation n: !lee statutory fluids to the section adjacent to die wellbore.
runs. unitisation. It is often called skin damage.
fm abbr: formation; used in drilling reports. force majeure clause n: in an oil and gas Formation Density LogTM n: trade name for
foam n: a two-phase system, similar to an lease, the clause that usually contains a a density log.
emulsion, in which the dispersed phase is a statement that the lease is subject to state formation dip n: the angle at which a
gas or air. and federal laws. It also excuses the lessee formation bed inclines away from the
foam drilling n: see mist drilling. from timely performance of obligations horizontal. Dip is also used to describe the
foaming agent n: a chemical used to lighten should certain events beyond the lessee's orientation of a fault.
the water column in gas wells, in oilwells power to control occur. Force majeure formation evaluation n: the analysis of
producing gas, and in drilling wells in which means a force or event that cannot be subsurface formation characteristics, such
air or gas is used as the drilling fluid so that anticipated or controlled. as lithology, porosity, permeability, and
the water can be forced out with the air or fore and aft n: the lerigthwise measurement saturation, by indirect methods such as
gas to prevent its impeding the production or of a mobile offshore drilling rig or ship. wireline well logging or by direct methods
drilling rate. See mist drilling. foreset bed n: a depositional layer on the such as mud logging and core analysis.
FOB price n: see free on board price. steep seaward face of a marine delta that formation face n: that part of a formation
fog n: a cloud of minute water droplets or ice lies beyond the topset beds and is exposed to the well bore.
crystals suspended in the air so that the composed of finer sedimentary materials formation fluid n: fluid (such as gas, oil, or
cloud bottom rests on the earth's surface, than the topset beds. water) that exists in a subsurface rock
either ground or water. See advention fog, foreshore n: that part of the seashore that formation.
ice fog, steam fog. lies between low- and high-tide levels. formation fracture gradient n: a plot of
fog bank n: a well-defined mass of fog. Forest Service n: a service under the pressure versus depth that reveals the
FOGRMA abbr: Federal Oil and Gas Royalty Department of Agriculture that has three pressure at which a formation will fracture at
Management Act of 1982. major program areas: national forest a given depth.
fold n: a flexure of rock strata (e.g., an arch administration. state and private forestry, formation fracture pressure n: the point at
or a trough) produced by horizontal and research. The Forest Service manages which a formation will crack from pressure in
compression of the earth's crust. See 154 national forests and 19 national the wellbore.
anticline, syncline. grasslands, comprising 188 million acres formation fracturing n: a method of
foliated metamorphic rock n: metamorphic (75.2 million hectares) in 41 states and stimulating production by opening new flow
rock that has a layered look not necessarily Puerto Rico. Address: 201 14th Street SW; channels in the rock surrounding a
associated with the original layering in Washington. DC 20250; (202) 205-1760. production well. Often called a frac job.
sedimentary rock. formate fluid n: a special drilling fluid that Under extremely high hydraulic pressure, a
follower n: see cam follower: contains a salt or an ester of formic acid fluid (such as distillate, diesel fuel, crude oil,
FONSI abbr: finding of no significant impact. (formate), which is chemically combined with dilute hydrochloric acid. water, or kerosene)
fool's gold n: see pyrite. another element such as potassium or is pumped downward through production
footage rates n pi: a fee basis in drilling cesium. Formate fluids are very stable at tubing or drill pipe and forced out below a
contracts stipulating that payment to the high temperatures and can be made very packer or between two packers. The
drilling contractor is made according to the dense (heavy) without adding weighting pressure causes cracks to open in the
number of feet or metres of hole drilled. materials such as barite. Formate fluids are formation, and die fluid penetrates the
foot-pound n: a unit of measure of twisting used as completion fluids because they formation through the cracks. Sand grains,
force, or torque. The amount of energy minimise formation damage. See completion aluminum pellets, walnut shells. or similar
required to move 1 pound 1 foot vertically. fluid, formation damage. materials (propping agents) are carried in
The metric equivalent is the centimetre- formation n: a bed or deposit composed suspension by die fluid into the cracks.
kilogram. or, in SI units, the joule. throughout of substantially the same kind of When die pressure is released at the
foot valve n: a check valve at the inlet end rock; often a lithologic unit. Each formation is surface, the fracturing fluid returns to the
of the suction pipe of a pump that enables given a name, frequently as a result of the well. The cracks partially close on the
the pump to remain full of liquid when it is study of the formation outcrop at the surface pellets. leaving channels for oil to flow
not in operation. and sometimes based on fossils found in the around them to the well. See explosive
footwall n: the rock surface forming the formation. fracturing, hydraulic fracturing.
underside of a fault when the fault plane is formation boundary n: the horizontal limits
not vertical-that is, if the dip is less than of a formation.
90°.Compare hanging wall. formation breakdown n: die fracturing of a
foraminifera n pi: single-celled, mostly formation from excessive borehole pressure.
microscopic animals with calcareous formation breakdown pressure n: the
exoskeletons; mostly marine. pressure at which a formation will fracture.
force n: that which causes, changes, or formation competency n: the ability of the
stops the motion of a body. formation to withstand applied pressure.
forced draft n: air blown into a furnace or Also called formation integrity.
other equipment by a fan or blower. formation competency test n: a test used
forced pooling n: pooling of leased tracts to determine the amount of pressure
undertaken without the willing cooperation of required to cause a formation to fracture.
all the parties. Forced pooling may occur as pdfMachine
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formation gas 81 fracture pressure
fouling factor n: a factor used in heat- crude oil, dilute hydrochloric acid, water, or
formation gas n: gas initially produced from transfer calculations to represent the kerosene) are pumped downward through
an underground reservoir. resistance to the flow of heat caused by dirt, production tubing or drill pipe and forced out
formation integrity n: see formation scale. or other contaminants in the flowing below a packer or between two packers. The
competency. fluids. pressure causes cracks to open in the
formation pressure n: the force exerted by foundation pile n: the first casing or formation, and the fluid penetrates the
fluids in a formation, recorded in the hole at conductor string (generally with a diameter formation through the cracks. Sand grains,
the level of the formation with the well shut of 30 to 36 inches-76 to 91 centimetres) set aluminum pellets, walnut shells, or similar
in. Also called reservoir pressure or shut-in when drilling a well from a floating offshore materials (propping agents) are carried in
bottomhole pressure. drilling rig. It prevents sloughing of the suspension by the fluid into the cracks.
formation resistivity n: a measure of the ocean-floor formations and is a structural When the pressure is released at the
electrical resistance of fluids in a formation. support for the permanent guide base and surface, the fracturing fluid returns to the
formation sensitivity n: the tendency of the blowout preventers. well but leaves behind the propping agents
certain producing formations to react foorble n: a section of drill pipe. casing. or to hold open the formation cracks.
adversely to invading filtrates. tubing consisting of four joints screwed frac gradient n: see fracture gradient. frac
formation strength n: the ability of a together. Compare double. single. thribble. job n: see formation fracturing.
formation to resist fracture from pressures fourble board n: the name used for the fraction n: a part of a mixture of
created by fluids in a borehole. working platform of the derrickman. or the hydrocarbons, usually defined by boiling
formation strike n: see strike. monkeyboard. when it is located at a height range--for example, naphtha. gas oil, or
formation tester n: see wireline formation in the derrick equal to approximately four kerosene.
tester. lengths of pipe joined together. Compare fractional analysis n: a test for the
formation testing n: the gathering of double board, thribble board. composition of gas or two-phase gas-
pressure data and fluid samples from a four comer role n: a rule of interpretation condensate streams. The analysis generally
formation to determine its production holding that an instrument such as an oil and shows not only the composition in
potential before choosing a completion gas lease must be interpreted from within percentage of each hydrocarbon present
method. Formation testing tools include the four comers of the instrument. through hexanes or heptanes but also the
formation testers and drill stem test tools. Interpretation is made without any aid from gallons per thousand cubic feet of liquids by
formation volume factor n: the factor that knowledge of the circumstances under component and the heating value of the gas.
is used to convert stock tank barrels of oil to which the instrument came into being; the fractionate v: to separate single fractions
reservoir barrels. It is the ratio between the instrument is constructed as a whole. with- from a mixture of hydrocarbon fluids, usually
space occupied by a barrel of oil containing out reference to anyone part more than by distillation.
solution gas at reservoir conditions and a another. fractionating column n: the vessel or tower
barrel of dead oil at surface conditions. Also four-pin kelly bushing n: a kelly bushing in a gas plant in which fractionation occurs.
called reservoir volume factor. that has four steel dowels. or pins. that fit See fractionate.
formation water n: 1. the water originally in into corresponding holes in the master fractionating tower n: see fractionating
place in a formation. See connate water: 2. bushing. When the pins are engaged with column.
any water that resides in the pore spaces of the holes. the rotating master bushing also fracture n: a crack or crevice in a formation,
a formation. turns the kelly bushing. which then turns the either natural or induced. See explosive
formic acid n: a simple organic acid, kelly and the drill stem. See kelly, kelly fracturing, hydraulic fracturing.
HCOOH, used for acidising oilwells. It is bushing, master bushing. fracture addizing n: a procedure by which
stronger than acetic acid rot much less four-pin master bushing n: a master acid is forced into a formation under
corrosive than hydrofluoric or hydrochloric bushing that has four holes symmetrically pressure high enough to cause the formation
acid and is usually used for high- positioned on its outside perimeter and into to crack. The acid acts on certain kinds of
temperature wells. which fit four corresponding steel dowels. or rocks, usually carbonates, to increase the
formonitrile n: see hydrogen cyanide. pins. on the kelly bushing. When the pins permeability of the formation. Also called
forward adv: in the direction of the bow on a are engaged into the holes and the master acid fracturing. Compare matrix acidizing.
ship or an offshore drilling rig. bushing turns. the kelly bushing also turns. fracture gradient n: the pressure gradient
forward combustion n: a common type of See kelly bushing, master bushing. (psi/foot) at which a formation accepts whole
in situ combustion in which the combustion four-strokelcyde engine n: an engine in fluid from the wellbore. Also called frac
front moves in the same direction as the which the piston moves from top dead gradient.
injected air. Burning is started at an injection centre to bottom dead center two times to fracture pressure n: the pressure at which
well and moves toward production wells as complete a cycle of events. The crankshaft a formation will break down, or fracture.
air is continuously injected into the injection must make two complete revolutions. or
well. Compare reverse combustion. 720°.
FoRxo LogTM n: trade name for focused four-way drag bit n: a drag bit with four
electric log that investigates the flushed blades. See bit. fishtail bit.
zone. FP abbr: flowing pressure; used in drilling
fossil n: the remains or impressions of a reports.
plant or animal of past geological ages that frac fluid n: a fluid used in the fracturing
have been preserved in or as rock. process (i.e., a method of stimulating
frac abbr: fractured or fracturing; used in production by opening new flow channels in
drilling reports. the rock surrounding a production well).
fossiliferous adj: containing fossils. Under extremely high hydraulic pressure,
fossilize v: to become changed into a fossil. pdfMachine
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fracture zone 82 ft3
water. 2. the measured volume of water that is created by the walls of the pipe or
fracture zone n: zone of naturally occurring is present in a container and that is not in container as the fluid flows past them.
fissures or fractures that can pose problems suspension in the contained liquid at friction bearing n: see insert bearing,
with lost circulation. observed temperature. journal bearing.
fracturing n: shortened form of formation free-water knockout (FWKO) n: a vertical friction cathead n: a spool on the side of
fracturing. See formation fracturing. or horizontal vessel into which oil or the drawworks cathead that reels in a soft
fracturing fluid n: a fluid, such as water, oil, emulsion is run to allow any water not line, called the catline; used for hoisting light
or acid, used in hydraulic fracturing. The emulsified with the oil (free water) to drop equipment on the rig floor.
fluid carries propping agents that hold open out. friction clutch n: a clutch that makes
the formation cracks after hydraulic pressure freewheeling n: the action in which the connection by sliding friction.
dissipates. See acid fracturing, hydraulic clutch used between an auxiliary friction loss n: a reduction in the pressure
fracturing, propping agents. hydrodynamic brake and the drawworks of a fluid caused by its motion against an
fractus n: a cloud that has a ragged drumshaft automatically disengages and enclosed surface (such as a pipe). As the
appearance, as if tom. Such clouds are tom runs freely while the empty block is being fluid moves through the pipe, friction
from a main cloud bank by strong winds. hoisted. between the fluid and the pipe wall and
Also called scud. freeze pipe n: a device fitted on the vertical within the fluid itself creates a pressure loss.
free air space n: any of the cavities in the support members of the Trans-Alaska Pipe- The faster the fluid moves, the greater are
human body that contain air and are line System (TAPS) to circulate a refrigerant the losses.
normally connected to the atmosphere, continuously between the subsoil and the friction shoe n: in a drum clutch, pads of
including lungs, sinuses, and middle ear. top of the pipe. The refrigerant keeps the friction material are squeezed against a
freeboard n: the vertical distance between ground beneath the pipeline frozen to drum attached to the driving shaft. Friction
the waterline and the freeboard deck on a prevent frost heaving. between the shoes and the drum allows the
ship, boat, or floating offshore drilling rig. freeze point n: the depth in the hole at clutch to engage.
Draft plus freeboard equal total height of which the tubing, casing, or drill pipe is front n: an interface between two air
vessel. stuck. See free-point indicator. masses.
freeboard deck n: the uppermost freezing point n: the temperature at which a frontal zone n: in meteorology, a three-
continuous deck on a ship or floating rig that liquid becomes a solid. dimensional layer of large, horizontal
has a permanent means of closing all frequency converter n: an electronic pressure gradients.
openings to the sea. instrument for converting frequency (pulse frost heaving n: movement of the soil
free butane n: see butanes required. train) to a proportionate analog signal. resulting from alternate thawing and
free electron n: an electron on the outer frequency modulation (FM) n: modulation freezing. Frost heaving generates stress on
shell of an atom that moves readily from one of the frequency of the carrier wave in vertical support members of pipelines in the
atom to another. accordance with speech or a signal. Arctic and, by extension, on the pipe itself.
free gas n: a hydrocarbon that exists in the frequency output n: an output in the form of frost wedging n: the phenomenon resulting
gaseous phase at reservoir pressure and frequency that varies as a function of the when water invades rock, freezes, and, by
temperature and remains a gas when applied measurand (e.g., angular speed and its expansion, wedges apart the rock.
produced under normal conditions. flow rate). Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can quickly
free on board (FOB) price n: the price frequency range n: the measured values break up any rock that has even the tiniest
actually charged at the producing country's over which a meter or other measuring cracks.
port of loading. instrument is intended to measure, specified frozen up adj: said of equipment the
free oxygen n: oxygen that exists in by their upper and lower limits. components of which do not operate freely.
molecular form (O2) without being bound in a fresh water n: 1. water that has little or no ft abbr: foot.
compound. salt dissolved in it. 2. underground water, ft-lb abbr: foot-pound.
free point n: an area or point above the generally located near the surface, that does ft/min abbr: feet per minute.
point at which a tubular, such as drill pipe, is not contain a large amount of salt and from ft/s abbr: feet per second.
stuck in the wellbore. which most underground drinking water ft2 abbr.: square foot.
free-point indicator n: a device run on supplies are drawn. 3. inland surface water, ft3 abbr: cubic foot.
wireline into the wellbore and inside the such as lakes, streams, and ponds, that is
fishing string and fish to locate the area not salty.
where a fish is stuck. When the drill string is freshwater mud n: see mud.
pulled and turned, the electromagnetic fields friction n: resistance to movement created
of free pipe and stuck pipe differ. The free- when two surfaces are in contact. When
point indicator is able to distinguish these friction is present, movement between the
differences, which are registered on a surfaces produces heat.
metering device at the surface. frictional drag n: a force that slows the
free pump n: a type of downhole hydraulic speed of an object as it moves. Drag occurs
pump that moves in and out of the well by as an object moves through a fluid because
means of circulating fluids. See hydroulic of the friction that occurs between the object
pump. Compare fixed pump. and the fluid; it also occurs as an object
Freestone rider n: see Pugh clause. moves against another object.
free water n: 1. water produced with oil. It frictional resistance n: the opposition to
usually settles out within five minutes when flow created by a fluid when it flows through
the well fluids become stationary in a settling a line or other container. Frictional
space within a vessel. Compare emulsified pdfMachine
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ft3/bbl 83 FWKO
characteristically fluffy texture. When en- pressure. Frequently, water is also injected
gas balance n: comparison of the sum of trained gas is not released before the fluid in alternating steps with the gas.
the volumes of gas production or receipts returns to the well, the weight or density of gas injection well n: see gas input well.
with the sum of the volumes of the the fluid column is reduced. Because a large gas input well n: a well into which gas is
dispositions of the gas. amount of gas in mud lowers its density, injected for the purpose of maintaining or
gas balancing agreement n: an agreement gas-cut mud must be treated to reduce the supplementing pressure in an oil reservoir.
between partners in a joint-interest well to chance of a kick. More commonly called a gas injection well.
determine the share due each partner if the gas cutting n: a process in which gas be- gas into the system n: gas that is
gas is sold to two or more markets. Stated comes entrained in a liquid. purchased, taken on exchange, or injected
another way, an agreement covering the gas detection analyser n: a device used to from storage.
manner in which volumes of deferred gas detect and measure any gas in the drilling gasket n: any material (such as paper, cork,
production or exchange gas will be balanced mud as it is circulated to the surface. asbestos, or rubber) used to seal two
between the parties to the agreement. gas distribution company n: the entity that essentially stationary surfaces.
gas bubble n: an excess supply of natural is responsible for moving natural gas from gas laws n pi: laws such as Charles's,
gas, as when the available supply of natural the pipeline to the consumer. Usually called Boyle's, and Avogadro's that describe the
gas exceeds the demand. the local gas company. behaviour of gas volumes under pressure
gas buster n: see mud-gas separator. gas drilling n: see air drilling. and temperature.
gas cap n: a free-gas phase overlying an oil gas drive n: the use of the energy that gas leak detector n: device used to detect
zone and occurring within the same arises from the expansion of compressed combustible hydrocarbons.
producing formation as the oil. See gas in a reservoir to move crude oil to a gas lift n: the process of raising or lifting
associated gas, reservoir. wellbore. Also called depletion drive. See fluid from a well by injecting gas down the
dissolved- gas drive. gas-cap drive. reservoir well through tubing or through the tubing-
drive mechanism. casing annulus. Injected gas aerates the
gas eliminator n: see air eliminator. fluid to make it exert less pressure than the
gas expansion n: when oil and gas are formation does; the resulting higher
found in the same reservoir under pressure, formation pressure forces the fluid out of the
the drilling of a well into the reservoir wellbore. Gas may be injected continuously
releases the pressure, causing the gas to or intermittently, depending on the producing
expand. The expanding gas drives the oil characteristics of the well and the
toward and up the well bore. The expansive arrangement of the gas-lift equipment.
energy of the gas can be harnessed whether gas-lift mandrel n: a device installed in the
gas-cap drive n: drive energy supplied the gas is in solution or forming a cap above tubing string of a gas-lift well onto which or
naturally (as a reservoir is produced) by the the oil. into which a gas-lift valve is fitted. There are
expansion of the gas cap. In such a drive, gas field n: a district or area from which two common types of mandrel. In the
the gas cap expands to force oil into the well natural gas is produced. conventional gas-lift mandrel, the gas-lift
and to the surface. See reservoir drive gas Bow recorder clock n: see flow valve is installed as the tubing is placed in
mechanism. recorder clock. the well. Thus, to replace or repair the valve,
gas-cap gas n: see associated gas. gas imbalance n: a discrepancy between a the tubing string must be pulled. In the side-
gas chromatograph n: a device used to transporter's receipts and deliveries of pocket mandrel, however, the valve is
separate and identify gas compounds by natural gas for a shipper. Most pipelines installed and removed by wireline while the
their adhesion to different layers of a filtering require that shipper's deliveries to the mandrel is still in the well, eliminating the
medium such as clay or paper, sometimes pipeline and receipts from the pipeline need to pull the tubing to repair or replace
indicated by colour changes in the medium. remain essentially in balance within certain the valve.
gas collection cells n pi: a device in which tolerances, or the pipeline may assess gas-lift valve n: a device installed on a gas-
cores are thawed and samples of water and charges or penalties until the imbalance is lift mandrel, which in turn is put on the tubing
gas in the cores are collected. Neon is rectified. string of a gas-lift well.
added to the system to ensure that a full gasing-up n: a condition in a producing
Tubing and casing
charge of 'gas is obtained. oilwell that occurs when lighter
pressures cause
gas-condensate-glycol separator n: a hydrocarbons come out of the oil and reach
the valve to open
device used in a glycol dehydration system the surface in gaseous form.
and close, thus
installed where water is being removed from gas injection n: the injection of gas into a
allowing gas to be
gas condensate; the separator removes reservoir to maintain formation pressure by
injected into the
glycol from the gas condensate. gas drive and to reduce the rate of decline of
fluid in the tubing to
gas constant n: a constant number, the original reservoir drive. One type of gas
cause the fluid to
mathematically the product of the total injection uses gas that does not mix (i.e.,
rise to the surface.
volume and the total pressure divided by the that is not miscible) with the oil. Examples of
absolute temperature for 1 mole of any ideal these gases include natural gas, nitrogen,
gas mixture of ideal gases at any and flue gas. Another type uses gas that
temperature. does mix (i.e., that is miscible) with the oil.
gas contract n: a mutually negotiated set of The gas may be naturally miscible or
rules governing conduct between the parties become miscible under high pressure.
thereto relating to all matters of common Examples of miscible gases include
interest. propane, methane enriched with other light
gas-cut mud n: a drilling mud that contains hydrocarbons, methane under high
entrained formation gas, giving the mud a pressure, and pdfMachine
carbon dioxide under
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gas-lift well 86 gauge path
95, with a minimum yield strength of 95,000 pressures. Used in pencils and crucibles, as
gone to water adj: pertaining to a well in psi (655,025 kPa), a maximum yield strength a lubricant. and in atomic-energy plants to
which production of oil has decreased and of 125,000 psi (861,875 kPa), and a control the release of radiation from uranium
production of water has increased (e.g., minimum tensile strength of 105,000 psi fuel.
"The well has gone to water"). (723,975 kPa); (3) G-105, with a minimum grapple n: a mechanism that is fitted into an
good title n: see lnerr:hantable title. yield strength of 105,000 psi (723,975 kPa), overshot to grasp and retrieve fish from the
gooseneck n: the curved connection a maximum yield strength of 135,000 psi borehole. The interior of a grapple is
between the rotary hose and the swivel. See (930,825 kPa), and a minimum tensile wickered to engage the fish. See basket
swivel. GOR abbr: gas-oil ratio. strength of 115,000 psi (792,925 kPa); and grapple. spiral grapple.
gouge n: finely abraded material occurring S-135, with a minimum yield strength of grasshopper n: see water outlet.
between the walls of a fault as the result of 135,000 psi (930,825 kPa), a maximum yield grass-roots refinery n: a refinery roilt from
grinding movement. strength of 165,000 psi (1,137,675 kPa), and the ground up. as opposed to one to which
governor n: any device that limits or a minimum tensile strength of 145,000 psi an addition or a modification has been
controls the speed of an engine. (999,775 kPa). V-150 is a non- API, but made.
GPA abbr: Gas Processors Association. higher strength, grade. It has a minimum gravel n: sand or glass beads of uniform
GPG abbr: grains per gallon; parts per yield strength and a tensile strength of size and roundness used in gravel packing.
million equals grains per gallon Y 17.1. 150,000 psi (1,034,250 kPa). gravel pack n: a mass of very fine gravel
gpm abbr: 1. gallons per minute when grading n: the process of providing a placed around a slotted liner in a wen. See
referring to rate of flow. 2. gallons per smooth and even work area to facilitate the gravel packing.
thousand cubic feet when referring to natural movement of equipment onto and along a gravel-pack v: to place a slotted or
gas in terms of chromatograph analysis or right-of-way. Grading entails leveling, cut- perforated liner in a wen and surround it with
theoretical gallons. ting, and filling. gravel. See gravel packing.
gr abbr: gray; used in drilling reports. gradualism n: see unifonnitarianism. gravel packing n: a method of well
grab n: in sampling petroleum and graduated neck n: the section of reduced completion in which a slotted or perforated
petroleum products, a small sample, usually cross-sectional area at the top and/or rottom liner, often wire-wrapped, is placed in the
1.5 millilitres (0.05 ounce), obtained by the of an open tank prover. It has visible well and surrounded by gravel. If open hole,
probe and sampler in an automatic sampling graduations to enable measuring small the well is sometimes enlarged by
system. Several grabs constitute a sample. volumes. underreaming at the point where the gravel
graben n: a block of the earth's crust that graduated neck prover n: an open tank: is packed. The mass of gravel excludes
has slid downward between two faults. prover with one or two graduated necks. See sand from the wellbore rot allows continued
Compare horst. graduated neck. production.
Graham's Law or Diffusion n: law that gravel-pack packer n: a packer used for the
states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is well completion method of gravel packing.
inversely proportional to the square root of graveyard tour (pronounced "tower") n: the
its density. shift of duty on a drilling rig that starts at
grains per gallon (GPG) n: a unit of midnight. Sometimes caned the morning
measure for the strength, or concentration. tour.
of a solution. It is based on a unit of weight gravimeter n: an instrument used to detect
called the grain, which equals 0.002285 and measure minute differences in the
ounce, or 0.0648 gram. One grain per gallon earth's gravitational pull at different locations
equals 0.058479 part per million. to obtain data about subsurface formations.
gram n: a unit of metric measure of mass gravimetric survey n: the survey made with
and weight equal to 1/1,000 kilogram and a gravimeter.
grab sample n: sample obtained by
nearly equal to 1 cubic centimetre of water gravitometer n: a device for measuring and
collecting loose solids in equal quantities
at its maximum density. recording the density or specific gravity of a
from each part or package of a shipment
gram molecular weight n: see molecular gas or liquid passing a point of
and in sufficient quantity to be characteristic
weight. measurement. Also called a densimeter.
of all sizes and components.
granite n: an igneous rock composed gravity n: 1. the attraction exerted by the
graded stream n: a flowing stream that is
primarily of feldspar, quartz. and mica. It is earth's mass on objects at its surface. 2. the
stable, or in balance with its average load. It
the most common intrusive rock - that is, it weight of a body. See API gravity. relative
is just steep enough to carry out of its basin
originally solidified below the surface of the density, specific gravity.
the amount of sediment brought in during an
earth. Its rock crystals are easily seen by the gravity check n: in marketing, the checking
average-flow year.
eye. of the gravity of the fuel at the terminal.
graded string n: a casing string made up of
grantee n: a person to whom property is
several weights or grades of casing and
conveyed. Compare grantor:
designed to take into account well depth,
granting clause n: clause in an oil aIxl gas
expected pressures, and weight of the fluid
lease that specifies die rights and interests
in the well. Also called mixed string.
granted by the lessor to die lessee. Such
grades or drill pipe n: most present-day
rights usually involve searching and drilling
seamless drill pipe falls into one of four
for, then producing, oil and gas.
American Petroleum Institute (API) grades.
grantor n: a person who conveys property.
(1) E-75, with a minimum yield strength of
COfnpaIe grantee.
75,000 psi (517,125 kilopascals-kPa), a
graphite n: a soft. black, shiny mineral of
maximum yield strength of 105,000 psi
pure carbon produced when hydrocarbons
(723,975 kPa), and a minimum tensile
are subjected pdfMachine
to high temperahires and
strength of 100,000 psi (689,500 kPa); (2) X-
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gravity compensator 90 ground block
radiation. The atmosphere works in much factor (Ctl)for the observed temperature and
gravity compensator n: a double index the same way as the glass panes of a API gravity, relative density, or density to a
scale against which a fixed reference pointer greenhouse. standard temperature such as 60°F or 15°C,
may be moved to correct for variations in greensand n: a sand that contains and also corrected by the applicable
gravity from a base point computed for water considerable quantities of glauconite, a pressure correction factor (Cpl) and meter
at 60°F. The compensator is marked in both greenish mineral composed of potassium, factor.
specific gravity and API gravity units. iron. and silicate, which gives the sand its gross standard weight (GSW) n: the total
gravity differentiaI n: the difference in colour and name. weight of all petroleum liquids and sediment
density between the water and the oil in an Grem vane wheel (GVW) n: a free-running and water (if any), excluding free water. It is
oilfield emulsion. The greater the gravity propeller mounted on or near the shaft- determined by applying the appropriate
differential. the easier it is to break the driven main propeller of a ship or tanker weight conversion factors to the gross
emulsion. ship. The Grem vane wheel turns like a standard volume.
gravity drainage n: the movement of fluids windmill because of the high-speed flow of gross tonnage n: the interior capacity of a
in a reservoir resulting from the force of water created by the main propeller. A GVW ship or a mobile offshore drilling unit. The
gravity. In the absence of an effective water improves efficiency and thus can increase a capacity is expressed in tons, although the
or gas drive. gravity drainage is an important ship's speed without additional power. actual measurement is in volume, 1 ton
source of energy to produce oil. and it may grief stem n: (obsolete) kelly; kelly joint. being equivalent to 100 cubic feet of volume.
also supplement other types of natural drive. grinding and buffing n: in pipeline This rule holds for measuring ship capacity
Also called segregation drive. construction, the process of cleaning pipe for US maritime purposes. All principal
gravity segregation n: the tendency of ends of dirt. rust, mill scale, or solvent to maritime governments have their own rules
reservoir fluids to separate into distinct prepare them for welding. Grinding and describing how tonnage is to be measured.
layers according to their respective buffing tasks are accomplished with power gross volume n: the total amount of liquid in
densities. For example. water is heavier than hand tools such as wire brushes and buffers. a storage tank excluding any adjustments for
oil; therefore. water injected during water grind out v: to test for the presence of water S&W, temperature, or density. Compare net
flooding will tend to move along the bottom in oil by use of a centrifuge. volume.
portion of a reservoir. grind-out machine n: see centrifuge. gross wet gas withdrawal n: full well
gravity survey n: an exploration method in grip n: see wire rope grip. stream volume, including all natural gas
which an instrument that measures the grn abbr: green; used in drilling reports. plant liquid and nonhydrocarbon gases, but
intensity of the earth's gravity is passed over GRN abbr: gamma-ray-neutron (a well log). excluding lease condensate. Also includes
the surface or through the water. In places groove n: 1. the depression in a sheave amounts delivered as royalty payments or
where the instrument detects stronger-or (pulley) into which wire rope seats as the consumed in field operations.
weaker-than-normal gravity forces. a wire rope moves over the sheave. 2. on a gross working interest n: a working-
geologic structure containing hydrocarbons draw- works drum, one of several interest owner's total ownership in
may exist. depressions on the surface of the drum production, before deduction of related
Gray valve n: see inside blowout preventer: around which the wire rope drilling line is royalty, overriding royalty, or production
graywacke n: a sandstone that contains wrapped. The grooves keep the wire rope payment interests.
more than 15 percent silt and clay. and from wrapping unevenly across the drum. ground anchor n: see deadman.
whose grains tend to be angular and poorly groove radius n: in measuring grooves of a ground bed n: in cathodic protection, an
sorted. sheave, the radius of a circle that fits inside interconnected group of impressed-current
grease fitting n: a device on a machine that a groove. Used to determine wear on wire anodes that absorbs the damage caused by
is designed to accept the hose of a grease rope. generated electric current.
gun so that grease can be added to the part gross energy Consumption n: total energy ground block n: a wireline sheave, or
in need of lubrication. use, including electrical system energy pulley, that is fastened to the ground anchor
grease injector n: a surface device used in losses. and that changes a horizontal pull on a wire-
pressure control for slickline. See also gross beating value n: the number of kilo- line to a vertical pull (as in swabbing with a
lubricator. joules (Btu 's) evolved by the complete derrick over a well). See block.
grease sample n: sample obtained by combustion, at constant pressure, of 1
scooping or dipping a quantity of soft or standard cubic metre of gas, with all of the
semi-liquid material, such as grease. from a water formed by the comoostion reaction
package so that the material on the scoop or being condensed to the liquid state.
dipper is representative of the material in the gross meter throughput n: the indicated
package. throughput corrected only for meter
greasing out n: when essentially water- performance (i.e., by multiplying by the
insoluble greasy materials (e.g., emulsifiers. meter factor).
lubricants) separate out of drilling fluids. gross observed volume (GOV) n: the total
great circle n: the path on the surface of a volume of all petroleum liquids and sediment
sphere-type tank defined by the intersection and water, excluding free water. at observed
of a plane surface and including the centre temperature and pressure.
of the sphere. Compare equatorial gross production n: the total production of
circumference. oil from a well or lease during a specified
green gas n: raw. untreated gas; gas as it period of time.
leaves the well and before it enters any field gross standard volume (GSV) n: the total
or other treating facilities. volume of all petroleum liquids and sediment
greenhouse effect n: a process whereby and water, excluding free water, corrected
the earth's atmosphere retains long-wave pdfMachine
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ground pressure 91 gunk squeeze
gyroprobes, which are sensitive to drift and Gulf Stream n: warm ocean current that
ground pressure n: see geostatic pressure. bearing; and sonar. Lasers are also used to flows north from the Gulf of Mexico along the
groundwater n: water that seeps through soil guide crossing. eastern US coast to an area off the south-
and fills pores of underground rock guide base n: see permanent guide base, eastern coast of Newfoundland.
formations; the source of water in springs temporary guide base.
and wells. guide fossil n: the petrified remains of
grout n: a motar-like material used to seal plants or animals, useful for correlation and
between objects. v: to force sealing material age determination of the rock in which they
into a soil, sand. or rock formation to were found.
stabilise it. guideline n: on a spinning chain, a piece of
growth fault n: an active fault that continues fiber rope (soft line) that is attached to the
to slip while sediments are being de- end of the chain that is wrapped around the
posited. causing the strata on the tool joint. When the makeup cathead pulls
downthrust side to be thicker than those on the chain off the drill pipe, a rotary helper
the other side. Also called rollover fault. uses the guideline to control the chain's
movement.
guidelines n pl: lines, usually four, attached gum n: any hydrophilic plant
to the temporary guide base and permanent polysaccharides or their derivatives that.
guide base to help position equipment (such when dispersed in water. swell to produce a
as blowout preventers) accurately on the viscous dispersion or solution. Unlike resins,
seafloor when a well is drilled offshore from they are soluble in water and insoluble in
a floating vessel. alcohol.
guide pole n: a device, usually in the form gumbo n: any relatively sticky formation
guaranteed royalty n: the minimum amount
of a cylindrical vertical tube, used in floating (such as clay) encountered in drilling.
of royalty income a royalty owner is to
roof tanks to prevent rotation of the roof. gun barrel n: a settling tank used to
receive under the terms of the lease
guide rails n pl: on some top drives, the separate oil and water in the field. After
agreement, regardless of the royalty owner's
steel tracks on which the top-drive unit emulsified oil is heated and treated with
share of actual proceeds from the sale of
travels up and down when the driller raises chemicals, it is pumped into the gun barrel,
production. guard n: a metal shield placed
or lowers the traveling block. The rails also where the water settles out and is drawn off,
around moving parts of machinery to lessen
keep the unit from turning when its motor and the clean oil flows out to storage. Gun
or avoid the chance of injury to personnel. In
rotates the drill stem. Compare torque track, barrels have largely been replaced by
the oilfield, guards are used on equipment
torque tube. See also top drive. unified heater-treater equipment, rot are still
such as belts, power transmission chains,
guide ring n: a cylindrical metal ring used to found, especially in older or marginal fields.
drums, flywheels, and drive shafts.
guide packers past casing obstructions. Also called a wash tank.
guard-electrode log n: a focused system
guide shoe n: 1. a short, heavy, cylindrical GuniteTM n: trade name for a cement-sand
designed to measure the true formation
section of steel filled with concrete and
resistivity in well bores filled with salty mud. mixture used to seal pipe against air,
rounded at the bottom, which is placed at moisture, and corrosion damage.
Current is forced by guard electrodes to flow
the end of the casing string. It prevents the gunk n: the collection of dirt, paraffin, oil,
into the formation. Also called Laterolog N.
casing from snagging on irregularities in the mill scale, rust, and other debris that is
guardian n: person appointed by a court of
borehole as it is lowered. A passage cleaned out of a pipeline when a scraper or
competent jurisdiction for the purpose of
through the centre of the shoe allows drilling a pig is put through the line.
managing property and rights for another
fluid to pass up into the casing while it is gunk plug n: a slurry in crude or diesel oil
person who is considered incapable of
being lowered and allows cement to pass containing any of the following materials or
managing for himself or herself-for example,
out during cementing operations. Also combinations: bentonite, cement. attapulgite,
a minor child, a mentally ill person, or
called casing shoe. 2. a device, similar to a and guar gum (never with cement). Used
someone judged mentally incompetent.
casing shoe, placed at the end of other primarily in combating lost circulation.
guardrail n: a railing for guarding against
tubular goods. gunk slurry n: a mixture of diesel oil and
danger or trespass. On a drilling or workover
rig, for example, guardrails are used on the bentonite that is sometimes used to seal a
rig floor to prevent persons from falling; lost circulation zone.
guardrails are also installed on the mud pits gunk squeeze n: a bentonite and diesel oil
and other high areas where there is any mixture that is pumped down the drill pipe
danger of falling. and into the armulus to mix with drilling moo.
guar gum n: a naturally occurring The stiff. puttylike material is squeezed into
hydrophilic polysaccharide derived from the lost circulation zones to seal them.
seed of the guar plant. The gum is
chemically classified as a galactomannan.
Guar gum slurries made up in clear fresh or
brine water possess pseudoplastic flow
properties.
guidance system n: in pipeline
construction, the means by which a river Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) n:
crossing stays on course. Frequently association of Persian Gulf nations-Bahrain,
computerised, guidance systems may be Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United
based on information gathered by Arab Emirates-formed to defend themselves
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pendulums, which determine inclination; collectively against aggression.
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gun-perforate 92 gyroscopic surveying instrument
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handling costs n pi: see marketing costs. hard banding n: a special wear-resistant
handrail n: a railing or pipe along a passage- material often applied to tool joints to
H sym: henry. way or stair that serves as a support or a prevent abrasive wear to the area when the
h abbr: hour. guard. pipe is being rotated downhole.
HCN form: hydrogen cyanide. hand-tight coupling n: a coupling screwed hardfacing n: an extremely hard material,
H2S form: hydrogen sulphide. onto casing tight enough so that a wrench usually crushed tungsten carbide, that is
H2S trim n: see trim. must be used to remove it. applied to the outside surfaces of tool joints,
H2SO3 form: sulphurous acid. handy n: a connection that can be drill collars, stabilisers, and other rotary
H2SO4 form: sulphuric acid. unscrewed by hand. drilling tools to minimise wear when they are
habendum clause n: the clause in an oil hanger n: see casing hanget; tubing hanger. in contact with the wall of the hole.
and gas lease that fixes the duration of the hanger-packer n: a device that fits around hard hat n: a hard plastic helmet worn by
lessee's interest in both a primary and a the top of a string of casing or a string of oilfield workers to minimise the danger of
secondary term. Also called tenrm clause. tubing and supports part of the weight of the being injured by falling objects.
half-cell n: a single electrode immersed in casing or tubing while providing a pressure- hard shut in n: in a well-control operation,
an electrolyte for the purpose of measuring tight seal. See hanger, packer. closing the BOP without first opening an
metal-to-electrolyte potentials and. therefore. alternate flow path up the choke line. When
the corrosion tendency of a particular the BOP is closed, pressure in the annulus
system. cannot be read on the casing pressure
half-life n: the amount of time needed for gauge.
half of a quantity of radioactive substance to hard water n: water that contains dissolved
decay or transmute into a nonradioactive compounds of calcium, magnesium, or both.
substance. Half-lives range from fractions of Compare soft water.
seconds to millions of years. harmful quantity n: any quantity that
half mule shoe n: a cutoff pup joint below a produces a sheen, sludge, film, or
packer that is used as a fluid entry device discoloration of the surface water in
and a seal assemblies guide. navigable US waters.
half siding n: the flat. horizontal section of harmonic motion n: a periodic motion with
the bottom shell plating measured from the a single frequency or amplitude or one that
centerline of the vessel to the edge of the is composed of two or more such motions.
flat keel plate. hatch n: I. an opening in the roof of a tank
halite n: rock salt (NaCI). through which a gauging line may be
hammer n: tool used to drive the conductor hanger plug n: a device placed or hung in lowered to measure its contents. 2. the
pipe into the ground. The single-acting the casing below the blowout preventer opening from the dock into the cargo space
diesel is the most popular. as it has the most stack to form a pressure-tight seal. of ships.
foot -pounds of energy for the weight of the hawser n: a rope, usually of large diameter,
Pressure is then applied to the blowout
hammer. Other types of hammer include preventer stack to test it for leaks. used to moor or tow marine vessels.
impact and vibrating. hay n: excelsior, used in emulsion treating to
hanging wall n: the rock surface forming the
hammer drill n: a drilling tool that, when encourage coalescence.
upper side of a fault when the fault plane is
placed in the drill stem just above a roller hay pulley n: a pulley that is normally
not vertical-that is, if the dip is less than 90".
cone bit, delivers high-frequency percussion attached to the wellhead at a convenient
Compare footwall.
blows to the rotating bit. Hammer drilling place for the wireline to pass through as it
hangline n: a single length of wire rope
combines the basic features of rotary and comes from the stuffing box sheave before
attached to the crown block by which the
cable-tool drilling (i.e.. bit rotation and being spooled onto the wireline reel. The
travelling block is suspended when not in
percussion). hay pulley prevents any lateral force from
use. Also called a hang-off line.
hammer-drill v: see hammer drill. being exerted on the lubricator and the
hang off v: to close a ram blowout preventer
hammering-up n: connection of treating line wellhead.
around the drill pipe when the annular
during well servicing. from pump trucks to hayrack n: (obsolete) a rack used to hold
preventer has previously been closed to off-
the tree or wellhead. pipe on a derrick; a fingerboard.
set the effect of heave on floating offshore
hammer test n: a method of locating hayrake n: see hayrack.
rigs during well-control procedures.
corroded sections of pipe by striking the pipe
hang-offline n: see hangline.
with a hammer. When struck, a corroded
hang rods v: to suspend sucker rods in a
section resounds differently from a
derrick or mast on rod hangers rather than to
noncorroded section.
place them horizontally on a rack.
hand n: a worker in the oil industry,
HAP abbr: hazardous airborne pollutant.
especially one in the field.
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hay section 94 heading
around or strapped to a pipeline or valves for copper, and cadmium, especially one that is
headlog n: in river craft of rectangular heating. toxic to organisms.
shape, the structural member at the extreme heating coils n pi: (marine) a system of heavy oil n: oil composed mainly of heavy
end between the rake shell plating and the piping in tank bottoms in which steam is ends.
deck. carried as required to heat high pour-point heavy-walled drill pipe n: drill pipe that is
head meter n: 1. a constriction placed in a liquid cargoes to pumpable viscosity level. manufactured with walls that are thicker than
closed conduit of flowing fluid. 2. a flow- heating medium n: a material, whether those in standard drill pipe. Special
meter that depends on pressure head flowing or static, used to transport heat from extnilength tool joints are attached to the
change to operate. a primary source such as combustion of fuel heavier-walled tube. lYPically, 5-inch heavy
head room n: in crane operations, the to another material. Heating oil and steam wall ,.drill pipe weighs50 pounds per foot (75
vertical distance the crane can hoist a load are examples of heating mediums. Also kilograms per metre); 5-inch conventional
before it strikes an obstruction. called heat medium. drill pipe weighs 19.5 pounds per foot (29
head well puller n: crew chief. heating value n: the amount of heat kilograms per metre). Also attached to the
health hazard n: (OSHA) the potential developed by the complete combustion of a tube is a centre wear pad that protects the
human health hazard associated with unit quantity of a material. Also called heat outside diameter of the pipe from abrasion.
contact with materials or substances. A of combustion. Heavy wall pipe is often used in the drill
chemical that is listed as a health hazard is a heat medium n: see heating medium. stem just above the drill coilars, in the
chemical for which there is statistically heat of combustion n: see heating value. transition zone between the stiffer collars
significant evidence based on at least one heat of hydration n: heat generated when and the more limber drill string, and in place
study conducted in accordance with cement is mixed with water to form a slurry. of some drill collars to apply weight on the
established scientific principles that acute or Also called heat of reaction or heat of drill bit in smalliameter and horizontal holes.
chronic health effects may occur in exposed solution. Sometimes erroneously called heavyweight
employees. heat of reaction n: see heat of hydration. drill pipe. Compare heavy- weight drill pipe.
health, safety, and environment n: a heat of solution n: see heat of hydration.
phrase covering a company's concern for heat of vaporisation n: the quantity of
the health and safety of its employees, as energy required to evaporate 1 mole of a
well as the environment in which they work. liquid at constant pressure and temperature.
heat a connection v: to loosen a collar or heat pump n: an electric heater that is
other threaded connection by striking it with similar to an air conditioner. It heats and
a hammer. Also called warm a connection or cools from a single system by reversing the
whip a connection. flow of gas from the compressor to coils.
heat checking n: a condition that occurs heave n: the vertical motion of a ship or a
when the cutters of a bit drag on a formation floating offshore drilling rig.
and become very hot because of friction and heave compensator n: a device that moves
then are cooled by the drilling fluid; the rapid with the heave of a floating offshore drilling
cooling causes small cracks (heat checks) to rig to prevent the bit from being lifted off the
develop. bottom of the hole and then dropped back
heater n: container or vessel enclosing an down (i.e., to maintain constant weight on
heavyweight additive n: a substance or
arrangement of tubes and a firebox in which the bit). It is used with devices such as
material added to cement to make it dense
an emulsion is heated before further bumper subs. See motion compensator.
enough for use in high-pressure zones.
treating, or in which natural gas is heated in
Sand. barite. and hematite are some of the
the field to prevent the formation of hydrates.
substances used as heavyweight additives.
heater-treater n: a vessel that heats an
heavyweight drill pipe n: drill pipe that is
emulsion and removes water and gas from
like conventional drill pipe except that it is
the oil to raise it to a quality acceptable for a
manufactured with a thicker wall, which in-
pipe- line or other means of transport. A
creases its weight and tensile strength. For
heater- treater is a combination of a heater,
example. five-inch lEU grade E75 standard-
free- water knockout, and oil and gas
weight drill pipe weighs 19.5 pounds per foot
separator.
(29 kilograms per metre). while five- inch
lEU grade E75 heavyweight drill pipe weighs
25.ro pounds per foot (38.4 kilograms per
heaving n: the partial or complete collapse metre). Heavyweight drill pipe is placed in
of the walls of a hole resulting from internal the top of the string to support a very long
pressures due primarily to swelling from string of pipe. Heavyweight drill pipe may be
hydration or formation gas pressures. See used in the drill stem when high-tensile
strength drill pipe is required hit high-grade
caving.
heavy ends n pi: 1. the parts of a steel cannot be used because of the high-
hydrocarbon mixture that have the highest grade steel's susceptibility to hydrogen
embrittlernent, which is a form of corrosion
boiling point and the highest viscosity (such
as fuel oils and waxes). 2. hexanes and caused by hydrogen sulphide. Compare
heptanes in a natural gas stream. heavy- walled drill pipe.
heavy hydrocarbons n pi: see heavy ends.
heat exchanger n: see exchanger. heavy metals n pi: any metal with a density
heating cable n: flexible, insulated wire of of 5.0 or greater, such as lead, mercury,
known resistance, which can be wrapped pdfMachine
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hectare 96 hole
high drum drive n: the drive for the draw objects; a winch or similar device. 2. the
hectare n: an internationally used unit of works drum used when hoisting loads are drawworks. v: to raise or lift.
measurement equal to 2.47 acres. light. hoisting cable n: the cable that supports
hedging n: a financial insurance device for high pH mud n: a drilling fluid with a pH drill pipe, swivel, hook, and traveling block
minimising losses and protecting profits range above 10.5, i.e., a high-alkalinity mud. on a rotary drilling rig.
during the production, storage, processing, high-pressure area n: an area of high hoisting components n pi: drawworks,
and marketing of commodities. A marketer atmospheric pressure. drilling line, and travelling and crown blocks.
sells a product on the futures market and high-pressure distribution system n: a Auxiliary hoisting components include
locks in prices for later delivery. That system that operates at a pressure higher catheads, catshaft, and air hoist.
contract may then continue to be exchanged than the standard service pressure delivered hoisting dmm n: the large flanged spool in
on the futures market among other to the customer; thus, a pressure regulator is the drawworks on which the hoisting cable is
marketers with similar concerns and required on each service to control pressure wound. See drawworks.
expectations. delivered to the customer. Sometimes called hoisting engine n: the relatively small
heel n: the inclination of a ship or a floating medium pressure. pneumatically operated engine on an air
offshore drilling rig to one side, caused by high-pressure nervous syndrome n: a hoist, or tugger.
wind, waves, or shifting weights on board. term used to describe symptoms caused by hoisting plug n: also called a lifting sub or a
Also called list. high partial pressures of helium. lifting nipple. See lifting nipple.
heel teeth n: see gauge cutters. high-pressure pipeline n: pipeline in which hoisting system n: the system on the rig
helical adj: spiral-shaped. gas is often compressed up to or in excess that performs all the lifting on the rig,
helical groove n: spooling of wire rope onto of 100 times the normal atmospheric primarily the lifting and lowering of drill pipe
a drum on which the grooves take the form pressure. out of and into the hole. It is composed of
of a helix-that is. like the threads on a pipe high-pressure squeeze cementing n: the drilling line, travelling block, crown block,
end. Also called helical spooling. forcing of cement slurry into a well at the and drawworks. See also hoisting
helium unscrambler n: an electronic device point to be sealed with a final pressure equal components.
that lowers the voice of divers breathing to or greater than the formation breakdown hold-down n: a mechanical arrangement
helium as part of their breathing-gas mixture pressure. See squeeze cementing. that prevents the upward movement of
so that the surface crew may understand high-purity water n: water that has little or certain pieces of equipment installed in a
them. no ionic content and is therefore a poor well. A sucker rod pump may use a
helmet n: a protective enclosure for a diver's conductor of electricity. mechanical hold-down for attachment to a
entire head. It is part of the life-support high-salinity adj: having high salt content. seating nipple.
system and also contains a communications high vapour pressure liquid n: a liquid that, hold-down button n: a hydraulic, toothed
system. at the measurement or proving temperature device in a packer that uses differential
henry (H) n: the unit of self-inductance or of the meter, has a vapour pressure that is pressure across the packer to grip casing
mutual inductance in the metric system. equal to or higher than atmospheric and prevent upward packer movement.
hepatic gas n: see hydrogen sulphide. pressure. Compare low vapour pressure hole n: in drilling operations, the wellbore or
heptane n: a saturated hydrocarbon of the liquid. borehole. See borehole, wellbore.
paraffin series; one of the heavy ends in a high-yield drilling clay n: a classification
gaseous hydrocarbon mixture. given to a group of commercial drilling-clay
hereditaments n pi: whatever can be in- preparations having a yield of 35 to 50
herited. Of the two kinds of hereditaments, barrels (5,565 to 7,950 litres) per ton and
corporeal and incorporeal, the first usually intermediate between bentonite and low-
includes tangible things and the second, yield clays. Usually prepared by peptizing
rights connected with land. Land itself would low- yield calcium montmorilionite clays or,
be a corporeal hereditament; the right to rent in a few cases, by blending some bentonite
would be an incorporeal hereditament with the peptised low-yield clay.
Herschel tube n: a venturi tube used to hi-io cam n: a mechanism in some packers
measure fluid flow when a low permanent to set and release the tool with a minimum of
pressure drop is required for measurement rotation.
hertz (Hz) n: a unit in the metric system hinged master bushing n: a two-piece
used to measure frequency in cycles per master bushing that has a jointed, swinging
second. device (a hinge) on each half into which
hesitation squeeze n: a method of squeeze large pins fit to hold the bushing together. A
cementing in which cement is pumped in two-piece insert bowl to hold the slips fits
and the pumps are stopped for a few inside this type of master ooshing. Compare
minutes. Pumping is started and stopped solid master bushing, split master bushing.
until the desired pressure is obtained. See also insert bowl, master bushing, slips.
hexagonal kelly n: a kelly with a six-sided In.B abbr: hydrophilic-lipophilic balance.
(hexagonal) cross section. Compare square HOCM abbr: heavily oil-cut mud; used in
kelly. See also kelly. drilling reports.
hexane n: C2H14 a liquid hydrocarbon of the bogging n: the distortion of the hull of an
paraffin series. offshore drilling rig when the bow and the
hex kelly n: see kelly. stem are lower than the middle, caused by
HGOR abbr: high gas-oil ratio; used in wave action or unbalanced or heavy loads.
drilling reports. Compare sagging.
hbp abbr: hydraulic horsepower. hoist n: 1. an arrangement of pulleys and
wire rope orpdfMachine
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hole angle 97 hose bundle reel
is often caused by a faulty or improperly against blades to drive the machine. Also
hot carbonate process n: a process for re- adjusted governor. called fluid coupling.
moving the bulk of acid gases from a gas hurricane n: a tropical storm with high winds hydraulic fluid n: a liquid of low viscosity
stream by contacting the stream with a water and heavy rains that occurs in the North (such as light oil) that is used in systems
solution of potassium carbonate at a Atlantic, the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, actuated by liquid (such as the brake system
temperature in the range of 220.F to 240.F and in the Eastern Pacific and Central in a modem passenger car).
(104.C to 116°C). Pacific. Pacific hurricanes, however, are hydraulic force n: force resulting from
hot oil n: 1. absorption or other oil used as a called typhoons. pressure on water or other hydraulic fluid.
heating medium. 2. oil produced in violation hurricane warning n: an announcement hydraulic fracturing n: an operation in
of state regulations or transported interstate warning that hurricane-force winds are in the which a specially blended liquid is pumped
in violation of federal regulations, or oil that area and advising inhabitants in that area to down a well and into a formation under
is stolen. seek shelter. pressure high enough to cause the formation
hot-oil treatment n: the treatment of a hurricane watch n: an announcement to crack open, forming passages through
producing well with heated oil to melt warning that hurricane-force winds may which oil can flow into the wellbore. Sand
accumulated paraffin in the tubing and the pose a threat to an area and cautioning grains, aluminum pellets, glass beads, or
annulus. inhabitants in that area to listen for similar materials are carried in suspension
hot pass n: the second pass made on a subsequent advisories. into the fractures. When the pressure is
weld. The hot pass follows the root, or HWDP abbr: heavy wall drill pipe. Hydrafrac" released at the surface, the fractures
stringer, bead and precedes the filler pass n: the copyrighted name of a method of partially close on the proppants, leaving
and cap. hydraulic fracturing for increasing channels for oil to flow through to the well.
hot spot n: an abnormally hot place on a productivity. Compare explosive fracturing.
casing coupling when a joint is being made hydrate n: a hydrocarbon and water hydraulic governor n: a governor on an
up. It usually indicates worn threads on the compound that is formed under reduced engine that operates by means of oil inside
pipe and in the coupling. temperature and pressure in gathering, its housing. Unlike a mechanical governor,
hot tap v: to make repairs or modifications compression, and transmission facilities for which is mechanically linked to the engine's
on a tank, pipeline, or other installation gas. Hydrates often accumulate in speed control, a hydraulic governor operates
without shutting down operations. troublesome amounts and impede fluid flow. the speed control with oil pressure inside the
hot tie-in n: a weld made on a pipeline al- They resemble snow or ice. v: to enlarge by governor. See governor. Compare
ready in service. The gas from the line is taking water on or in. mechanical governor.
purposely ignited at the point where the hydrated lime n: calcium hydroxide, hydraulic hammer effect n: see water
welding is to be done, thereby eliminating Ca(OH)2, a dry powder obtained by treating hammer.
the chance that a spark could cause an quicklime with enough water to satisfy its hydraulic head n: the force exerted by a
explosion of gas and air. chemical affinity for water. column of liquid expressed by the height of
hot water flooding n: a method of thermal hydration n: I. a chemical reaction in which the liquid above the point at which the
recovery in which water at the boiling point is molecular water is added to the molecule of pressure is measured. Although "head"
injected into a formation to lower the another compound without break- ing it refers to distance or height, it is used to
viscosity of the oil and allow it to flow more down. 2. reaction of powdered cement with express pressure, since the force of the
freely toward producing wells. Although water. The cement gradually sets to a solid liquid column is directly proportional to its
generally less effective than steam injection as hydration continues. height. Also called head or hydrostatic head.
because of lower heat, hot waterflooding hydraulic adj: 1. of or relating to water or Compare hydrostatic pressure.
may be preferable under certain conditions, other liquid in motion. 2. operated, moved, or hydraulic holddown n: an accessory or
such as formation sensitivity to fresh water effected by water or liquid. integral part of a packer used to limit the
or high pressures. hydraulic area n: the area available for flow packer's upward movement under pressure.
howling n: something that covers or at a restriction. hydraulic horsepower n: a measure of the
protects, as the casing for a moving hydraulic bond n: a bonding of cement to power of a fluid under pressure.
mechanical part. the casing or to the formation that blocks the hydraulic jar n: a type of mechanical jar in
hp abbr: horsepower. migration of fluids. It is usually determined which a fluid moving through a small
HPNS abbr: high-pressure nervous by applying increasing amounts of liquid opening slows the piston stroke while the
syndrome. pressure at the pipe-cement or formation- crew stretches the work string. After the
HRC valve n: trade name for a remote- cement interface until leakage occurs. hydraulic delay, a release mechanism in the
controlled valve on the choke line that hydraulic brake n: also called jar trips to allow a mandrel to spring up and
controls the flow of fluids through the line hydrodynamic brake or Hydromatic@brake. deliver a sharp blow. Compare mechanical
from the well to the choke manifold. See hydrodynamic brake. jar, rotary jar.
HSE abbr: health, safety, and environment. hydraulic control pod n: a device used on
huff'n' puff n: (slang) cyclic steam injection. floating offshore drilling rigs to provide a way
hull n: the framework of a vessel including to actuate and control subsea blowout
all decks, plating, and columns, but preventers from the rig. Hydraulic lines from
excluding machinery. the rig enter the pods, through which fluid is
humic acid n: organic acids of indefinite sent toward the preventer. Usually two pods,
composition in naturally occurring leonardite one yellow and one blue, are used, each to
lignite. The humic acids are the most safeguard and back up the other. Also called
valuable constituent. See lignins. blue pod, yellow pod.
hunting n: a surge of engine speed to a hydraulic coupling n: a fluid connection
higher number of revolutions per minute between a prime mover and the machine it
(rpm), followed by a drop to normal speed drives; it uses the action of liquid moving
without manual movement of the throttle. It pdfMachine
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hydraulic jet pump 99 hydroforming
lift oil from depths of more than 10,000 feet hydrocarbons (including nonhydrocarbon
hydraulic jet pump n: a specialised form of (3,048 metres). impurities). It may be expressed in acre-
hydraulic pump, used in artificial lift. whose hydraulic ram n: a cylinder and piston feet, barrels, or cubic feet.
main working parts are nozzle, throat, and device that uses hydraulic pressure for hydrocarbons n pi: organic compounds of
diffuser. The nozzle converts the high- pushing, lifting, or pulling. It is commonly hydrogen and carbon whose densities,
pressure, low-velocity energy of the power used to raise portable masts from a boiling points, and freezing points increase
fluid to high-velocity, low-pressure energy. horizontal to a vertical position, for leveling a as their molecular weights increase.
The power fluid is then mixed with the low- production rig at an uneven location, or for Although composed of only two elements,
pressure pump intake fluid in the throat to closing a blow- out preventer against hydrocarbons exist in a variety of
produce a low-pressure stream with a pressure. compounds, because of the strong affinity of
velocity less than that of the nozzle exit, but hydraulic n: 1. the branch of science that die carbon atom for other atoms and for
a high velocity, nevertheless. The velocity deals with practical applications of water or itself. The smallest molecules of
energy of this mixed stream is then other liquid in motion. 2. the planning arxI hydrocarbons are gaseous; the largest are
converted to static pressure in the diffuser to operation of a rig hydraulics program, solids. Petroleum is a mixture of many
provide the pressure necessary to lift fluid coordinating the power of circulating fluid at different hydrocarbons.
from the well. The power fluid may be either the bit with other aspects of the drilling hydrochloric acid n: an acid compound,
oil or water. program so that bottomhole cleaning is HCI, commonly used to acidize carbonate
hydraulic pump n: a device that lifts oil from maximised. rocks. It is prepared by mixing hydrogen
wells without the use of sucker rods. See hydraulic-set packer n: a packer that is chloride gas in water. Also known as
hydraulic pumping. anchored in the well by the application of muriatic acid.
fluid pressure. hydrocracking n: cracking in the presence
hydraulic snubber n: on a drilling rig's of low-pressure hydrogen, consuming a net
hook, a device inside the hook that is filled amount of hydrogen in the process.
with hydraulic fluid. It dampens the tendency hydrocyanic acid n: see hydrogen cyanide.
of the hook to bounce (move rapidly up and hydrocyclone n: a cone-shaped separator for
down) when crew members break out a joint separating various sizes of particles and
of drill pipe. As the last engaged threads of liquid by centrifugal force. See desandet;
the tool joint pin clears the box threads, the desilter.
release may be sudden and, if not hydrodynamic brake n: a device mounted
dampened, the pin could easily strike the on the end of the drawworks shaft of a
box and damage the threads on both. drilling rig. It serves as an auxiliary to the
hydraulic starter n: on an engine, a device mechanical brake when pipe is lowered into
used to start the engine that uses hydraulic the wen. The braking effect is achieved by
fluid under pressure to operate a motor on means of an impeller turning in a housing
the starter. When engaged, the starter motor filled with water. Sometimes called hydraulic
turns the engine's flywheel to make the brake or Hydromatic@ brake.
engine start. hydrodynamic trap n: a petroleum trap in
hydraulic sucker rod pumping unit n: a which the major trapping mechanism is the
sucker rod pumping unit that uses reciprocal force of moving water.
hydraulic pumps. Few are still in operation. hydroelectric adj: driven by water power.
hydraulic torque converter n: see hydrofluoric acid n: a strong, poisonous
hydraulic coupling. liquid acid compound of hydrogen and
hydraulic torque wrench n: a hydraulically fluorine (HF). Often mixed with hydrochloric
powered device that can break out or make acid, it is used mainly to remove mud from
hydraulic pumping n: a method of pumping up tool joints and assure accurate torque. It the wellbore and surrounding formation
oil from wells by using a downhole pump is fitted with a repeater gauge so that the pores. Also called mud acid.
without sucker rods. Subsurface hydraulic driller can monitor tool joints as they go hydrofluoric-hydrochloric acid n: a
pumps consist of two reciprocating pumps downhole, doubly assuring that all have the mixture of acids used for removal of mud
coupled and placed in the well. One pump correct torque. Sometimes called an Iron from the well bore. See mud acid.
TM
functions as an engine and drives the other Roughneck , after the manufacturer of one hydroforming n: a process of petroleum
pump (the production pump). The downhole such wrench. refining in which straight-run, cracked, or
engine is usually operated by clean crude oil hydraulic workover n: a series of hydraulic mixed naphthas are passed over a solid
under pressure (power oil) that is drawn rams to restrain and pull tubing under well catalyst at elevated temperatures and
from a power-oil settling tank by a triplex pressure, temporarily attached to the moderate pressures in the presence of
plunger pump on the surface. If a single wellhead for workover added hydrogen or hydrogen-containing
string of tubing is used, power oil is pumped hydraulic workover preventer n: a series gases. The main chemical reactions are
down the tubing string to the pump, which is of hydraulic rams to restrain and pull tubing dehydrogenation and aromatization of the
seated in the string, and a mixture of power under well pressure, temporarily attached to nonaromatic constituents of the naphtha to
oil and produced fluid is returned through the the wellhead for workover. form either high-octane motor fuel or high-
casing-tubing annulus. If two parallel strings Hydril' n: the registered trademark of a grade aviation gasoline high in aromatic
are used, one supplies power oil to the prominent manufacturer of oilfield hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylenes.
pump while the other returns the exhaust equipment, especially annular blowout Ninety percent of die sulphur contained in
and produced oil to the surface. A hydraulic preventers. the naphtha is removed.
pump may be used to pump several wells hydrocarbon pore volume n: the volume of
from a central source and has been used to the pore space in a reservoir that is
occupied bypdfMachine
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hydrogen cyanide 100 Hz
produce large pulses of voltage at the time that allows for the establishment or
impeller n: a set of mounted blades used to of ignition for each cylinder. adjustment of the price of natural gas
impart motion to a fluid (e.g., the rotor of a impulse factor n: the increase in the weight delivered under any contract by negotiation
centrifugal pump). in sucker rods in fluid plus the weight of the between the patties.
impending blowout n: early manifestation fluid, caused by the effects of inertia or Independent n: a nonintegrated oil
or indication of a blowout. acceleration. For example, if an increased company or an individual whose operations
impermeable adj: preventing the passage of pumping rate causes an inertial effect of are in the field of petroleum production,
fluid. A formation may be porous yet 30% of the weight of the rods in fluid plus excluding transportation, refining, and
impermeable if there is an absence of the weight of the fluid, the impulse factor will marketing.
connecting passages between the voids be 1.3. independent inspector n: a person or
within in. abbr: inch. organisation acting independently, but on
it. See permeability. in2 abbr: square inch. behalf, of one or more parties involved in the
in3 abbr: cubic inch. transfer, storage, inventory, or analysis of a
commodity or the calibration of land or
incandescent lamp n: an ordinary light marine vessels for the purpose of
bulb. determining the quantity, capacity, and/or
inches (millimetres) of mercury n: a scale quality of a commodity.
for measuring small increases or decreases Independent Petroleum Association of
in pressure. usually in conjunction with a America (IPAA) n: an organisation of
manometer, a U-tube containing mercury. independent oil and gas producers
Pressure on one side of the U-tube causes concerned with the relationships between
the mercury to move upward on the other the oil industry and the public and
side. The movement is measured in inches government. Its official publication is
or millimetres. See manometer. Petroleum Independent. Address: 1101 16th
implied covenant n: an obligation or benefit
inches (millimetres) of water n: a scale for Street NW, 2nd FL.; Washington, DC 20036;
not specified in an oil and gas lease but held
measuring small increases or decreases in (202) 857-4722.
by the courts to be implicit in such lease. for
pressure, usually in conjunction with a Independent surveyor n: often used to
example. an obligation on the part of the
manometer, a U-tube containing water. mean independent inspector, but usually
lessee to drill an initial well.
Pressure on one side of the U-tube causes implying a person or organisation capable of
importer n: (OSHA) the first business with
the water to move upward on the other side. total quantity and quality inspection and
employees within the customs territory of the
The movement is measured in inches or calibration of shore, truck, rail, and marine
United States that receives hazardous
milli- metres. See manometer. vessels, meter proving, and physical
chemicals produced in other countries for
inch-pound (in.-lb) n: one-twelfth of a foot- properties determinations.
the purpose of supplying them to distributors
pound and a measure of small amounts of independent tank n: a tank the boundaries
or employers within the United States.
twisting fon;e, or torque. Compare foot- of which are not part of the hull structure of a
impressed-current anode n: anode to which
pound (ft-lb). barge.
an external source of IK>sitive electricity is
incident command system (ICS) n: a Independent wire rope centre (IWRC) n:
applied (such as from a rectifier or DC
written plan that describes the chain of see independent wire rope core
generator). The negative electricity is
command in an emergency response and independent wire rope core (IWRC) n: a
applied to a pipeline. casing. or other
designates senior officials and their authority core for wire rope consisting of a strand of
structure to be protected by the impressed-
for a given site. steel wires with a spiral winding that is
current method of cathodic protection.
incipient blowout n: see impending blow- opposite that of the outer strands of the
impression block n: a block with lead or
out. rope. Also called independent wire rope
another relatively soft material on its bot-
inclination n: see drift angle. centre.
tom. It is made up on drill pipe or tubing at
incompetent n: a person judged by the index n: a fixed or movable part of a
the surface. run into a well. and set down on
court to be incapable of managing his or her measuring instrument's indicating device
the object that has been lost in the well. The
own affairs by reason of insanity, imbecility, (pointer, liquid surface, recording stylus,
block is retrieved and the impression is
or feeblemindedness (referred to as non etc.) the position of which with reference to
examined. The impression is a mirror image
compos mentis). the scale, indicates the value of the
of the top of the fish; it also indicates the
incompetent formation n: a formation measured quantity.
fish's position in the hole. i.e.. whether it is
composed of materials that are not bound indexing valve n: operates on the same
centred or off to one side. From this
together. It may produce sand along with principle as an annular valve, except it
information. the correct fishing tool can be
hydrocarbons if preventive measures not requires pipe rotation for opening and
selected.
taken, or it may slough or cave around the closing operations.
impression tool n: a lead-filled cylindrical
bit CX' drill stem when a hole is drilled into it. index shaft n: in a simple gas meter, a shaft
device used to ascertain the shape of the
incremental pricing account n: account that revolves as fluid flows past it; by
top of a fish.
maintained by a pipeline that contains the counting the number of revolutions of the
improved recovery n: the introduction of
cost subject to pass-through to certain shaft, gas volume can be inferred.
artificial drive and displacement mechanisms
users.
into a reservoir to produce a portion of the oil
indefinite pricing provision n: any
unrecoverable by primary recovery methods.
provision of any contract that provides for
See enhanced oil recovery.
the establishment or adjustment of the price
impulse coupling n: a special coupling
for natural gas delivered under such contract
between the camshaft and the magneto of a
by reference to other prices for natural gas,
large engine. At cranking speeds the
crude oil, or pdfMachine
refined petroleum products, or
magneto is made to rotate in quick spurts to
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indicated demand 103 inherent motor temperature protection
injection patterns include line drive, five spot, inlet manifold n: the passage that leads
inhibited acid n: an acid that has been seven spot, nine spot, and peripheral. from the air filter to the cylinders of an
chemically treated before the acidizing or injection profile n: specific volumes or engine. In a diesel engine, air only is
acid fracture of a well to lessen its corrosive percentages assigned to each of the introduced on the intake stroke.
effect on the tubular goods and yet maintain intervals in a well that are taking fluid. in-line system n: a type of automatic
its effectiveness. See acid fracture, acidize. injection pump n: a chemical feed pump sampling system where the probe and
inhibited mud n: a drilling fluid to which that injects chemical reagents into a flow- extractor are located directly on the pipeline
chemicals have been added to prevent it line system to treat emulsions at a rate and the sample is withdrawn from the liquid
from causing clay particles in a formation to proportional to that of the flow of the well stream. Compare sample loop.
swell and thus impair the permeability of a fluid. Operating power may come from innage n: the height of a liquid in a tank as
productive zone. Salt is a mud inhibitor. electric motors or from linkage with the measured from the bottom (datum plate) of
inhibitor n: an additive used to retard walking beam of a pumping well. the tank to the liquid surface.
undesirable chemical action in a product. It injection timing n: the injection of fuel at innage bob n: a weight attached to the end
is added in small quantities to gasolines to precisely the right moment in an engine's of a gauge tape. The tape and bob are used
prevent oxidation and gum formation, to operating cycle. Proper injection timing is to measure liquid height in a tank. The bob
lubricating oils to stop colour change, and to vital, because it gives maximum power from keeps the tape vertical so that an accurate
corrosive environments to decrease the fuel, good fuel economy, and clean reading can be obtained from the tape.
corrosive action. combustion. innage gauge n: a measure of the liquid in a
initial circulating pressure (ICP) n: the injection valve n: a poppet spring-loaded tank from the bottom of the tank or a fixed
pressure at which a well that has been subsurface valve run in on wireline, landed datum plate to the surface of the liquid.
closed in on a kick is circulated when well- in a profile, to shut the well in if injection innage measurement n: a measure of the
killing procedures are begun. ceases. liquid height in a tank from the bottom of the
initial gel n: see initial gel strength. injection water n: water that is introduced tank or datum plate to the top of the liquid.
initial gel strength n: the maximum reading into a reservoir to help drive hydrocarbons to innage tape-and-bob procedure n: a
(deflection) taken from a direct-reading a producing well. method of measuring the height of the liquid
viscometer after the fluid has been quiescent injection well n: a well through which fluids in a tank using a pointed gauger's bob and a
for 10 seconds. It is reported in pounds/ 100 are injected into an underground stratum to graduated tape. In this method, the liquid
square feet. See also gel strength. increase reservoir pressure and to displace height is measured from the bottom of the
initial potential n: the early production of an oil. Also called input well. liquid to the top. Compare outage tape-and-
oilwell, recorded after testing operations and injector head n: a control head for injecting bob procedure.
recovery of load oil and used as an indicator coiled tubing into a well that seals off the inorganic compounds n pi: chemical com-
of the maximum ability of a well to produce tubing and makes a pressure-tight pounds that do not contain carbon as the
on completion without subsequent reservoir connection. principal element (excepting that in the form
damage. in-kind n: the taking by an owner of a share of carbonates, cyanides, and cyanides).
initial set n: the point at which a cement of gas or liquids for separate marketing or Such compounds make up matter that is not
slurry begins to harden, or set up, and is no disposition rather than permitting that share plant or animal.
longer pumpable. to be disposed of jointly with gas or products in phase adj: in an AC circuit voltage and
initial stability n: the stability of an off-shore belonging to other owners. current are in phase when they begin, reach
drilling rig when upright or having only a inland barge rig n: a floating off-shore a maximum in the same direction, and return
small angle of heel. drilling structure consisting of a barge on to zero at exactly the same time. Two or
initial stretch n: the permanent lengthening which the drilling equipment is constructed. more alternating emfs of the same frequency
that occurs to new wire rope when it is put When moved from one location to another, are in phase when their polarities and
into service. the barge floats. When stationed on the drill instantaneous values occur at the same
injection n: the process of forcing fluid into site. the barge can be anchored in the time.
something. In a diesel engine, the floating mode or submerged to rest on the input shaft n: the transmission shaft for the
introduction of high-pressure fuel oil into the bottom typically. inland barge rigs are used drawworks that is driven directly by the
cylinders. to drill wells in marshes, shallow inland bays, compounding transmission on a mechanicaI-
injection gas n: 1. a high-pressure gas and areas where the water is not too deep. drive rig and is connected to it with the
injected into a formation to maintain or Also called swamp barge. See floating master clutch; or, on an electric-drive rig, the
restore reservoir pressure. 2. gas injected in offshore drilling rig. shaft driven directly by the electric motors.
gas-lift operations. The input shaft drives the jackshaft or output
injection log n: a survey used to determine shaft.
the injection profile, that is, to assign specific input signal n: a signal applied to a device,
volumes or percentages to each of the element, or system.
formations taking fluid in an injection well. input well n: see injection well
The injection log is also used to check for
casing or packer leaks, bad cement jobs,
and fluid migration between zones.
injection pattern n: the spacing and pat-
tern of wells in an improved recovery project,
determined from the location of existing
wells, reservoir size and shape, the cost of
drilling new wells, and the oil recovery
expected from various patterns. Common
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inrush current 105 integrating orifice meter
hydrocarbons as coke. As the fire moves or current in the circuit is computed from the
from the injection well in the direction of meter reading.
inrush current n: heavy current that producing wells, it bums the deposited coke, insulating flange n: a flange equipped with
develops when an induction motor is started releases hot combustion gases, and plastic pieces to separate its metal parts,
at full voltage. Usually decreases gradually converts connate water into steam. The thus preventing the flow of electric current.
as the speed increases and drops sharply vaporised hydrocarbons and the steam Insulating flanges are often used in cathodic
when the motor reaches full speed. move ahead of the combustion zone, protection systems to prevent electrolytic
in/sec abbr: inches per second. condensing into liquids as they cool and corrosion and are sometimes installed when
insert n: 1. a cylindrical object, rounded, moving oil by miscible displacement and hot a flow line is being attached to a wellhead.
blunt, or chisel-shaped on one end and waterflooding. Combustion gases provide insulator n: a material with a very low
usually made of tungsten carbide, that is additional gas drive. Heat lowers the concentration of free electrons that resists
inserted in the cones of a bit, the cutters of a viscosity of the oil, causing it to flow more the flow of electric current.
reamer, or the blades of a stabiliser to form freely. This method is used to recover intake manifold n: on an engine, a special
the cutting element of the bit or the reamer heavy, viscous oil. Also called fire flooding. fitting through which air (and sometimes
or the wear surface of the stabiliser. Also insolation n: solar radiation received at the fuel) enters the engine. On diesel engines,
called a compact. 2. a removable part earth's surface. only air enters the intake manifold; on
molded to be set into the opening of the installation n: an offshore production gasoline and other spark-ignition engines,
master bushing so that various sizes of slips platform. both fuel and air usually enter the manifold.
may be accommodated. Also called a bowl. instantaneous value n: the value of current Intake port n: an opening in a cylinder wall
3. a removable, hard-steel, serrated piece or voltage at any given instant in a cycle of through which gas flows into the cylinder
that fits into the jaws of the tongs and firmly an AC circuit. when the intake port is uncovered by the
grips the body of the drill pipe or drill collars Institute Mexicano del Petro`leo (Mexican piston.
while the tongs are making up or breaking Petroleum Institute) (IMP) n: a intake valve n: 1. the cam-operated
out the pipe. Also called die. decentralised public-interest body created by mechanism on an engine through which air
the Mexican government. Its main objective and sometimes fuel are admitted to the
is to carry out research and technological cylinder. 2. on a mud pump, the valve that
development as required by the petroleum, opens to allow mud to be drawn into the
petrochemical, and chemical industries; to pump by the pistons moving in the liners.
provide technical services for those intangible development cost n: expense of
industries; and to train personnel involved an item that does not have a salvage value,
with the Mexican petroleum industry. such as site costs, rig transportation, rig
Address: Apartado Postal 14.805; Mexico, operation, drilling fluid, formation tests,
14, D.F., Mexico. cement, and well supplies.
instrumentation n: a device or assembly of integral hull tank n: tank the boundaries of
devices designed for one or more of the which are the bottom, side, deck, or bulk-
insert bit n: see tungsten carbide bit. following functions: to measure operating head of the barge hull.
insert bowl n: a two-piece steel device with variables (such as pressure, temperature, integrating orifice meter n: an orifice meter
a tapered interior surface that fits into a one- rate of flow, and speed of rotation); to with an automatic integrating device. It is
piece or a hinged master bushing. It indicate these phenomena with visible or constructed so that the product of the square
provides a place in the master bushing for audible signals; to record them; to control roots of the differential and static pressures
crew members to set the slips. See master them within a predetermined range; and to is recorded on the chart. The products are
bushing, slips. stop operations if the control fails. Simple continuously totaled and shown on a counter
insert pump n: a sucker rod pump that is instrumentation might consist of an index. When the product total is multiplied by
run into the well as a complete unit. indicating pressure gauge only. In a the orifice flow constant, the rate of flow is
inside blowout preventer n: anyone of completely automatic system, desired determined directly.
several types of valve installed in the drill ranges of pressure, temperature, and so on
stem or in a top drive to prevent high- are predetermined and preset.
pressure fluids from flowing up the drill stem instrumented pig n: an electronic device
and into the atmosphere. Flow is possible inserted into a pipeline that senses and
only downward, allowing mud to be pumped records irregularities in the line that could be
in but preventing any flow back up the stem. corroded spots. Also called smart pig.
Also called an internal blowout preventer. instrument hanger n: a hanger used to lock
Inside BOP abbr: an inside blowout instruments, such as pressure and
preventer. temperature bombs, into a seating nipple.
inside cutter n: see internal cutter. Instrument Society of America (ISA) n: a
inside diameter (lD) n: distance across the group that sets standards for instruments
interior of a circle, especially in the made and used in the United States. Its
measurement of pipe. See diameter. official publications are InTech and
in situ combustion n: a method of Programmable Controls. Address: Box
improved recovery in which heat is 12277; Research Triangle Park, NC 27709;
generated within the reservoir by injecting air (919) 549-8411; fax (919) 549-8288.
and burning a portion of the oil in place. The instrument transformer n: used to reduce
heat of initial combustion cracks the crude current or voltage to a known proportion of
hydrocarbons, vaporises the lighter that in the circuit. A meter is attached to the
hydrocarbons, and deposits the heavier reduced voltagepdfMachine
or current and the voltage
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integrating wattmeter 106 IOGCC
internal-combustion engine n: a heat the Assembly, which meets once every two
integrating wattmeter n: see watthour engine in which the pressure necessary to years and is open to all 136 member states
meter. produce motion of the mechanism results (countries). IMO is headquartered in
integration department n: the department from the ignition or burning of a fuel-air London. Address: 4 Albert Embankment;
of an oil and gas company that receives mixture within the engine cylinder. London SE I 75R; 717357611.
orifice meter charts and integrates, or aver- internal cutter n: a fishing tool containing international standard n: a standard
ages, the static and differential pressure metal-cutting knives that is lowered into the recognised by an international agreement to
readings recorded on the chart. inside of a length of pipe stuck in the hole to serve as the basis for fixing the value of all
intensifier n: a pressure-multiplier-type well cut the pipe. The severed portion of the pipe other standards of the given quantity.
servicing mobile pump. can then be returned to the surface. international system of units (SI) n: a
interest n: pertaining to real estate, a right Compare external cutter. system of units of measurement based on
or a claim to property. internal energy n: energy possessed by a the metric system, adopted and described
interface n: 1. the contact surface between body by reason of its molecular forces, by the Eleventh General Conference on
two boundaries of liquids (e.g., the surface independent of its potential or kinetic energy. Weights and Measures. It provides an
between water and the oil floating on it). 2. a A match or explosive has internal energy. international standard of measurement to be
means for coupling unlike equipment or internal-external upset end (I-EUE) n: on followed when certain customary units, both
functions so that they may communicate and tubing, casing, or drill pipe, the thickening at US and metric, are eventually phased out of
work in unison. each end of the joint such that the internal international trade operations. The symbol
interfacial tension n: the surface tension diameter and die external diameter of die SI (Le Syste`me International d'Unite's)
occurring at the interface between two joint increase in thickness at each end. designates the system, which involves
liquids that do not mix, such as oil and Compare external upset end, internal upset seven base units: (1) metre for length, (2)
water. Interfacial tension is caused by the end. kilogram for mass, (3) second for time, (4)
difference in fluid pressures of the liquids. internal line-up clamp n: an alignment Celsius for temperature, (5) ampere for
interfit n: the distance that the ends of one clamp used on the inside of pipe. It uses a electric current, (6) candela for luminous
bit cone extend into the grooves of an number of small expandable blocks, or intensity, and (7) mole for amount of
adjacent one in a roller cone bit. Also called shoes, to grip the inside surfaces of both substance. From these units, others are
intermesh. pipe joints and hold them in place. The derived without introducing numerical
Intergovernmental Maritime Comultative clamp can also act as a swab to clean the factors.
Organisation (lMCO) n: an international inside of the pipe. Compare external line- up interpulse spacing n: variations in meter
organisation that regulates maritime clamp. pulse width/space, normally expressed as a
practices, including possible pollution of the internal phase n: the fluid droplets or solids percentage.
oceans by tanker-cleaning effluent. Later that are dispersed throughout another liquid Interstate Commerce Commission (iCC)
became International Maritime Organisation. in an emulsion. Compare continuous phase. n: a federal agency that until 1977 had
interlocking n: automatic process by which internal preventer n: see inside blowout jurisdiction over oil pipelines engaged in
an operation cannot be initiated until certain preventer. interstate commerce. See Federal Energy
requirements have been met. internal upset end (lUE) n: an extra-thick Regulatory Commission.
INTERMAR abbr: Office of International inside wall on the end of tubing or drill pipe Interstate Natural Gas Association of
Activities and Marine Minerals (MMS). at the point where it is threaded to America (INGAA) n: an association of gas
intermediate casing string n: the string of compensate for the metal removed in transmission companies, producers, and
casing set in a well after the surface casing threading. Unlike external upset drill pipe, distributors. Address: 555 13th Street NW,
but before production casing is set to keep which has the extra thickness on the Suite 300- W; Washington, DC 20004; (202)
the hole from caving and to seal off trouble- outside, drill pipe with internal upset has the 626-3200.
some formations. In deep wells, one or more extra thickness inside and a uniform, straight Interstate Oil and Gas Compact
intermediate strings may be required. Some- wall outside. Compare external upset end, Commission (IOGCC) n: a commission that
times called protection casing. internal-external upset end. comprises governors of oil-producing states.
intermediate gears n pi: a system of gears internal-upset pipe n: see internal upset It works cooperatively with the EPA to assist
that transmits rotary motion. end. International Association of Drilling states in improving regulatory programs.
intermesh n: see interfit. Contractors (IADC) n: an organisation of Address: Box 53127; Oklahoma City, OK
intermittent-flow gas lift n: see gas lift. drilling contractors that sponsors or conducts 73152-3127; (405) 525-3556.
intermittent sample n: a pipeline sample research on education, accident prevention,
withdrawn by equal increments at a rate of drilling technology, and other matters of
less than one increment per minute. interest to drilling contractors and their
intermittent sampler n: a sampler that employees. Its official publication is The
transfers equal increments of oil from a Drilling Contractor: Address: Box 4287;
pipeline to the sample container at a uniform Houston, TX 77210; (281) 578-7171; fax
rate. (281) 578-0589.
intermitter n: a regulation device used in International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
production of a flowing well. The well flows n: an agency of the United Nations that
wide open (or through a choke) for short provides an international forum for nations to
periods several times a day and is then discuss international cooperative efforts to
closed in. Also used in some gas lift improve marine safety and to protect the
installations. ocean environment. International treaties on
internal blowout preventer n: see inside safety (SOLAS) and environmental
blowout preventer. protection (MARPOL) have been negotiated
at IMO. The pdfMachine
governing body of the IMO is
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interstate pipeline 107 isomerization
dispersed phase and diesel. crude. or some isochronal test n: a short-time back-
interstate pipeline n: a natural gas pipe- other oil is the continuous phase. Water pressure test for low-permeability reservoirs
line company that is engaged in the increases d1e viscosity and oil reduces the that otherwise require excessively long times
transportation, by pipeline, of natural gas viscosity. for pressure stabilisation when wells are
across state boundaries. The pipeline is iodine number n: d1e number indicating the shut in.
subject to FERC jurisdiction under the amount of iodine absorbed by oils. fats. and isochronous governor n: a governor that
Natural Gas Act and under the Natural Gas waxes. giving a measure of the unsaturated maintains a constant speed of the prime
Policy Act. linkages present. Generally. the higher the mover regardless of the load applied, within
interstice n: a pore space in a reservoir iodine number. the more severe the action of the capacity of the prime mover.
rock. the oil on rubber. isogonic chart n: a map that shows the
IOGCC abbr: Interstate Oil and Gas isogonic lines joining points of magnetic
Compact Commission. declination, which is the variation between
ion n: an atom or a group of atoms charged magnetic north and true north. For example,
either positively (a cation) or negatively (an in Los Angeles, California, when the
anion) as a result of losing or gaining compass needle is pointing toward north,
electrons. true north actually lies 150 east of magnetic
ionization n: the process by which a neutral north. See declination.
atom becomes positively or negatively isogonic line n: an imaginary line on a map
charged through the loss or gain of elec- that joins places on the earth's surface at
trons. which the variation of a magnetic compass
IPAA abbr: Independent Petroleum needle from true north is the same. This
Association of America. variation, which may range from 0 to 30 or
IPR abbr: inflow performance relationship. more degrees either east or west of true
IPR curve n: see inflow performance north, must be compensated for to obtain an
interstitial water n: water contained in the
relationship curve. accurate reading of direction.
interstices, or pores, of reservoir rock. In
IR drop n: voltage drop. as determined by isokinetic sample n: a sample taken from a
reservoir engineering, it is synonymous with
the formula E = JR. pipeline in which the linear velocity of the
connate water. Compare connate wate,;
iron count n: a measure of iron compounds fluid through the opening of the sample
intertropical convergence zone n: the low-
in the product stream. determined by probe is equal to the linear velocity in the
pressure frontal zone that serves as the
chemical analysis. which reflects the pipeline and is in the same direction as the
dividing line between the northeast and
occurrence and the extent of corrosion. bulk of the fluid in the pipeline approaching
southeast trade winds.
iron monoxide n: see ferrous oxide. the probe.
intestate adj: without leaving a will. A
iron pyrite n: see pyrite. isolate v: to pack off above and below a
person may be said to have died intestate.
Iron RoughneckTM n: a manufacturer's zone of interest.
intrastate pipeline n: a natural gas pipeline
name for a floor-mounted combination of a
company that is engaged in the
spinning wrench and a torque wrench. The isolith map n: a map of a formation on
transportation, by pipeline, of natural gas not
Iron Roughneck moves into position which points of similar lithology are
subject to FERC jurisdiction under the
hydraulically and eliminates the manual connected by a series of contours.
Natural Gas Act and under the Natural Gas
handling involved with suspended individual
Policy Act.
tools.
intrinsic and unique adj: a phrase applied
iron sponge process n: a method for
to operations that are necessary and
removing small concentrations of hydrogen
uniquely associated with oil and gas
sulphide from natural gas by passing the gas
exploration and production operations. In
over a bed of wood shavings that have been
order to be intrinsic and unique to E&P
impregnated with a form of iron oxide (iron
operations, they must be associated with
sponge). The hydrogen sulphide reacts with
efforts to locate oil or gas deposits; to
the iron oxide, forming iron sulphide and
remove oil or natural gas from the ground; or
water.
to remove impurities from substances as an
iron sulphide n: see ferrous sulphide.
integral part of primary field operations.
ISA abbr: Instrument Society of America.
intrusive rock n: an igneous rock that, while
isobar n: a line drawn on a weather map
molten, penetrated into or between other isomerization n: in petroleum refining, the
connecting points of equal atmospheric
rocks and solidified. process of altering the arrangement of the
pressure.
invaded zone n: an area within a permeable atoms in the molecule without adding or
isobutane n: 1. a hydrocarbon of the
rock adjacent to a wellbore into which a removing anything from the original material.
paraffin series with the formula C4"lO and
filtrate (usually water) from the drilling mud Straight-chain hydrocarbons are converted
having its carbon atoms branched. 2. in
has passed, with consequent partial or total to branched-chain hydrocarbons with a
commercial transactions, a product meeting
displacement of the fluids originally present substantially higher octane rating in the
the GPA specification for commercial butane
in the zone. presence of a catalyst at moderate
and, in addition, containing a minimum
invert-emulsion mud n: an oil mud in which temperatures and pressures. The process is
of95% liquid volume isobutane.
fresh or salt water is the dispersed phase basic to the conversion of normal butene
isochore map n: a contour map that shows
and diesel, crude, or some other oil is the into isobutane.
the thickness of a pay section in a reservoir.
continuous phase. See oil mud.
Used for estimating reservoir content. See
inverter n: see converter.
contour map.
invert oil-emulsion n: a water-in-oil
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isomerization 108 isomerization
pipe is removed and pumped to one side of circuit is proportional to the circuit's
jet deflection bit n: a special jet bit that has the trench. The line then sags naturally into resistance, to the square of the strength of
a very large nozzle used to deflect a hole position in the trench. the current, and to the time that the current
from the vertical. The large nozzle erodes jet stream n: a relatively narrow band of lasts.
one side of the hole so that the hole is winds in the upper troposphere, with speeds Joule- Thomson effect n: the change in
deflected off vertical. A jet deflection bit is as high as 300 knots and travelling from gas temperature that occurs when the gas is
especially effective in soft formations. west to east. expanded adiabatically from a higher
jet gun n: an assembly, including a carrier jet the well in v: circulating a lower-density pressure to a lower pressure. The effect for
and shaped charges, that is used in jet fluid to under balance the well's formation most gases, except hydrogen and helium, is
perforating. pressure to initiate flow. a cooling of the gas.
jet hopper n: a device to hold or feed jetting n: the process of periodically journal n: the part of a rotating shaft that
drilling-mud additives. See mud-mixing removing a portion or all of the water, mud, turns in a bearing.
devices. jet mixer n: a cement mixing system and/or solids from the pits, usually by means journal angle n: the angle formed by lines
that combines dry cement with a jet of water. of pumping through a jet nozzle perpendicular to the axis of the journal and
The turbulence from the water thoroughly arrangement. jobber n: a wholesaler who the axis of the bit. Also called pin angle.
mixes the cement slurry. buys gasoline for resale to retailers.
jet out v: to use a jet for cleaning out mud joint n: 1. in drilling, a single length (from 16
tanks, cellar, and other areas. feet to 45 feet, or 5 metres to 14.5 metres,
jet-perforate v: to create holes through the depending on its range length) of drill pipe,
casing with a shaped charge of high drill collar, casing, or tubing that has
explosives instead of a gun that fires threaded connections at both ends. Several
projectiles. The loaded charges are lowered joints screwed together constitute a stand of
into the hole to the desired depth. Once pipe. 2. in pipelining, a single length (usually
detonated, the charges emit short, 40 feet-12 metres) of pipe. 3. in geology, a
penetrating jets of high- velocity gases that crack or fissure produced in a rock by
make holes in the casing and cement for internal stresses. 4. in sucker rod pumping,
some distance into the formation. Formation a single length of sucker rod that has
fluids then flow into the wellbore through threaded connections at both ends.
these perforations. See bullet perforato1; joint identifier n: a gauge for detennining
gun-perforate. whether the connections of drill collars and
tool joints match.
joint movement n: the shipment of a tender
of oil through the facilities of one or more
pipeline companies. journal bearing n: a machine part in which
joint operating agreement n: a contract by a rotating shaft (a journal) revolves or slides.
which two or more co-owners of the Also called a plain bearing.
operating rights in a tract of land join to J-slot n: a type of mechanism in a packer or
share the costs of exploration and possible a tool in which tubing rotation moves the
development. Compare farmout. tool's mandrel through a series of motions,
joint tariff n: a rate sheet, issued jointly by similar to a letter J, to set and release the
jet-powered junk basket n: see reverse- two or more companies, setting forth tool.
circulation junk basket. charges for moving oil over the facilities of J-tool n: a sleeve receptacle that has a fitted
jet pump n: a pump that operates by means each. male element and pins that fit into milled J-
of a jet of steam, water, or other fluid that joint tenants n pi: two or more persons who shaped slots of the sleeve. The short sides
imparts motion and subsequent pressure to are granted lands or tenements to hold in of the J-slots provide a shoulder for
a fluid medium. fee simple, fee tail for life, for years, or at supporting weight on the pins of the male
jet sled n: in pipeline construction offshore, will, whose joint title is created by one and element. When the male element is lowered
a pipe-straddling device fitted with nozzles the same deed or will. The survivor receives and turned relative to the sleeve, the pins
the whole on the death of the other. slide in the slot toward the long side of the J,
joint venture n: a business undertaking, which is open-ended. The pins may thus be
usually of more limited scope and length raised out, releasing weight that may be
than a partnership, in which control, profits, supported by the sleeve. The releasing
losses, and liability are all shared. procedure is called "unjaying the tool."
Jones effect n: the net surface tension of J-tube method n: a method for joining a
salt solutions first decreases with an pipeline to a subsea riser on a platform. In
increase of concentration, passes through a the J-tube method. the pipe is lifted off the
minimum, and then increases as the ocean floor when it reaches the platform and
concentration is raised. is then fed up to the surface through a guide
joule (J) n: the unit used to measure heat, tube. During this process, the pipe assumes
work, and energy in the metric system. It is a J configuration. Compare reverse J-tube
the amount of energy required to move an method.
object of I kilogram mass to a height of I
on either side that is lowered by a bury metre. Also called a newton-metre.
barge. As water is pumped at high pressure Joule's law n: a law that states that the
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drill stem, the drill stem turns. Also called the kelly joint n: see kelly.
K sym: kelvin. drive bushing. See kelly, master bushing. kelly saver sub n: a heavy and relatively
KalrezTM n: a trademark for a specially kelly bushing lock assembly n: a feature short length of pipe that fits in the drill stem
compounded fluoroelastomer for extreme on four-pin kelly bushings installed on between the kelly and the drill pipe. The
temperature, pressure, and hostile floating offshore rigs (which employ a threads of the drill pipe mate with those of
environment service. See elastomer, conventional rotary table assembly) that the sub, minimising wear on the kelly.
ftuoroelastomer. secures the kelly bushing's pins to the kelly spinner n: a pneumatically operated
kaolinite n: Al2Si205(OH)4, a light-coloured master bushing's corresponding drive holes device mounted on top of the kelly that,
clay mineral. so that the kelly bushing will not separate when actuated, causes the kelly to turn or
KB abbr: kelly bushing; used in drilling from (lift off of) the master bushing as the rig spin. It is useful when the kelly or a joint of
reports. heaves up and down with wind and wave pipe attached to it must be spun up, that is,
K capture n: an interaction in which a motion. See kelly bushing, master bushing. rotated rapidly for being made up.
nucleus captures an electron from the K kelly bushing rollers n pi: rollers in the kelly sub n: see kelly saver sub.
shell of atomic electrons (shell nearest the kelly bushing that roll against the flat sides of kelvin (K) n: the fundamental unit of
nucleus) and emits a neutrino. the kelly and allow it to move freely upward thermodynamic temperature in the metric
keel n: a centreline strength tube running or downward. Also called drive rollers. system. See kelvin temperature scale.
fore and aft along the bottom of a ship or a kelvin temperature scale n: a temperature
floating offshore drilling rig and forming the scale with the degree interval of the Celsius
backbone of the structure. scale and the zero point at absolute zero.
keeper n: an exploration well intended for On the kelvin scale, water freezes at 273.16.
completion. and boils at 373.16.. See absolute
keep whole n: provision in gas processing temperature scale.
agreements that essentially allows the kerosene n: a light, flammable hydrocarbon
producer to receive at least an amount equal fuel or solvent.
to the proceeds the producer would have key n: 1. a hook-shaped wrench that fits the
been entitled to had he or she sold the gas square shoulder of a sucker rod and is used
at the wellhead without processing. when rods are pulled or run into a pumping
kelly n: the heavy steel tubular device, four- oilwell. Usually used in pairs; one key backs
or six-sided, suspended from the swivel up and the other breaks out or makes up the
through the rotary table and connected to rod. Also called a rod wrench. 2. a slender
the top joint of drill pipe to turn the drill stem strip of metal that is used to fasten a wheel
as the rotary table turns. It has a bored or a gear onto a shaft. The key fits into slots
passageway that permits fluid to be in the shaft and in the wheel or gear. v: to
circulated into the drill stem and up the use a cotter key to prevent a nut from
annulus, or vice versa. Kellys manufactured coming loose from a bolt or a stud.
to API specifications are available only in keyseat n: 1. an undergauge channel or
four- or six-sided versions, are either 40 or groove cut in the side of the bore- hole and
54 feet (12 to 16 metres) long, and have parallel to the axis of the hole. A key seat
diameters as small as 2112 inches (6 results from the rotation of pipe on a sharp
centimetres) and as large as 6 inches (15 bend in the hole. 2. a groove cut parallel to
centimetres). the axis in a shaft or a pulley bore.
kelly bushing (KB) n: a special device
placed around the kelly that mates with the
kelly flats and fits into the master bushing of
the rotary table. The kelly bushing is kelly bypass n: a system of valves and
designed so that the kelly is free to move up piping that allows drilling fluid to be
or down through it. The bottom of the circulated without the use of the kelly.
bushing may be shaped to fit the opening in kelly cock n: a valve installed at one or both
the master bushing or it may have pins that ends of the kelly. When a high-pressure
fit 'into the master bushing. In either case, backflow occurs inside the drill stem, the
when the kelly bushing is inserted into the valve is closed to keep pressure off the
master bushing and the master bushing is swivel and rotary hose. See lower kelly cock,
turned, the kelly bushing also turns. Since upper kelly cock.
the kelly bushing fits onto the kelly, the kelly kelly flat n: one of the flat sides of a kelly.
turns, and since the kelly is made up to the Also called a flat.
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kelly hose n: see rotary hose.
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keyseat barge 113 knockout
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landform n: a recognisable. naturally last engaged thread n: the last pipe thread
L abbr: litre. formed physical land feature having a that is actually screwed into the coupling
Labrador Current n: cold ocean current that characteristic shape. such as a plain. alluvial thread in making up a joint of drill pipe, drill
flows south along the Labrador coast fan. valley. hill. or mountain. collars, tubing, or casing. If the pipe makes
through the Davis Strait to the Grand Banks, landing depth n: the depth to which the up perfectly, it is also the last thread cut on
where it divides and flows into the North lower end of casing extends in the hole the pipe.
Atlantic and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. when casing is landed. latch on v: to attach elevators to a section of
LACT abbr: lease automatic custody landing equipment n: any downhole tool pipe to pull it out of or run it into the hole.
transfer. placed in the tubing string that facilitates the latch sub n: a device, usually with
LACT unit n: an automated system for later placement of special tools at that point. segmented threads, run with seal subs on
measuring, sampling, and transferring oil landing nipple n: a device machined the bottom of a tubing string and latched into
from a lease gathering system into a pipe- internally to receive the movable locking a permanent packer to prevent tubing
line. See lease automatic custody transfer. devices used to position. lock. and seal movement.
Iacustrine delta n: a collection of sediment subsurface production controls in tubing. A lateral curve n: in conventional electric
in a lake at the point at which a river or landing nipple provides a seat at a known logging. the curve drawn on the log by a
stream enters. When the flowing water depth into which various types of retrievable device on an electric logging tool that is
enters the lake, the encounter with still water flow control equipment can be set. Also designed to measure formation resistivity
absorbs most or all of the stream's energy, called a seating nipple. about 36 feet (11 metres) from the wellbore.
causing its sediment load to be deposited. landman n: a person in the petroleum lateral focus log n: a resistivity log taken
LAER abbr: lowest achievable emission industry who negotiates with landowners for with a sonde that focuses an electrical
rate. oil and gas leases. options, minerals, and current laterally, away from the wellbore,
lagging edge n: the positive-to-negative royalties and with producers for joint and into the formation being logged. Allows
transition of an electric signal. operations relative to production in a field. more precise measurement than was
laminar flow n: a smooth flow of fluid in Also called a leaseman. possible with earlier sondes. The lateral
which no turbulence or cross flow of fluid land rig n: any drilling rig that is located on focus log is a useful means of distinguishing
particles occurs between adjacent stream dry land. Compare offshore rig. thin rock layers. Also called LaterologTM.
lines. See also Reynolds number. Landsat n: an unstaffed earth-orbiting LaterologTM n: trade name for a
land n: 1. the area of a partIy machined NASA satellite that transmits multispectral Schlumberger guard or lateral focus
surface (as with grooves or indentation) that images to earth receiving stations; formerly resistivity log, but so commonly used as to
is left smooth. 2. the area on a piston called ERTS (Earth Resowce Technology be almost a generic term.
between the grooves into which the rings fit. Satellite). latex cement n: an oil well cement
v: to seat tubular goods (such as casing or landspreading n: the process of disking, or composed of latex, cement, a surfactant,
tubing) into a special device designed to tilling. low-toxicity wastes into surface soil; and water and characterised by its high-
support them from the surface. land farming. strength bond with other materials and its
land a wellhead v: to attach casing heads lang lay n: a type of wire rope construction resistance to contamination by oil or drilling
and other wellhead equipment not already in in which the wires that make up the wire mud.
place at the time of well completion. rope strands are twisted in the same
land casing v: to install casing so that it is direction as the strands themselves.
supported in the casinghead by slips. lap n: an interval in the cased hole where
land department n: that section or unit of an the top of a liner over- laps the bottom of a
oil company that seeks out and acquires oil string of casing. See liner lap.
and gas leases.
land disposal n: (RCRA) placement in or on
the land; placement in a landfill, surface
impoundment, waste pile, injection well, land
treatment facility, salt dome formation, salt
bed formation, underground mine or cave. or
in a concrete vault or bunker intended for
disposal purposes.
landed cost n: the price of imported crude
oil at the port of discharge. Includes
purchase price at the foreign port plus
charges for transporting and insuring the
crude oil from the purchase point to the port
of discharge; does not include import tariffs large structure n: a relative term that
or fees. wharfage charges. or demurrage implies the existence of a geologic formation
costs. bigger than ispdfMachine
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Laurasia 116 lease metering site
leonardite n: a naturally occurring oxidised lifting costs n pi: the costs of producing oil
Iease operator n: dte oil company employee lignite. See lignins. from a well or a lease.
who attends to producing wells. He or she LEPC abbr: Local Emergency Planning
attends to any number of wells, ensures committees. lifting nipple n: a short
steady production, prepares reports, tests, lessee n: the recipient of a lease (such as piece of pipe with a
gauges, and so forth. Also called a an oil and gas lease). Also called leasee. pronounced upset, or
custodian, pumper, or switcher. lessor n: the conveyor of a lease (such as shoulder, on the upper
lease purchase agreement n: an an oil and gas lease). end, screwed into drill
agreement between companies for the letter of indemnity n: an agreement in pipe, drill collars, or
purchase by one company of a block of the which a party receiving gas sales proceeds casing to provide a
other's leases. Also used between lease agrees to refund part of such proceeds in positive grip for the
brokers and companies. the event FERC orders the party to return elevators. Also called a
Iease stipulation n pi: special stipulations, part of the gas sales proceeds to the lifting sub or a hoisting
or requirements, that are often included in purchaser because a portion of the rate is plug.
OCS oil and gas leases in response to deemed unjustified.
concerns raised by coastal states, fishing letter of protest n: a letter issued by any
groups, federal agencies, and others. The participant in a custody transfer citing any
stipulations may require biological surveys of condition with which issue is taken. This
sensitive seafloor habitats, environmental serves as a written record that a particular
lifting sling n: an arrangement of special
training for operations personnel, special action or finding was questioned at the time
hooks that fit into receptacles in a master
waste-discharge procedures, archaeological of occurrence. Also called notice of apparent
bushing or an insert bowl and chains or wire
resource reports to determine the potential discrepancy.
rope that are connected to a rig's air hoist,
for the encounter of historic or prehistoric Letter to Lessees and Operators (LTL) n:
all of which enables crew members to insert
resources, special operating procedures an MMS document sent to offshore lessees
or remove the master bushing and insert
near military bases or their zones of activity, and operators to clarify or supplement
bowls as required.
and other restrictions on OCS oil and gas operational guidelines.
lifting sub n: also called hoisting plug or
operations. Lease stipulations are legally levee n: 1. an embankment that lies along
lifting nipple. See lifting nipple.
binding, contractual provisions. the sides of a sea channel, a canyon, a river,
light crude oil n: a crude oil of relatively
lease superintendent n: the oil company or a valley. 2. the low ridge sometimes
high API gravity (usually 40. or higher).
employee who supervises one or more lease deposited by a stream along its sides.
light displacement n: on mobile offshore
operators. level n: 1. the height or depth at which the
drilling rigs, the weight of the rig with all
lease tank n: see production tank. top of a column of fluid is located (the level
permanently attached equipment but without
ledge n: a wellbore irregularity caused by of fluid in a well). 2. horizontally even
fuel, supplies, crew, ballast, drill pipe, and so
penetration of alternating layers of hard and surface. 3. a device used to determine
forth.
soft formations, where the soft formation is whether a surface is horizontal.
light ends n pi: the lighter hydrocarbon
washed out and causes a change of level-control assembly n: a system of
molecules that comprise gasoline, light
diametrical size. devices whose purpose is to maintain the
kerosene, heptane, natural gas, and so
leeward ad}: (nautical) downwind. volume of liquid in a tank or vessel at a
forth.
leg n: in crane operations, a single length of predetermined height.
lightening hole n: a hole cut into a
wire-rope sling, one end of which is attached Liberian certification n: a license and
strengthening member that reduces its
to the load and the oilier end of which is certification obtained by those who work at
weight but does not significantly affect its
attached to the crane's hook. Usually, but sea from the Liberian Maritime Registry
strength.
not always, slings with at least two legs are System, which adheres to STCW standards.
lighter n: a large, usually flat-bottomed,
used. See Standards for Training, Certification,
barge used in unloading or loading ships. v:
legal effect clause n: in an oil and gas and Watchstanding.
to convey by a lighter.
lease, the clause that binds the parties and lifeline n: a line attached to a diver's helmet
light fuels n pi: fuels, such as gasoline, that
declares the lease effective for the lessor by which he or she is lowered and raised in
have relatively high volatility.
when he or she signs the instrument. the water.
light hydrocarbons n pi: the low molecular
lens n: 1. a porous, permeable, irregularly life tenant n: someone who holds the
weight hydrocarbons such as methane,
shaped sedimentary deposit surrounded by exclusive right to possess and use property
ethane, propane, and butanes.
impervious rock. 2. a lenticular sedimentary during his or her lifetime but who cannot
light hydrogen n: see protium.
bed that pinches out, or comes to an end, in devise or bequeath the property. Compare
lightning arrester n: a device incorporated
all directions. remainderman.
into an electrical system to prevent damage
lifter n: a device in an engine against which
by heavy surges of high-voltage electricity,
a cam rotates as the engine runs. As the
such as a stroke of lightning or voltage
high point of the cam rotates, it pushes
surges resulting from mishaps in operations.
against (lifts) the lifter. The lifter, in turn,
light products n pi: petroleum fractions,
actuates a push rod or other device to open
such as ethylene, that are relatively light in
a valve or similar device. Sometimes called
molecular weight.
a cam follower.
lens-type trap n: a hydrocarbon reservoir lifter-roof tank n: a tank whose roof rises
consisting of a porous, permeable, and falls with the changes of pressure in the
irregularly shaped sedimentary deposit tank but does not float on the product stored
surrounded by impervious rock. See lens. in it.
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lightweight cement 118 liner lap
system on which are recorded static and from the setting depth up into another string
lightweight cement n: a cement or cement differential pressures during a particular time of casing, usually overlapping about 100 feet
system that handles stable slurries having a period. It must have the same static and (30.5 metres) above the lower end of the
density less than that of neat cement. Light- differential ranges as the flow recorder. intermediate or the oil string. Liners are
weight cements are used in low-pressure nearly always suspended from the upper
zones where the hydrostatic pressure of string by a hanger device. 2. a relatively
long columns of neat cement can fracture short length of pipe with holes or slots that is
the formation and result in lost circulation. placed opposite a producing formation.
lightweight gear n: all diving equipment Usually, such liners are wrapped with
less complex than the standard dress. This specially shaped wire that is designed to
equipment employs face masks or helmets, prevent the entry of loose sand into the well
protective clothing, and swim fins or boots. as it is produced. They are also often used
lignins n pi: naturally occurring special with a gravel pack. 3. in jet perforation guns,
lignites, e.g., leonardite, that are produced a conically shaped metallic piece that is part
by strip mining from special lignite deposits. of a shaped charge. It increases the
Used primarily as thinners and emulsifiers. linearity of a meter n: an expression of a efficiency of the charge by increasing the
lignosulphonate n: an organic drilling fluid meter's deviation from accuracy. penetrating ability of the jet. 4. a replaceable
additive derived from by-products of a linear meter range n: the flow range over tube that fits inside the cylinder of an engine
paper-making process using sulphite. It which the meter factor does not deviate from or a pump. See cylinder linel:
minimises fluid loss and reduces mud specified limits.
viscosity. linear polarisation n: a technique used to
limber hole n: a hole cut in a structural measure instantaneous corrosion rates by
member of ship or offshore drilling rig, changing the electrical potential of a
usually in a tank, to allow water to pass structure that is corroding in a conductive
through freely. fluid and measuring the current required for
lime n: a caustic solid that consists primarily that change.
of calcium oxide (CaO). Many forms of CaO line circulation n: petroleum or other liquid
are called lime, including the various delivered through a pipeline system into a
chemical and physical forms of quicklime, receiving vessel or tank to ensure that the
hydrated lime, and even calcium carbonate. section of pipeline from the source tank to
Limestone is sometimes called lime. the receiving tank is full in order to minimise
lime mud n: 1. a calcite-rich sediment that the amount of air in the pipeline.
may give rise to shaly limestone. 2. a drilling line contractor n: control device that makes
mud that is treated with lime to provide a and breaks the power circuit to the motor.
source of soluble calcium in the filtrate to line displacement n: an operation to replace
obtain desirable mud properties for drilling in previous material in a pipeline.
shale or clay formations. line drive n: in waterflooding, a straight-line
limestone n: a sedimentary rock rich in pattern of injection wells designed to line rate n: the rate of flow of a fluid through
calcium carbonate that sometimes serves as advance water to the producing wells in the a line.
a reservoir rock for petroleum. form of a nearly linear frontal movement. liner barrel n: a pump barrel used for either
limited-entry technique n: a fracturing See waterflooding. tubing pumps or rod (insert) pumps. A full-
method in which fracturing fluid is injected line drop n: opening (venting to cylinder barrel consists of a steel jacket
into the formation through a limited number atmosphere) in a vessel's piping system so inside of which is a full-length tube of cast
of perforations (i.e., fluid is not injected as to allow, to the extent possible, drainage iron or special alloy. The inner surface of the
through all the perforations at once; rather, into a tank where the material may be barrel is polished to a mirror like finish to
injection is confined to a few selected gauged and accounted for. permit a fluid-tight seal between it and the
perforations). This special technique can be line loss n: the reduction in the quantity of plunger. In a sectional liner barrel, the tube
useful when long, thick, or multiple natural gas flowing through a pipeline that placed inside the steel jacket consists of a
producing zones are to be fractured. results from leaks, venting, and other series of sections placed end to end and
limited exposure n: a generic term to physical and operational circumstances. held firmly in place by means of threaded
describe certain types of packers where the line pack n: see line press. collars on the ends of the steel jacket.
packing element is positioned in such a line parts n pi: see parts of line. liner completion n: a well completion in
fashion as to limit wellbore media exposed line pipe n: a steel or plastic pipe used in which a liner is used to obtain
to the tool's setting or releasing pipelines, gathering systems, flow lines, and communication between the reservoir and
mechanisms. so forth. the wellbore.
line n: 1. any length of pipe through which line press n: the recorded difference in a liner hanger n: a slip device that attaches
liquid or gas flows. 2. rope or wire rope. 3. tank's gauges taken both while the tank's the liner to the casing. See liner.
electrical wire. valves are closed (off-line), and while the liner lap n: the distance that a liner extends
lineament n: a linear topographic or tonal tank's valves are opened (on-line) into a into the bottom of a string of casing. See lap.
feature on the terrain and on images and closed system. All downstream valves of die
maps of the terrain that is thought to indicate line section to be pressed are opened while
a zone of subsurface structural weakness. the terminating valves remain closed. Also
linear caliper n: see caliper: called line pack.
linear chart n: a direct reading chart used liner n: 1. a string of pipe used to case open
on the flow recorder of an orifice metering pdfMachine
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liner patch 119 litre
vessel such as a ship used to transport Liquid-level controller n: any device used
liner patch n: a stressed-steel corrugated liquefied natural gas. to control the liquid level in a tank by
tube that is lowered into existing casing in a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) n: a mixture actuating electric or pneumatic switches that
well to repair a hole or leak in the casing. of heavier, gaseous, paraffinic open and close the discharge valve or the
The patch is cemented to the casing with hydrocarbons, principally butane and intake valve, thus maintaining the liquid at
glass fibre and epoxy resin. propane. These gases, easily liquefied at the desired level.
liner shoe n: a casing shoe attached to liner moderate pressure, may be transported as liquid-level gauge n: any device that
rather than to casing. liquids and converted to gases on release of indicates the level or quantity of liquid in a
line scraper n: see pig. the pressure. Thus, liquefied petroleum gas container.
line speed indicator n: an instrument is a portable source of thermal energy that liquid-level indicator n: a device connected
calibrated to show the speed in feet per finds wide application in areas where it is to a vessel and coupled with either a float in
minute at which wire line is raised or lowered impractical to distribute natural gas. It is also the vessel or directly with the fluid therein. It
in the hole. The line speed indicator may be used as a fuel for internal-combustion is calibrated to give a visual indication of the
driven mechanically by the measuring wheel engines and has many industrial and liquid level.
and placed next to the depth odometer, or it domestic uses. Principal sources are natural liquid phase n: in drilling fluids, that part of
may be driven by a motor. and refinery gas, from which the liquefied the fluid that is liquid. Normally, the liquid
line spooler n: a device fitted on the draw- petroleum gases are separated by phase of a drilling fluid is water, oil, or a
works and used to cause the fastline to fractionation. combination of water and oil.
reverse its direction on the drawworks drum liquefied refinery gas (LRG) n: liquid lis pendens n: notice that a suit has been
or spool when a layer of line is completed on propane or butane produced by a crude oil filed in a court of law and that the property
the drum and the next layer is started. refinery. It may differ from LP gas in that owned by the defendant may be liable to
line travel applied coating n: in pipeline propylene and butylene may be present. judgement.
construction, the coating applied to pipe over liquid n: a state of matter in which the shape list n: the position of a ship or offshore
the ditch. Coal tar enamels are particularly of the given mass depends on the containing drilIing rig that heels to one side because of
effective. vessel, but the volume of the mass is a shift in cargo, machinery, or supplies. Also
link-block bolt n: a bolt that secures independent of the vessel. A liquid is a fluid called heel.
elevators in the bail. Manufactured with the that is almost incompressible. list correction n: the correction applied to
nut end toward the derrickhand so that liquid and solid ROB (remaining on the volume or gauge observed in a vessel's
workers can monitor the nut pins when board) n: the measurable material tank when the vessel is listing, provided that
latching and unlatching elevators during a remaining on board a vessel after a liquid is in contact with all bulkheads in the
trip. discharge. Includes measurable sludge, tank. List correction may be accomplished
link ear n: a steel projection on the drilling sediment, oil, and water or oil residue lying by referring to the list correction tables for
hook by means of which the elevator links on the bottom of the vessel's cargo each of the vessel's tanks or by
are attached to the hook. compartments and in associated lines and mathematical calculation.
link locking arm n: on a drilling rig's hook, a pumps. List of Endangered and Threatened Wild-
device that firmly secures and locks the liquid calibration procedure n: a method of life and Plants n: a list published
elevator link into the link ear's opening. determining a tank's capacity by filling and periodically in the Federal Register that
link-tilt arms n pi: on a top drive, a device withdrawing from the tank accurately names endangered and threatened wildlife
that, when actuated by the driller, tilts the determined volumes of liquid. and plants.
unit's built-in elevators into a position to liquid cut n: the mark on the gauger's tape lithification n: the conversion of
make it easy for crew members to latch the indicating the height of the liquid. unconsolidated deposits into solid rock.
elevators onto a joint of pipe stored in the liquid desiccant n: a hygroscopic liquid, lithofacies map n: a facies map showing
mousehole. See top drive. such as glycol, used to remove water from lithologic variations within a formation. It
lipophile n: a substance usually colloidal other fluids. shows the variations of selected lithologic
and easily wet by oil. liquid displacement n: the crude oil or characteristics within a stratigraphic unit.
lipophilic adj: having an affinity for lipids, a product that is forced into the hatch or up lithology n: 1. the study of rocks, usually
class of compounds that includes most around the edges of a floating roof by the macroscopic. 2. the individual character of a
hydrocarbons. weight of the roof. rock in terms of mineral composition,
liquefaction n: the process whereby a liquid head stress n: the hydrostatic structure, and so forth.
substance in its gaseous or solid state is pressure of the liquid in a stock or holding lithostatic pressure n: see geostatic
liquefied. tank, which causes the shell to expand and pressure.
liquefiable hydrocarbons n pi: contract as liquid is added or removed from litre (L) n: a unit of metric measure of
hydrocarbon components of natural gas that the tank. capacity equal to the volume occupied by 1
can be extracted and saved in liquid form. liquid hydrocarbons n pi: liquids that have kilogram of water at 4.C and at the standard
liquefied natural gas (LNG) n: a liquid been extracted from natural gas, such as atmospheric pressure of 760 millimetres.
composed chiefly of natural gas (i.e., mostly propanes, butanes, pentanes, and heavier
methane). Natural gas is liquefied to make it products. Liquid hydrocarbons extracted in
easy to transport if a pipeline is not feasible gas processing plants are often referred to
(as across a body of water). Not as easily as "plant products,"
liquefied as LPG, LNG must be put under Liquid-in-glass thermometer n: a type of
low temperature and high pressure or thermometer in which the sensitive part of
under extremely low (cryogenic) temperature the instrument consists of a liquid like
and close to atmospheric pressure to liquefy. mercury or alcohol contained in an envelope
liquefied natural gas carrier (LNGC) n: a of glass.
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Little Big Inch 120 log deflection
control or prevent lost circulation. Classified broken out of the drill string. Also called a
logging devices n pi: any of several as fiber, flake, or granular. drill stem safety valve, mud saver valve.
electrical, acoustical, mechanical, or lost circulation material (LCM) n: a lower kelly valve n: see drill stem safety
radioactivity devices that are used to substance added to cement slurries or valve. lower kelly cock.
measure and record certain characteristics drilling mud to prevent the loss of cement or lower marine riser package (LMRP) n: the
or events that occur in a well that has been mud to the formation. See bridging equipment that attaches the lower part of the
or is being drilled. materials. marine riser to the subsea blowout preventer
logging while drilling (LWD) n: logging lost circulation plug n: cement set across a (BOP) stack. It includes the BOP connector,
measurements obtained by measurement- formation that is taking excessively large a flexible joint to compensate for side-to-side
while-drilling techniques as the well is being amounts of drilling fluid during drilling movement, and the marine riser connector.
drilled. operations. See marine riser; subsea blow- out
log sheet n: for pipelines, a daily report lost bole n: a well that cannot be drilled preventer:
sheet on which operating data are entered further or produced because of a blowout, lower sample n: in tank sampling, a spot
by gaugers, dispatchers, and station unsuccessful fishing job, and so forth. sample obtained at a level of fi/§ the depth
operators. lost pipe n: drill pipe, drill collars, tubing, or of liquid below the surface.
longitude n: the arc or portion of the earth's casing that has become separated in the lower tier n: a category of oil production for
equator intersected between the meridian of hole from the part of the pipe reaching the purposes of price control. It refers to old oil,
a given place and the prime meridian (at surface, necessitating its removal before i.e., oil contained in reservoirs that were
Greenwich, England) and expressed either normal operations can proceed, i.e., a fish. being produced during 1972.
in degrees or in time. lost returns n pi: see lost circulation. lowest achievable emission rate (LAER)
long-range forecast n: a weather forecast LOT (loaded on top) procedure n: a n: an air emission standard determined by
covering more than a week in advance procedure in which tank-cleaning operations the states on a case-by-case basis. LAER is
(sometimes for a month or a season). are carried out on board ships and the applied in nonattainment areas, which do not
long rotary slips n pi: slips designed to fit a resulting water/oil mixture is collected in a meet NAAQS, and is more stringent than the
square-drive master bushing, and whose tank and allowed to separate. The relatively BACT applied in attainment areas.
taper length is 8/<fj § inches (224 milli- clean water is then pumped out of the Consequently, cost and economic impact
metres). Compare extra-long rotary slips. vessel, and part of the next cargo is loaded are not taken into consideration in
See also slips, square-drive master bushing. on top of the remaining cargo/water-cleaning determining LAER.
longshore current n: movement of residue. This residue is called slops. low-pressure area n: an area of low
seawater parallel to the shore. Louisiana Independent Oil and Gas atmospheric pressure.
long string n: 1. the last string of casing set Association (LIOGA) n: a group of low-pressure distribution system n: a
in a well. 2. the string of casing that is set at independent oil producers and persons who system in which the gas pressure in the
the top of or through the producing zone, own royalties from oil and gas wells in mains and the service lines is substantially
often called the oil string or production Louisiana. Address: 1 American Pl., Ste. the same as that delivered to the customers'
casing. 1020; Baton Rouge, LA 70825; (504) 388- appliances; ordinarily, a pressure regulator
long thread n: anyone of two types of 9525. is not required on individual service lines.
thread that are cut on casing as low clay-solids mud n: heavily weighted low-solids fluid n: see low-solids mud.
standardised by API. The other is the short muds whose high solids content (a result of low-solids mud n: a drilling mud that
thread. long way n: displacing fluid from the the large amounts of barite added) contains a minimum amount of solid material
tubing up the annulus. Compare short way. necessitates the reduction of clay solids. (sand, silt, and so on) and that is used in
look box n: that portion of the gauge low drum drive n: the drawworks drum rotary drilling when possible because it can
housing that contains a shielded or glassed- drive used when hoisting loads are heavy. provide fast drilling rates.
in opening through which a gauge is lowering-in n: the process of laying pipe in low-temperature fractionation n:
observed. a ditch in pipeline construction. Pipe can be separation of a hydrocarbon fluid mixture
looping n: the technique of laying an lowered into the ditch as part of the coating into components by fractionation, wherein
additional pipeline alongside an existing one operation or lowered separately by a the reflux condenser is operated at
when additional capacity is needed. lowering-in crew. temperatures requiring refrigeration. See
loose emulsion n: an emulsion that is lowering-up n: in pipeline construction, the pod (Podbielniak) analysis.
relatively easy to break. Compare tight process of raising pipe and placing it on low-temperature processing n: gas
emulsion. vertical support members in parts of the processing conducted below ambient
loss of circulation n: see lost circulation. world where frozen earth prevents normal temperatures.
loss of head n: friction loss. See pressure- burial of the line. Lowering-up is the low vapour pressure liquid n: a liquid that,
drop loss. counterpart of lowering-in in more temperate at the measurement or proving temperature
lost circulation n: the quantities of whole climates. of the meter, has a vapour pressure less
mud lost to a formation, usually in lower kelly cock n: a special valve normally than atmospheric pressure. Compare high
cavernous, fissured, or coarsely permeable installed below the kelly. Usually, the valve vapour pressure liquid.
beds. Evidenced by the complete or partial is open so that drilling fluid can flow out of
failure of the mud to return to the surface as the kelly and down the drill stem. When the
it is being circulated in the hole. Lost mud pump is stopped, the valve can be
circulation can lead to a blowout and, in manually closed with a special wrench to
general, can reduce the efficiency of the prevent pressurised fluids in the drill string
drilling operation. Also called lost returns. from flowing into the kelly. When closed, the
low vapour pressure liquid valve also prevents mud in the kelly from
lost circulation additives n pi: materials spilling onto the rig floor when the kelly is
added to the mud in varying amounts to pdfMachine
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low-yield clay 122 lyophobic colloid
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formations that favour the entrapment of mainline n: a large-diameter pipeline
m sym: metre. hydrocarbons. between distant points, i.e., a trunk line.
m2 abbr: square metre. magnetic surveying instrument n: a mainline plant n: a plant that processes the
m3 abbr: cubic metre. device used to determine the direction and gas that is being transported through a
mA abbr: milliampere. drift angle of a deviated wellbore. It uses a cross-country transmission line. Also called
macaroni rig n: a workover rig. usually magnetic compass to measure magnetic pipe- line, on-line, or straddle plant.
lightweight, that is specially built to run a direction, which differs from true direction by mainline valve n: a device for controlling
string of 3/4-inch or 1-inch (1.9- or 2.54- the amount of local declination. fluid flow in a mainline.
centimetre) tubing. See macaroni string. magnetic testing n: a method of testing for main tank n: in a drilling rig's fuel-supply
macaroni string n: a string of tubing or defects in steel parts that is carried out by system, a large tank in which diesel fuel is
pipe, usually 3/4 or I inch (1.9 or 2.54 magnetising the steel and sprinkling a stored. If the rig has a day tank, it is filled
centirnetres) in diameter. magnetic powder on the surface to detect from the main tank; otherwise, the main tank
mackerel sky n: a banded arrangement of flaws or cracks. supplies fuel to the engine. Compare day
cirrocumulus clouds. magneto n: an alternator with permanent tank.
MACT abbr: maximum achievable control magnets, which is used for generating major n: a large oil company, such as
technology. current for the ignition system of an internal- Exxon, Chevron, or Mobil, that not only
magma n: the hot fluid matter within the combustion engine. produces oil, but also transports, refines,
earth's crust that is capable of intrusion or magnetometer n: an instrument used to and markets it and its products.
extrusion and that produces igneous rock measure the intensity and direction of a make a connection v: to attach a joint of
when cooled. magnetic field, especially that of the earth. drill pipe onto the drill stem suspended in the
MagnafiuxTM n: trade name for the magnetomotive force (mmf) n: a force that well bore to permit deepening the wellbore
equipment and processes used for detecting carries a magnetic pole of a given strength by the length of the joint (usually about 30
cracks and other surface discontinuities in around a magnetic circuit. feet, or 9 metres).
iron or steel. A magnetic field is set up in die magnetostrictive transducer n: a tightly make a hand v: (slang) to become a good
part to be inspected, and a powder or paste banded scroll of special steel that vibrates worker.
of magnetic particles is applied. The when a magnetic field is applied to it. The make a trip v: to hoist the drill stem out of
particles arrange themselves around vibration of the scroll sets off a transmitter, the wellbore to perform one of a number of
discontinuities in the metal, revealing which is alternately switched on and off at 15 operations, such as changing bits or taking a
defects. to 60 times per second. The transmitter core, and so forth, and then to return the drill
magnet n: a metal that has the property of causes compressional sound waves to travel stem to the well bore.
attracting ferrous and certain other metals to through the formations surrounding the make hole v: to deepen the hole made by
it. borehole. Each formation material will exhibit the bit, i.e., to drill ahead.
magnetic brake n: see electrodynamic its own characteristic effect on the elastic
brake. wave propagation.
magnetic field n: magnetic lines of force main bearing n: in an engine, a large
produced by a magnetic or current-carrying circular friction-reducing device installed on
conductor. See field. the engine's crankshaft. Main bearings are
magnetic field generator n: a source of mounted in the engine's crankcase and the
electricity that converts mechanical energy crankshaft rotates on them. Engine oil
into electrical energy by the action of a lubricates them as the engine runs. Most
magnetic field on a conductor when one is main bearings are plain bearings, in that
moving in relation to the other. their wear surface is flat or plain and do not
magnetic flux n: see flux. have balls or rollers. Compare ball bearing,
magnetic meter n: a meter used to roller bearing.
measure the electrical conductivity of liquids. main brake n: two bands fined with brake
magnetic north n: the northerly direction in pads; the bands fit over the two rims of the
the earth's magnetic field indicated by the drawworks drum. When the driller engages
needle of a magnetic compass. this brake, the pads press down on the rims
magnetic survey n: an exploration method to stop the drum from hoisting or from letting
in which an instrument that measures the out drilling line. The main brake also keeps
intensity of the natural magnetic forces the drum from rotating (and therefore holds
existing in the earth's subsurface is passed the drill stem stationary) when making up or
over the surface or through the water. The breaking out drill pipe.
instrumentation detects deviations in main deck n: the principal deck extending
magnetic forces, and such deviations may from front to back of a ship or offshore
indicate the existence of underground drilling rig. Also called the Texas deck.
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make up 124 marketable title
manifold valve n: a valve placed in a series (including all commercial and recreational
make up v: 1. to assemble and join parts to of piping that is called a manifold. fishing vessels) are prohibited from dumping
form a complete unit (e.g., to make up a manometer n: a U-shaped piece of glass plastics at sea. The law also severely
string of drill pipe). 2. to screw together two tubing containing a liquid (usually water or restricts dumping other vessel-generated
threaded pieces. Compare break out. 3. to mercury) that is used to measure the garbage and solid waste both at sea and in
mix or prepare (e.g., to make up a tank of pressure of gases or liquids. When pressure US navigable waters.
mud). 4. to compensate for (e.g., to make up is applied, the liquid level in one arm rises Marine Protection, Research, and
for lost time). while the level in the other drops. A set of Sanctuaries Act of 1973 n: congressional
makeup adj: added to a system (e.g., calibrated markings beside one of the arms act that identifies marine environments of
makeup water used in mixing mud). permits a pressure reading to be taken, special national significance, provides
make up a joint v: to screw a length of pipe usually in inches or millimetres. authority for conservation of these areas,
into another length of pipe. mantle n: the hot, plastic part of the earth and enhances public awareness and wise
makeup cathead n: a device that is that lies between the core and the crust. It use of the marine environment through
attached to the shaft of the draw works and begins 5 to 30 miles (10 to 50 kilometres) educational programs and research.
used as a power source for screwing beneath the surface and extends to 1,800 Sometimes called the Marine Sanctuaries
together joints of pipe. It is usually located miles (2,900 kilometres). Act or the Ocean Dumping Act.
on the driller's side of the drawworks. Also manual welding n: a welding process in marine riser connector n: a fitting on top of
called spinning cathead. See cathead. which an electric arc melts and fuses the the subsea blowout preventers to which the
make-up gas n: 1. gas that is taken in pipe ends with the metal of an electrode held riser pipe is connected.
succeeding years and has been paid for by the welder. Also called stick welding. marine riser pipe n: see riser pipe.
previously under a take-or-pay clause in a manufactured gas n: see liquefied marine riser system n: see riser pipe.
gas purchase contract The contract will petroleum gas. Marine Sanctuaries Act n: see Marine
normally specify the number of years after manufacturer n: 1. Under TSCA, anyone Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
payment in which the purchaser can take who manufactures or imports for commercial of 1973.
delivery of make-up gas without paying a purposes over 10,000 pounds per year of a Marine Spill Response Corporation
second time. 2. gas injected into a reservoir substance listed on the TSCA inventory. 2. (MSRC) n: an oil spill cooperative formed by
to maintain a constant reservoir pressure under HAZCOM, production and drilling a group of US oil companies. MSRC is a
and thereby prevent retrograde companies are considered manufacturers of national, private, nonprofit organisation that
condensation. 3. in gas processing, the gas crude oil, natural gas, and other products will provide response to catastrophic spills in
that makes up for plant losses. During and must maintain an MSDS for these certain US waters. It is primarily geared to
processing there is a reduction in gas products. respond to large, open water spills.
volume because of fuel and shrinkage. manway n: see manhole. Maritime Administration n: a federal
Some agreements between gas marginal well n: a well that is approaching agency that stipulates construction and
transmission companies and plant owners depletion of its natural resource to the extent equipment requirements for vessels built
require plant losses to be made up or to be that any profit from continued production is under federal government subsidies.
paid for. doubtful. Address: 400 7th Street SW; Washington,
makeup tongs n pi: tongs used for screwing marigraph n: a gauge that makes a DC 20590; (202) 366-5823.
one length of pipe into another for making up continuous graphic record of tide height in marker bed n: a distinctive, easily identified
a joint. Compare breakout tongs. See also relation to time. rock stratum, especially one used as a guide
tongs. marine delta n: 1. a triangular sea-level for drilling or correlation of logs.
makeup water n: the water used as a base extension of land shaped like the Greek marketable title n: see merchantable title.
in water-based drilling muds. It may be letter ∆. 2. a depositional environment in
fresh, brackish, or salty. which riverborne sediments accumulate as
male connection n: a pipe, coupling, or tool the flow energy of the river is dissipated in
that has threads on the outside so that it can the ocean.
be joined to a female connection. Compare
female connection.
mammas n pi: breast-shaped protuberances
appearing on the undersides of clouds,
indicating the approach of a storm.
mandrel n: a cylindrical bar, spindle, or shaft
around which other parts are arranged or
attached or that fits inside a cylinder or tube.
manhole n: a hole in the top or side of a
tank through which a person can enter.
manifold n: 1. an accessory system of
marine lay n: see lay-barge construction.
piping to a main piping system (or another
Marine Mammal Protection Act n:
conductor) that serves to divide a flow into
congressional act that provides for
several parts, to combine several flows into
protection of all marine mammals.
one, or to reroute a flow to anyone of several
Marine Plastic Pollution Research and
possible destinations. 2. a pipe fitting with
Control Act of 1987 n: a congressional act
several side outlets to connect it with other
that implements Annex V of the International
pipes. 3. a fitting on an internal-combustion
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
engine made to receive exhaust gases from
from Ships (MARPOL). Under the provisions
several cylinders. pdfMachine
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marketing costs 125 maximum achievable control technology
dehydration system, from saturation to initial master gate. 2. the blind or blank rams of a
marketing costs n pi: costs incurred in adsorption. blowout preventer (obsolete).
making gas merchantable, such as mast n: a portable derrick that is capable of material balance n: a calculation used to
compression, dehydration, or treating, and being raised as a unit, as distinguished from inventory the fluids produced from a
costs of transporting gas to the point of a standard derrick, which cannot be raised reservoir and the fluids remaining in a
delivery to the purchaser. Sometimes called to a working position as a unit For reservoir. Using the equations of the
handling costs. transporting by land, the mast can be calculation, the volume of original oil in gas
market-out adj: a provision in a natural gas divided into two or more sections to avoid in place, the amount of drive-water influx,
sales contract that allows one or both parties excessive length extending from truck beds forecasts of production rates for several
to renegotiate the sales price or terminate on the highway. Oil workers and years, and estimates of ultimate recovery
the contract if the contractual sales price no manufacturers often use the words "mast" can be made.
longer reasonably reflects the current and "derrick" interchangeably. Compare material safety data sheet (MSDS) n: a
market. There are many forms of market-out derrick. reference document prepared by the
provisions with differing rights and effects. chemical manufacturer and required under
marl n: a semisolid or unconsolidated clay, HAZCOM to be kept with the material during
silt, or sand. shipment and distributed in the workplace for
MARPOL 73/78 n: the short name for the any employee who may work with that
International Convention for Prevention of material. The information on the MSDS may
Pollution from Ships, 1973 and 1978. take a variety of forms but it must include the
(MARPOL is not an abbreviation or identity of the chemical, chemicals, or
acronym; rather it is a contraction of mixtures as listed on the container label; the
"maritime pollution:') MARPOL is an physical and chemical characteristics of the
international treaty negotiated under the material; the physical hazards of the
auspices of the IMO and is made up of 5 material; the health hazards of the material;
Annexes, each of which addresses a the primary routes of entry into the human
different kind of ship- generated pollution. body; the permissible exposure limits, if
(Under the terms of the convention, offshore available; whether the material has been
platforms are considered ships.) The found to be a carcinogen, a potential
responsibility for administration and carcinogen, or is regulated by OSHA; any
enforcement of MARPOL is split between generally applicable precautions for safe
the flag state (the country where the ship is handling; any generally applicable control
registered) and the coastal state (in the master bushing n: a device that fits into the measures; emergency first aid procedures;
United States, the USCG is responsible). rotary table to accommodate the slips and the date the MSDS was prepared; and the
MARPOL has led to the promulgation and drive the kelly bushing so that the rotating name, address, and telephone number of
implementation of several US laws. For motion of the rotary table can be transmitted the material source or another responsible
example, the Marine Plastic Pollution to the kelly. Also called rotary bushing. See party who can provide additional information
Research and Control Act of 1987 kelly bushing, slips. and emergency procedures for the material
implements Annex V of MARPOL. master choke line valve n: the valve on the if necessary.
marsh buggy n: a tractor like vehicle the choke line that is nearest to the preventer matrix n: 1. in rock, the fine-grained material
wheels of which are fitted with extra large assembly. Its purpose is to control the flow between larger grains in which the larger
rubber tires for use in swamps. through the choke line. See also HRC valve. grains are embedded. A rock matrix may be
Marsh funnel n: a calibrated funnel used in master clutch n: the clutch that connects composed of fine sediments, crystals, clay,
field tests to determine the viscosity of the compounding transmission on a or other substances. 2. the material in which
drilling mud. mechanical- drive rig to the input shaft of the the diamonds on a diamond bit are set.
Marsh funnel viscosity n: see funnel drawworks. matrix acidizing n: an acidizing treatment
viscosity; kinematic viscosity. master control panel n: on a drilling rig, the using low or no pressure to improve the
Martin-DeckerTM n: a trademarked name for primary station that controls the operation of permeability of a formation with fracturing it.
a rig weight indicator. See also weight the blowout preventers and other well- See wellbore soak. Compare fracture
indicator. control equipment. Also called primary acidizing.
MASP abbr: maximum allowable surface control panel. Backup control panels are matter n: anything that possesses mass and
pressure. usually installed should the master panel fail, occupies space.
mass n: the quantity of matter a substance or should it become inaccessible. See also maximum achievable control technology
contains, independent of such external driller's BOP control panel. (MACT) n: air emission standards under
conditions as the buoyancy of the master gate n: see master valve. CAA that require the best pollution
atmosphere or the acceleration caused by master meter n: a meter that is proved prevention methods available in specific
gravity. using a certified prover and then used to industry categories for major sources of
mass flow rate n: a calculation of gas flow calibrate other provers or to prove other hazardous airborne pollutants.
through an orifice meter where the quantity meters.
of the gas (independent of external condition master tape n: a measuring tape that has
like temperature, pressures, or gravity) is been certified accurate at a specified
determined; usually expressed in pounds temperature and tension by the NIST. It is
mass per unit time. used to calibrate a working tape. See also
mass-transfer zone n: the depth of the solid strap, working tape.
desiccant bed, in a solid desiccant master valve n: 1. a large valve located on
the ChristmaspdfMachine
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maximum achievable control technology 126 maximum achievable control technology
especially in directionally drilled wellbores. to determine the depth of the well or the
maximum allowable pressure n: the Compare true vertical depth. depth to which the pipe or tubing was run.
greatest pressure that may safely be applied measuring chamber n: the portion of a
to a structure, pipe, or vessel. Pressure in displacement meter that contains the
excess of this amount leads to failure or measuring element.
explosion. measuring device n: a special reel and
maximum allowable surface pressure power arrangement for single-stranded
(MASP) n: the maximum amount of pressure wireline to make depth measurements in a
that is allowed to appear on the casing well. A calibrated wheel and roller assembly
pressure gauge during a well-killing is used to measure the footage of wireline as
operation. This pressure is often determined it is lowered into the well.
by a leak-off test and if exceeded can lead to measuring element n: 1. the portion of a
formation fracture at the casing shoe and a displacement meter that moves within the
subsequent underground blowout or measuring chamber so as to divide the liquid
broaching. into measured segments as the liquid
maximum capacity n: the maximum out-put passes through the meter. 2. the rotating
of a system or unit (such as a refinery, member of a turbine meter, commonly
gasoline plant, pumping unit, or producing referred to as the rotor.
well). measuring range n: the difference between
maximum efficiency rate (MER) n: the the maximum and minimum values of a
producing rate of a well that brings about measuring instrument or of a quantity to be
maximum volumetric recovery from a measured. This range is obtained under
reservoir with a minimum of residual-oil normal conditions and should not be
saturation at the time of depletion. It is often affected by an error exceeding the maximum
measured gallons n pi: the quantity in
used to mean the field production rate that permissible error.
gallons in a railroad tank car at ambient
will achieve maximum financial returns from measuring station n: part of the pipeline
temperature.
operation of the reservoir. The two rate system in which are found the orifice meter
measured signal n: the electrical,
figures seldom coincide, however. and recorder, volume controller, and
mechanical, pneumatic, or other variable
maximum lawful price (MLP) clause n: the temperature recorder.
applied to the input of a device. It is the
provision in a gas sales contract that allows measuring tank n: a calibrated tank that, by
analog of the measured variable produced
the price of gas to track the monthly means of weirs, float switches, pressure
by a transducer.
increases allowed under the Natural Gas switches, or similar devices, automatically
measured variable n: the physical quantity,
Policy Act of 1978. measures the volume of liquid run in and
property, or condition that is to be measured.
maximum loading gauge n: the maximum then released. Measuring tanks are
Common measured variables are
permissible gauge measurement to which a sometimes used in LACT systems. Also
temperature, pressure, rate of flow,
railroad tank car may be loaded according to called metering tanks or dump tanks.
thickness. and velocity.
Interstate Commerce Commission mechanic n: an optional crew member who
measure in v: to obtain an accurate
regulations. Also called stop gauge. is an all-around repairer for the rig's
measurement of the depth reached in a well
maximum value n: the maximum voltage or mechanical components.
by measuring the drill pipe or tubing as it is
current in a cycle of an AC circuit. mechanical brake n: a brake that is
run into the well.
maximum water n: in oilwell cementing, the actuated by machinery (such as levers or
measurement error n: the discrepancy
maximum ratio of water to cement that will rods) that is directly linked to it.
between the result of the measurement and
not cause the water to separate from the mechanical displacement prover n: see
the value of the quantity measured.
slurry on standing. pipe prover.
measurement technician n: a person
Mbopd abbr: thousands of barrels of oil per mechanical-drive rig n: see mechanical rig.
employed by an oil or gas transmission
day. mechanical governor n: a speed-control
company whose primary responsibility is the
MBTA abbr: Migratory Bird Treaty Act. device on an engine. Mechanical governors
maintenance and repair of metering
Mcf abbr: 1,000 cubic feet of gas, commonly consist of flyweights, springs, and
equipment.
used to express the volume of gas mechanical connections to the engine's
measurement ticket n: paper or readouts in
produced, transmitted, or consumed in a speed control. Compare electrically-actuated
a meter station that is automated. remotely
given period. governor; hydraulic governor. See governor.
controlled. and/or computerised. Also called
Mcf/d abbr: 1,000 cubic feet of gas per day.
delivery ticket. receipt ticket. run ticket.
md abbr: millidarcy (pI, millidarcys).
measurement while drilling (MWD) n: 1.
MD abbr: measured depth.
directional and other surveying during
mean n: the average of two or more
routine drilling operations to determine the
observed values.
angle and direction by which the wellbore
measurand n: a physical quantity, property,
deviates from the vertical. 2. any system of
or condition that exists or is to be measured.
measuring downhole conditions during
This term is preferred to "input," "parameter
routine drilling operations.
to be measured," "physical phenomenon,"
measurement-while-drilling system n: a
"stimulus," and "variable."
system in which downhole conditions are
measured depth (MD) n: the total length of
monitored during the drilling of a well.
the wellbore, measured in feet along its
measure out v: to measure drill pipe or
actual course through the earth. Measured
tubing as it is pulled out of the hole, usually
depth can differ from true vertical depth, pdfMachine
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mechanical integrity test (MIT) 127 metamorphism
A 200-mesh screen with a wire diameter of barometers are the two types of mercury
mechanical integrity test (MIT) n: a test 0.0021 inch (0.0533 millimetre) has an barometer.
required prior to initial injection and once opening of 0.074 millimetre, or will pass a mercury pump n: a device used to measure
every five years thereafter (at a minimum) particle of 74 microns. See micron. bulk volume of core samples by measuring
for certain types of injection wells under Mesozoic era n: a span from 230 to 65 the amount of mercury displaced by a core
SDWA. These tests evaluate the operational million years ago, the era of the dinosaurs sample.
integrity of the well so that underground and the first mammals. mercury vapour lamp n: a high-intensity
sources of drinking water will not be metacentre n: a point located somewhere discharge lamp in which the gas is vaporised
endangered. EPA defines mechanical on a line drawn vertically through the centre mercury. Starts with the arcing of argon gas
integrity as no significant leak in the casing, of buoyancy of the hull of a floating vessel between the main electrodes and gives off a
tubing, and packer and no significant fluid with the hull in one position (e:g., level) and blue-white light.
movement into a USDW through vertical then another (e.g., inclined). When the hull meridian n: a north-south line from which
channels adjacent to the injection well bore. inclines to a new position, the centre of longitudes and azimuths are reckoned.
mechanical jar n: a percussion tool buoyancy of the hull also moves to a new mesh n: a measure of the openings of a
operated mechanically to give an upward position. If a second line is drawn vertically woven material, screen, or sieve; e.g., a
thrust to a fish by the sudden release of a through the new centre of buoyancy, it 200- mesh sieve has 200 openings per
tripping device inside the tool. If the fish can intersects the first line at a point called the linear inch.
be freed by an upward blow, the mechanical metacenter. Location of the metacenter is
jar can be very effective. Also called a important because it affects the stability of
hydraulic jar. floating vessels (such as mobile offshore
mechanical log n: a log of, for instance, drilling rigs).
rate of penetration or amount of gas in the medium-pressure distribution system n:
mud, obtained at the surface by mechanical see high-pressure distribution system.
means. See driller's log, mud log. medium-range forecast n: a weather
mechanical perforating n: a procedure forecast covering a week or less.
used to punch one hole at a time into the megajoule n: the metric unit of service given
tubing string to circulate or to kill a well. by a hoisting line in moving 1,000 newtons
Hydraulic jarring action fires a powder of load over a distance of 1,000 metres.
charge with enough force to drive a small mega pascal n: one million pascals.
button through the tubing, but not through megger n: an instrument for measuring
the casing. large amounts of resistance in a circuit or
metal n: opaque crystalline material, usually
mechanical rig n: a drilling rig in which the insulation. Its name comes from Mega
of high strength, that has good thermal and
source of power is one or more internal- Ohmmeter, a proprietary trade name.
electrical conductivity, ductility, and
combustion engines and in which the power melting point (mp) n: the temperature at
reflectivity.
is distributed to rig components through which the solid and liquid states of a
metal-edge strainer n: in an engine, a fuel
mechanical devices (such as chains, substance coexist in equilibrium. The
filter that consists of several very thin metal
sprockets, clutches, and shafts). Also called melting point temperature of a substance is
discs stacked inside a housing. As fuel flows
a power rig. Compare electric rig. usually determined at normal atmospheric
through the strainer, foreign matter in the
mechanical sticking n: a condition in which pressure.
fuel is trapped by the very small spaces
solid material such as sloughing shale, sand, meniscus n: the curved upper surface of a
between the discs.
or shale driven uphole by a blowout, or junk liquid column, concave when the containing
metallic area n: the sum of the cross-
in the hole causes the drill stem to become walls are wet by the liquid (negative
sectional areas of all the wires in a wire rope
stuck against the wall of the wellbore. meniscus) and convex when not (positive
or in a strand.
mechanical wireline n: see nonconductive meniscus).
metallic circuit n: the path of electric
wireline. MER abbr: maximum efficiency rate.
current through the metallic portions of a
median n: a statistical measure of the mid- mercaptan n: a compound chemically
corrosion cell.
most value, such that half the values in a set similar to alcohol, but in which sulphur
metal-petal basket n: see cementing
are greater and half are less than the replaces oxygen in the chemical structure.
basket.
median. Many mercaptans have an offensive odour;
metamorphic rock n: a rock derived from
medical surveillance n: the process of thus they are used as odourants in natural
preexisting rocks by mineralogical, chemical,
obtaining baseline physicals for employees gas.
and structural alterations caused by heat
involved in emergency response or merchantable oil n: a crude oil in which the
and pressure within the earth's crust. Marble
hazardous waste cleanup and monitoring S&W content is not in excess of that allowed
is a metamorphic rock.
their health at specified intervals. Under for purchase; therefore, it is salable.
metamorphism n: the process in which rock
HAZWOPER, medical surveillance is applied merchantable title n: a title free from
may be changed by heat and pressure into
to members of organised HAZMAT teams material defects or grave doubts and
different forms.
and hazardous materials specialists and any reasonably free from litigation, which can be
emergency response employee who exhibits sold or successfully defended in court; a
signs or symptoms of exposure, or wears a court of equity will compel the vendor to
respirator for thirty days or more a year, or is accept such a title as sufficient. Also called
exposed to hazardous substances at or marketable title or good title.
above the permissible exposure limits. mercury barometer n: a barometer that
uses mercury to measure atmospheric
pressure. Cistern barometers and siphon
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meter 128 meter skid
that gas volumes in field operations are not meter proof n: the multiple passes or round
meter n: a device used to measure and precisely determinable. trips of the displacer in a prover for purposes
often record volumes, quantities, or flow meter factor n: a number used to correct a of determining a meter factor. v: to establish
rates of gases, liquids, or electric currents. v: meter's inaccuracy. The factor is derived by the meter factor by comparing meter
to measure quantities or properties of a dividing the actual volume of liquid passed through-put to a prover of known volume.
substance. through a meter during proving by the meter prover n: a device used to determine
meter accumulator n: see meter volume registered by the meter. For the accuracy of a meter. Two popular types
combinator. subsequent metering operations, the actual are pipe provers and open tank provers. A
meter accuracy factor n: see meter factor. throughput, or gross measured volume, is pipe prover has a calibrated pipe that
meter bank n: fluid meters coupled in determined by multiplying the indicated contains a known volume. A sphere
parallel. The sum of the fluid measured by volume registered on the meter by the meter displaces oil or liquid product through the
the meter bank represents the total fluid factor. pipe while the meter being proved registers
measured. meter fitting n: see orifice fitting. the amount of oil or liquid displaced. The
meter calibration n: 1. the operation by meter flow rate n: the maximum rate of flow meter's reading is then compared to the
which meter readings are compared with an recommended by the meter manufacturer or known volume in the pipe. An open tank
accepted standard. 2. adjustment of a meter authorised by a regulatory body. The prover is a calibrated tank that contains a
so that its readings conform to a standard. maximum rate is determined by known volume. Oil or liquid product is put
meter calibration adjuster n: a device to considerations of accuracy, durability, and into the tank while the meter being proved
enable the adjusting of a meter register to pressure drop. registers the amount. The meter's reading is
indicate true volume within acceptable metering manifold n: a collection of pipe then compared to the known volume in the
tolerance. and fittings. a manifold, in which is mounted tank.
meter capacity n: the maximum or a meter for measuring fluid flow through the meter proving n: the procedure required to
minimum rate of flow recommended by tile manifold. Usually a meter is mounted in a determine the relationship between the true
manufacturer to maintain a designated manifold so fluid flow is diverted into it for volume of liquid measured by a meter and
accuracy. measurement. the volume indicated by the meter.
meter case n: the outer portion of a meter, metering separator n: a complete separator meter proving counter n: a device in a pipe
which encloses the measuring chamber and and volume meter integrated into a single prover that. when actuated by the displacer
other working parts. vessel. Two-phase units separate oil and sphere. registers pulses sent from a pulse
meter characteristic n: see meter factor. gas and meter the oil; three-phase units generator on the meter being proved. By
meter chart n: in gas measurement. a separate oil, water, and gas and meter the reading the number of pulses the counter
circular chart of special paper that shows the oil and water. registers, the amount of oil or liquid product
range of differential pressure and static metering tank n: see measuring tank. the meter registered as having passed
pressure and is marked by the recording meter installation n: in gas measurement, through the prover can be determined. The
pens of a flow recorder in an orifice metering the orifice plate, orifice fitting, manifold, and amount the meter registered is then
system. flow recorder. Also called a meter run, meter compared to the known volume of the prover
station, orifice meter installation. to determine the meter's accuracy. See
meter prove1; pipe prove,;
meter proving run n: any single prover
volume measurement in a set of prover
volume measurements required to prove a
meter.
meter reading n: the instantaneous display
of the number of units of volume or
equivalent thereof read directly from a meter
register.
meter receiver instrument n: an instrument
that receives signals from a transmitter.
meter register n: a device that accumulates
and displays the indicated volume passed
meter K-factor n: pulses per barrel. See
through a meter.
pulse generator:
meter run n: see meter installation.
meter-line thermometer n: a thermometer
meter run point n: the point in a gas
located in a pipeline either immediately
gathering system at which a field measuring
upstream or immediately downstream of the
meter combinator n: a device or system for meter and accessories are situated.
meter: used to determine the temperature of
accumulating the registration of two or more meter skid n: a small platform fabricated
the liquid flowing through the meter.
meters so that their total may be shown on a from pipe or bar stock and steel plate onto
meterman n: see measurement technician.
single readout device. Also called meter which a meter and a manifold are mounted.
meter performance n: a general expression
accumulator.
for the relationship between the volume
meter counter n: a counting device.
registered by a meter and the actual volume
electrical or mechanical. coupled to the
that has passed through it. May refer to
measuring element to register the indicated
meter error. meter factor. meter accuracy.
volume that has passed through the meter.
and so on.
meter difference n: difference in a volume
meter pickup n: a device for converting
determined from separate meters measuring
meter rotor movement into an electrical
the same gas stream. occasioned by the fact pdfMachine
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meter slippage 129 migration
and muscovite is potassic white mica. by a screw thread so that it touches the
meter slippage n: the volume of liquid at a Sometimes mica is used as a lost circulation object to be measured. 2. an instrument
given flow rate that passes through a meter material in drilling. used with a telescope or microscope to
without being measured. micellar adj: capable of forming micelles. measure minute distances.
meter station n: see meter installation. m micellar-polymer flooding n: a method of micron ( ) n: a unit of length equal to one
eter tube n: an important part of the primary improved oil recovery in which chemicals millionth part of a metre, or one thousandth
element of an orifice meter installation that dissolved in water are pumped into a part of a millimetre. Also called a micro-
must create a known flow pattern for the reservoir through injection wells to mobilise metre.
fluid as it reaches the plate. It is the straight oil left behind after primary or secondary micropaleontology n: paleontology dealing
upstream pipe of the same size between the recovery and to move it toward production with fossils of microscopic size.
orifice and nearest pipe fitting and the similar wells. The chemical solution includes micropore paper n: heavy-duty paper
downstream pipe between the orifice and surfactants or surfactant-forming chemicals perforated with several very small holes
nearest pipe fitting. that reduce the interfacial and capillary (pores). Folded in accordion pleats,
metes and bounds n pI: a method of forces between oil and water. releasing the micropore paper often serves as a
describing a piece of land that measures the oil and carrying it out of the pores where it secondary filter element in an engine's fuel
boundaries by beginning at a well-marked has been trapped. The solution may also system. Fuel passes through the pores,
reference point and following the boundaries contain cosurfactants to match the viscosity while the unperforated part of the paper
of the land all the way around to the of the solution to that of the oil to stabilise stops dirt.
beginning point again. The description re- the solution and to prevent its adsorption by microresistivity log n: a resistivity logging
lies heavily on reference to natural or reservoir rock. An electrolyte is often added tool consisting of a spring device and a pad.
artificial but permanent objects (such as to aid in adjusting viscosity. Injection of the While the spring device holds the pad firmly
roads and streams). chemical solution is followed by a slug of against the borehole sidewall, electrodes in
methane n: a light, gaseous, flammable water thickened with a polymer. which the pad measure resistivities in mud cake
paraffinic hydrocarbon, CH4, that has a pushes the released oil through the and nearby formation rock. See resistivity
boiling point of -25°F (and is the chief reservoir. decreases the effective well logging.
component of natural gas and an important permeability of established channels so that microsecond n: one millionth of a second.
basic hydrocarbon for petrochemical new channels are opened. and serves as a MicroSurvey n: a proprietary name for a
manufacture. mobility buffer between the chemical logging tool that measures resistivity of the
methane series n: the paraffin series of solution and the final injection of water. flushed zone of the formation adjacent to the
hydrocarbons . micelle n: a round cluster of hydrocarbon wellbore.
methanol (methyl alcohol) n: the lightest chains formed when the amount of MICT abbr: moving in cable tools; used in
alcohol, having the chemical formula CH30H. surfactant in an aqueous solution reaches a drilling reports.
Also called wood alcohol. critical point. The micelles are able to middle distillate n: hydrocarbons in the
methyl orange alkalinity n: see M1. surround and dissolve droplets of water or middle range of refinery distillation, e.g.,
methyl tertiary butyI ether (MTBE) n: lead- oil. forming an emulsion. kerosene, light and heavy diesel oil, heating
free antiknock compound added to gasoline. microcaliper log n: a special caliper log oil.
Compare ethyl tertiary butyl ether: combined with a MicrologTM. See caliper log, middle sample n: in tank sampling, a spot
metre (m) n: the fundamental unit of length MicrologTM. sample obtained from the middle of the tank
in the international system of measurement microemulsion n: a stable. translucent contents.
(SI). It is equal to about 3.28 feet, 39.37 micellar emulsion of oil. one or more surface middle spot sample n: taken on tanks that
inches, or 100 centimetres. active agents. water. and sometimes' an have a capacity larger than 1,000 barrels
metric system n: a decimal system of electrolyte. A microemulsion is classed as (159,000 titres) and that contain 10 feet (3
weights and measures based on the metre an emulsion because it is a mixture of metres) or less of crude oil. One middle spot
as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of immiscible substances (oil and water) and sample should be taken as near the centre
weight, the cubic metre as the unit of because it can have oil-in-water and water- of the vertical column of oil as possible.
volume, the litre as the unit of capacity, and in-oil phases. It can also have a phase in migration n: the movement of oil from the
the square metre as the unit of area. The which neither oil nor water is dispersed. area in which it was formed to a reservoir
international system of measurement (SI) is however, but are alternated in layers. A rock where it can accumulate.
based on the metric system. microemulsion has certain properties that
metric ton n: a measurement equal to 1,000 are like a solution rather than an emulsion: it
kilograms or 2,204.6 avoirdupois. In some is optically clear rather than clouded. and it
oil-producing countries, production is is stable, i.e.. the oil and water do not
reported in metric tons. One metric ton is separate. Microemulsions are used for
equivalent to about 7.4 barrels (42 U5 chemical flooding of reservoirs. See
gallons = I barrel) of crude oil with a specific chemical flooding, emulsion. solution.
gravity of .0184, or 360 API. In the 51 MicroIaterolog n: a guard-electrode log that
system it is called a tonne. measures the resistivity of the flushed zone.
MFETM abbr: a trademark name for multiple MicrologTM n: trade name for a special
formation evaluation. See also drill stem electric survey method in which three
test. closely-spaced electrodes are pressed
mg abbr: milligram. against the wall of the borehole to obtain a
mho n: unit of conductivity. Compare ohm. measurement of formation characteristics
mica n: a silicate mineral characterised by next to the wall of the hole.
sheet cleavage; i.e.. it separates into thin micrometer n: 1. a caliper for making
sheets. Biotite is ferromagnesian black mica. pdfMachine
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migratory bird 130 miscibility
milling shoe n: see burn shoe. rotary shoe. prevention. Address: 1849 C Street NW;
migratory bird n: a bird that moves milling tool n: the tool used in the operation Washington, DC 20240; (202) 208-3500.
(migrates) from one place to another, usually of milling. See mill. Mine Safety and Health Administration
in connection with changing seasons. During millisec abbr: millisecond. (MSHA) n: a US government agency that
times of migration, such birds, especially millivolt n: one-thousandth of a volt. evaluates research in the causes of
those attracted to bothes of water, may mill out v: to use a mill on the end of a occupational diseases and accidents. It is
choose to rest in a drilling rig's reserve pit. work-string to remove a permanent tool or responsible for administration of the
To prevent harm to the birds, rig owners fish. certification of respiratory safety equipment.
place netting over the pit so that they cannot mill-out extension n: a pinned-end pup joint Address: 4015 Wilson Blvd.; Arlington, VA
alight in the liquid in the pit. used to provide additional length and inside 22203; (703) 235-1385.
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) n: a diameter necessary to accommodate a miniaturised completion n: a well
congressional act that established treaties standard milling tool. completion in which the production casing is
with Great Britain, Mexico, Canada, Japan, mill scale n: thin. dense oxide scale that less than 4.5 inches (11.43 centimetres) in
and the former Soviet Union to protect forms on the surface of newly manufactured diameter. Compare conventional completion.
migratory birds and their habitats. MBTA steel as it cools. Mill scale can become minilog n: see pad resistivity device.
authorises fines and even imprisonment for cathodic to its own steel base. forming minimum acceptance strength n: a
operators who allow migratory birds to galvanic corrosion cells. measure of the strength of a wire rope.
become injured in pits or open-topped tanks min abbr: minute. Minimum acceptance strength is 2 percent
that contain oil, oil products, caustic mined (humic:) acid lignins n pi: naturally lower than the catalog or nominal strength.
materials, or contaminants. such as arsenic occurring special lignite. e.g., leonardite. that See nominal strength.
or boron, that are poisonous or hazardous to is produced by strip mining from special minimum internal yield pressure n: the
migratory birds. lignite deposits. The active ingredient is the lowest internal pressure at which permanent
milk emulsion n: see oil-emulsion water. humic acids. Mined lignins are used distortion of a pipe occurs.
mill n: a downhole tool with rough, sharp, primarily as thinners. which mayor may not minimum pipeline velocity n: the velocity
extremely hard cutting surfaces for removing be chemically modified; however, they are that exists at the lowest operating flow rate,
metal, packers. cement, sand, or scale by also widely used as emulsifiers. excluding those rates that occur infrequently
grinding or cutting. Mills are run on drill pipe mineral n: 1. a naturally occurring inorganic or for periods of less than five minutes.
or tubing to grind up debris in the hole, crystalline element or compound with a minimum polished rod load n: the lowest
remove stuck portions of drill stem or definite chemical composition and load imposed on the polished rod through-
sections of casing for sidetracking, and ream characteristic physical properties such as out a complete sucker rod pump cycle.
out tight spots in the casing. They are also crystal shape. melting point, colour. and minimum royalty n: a royalty payment
called junk mills. reaming mills. and so forth, hardness. Most minerals found in rocks are amount to be made regardless of the rate of
depending on their use. v: to use a mill to cut not pure. 2. broadly. a naturally occurring production. The excess of such payments
or grind metal objects that must be removed homogeneous substance that is obtained over regular royalty is chargeable against
from a well. from the ground for human use (e.g.. stone. future production, if any, accruing to the
coal. salt, sulphur. sand. petroleum. water. royalty interest.
natural gas). minimum yield strength n: the stress level
mineral acre n: the full mineral interest and of tubular drill pipe above which permanent
rights in one acre of land. deformation will occur.
mineral deed n: the legal instrument that mining partnership n: a form of joint
conveys minerals in place together with the venture very similar to an oil and gas joint
rights to search for and produce them. operating agreement. Profits, losses,
mill-coated pipe n: pipe coated at the mill mineral estate n: rights and interests in the operations, and ownership are all shared,
as opposed to pipe coated over the ditch in minerals found on or beneath the surface of and the partners are jointly as well as
pipeline construction. land, created when the owner severs or severally (separately) liable.
milled bit n: also called a milled-tooth bit or separates his or her interests in the property. MIR abbr: moving in rig; used in drilling
a steel-tooth bit. See steel-tooth bit, mineral owner n: owner of the rights and reports.
milled-tooth bit n: also called milled bit or interests in a mineral estate (where interests miscibility n: the capability of mixing
steel-tooth bit. See steel-tooth bit, in a landed estate have been severed). together to form a single homogeneous
mill extension n: a special mill made up on Compare surface owner. phase. For example, alcohol and oil are
the bottom of an overshot to grind away the mineral rights n pi: the rights of ownership.
top of a damaged fish so that the overshot conveyed by deed. of gas. oil. and other
can engage the fish. See overshot. minerals beneath the surface of the earth. In
millidarcy (md) (pI, millidarcys) n: one- the United States. mineral rights are the
thousandth of a darcy, property of the surface owner unless
millilitre n: one-thousandth of a litre. In disposed of separately.
analysing drilling mud. this term is used Minerals Management Service (MMS) n:
interchangeably with cubic centimetre. A an agency of the US Department of the
quart equals 964 millilitres. Interior that establishes requirements
millimetre n: a measurement unit in the through the Code of Federal Regulations
metric system equal to 10-3 metre (0.001 (CFR) for drilling while operating on the
metre). It is used to measure pipe and bit Outer ContinentaI Shelf of the United States.
diameter. nozzle size. liner length and The agency regulates rig design and
diameter. and cake thickness. construction, drilling procedures, equipment,
millimho n: one-thousandth of an mho. qualification pdfMachine
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miscibility pressure 131 MODU
MSHA abbr: Mine Safety and Health from mud filters into the formation. Also
motor n: a hydraulic, air, or electric device Administration. called filter cake or wall cake.
used to do work. Compare engine. MSRC abbr: Marine Spill Response
motor-generator rig n: see electric rig. Corporation.
motorhand n: the crew member on a rotary MTBE abbr: methyl tertiary butyl ether.
drilling rig, usually the most experienced mud n: the liquid circulated through the well-
rotary helper, who is responsible for the care bore during rotary drilling and workover
and operation of drilling engines. Also called operations. In addition to its function of
motorman. Compare fireman. bringing cuttings to the surface, drilling moo
motor man n: see motorhand. cools and lubricates the bit and the drill
motor valve n: a valve operated by power stem, protects against blowouts by holding
other than manual (i.e., hydraulic, electric, or back subsurface pressures, and deposits a
mechanical). mud cake on the wall of the borehole to
mousehole n: an opening in the rig floor, prevent loss of fluids to the formation. mud circulation n: the process of pumping
usually lined with pipe, into which a length of Although it originally was a suspension of mud downward to the bit and back up to the
drill pipe is placed temporarily for later earth solids (especially clays) in water, the surface in a drilling or workover operation.
connection to the drill string. mud used in modem drilling operations is a See normal circulation, reverse circulation.
mousehole connection n: the procedure of more complex, three-phase mixture of mud cleaner n: a cone-shaped device, a
adding a length of drill pipe or tubing to the liquids, reactive solids, and inert solids. The hydro-cyclone, designed to remove very fine
active string. The length to be added is liquid phase may be fresh water, diesel oil, solid particles from the drilling mud.
placed in the mousehole, made up to the or crude oil and may contain one or more mud column n: the borehole when it is filled
kelly, then pulled out of the mousehole and conditioners. See drilling fluid. or partially filled with drilling mud.
subsequently made up into the string. mud acid n: a mixture of hydrochloric and mud conditioning n: the treatment and
Compare rathole connection. hydrofluoric acids and surfactants used to control of drilling mud to ensure that it has
remove wall cake from the wellbore. the correct properties. Conditioning may
mud additive n: any material added to include the use of additives, the removal of
drilling fluid to change some of its sand or other solids, the removal of gas, the
characteristics or properties. addition of water, and other measures to
mud analysis n: examination and testing of prepare the mud for conditions encountered
drilling mud to determine its physical and in a specific well.
chemical properties. mud density n: see mud weight.
mud analysis logging n: a continuous mud density recorder n: a device that
examination of the drilling fluid circulating in automatically records the weight or density
the wellbore for the purpose of discovering of drilling fluid as it is being circulated in a
evidence of oil or gas regardless of the well.
quantities entrained in the fluid. When this mud engineer n: an employee of a drilling
service is utilised, a portable mud logging fluid supply company whose duty it is to test
laboratory is set up at the well. Also called and maintain the drilling mud proper- ties
mud logging. that are specified by the operator.
mud anchor n: a large-diameter pipe mud-flow indicator n: a device that
installed outside a gas anchor to reduce or continually measures and may record the
eliminate the entrance of solids into a sucker flow rate of mud returning from the annulus
mousetrap n: a fishing tool used to recover
rod pump. and flowing out of the mud return line. If the
a parted string of sucker rods from a well.
mud balance n: a beam balance consisting mud does not flow at a fairly constant rate, a
mousse n: the semisolid, gel-like masses of
of a cup and a graduated arm carrying a kick or lost circulation may have occurred.
water-in-oil emulsions that form from heavier
sliding weight and resting on a fulcrum. It is mud-flow sensor n: see mud-flow indicator.
crude oils after a spill. Sometimes called
used to determine the density or weight of mud-gas separator n: a device that
"chocolate mousse." The masses may
drilling mud. removes gas from the mud coming out of a
contain up to 80% water and are more
well when a kick is being circulated out.
viscous than the component oil. Mousse
weathers slowly, with the oil retaining its
initial toxicity, and may become tar balls that
float at or near the sea surface and strand
on beaches. The transport of mousse and
tar balls can increase the area and duration
over which a spill is felt.
MPa abbr: megapascal.
mph abbr: miles per hour.
MPI abbr: magnetic particle inspection. mud box n: a hinged, cylindrical metal
MPPRCA abbr: Marine Plastic Pollution device placed around a joint of pipe as it is
Research and Control Act of 1987. being broken out during a trip out of the
ms abbr: microsecond. hole. It keeps mud from splashing beyond
Mscf/bbl abbr: thousand feet per barrel. the immediate area. Also called mother
Mscf/D abbr: thousand standard cubic feet hubbard, mud saver, splash box, or wet box.
per day. mud cake n: the sheath of mud solids that
MSDS abbr: material safety data sheet. forms on the wall of the hole when liquid
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mud gradient 134 muffler
storage of reserve mud. Steel tanks are mud system n: the composition and
mud gradient n: pressure exerted with much more commonly used for these characteristics of the drilling mud used on a
depth by drilling fluid. Often expressed in purposes now, but they are still usually particular well.
pounds per square inch per foot. Also called referred to as pits, except offshore, where mud tank n: one of a series of open tanks,
pressure gradient. "mud tanks" is preferred. usually made of steel plate, through which
mud gun n: a device that shoots a jet of mud program n: a plan or procedure, with the drilling mud is cycled to remove sand
drilling mud under high pressure into the respect to depth, for the type and properties and fine sediments. Additives are mixed with
mud pit to mix additives with the mud or to of drilling fluid to be used in drilling a well. the mud in the tanks, and the fluid is
agitate the mud. Some factors that influence the mud temporarily stored there before being
mud hopper n: see hopper. program are the casing program and such pumped back into the well. Modem rotary
mud hose n: also called kelly hose or rotary formation characteristics as type, driJ1ing rigs are gen- erally provided with ~
hose. See rotary hose. competence, solubility, temperature, and or more tanks, fitted with txlilt-in piping,
mud house n: structure at the rig to store pressure. valves, and mud agitators. Also called mud
and shelter sacked materials used in drilling mud pulse n: a very small surge in pressure pits.
fluids. in the drilling mud as it returns to the
mud inhibitor n: a substance. such as salt. surface. In measurement-while-drilling
potassium chloride. or calcium sulphate. systems, mud pulses carry downhole
added to drilling mud to minimise the information-much as radio waves carry
hydration (swelling) of formations with which sound-for interpretation at the surface.
the mud is in contact. mud pump n: a large, high-pressure
Mud-kilTM n: trade name for a chemical reciprocating pump used to circulate the
additive for portland cement that reduces the mud on a drilling rig. A typical mud pump is
effect of contamination of cementing slurries a single- or double-acting, two- or three-
by the organic chemicals commonly found in cylinder piston pump whose pistons travel in
drilling muds. replaceable liners and are driven by a
mud-level recorder n: a device that crankshaft actuated by an engine or a motor.
measures and records the height (level) of Also called a slush pump. mud-up v: to add solid materials (such as
the drilling fluid in the mud pits. The level mud report n: a special form that is filled out bentonite or other clay) to a drilling fluid
should remain fairly constant during the by the mud engineer to record the properties composed mainly of clear water to obtain
drilling of a well. If it rises. the possibility of a of the drilling mud used while a well is being certain desirable properties.
kick exists. Conversely. if it falls. loss of drilled. mud weight n: a measure of the density of a
circulation may have occurred. mud return line n: a trough or pipe that is drilling fluid expressed as pounds per gallon,
mud line n: 1. in offshore operations. the placed between the surface connections at pounds per cubic foot, or kilograms per
seafloor. 2. a mud return line. the wellbore and the shale shaker and cubic metre. Mud weight is directly related to
mud log n: a record of information derived through which drilling mud flows on its return the amount of pressure the column of drilling
from examination of drilling fluid and drill bit to the surface from the hole. Also called flow mud exerts at the bottom of the hole.
cuttings. See mud logging. line. mud-weight equivalent n: see equivalent
mud logger n: an employee of a mud mud saver n: also called mud box or mother circulating density.
logging company who performs mud hubbard. See mud box. mud weight recorder n: an instrument
logging. mud logging n: the recording of mud saver valve n: a lower kelly cock. See installed in the mud pits that has a recorder
information derived from examination and drill stem safety valve, lower kelly cock. mounted on the rig floor to provide a
analysis of formation cuttings made by the mud scales n pi: see mud balance. continuous reading of the mud weight.
bit and of mud circulated out of the hole. A mud screen n: see shale shaker. muffler n: a device installed on an engine to
portion of the mud is diverted through a gas- mud seal n: a synthetic rubber, ring shaped quiet the barking sound produced by
detecting device. Cuttings brought up by the washer that fits between parts of a device exhaust gases exiting through the exhaust
mud are examined under ultraviolet light to that are exposed to drilling mud and parts pipe of the engine. One type of mufflers is a
detect the presence of oil or gas. Mud log- that need to be protected from drilling mud. steel cylinder with baffle plates. The baffle
ging is often carried out in a portable labo- mud solids n pi: the solid components of plates, flat steel sheets welded inside the
ratory set up at the well. drilling mud. They may be added cylindrical body of the muffler, change the
mud man n: see mud engineer. intentionally (barite, for example), or they direc- tion of exhaust gas flow. Changing the
mud-mixing devices n pi: any of several may be introduced into the mud from the direction of flow allows the gases to expand
devices used to agitate. or mix. the liquids formation as the bit drills ahead. The term is gradually, rather than all at once. Gradual
and solids that make up drilling fluid. These usually used to refer to the latter. expansion is quieter than rapid expansion.
devices include jet hoppers. paddles. mud still n: instrument used to distill oil, Sometimes called an exhaust silencer.
stirrers. mud guns. and chemical barrels. water, and other volatile materials in a mud
mud motor n: see downhole motor. to determine oil, water, and total solids
mud-off v: 1. to seal the hole against contents in volume-percent.
formation fluids by allowing the build up of mudstone n: 1. a massive, blocky rock com-
wall cake. 2. to block off the flow of oil into posed of approximately equal proportions of
the wellbore. clay and silt, but lacking the fine lamination
mud pit n: originally, an open pit dug in the of shale. 2. in general, rock consisting of an
ground to hold drilling fluid or waste indefinite and variable mixture of clay, silt,
materials discarded after the treatment of and sand particles.
drilling mud. For some drilling operations, mud suction pit n: see suction pit.
mud pits are used for suction to the mud
pumps, settling of mud sediments, and pdfMachine
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mule-head hanger 135 MWD directional survey
gas liquids include propane, octane, and neat cement n: a cement with no additives
National Strike Force Coordination natural gasoline. other than water.
Centre (NSFCC) n: the USCG national re- natural gasoline n: the liquid hydrocarbons neck down v: to taper to a reduced
sponse system headquartered in Elizabeth recovered from wet natural gas, i.e., casing diameter. A pipe becomes necked down
City. North Carolina. The NSFCC is charged head gasoline. when it is subjected to excessive longitudinal
with maintaining a comprehensive list of spill natural gas plant n: see natural gas stress.
removal resources. personnel. and processing plant. necking n: the tendency of a metal bar or
equipment that is available worldwide and to natural gas processing plant n: an pipe to taper to a reduced diameter at some
make that list available to federal and state installation in which natural gas is processed point when subjected to excessive
agencies and the public. The NSFCC for recovery of natural gas liquids, the longitudinal stress. See bottleneck.
provides technical assistance, equipment, heavier hydrocarbon components of natural needle valve n: a globe valve that contains
and other resources required by the federal gas, including liquefied petroleum gases a sharp-pointed, needle like plug that is
on-scene coordinator; coordinates the use of (such as octane and propane), and natural driven into and out of a cone-shaped seat to
private and public personnel and equipment gasoline. control accurately a relatively small rate of
to remove a worst-case discharge and fluid flow. In a fuel injector, the fuel pressure
mitigate or prevent a substantial threat of forces the needle valve off its seat to allow
such discharge; administers the coast guard injection.
strike teams; and provides technical NEPA abbr: National Environmental Policy
assistance in preparing area contingency Act.
plans. The NSFCC maintains on file all area NESHAP abbr: National Emissions
contingency plans and is required to review Standards for Hazardous Airborne
each of those plans that affects its Pollutants.
responsibility. Address: 1461 US 17 N; net observed volume n: the total volume of
Elizabeth City. NC 27909-1326; (919) 331- all petroleum liquids. excluding S&W and
6006. free water, at observed temperature and
National Stripper Well Association naturally aspirated adj. term used to pressure.
(NSWA) n: association of producers of wells describe an internal combustion engine in net-oil computer n: a system of electronic
that yield ten barrels or less of crude which air flows into the engine by means of and mechanical devices that automatically
petroleum a day. Its official publication is atmospheric pressure only. Compare determines the amount of oil in a water and
National Stripper Well Survey. Address: 825 supercharge. oil emulsion. The water and oil do not have
Petroleum Bldg.; Wichita Falls, TX 7630 I; naturally occurring adj. found in nature or to be separated to measure the volume of
(817) 766-3870. occurring naturally without the aid of a the oil.
National Weather Service (NWS) n: an chemical process. net-oil volume n: the amount. or volume, of
office of the National Oceanic and Atmo- naturally occurring radioactive materials oil in the produced fluids of a well or wells,
spheric Administration that provides weather (NORM) n pi: radioactive materials that usually as measured by a net-oil computer.
information and warnings to every county. occur naturally and that are brought to the net production n: the amount of oil
parish, and major metropolitan area in the surface during drilling operations or that produced by a well or a lease. exclusive of
country. Address: 1325 East-West Highway; contaminate drilling fluids, pipe scale, soil, or its S& W content. Net production is also
Silver Spring. MD 20010., (301) 713-0622. equipment. Although the EPA regulates called working-interest oil (i.e., the oil
Regional office: 819 Taylor St.; Fort Worth, NORM only in fertiliser (as of June 1992), it produced by all of its wells multiplied by the
TX 76102. is likely that the regulation of other NORM work- ing interest of a company in the wells).
native gas n: see formation gas. material will follow in the near future. net profits lease n: a lease agreement in
natural clays n pi: clays that are Currently, only Louisiana has state NORM which the lessor shares in the net proceeds
encountered when drilling various regulations, but many other states are in the of production after the lessee has recovered
formations; they mayor may not be process of initiating regulations or have the initial investment. The various expenses
incorporated purposely into the mud system. expressed an interest in doing so. allowed as deductions from gross proceeds
natural drive energy n: see reservoir drive natural magnet n: a metallic ore, such as are points of negotiation. Also applies to
mechanism. magnetite, that has a natural magnetism. working-interest relationships.
natural gas n: a highly compressible. highly navigable waters n pi: any waters that are net revenue interest n: the portion of oil
expansible mixture of hydrocarbons with a deep enough and wide enough to support a and gas production money out of which
low specific gravity and occurring naturally in ship. The term has been broadly defined in operating and development costs are paid
a gaseous form. Besides hydrocarbon recent years to include any waters that can (i.e., the portion remaining after deduction of
gases, natural gas may contain appreciable float a canoe. Under this definition, drain- royalty interests).
quantities of nitrogen. helium. carbon age ditches, gullies, and small sinks can
dioxide. hydrogen sulphide. and water temporarily become navigable when it rains
vapour. Although gaseous at normal and thus may be defined as navigable even
temperatures and pressures, the gases when dry.
making up the mixture that is natural gas are NDT abbr. non-destructive testing methods.
variable in form and may be found either as neap tide n: a tide that has the smallest
gases or as liquids under suitable conditions range between high and low tide at a given
of temperature and pressure. location. This type of tide occurs when the
natural gas liquid (NGL) n pi: those sun and moon lie at right angles to each
hydrocarbons liquefied at the surface in field other (during first and third quarters).
facilities or in gas processing plants. Natural near future n: in marketing, the next three
years. pdfMachine
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net standard volume (NSV) 138 nominal volume
the quality of both production and field welds normal butatne n: in commercial
nominations n pl: the amount of oil or gas a without altering their basic properties or transactions, a product meeting GPA
purchaser expects to take from a field as affecting their future usefulness. The most specification for commercial butane and, in
reported to a state regulatory agency. common nondestructive testing is addition, containing a minimum of 95 liquid
nomograph n: a chart that presents an radiographic, or X-ray, testing. Compare volume percent normal butane. Chemicall,
equation containing a number of variables in destructive testing. normal butane is an aliphatic compound of
the form of several straight lines. The nondestructive testing methods (NDT) n the paraffin series with the chemical formula
straight lines are scaled with values of the pl: testing methods, such as dye injection C4H10 and all of its carbon atoms joined in a
variables. To use it, a straight edge is and photography, used by divers to find straight chain.
placed across the scaled lines at the flaws in the structrual members of offshore normal circulation n: the smooth,
appropriate values. A monograph can be platforms. uninterrupted circulation of drilling fluid down
easier to use than solving the equation. nonferrous alloy n: alloy containing less the drill stem, out the bit, up the annular
nonabsolute ownership n: the legal view than 50% iron. space between the pipe and the hole, and
that states that minerals such as oil and gas nonfoliated metamorphic rock n: back to the surface. Compare reverse
cannot be owned in place but rather must be metamorphic rock that appears massive and circulation.
brought to the surface before they can be homogeneous, i.e., without the layered look
owned. Also called nonownership, of foliated metamorphics.
nonownership in place. nonlocator n: terminology to describe the
nonane n: a paraffin hydrocarbon, C9H20, passage entry of seal assemblies into a
that is liquid at atmospheric conditions. Its packer seal bore not locking into place.
boiling point is about 303.5°F (150.8°C) at nonmagnetic drill collar n: a drill collar
14.7 pounds per square inch (332.5 made of an alloy that does not affect the
kilopascals per metre). readings of a magnetic compass placed
nonassocaited gas n: gas in a reservoir within it to obtain subsurface indications of
that contains no oil. the direction of a deviated wellbore. Used in
nonattainment areas n pl: areas in the directional drilling.
United States that fail to meet NAAQS and nonoperator n: a working-interest owner normal curve n: a resistivity curve made by
that are subject to tighter emission controls other than the one designated as operator or a conventional electric logging device.
and more complicated requirements than the property. normal fault n: a dip-slip fault along which
are attainment areas. Major new or modified nonownership n: see nonabsolute the hanging wall has subsided relative to the
air pollution sources in nonattainment areas ownership. footwall.
must get a permit to build, offset the new nonownership in place n: see nonabsolute normal formation pressure n: formation
emission increase by obtaining reducions ownership. fluid pressure equivalent to about 0.465
from existing sources, and must meet the nonparticipating royalty owner n: a pounds per square inch per foot (10.5
lowest achievable emission rate. person who owns a severed portion of a kilopascals per metre) of depth from the
nonconductive mud n: any drilling fluid, royalty interest but who does not execute surface. If the formation pressure is 4,650
usually oil-base or invert-emulsion muds, the leases, participate in bonuses or rentals, or pounds per square inch (32,062 kilopascals)
continuous phase of which does not conduct have rights of exploration and production. at 10,000 feet (3,048 metres), it is
electricity, e.g. oil. nonporous adj: containing no interstices; considered normal.
nonconductive wireline n: wireline used for having no pores and therefore unable to normality n: a condition whereby a solution
operations that do not require that electric hold fluids. has a concentration of 1 gram equivalent of
signals be relayed from downhole to the nonpositive-displacement compressor n: solute per litre.
surface or from the surface to a downhole a turbine compressor. normalizing n: heat-treating applied to
device. nonpressure tank n: a tank of conventional metal tubular goods to ensure uniformity of
nonconformity n: a buried landscape in shape intended primarily for the starage of the grain structure of the metal.
which sediments were deposited on an liquids at or near atmospheric pressure. normal log n: see conventional electric log.
eroded surface of igneous or metamorphic nonrecoverable usage n: well production
rock. Compare unconformity. that is burned in support facilities such as
generators and boilers.
nonrotating meter n: any metering device
for which the meter pulse output is not
derived from mechanical rotation as driven
by the flowing stream.
nonstandard gas sales contract n: any
combination of the fixed-rate and percentage
of proceeds type of contract.
nonwetting phase n: the liquid, when two
nonconsent/ consent n: a provision in a liquids are present in a pore, that has only
joint operating agreement that allows parties slight, if any, attraction to the sides of the
who consent to later operations to penalize pore and that is repelled by the surface of
parties who do not consent. The penalty the rock. Usually, oil is the nonwetting
can be arranged in various ways but, to be phase and water is the wetting phase. See
effective, it assumes the productiveness of wetting phase.
the proposed operation. NORM abbr: naturally occurring radioactive
nondestructive testing n: in pipeline materials. pdfMachine
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normal pressure gradient 140 Nymex WTI price
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offset roller cone bit 142 oil-emulsion mud
3 miles (4.8 kilometres) seaward from the pound per square inch per foot (22.621
OSHA abbr. Occupational Safety and Health shoreline. In general, the term is used to kilopascals per metre).
Administration. describe federally controlled areas. overcapacity n: capacity beyond what is
OSH Act abbr. Occupational Safety and Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act normal, allowed, or desirable.
Health Act of 1970. (OCSLA) n: congressional act that overconvey v: in regard to land, to convey
Ouija board n: a device used by directional authorises the secretary of the interior to (intentionally or from ignorance) a larger
drillers to determine which way to turn grant mineral leases and to regulate oil and fraction of interest in property than the owner
deflection tools to get the desired drift angle gas activities on OCS lands. actually has a right to convey.
in a hole. This device comprises a protractor Outer Continental Shelf orders n pi: see overdelivery n: the amount by which the
and various straight-edged scales that pivot OCS orders. actual volume that has passed through the
around the protractor to figure the drift angle. outflow n: the flow system of a well between meter exceeds the indicated volume
the bottom of the hole and the storage tanks. registered by a meter. See absolute error:
outlet sample n: taken at the level of the overflow n: the effluent of a cone-shaped
bottom of the tank outlet (either fixed or centrifuge that passes up the inside of the
swing pipe) but not higher than 1 metre cone and leaves through the vortex finder.
(0.9144 yard) above the bottom of the tank. overflow pipe n: a pipe installed at the top
outlier n: a result that differs considerably of a tank to enable the liquid within it to be
from the main body of results in a set. discharged to another vessel when the tank
out-of-gauge bit n: a bit that is no longer of is filled to capacity.
the proper diameter. overflush n: an excess quantity of fluid used
out-or-gauge hole n: a hole that is not in to push acid out of the tubing or casing when
gauge: that is, it is smaller or larger than the an acid mixture is put into a well, thus
outage n: see ullage. diameter of the bit used to drill it. directing the acid to the desired place in the
outage bob n: a graduated plumb bob that outpost well n: a well located outside the well.
is attached to a metal gauge tape and that is established limits of a reservoir, i.e., a step- overgauge hole n: a hole whose diameter is
of sufficient weight to keep the tape taut. out well. larger than the diameter of the bit used to
outage gauge n: a measure of the volume output n: a signal transmitted from a device. drill it. An overgauge hole can occur when a
of liquid in a storage tank determined by output shaft n: the transmission shaft bit is not properly stabilised or does not have
measuring from a reference point at the top nearest the machinery to be driven. It is enough weight put on it.
of the tank to the surface of the liquid in the driven by the input shaft driven near the overhead n: the vapour stream leaving the
tank and subtracting that measurement from power source. top of a tower, column, or vessel.
the gauge height of the tank. Used when outrigger n: a projecting member run out at overhead product n: in distillation, the
direct measurement of the liquid level is not an angle from the sides of a portable mast or product that condenses above the
possible. Also called ullage gauge. a land crane to the ground to provide fractionation column.
outage measurement n: a measure of the stability and to minimise the possibility of overhead stream n: in distillation, the
space between the top of the liquid in a tank having the mast or the crane overturn. stream of products that condense above the
and the reference point on the hatch. The outrun v: 1. for fluid, to fall down a well fractionating column.
liquid level in the tank is determined by faster than it can be pumped. 2. to try to pull overproduced adj: said of a well that has
subtracting the outage measurement from out of the well faster than the wire line tools produced more than its allowable.
the gauging height of the tank. are being blown upwards by unexpected overpull v: to pull on pipe with enough force
outage tape-and-bob procedure n: a pressure. 3. to attempt to pump out a gas to exceed the pipe's weight.
method of measuring the liquid level in a influx before the expansion of gas reduces
tank by measuring the space between the pressure enough to allow the well to kick.
top of the liquid in a tank and the reference outside cutter n: see external cutter.
point on the hatch. The liquid level in the outside diameter (OD) n: the distance
tank is determined by subtracting the outage across the exterior circle, especially in the
measurement from the gauging height of the measurement of pipe. See diameter.
tank. Compare innage tape-and-bob outside siphon n: see water outlet.
procedure. outward axial thrust n: an outward force
outboard adv: away from the centre of the created along a centreline drawn through a
hull or toward the side of an offshore drilling cone (the axis) as a roller cone bit rotates.
rig. outwash n: sediment deposited by melt
outcrop n: part of a formation exposed at water streams beyond an active glacier.
the earth's surface. v: to appear on the over and short station n: a pump station
earth's surface (as a rock). where one or more tanks are floating on the
outcrop map n: horizontal representation of line. See floating tank.
the rock types at the surface or just beneath overbalance n: the extent to which the
the layer of soil. hydrostatic pressure of the mud column
Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) n: the land exceeds formation pressure.
seaward from areas subject to state mineral overburden n: the strata of rock that over-lie
ownership to a depth of roughly 8,000 feet the stratum of interest in drilling.
(2,500 metres), beyond which mineral overburden pressure n: the pressure
exploration and development are not, at exerted by the rock strata on a formation of
present, feasible. Boundaries of the OCS interest. It is usually considered to be about I
are set by law. For example, Louisiana owns pdfMachine
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overranging 147 ozone
Mountain Overthrust Belt, represent slip- breathing medium below 50 feet (15.2
overranging adj. when applied to metering, pages of many miles. metres) in commercial operations.
indicates that the maximum permitted flow of oz abbr: ounce.
the meter is being exceeded. ozone n: at ground level, one of the primary
overregistration n: the amount by which the ingredients in smog and a poisonous form of
indicated volume registered by a meter pure oxygen. Smog ozone is created by
exceeds the actual volume that has passed sunlight acting on nitrogen oxides and
through the meter. Determined by means of volatile organic compounds in the air. Ozone
a suitable standard device. Compare high in the atmosphere forms the Earth's
underregistration. main shield against the sun's ultraviolet
overriding royalty n: an interest carved out radiation.
of the lessee's working interest. It entitles its
owner to a fraction of production free of any
production or operating expense, but not
free of production or severance tax levied on overtreatment n: adding too much chemical
production. An overriding royalty may be in batch treating, resulting in an emulsion
created by grant or by reservation. that is very difficult to break.
Commonly, an override is reserved by the overturned fold n: a rock fold that has be-
assignor in a farmout agreement or other come slanted to one side so that the layers
assignment. An override's duration on one side appear to occur in reverse order
corresponds to that of the lease from which (younger layers beneath older).
it was created.
overrunning clutch n: 1. a special clutch
that permits a rotating member to turn freely
under certain conditions but not under
others. 2. a clutch that is used in a starter
and transmits cranking effort but overruns
freely when the engine tries to drive the
starter.
parallel circuit n: a circuit with two or more passive margin n: an area that develops
paleo- comb form: ancient; early; long ago; paths through which the current flows. The when a growing ocean basin causes
primitive. total current equals the sum of the currents continents to drift apart.
paleogeography n: geography of a through the various paths; the voltage is the patch n: a material used to cover, fill up, or
specified geologic past. same throughout the circuit. mend a hole or weak spot. A metal piece
paleontology n: the science that concerns parallel flow n: see laminar flow. extending half-way around a pipe and
the life of past geologic periods, especially welded to it is a half-sole patch. Two half-
fossil forms and the chronology of the earth. sole patches make a full-sole patch. patch
parallel strings n pl:
Paleozoic era n: a span of time from 600 tool n: see casing-patch tool.
in a multiple
million to 230 million years ago during which patent n: in the case of land, an instrument
completion, the
a great diversity of life forms developed. by means of which a government transfers a
arrangement of a
panel diagram n: a diagram of a block of fee simple estate to another party.
separate tubing string
earth in which a series of cross sections are pawl n: notches or slots machined into the
for each zone
joined and viewed obliquely from above, to table part of a rotary table assembly into
produced, with all
give a three-dimensional view. It is useful ill which a bar on the rotary table assembly's
zones isolated by
showing how formation structure and locking device fits to keep the table from
packers.
Strtigraphic thickness vary both horizontally turning. See rotary locking device, rotary
and vertically. Also called fence diagram. table assembly.
Pangaea n: the supercontinent comprising pay n: see pay sand.
all of the principal continental masses near pay formation n: see pay sand.
the beginning of the Mesozoic era. paying quantity n: see commercial quantity.
paraffin n: a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon paramagnitec adj: only slightly magnetic. payout n: the point at which the operator of
having the formula CnH2n+2 (e.g., methane, Paramagnetic significant extent to a a well has recovered the costs of drilling,
CH4; ethane, C2H6). Heavier paraffin magnetic field. See diamagnetic, completing, and operating the well and can
hydrocarbons (i.e., C18H38) form a wax-like ferromagnetic. begin to show a profit.
substance that is called paraffin. These parameters n pl: the values that pay sand n: the producing formation, often
heavier paraffins often accumulate on the characterise and summarise the essential one that is not even sandstone. Also called
walls of tubing and other production features of measurements. pay, pay zone, and producing zone. pay
equipment, restricting or stopping the flow of parol evidence n: evidence given verbally string n: see production casing.
the desirable lighter paraffins. rather than in writing. pay thickness n: an expression of the
paraffin-base oil n: a crude oil parted rods n pl: sucker rods that have vertical height of the formation yielding
characterised by a high API gravity, a high been broken and separated in a pumping hydrocarbons in commercial amounts.
yield of low-octane gasoline, and a high yield well because of corrosion, improper loading, pay zone n: see pay sand.
of lubricating oil with a high pour point and a damaged rods, and so forth. PB abbr: plugged back; used in ports.
high viscosity index. Popularly, and partial immersion thermometer n: a PBR abbr: polished bore receptacle.
according to an early classification system, a thermometer with a specific length of the PCB abbr: polychlorinated biphenyl.
paraffin-base oil is a crude oil containing bulb and stem immersed the liquid and the pcf abbr: pounds per cubic foot.
little or no asphalt and yielding a residue scale above the surface for ease of reading. PDC abbr: polycrystalline diamond compact.
from distillation that contains paraffin wax. partial pressure n: the pressure exerted by PDC bit n: a special type of diamond drilling
Compare naphthene-base oil. one specific component of a gaseous bit that does not use roller cones. Instead,
paraffin-deposition interval (POI) n: an mixture. polycrystalline diamond inserts are
interval in the production tubing string where particle n: 1. one of the extremely small embedded into a matrix on the bit. PDC bits
heavy paraffin hydrocarbons are deposited subdivisions of matter, as an atom or are often used to drill very hard, abrasive
on the inside walls of the tubing. Below or molecule. 2. a small quantity or fragment, formations, but also find use in drilling
above certain temperatures, depending on as a single crystal or a substance that is medium and soft formations.
the characteristics of the paraffins, paraffin made up of vast quantities of crystals.
will not form. parts of line n pl: the number of times the
paraffin hydrocarbon n: see paraffin. drilling line is passed (reeved) between a
paraffin inhibitor n: a chemical that, when rig's crown block and its traveling block.
injected into the wellbore, prevents or Typically, a line may have from four to 12
minimises paraffin deposition. parts. In the case of a four-part line, the line
paraffin scraper n: a tube with guides is passed two times between the crown and
around it to keep it centered in the hole, and travelling blocks; a 12-part line is passed six
a cylindrical piece with blades attached. times between the two blocks. The greater
Spaces between the blades allow drilling the number of parts, the more weight the line
fluid to pass through and carry away the able to support. Also called falls.
scrapings. pascal (Pa) n: the SI metric unit of
paraffin wax n: a solid substance measurement for pressure and stress and a
resembling beeswax but composed entirely component in the measurement of viscosity.
of hydrocarbons. It is obtained from the A pascal is equal to a force of 1 newton
crude wax that results from the solvent acting on an area of 1 square metre.
dewaxing or cold pressing of light paraffin passivation n: the process of rendering a
distillates. The refined product is of metal surface chemically inactive, either by
relatively large crystalline structure, is white electrochemical polarisation or by contact
and brittle, and has little taste or odour. pdfMachine
with passivating agents.
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PDC log 150 perforating truck
anchor chain and used to pull and lower the bullets or shaped charges. See bullet
PDC log abbr: perforating depth control log. anchor. The ends of the pendant not on the perforator; jet-perforate, perforating gun.
P- -P n: the difference in pressure, anchor are attached to buoys on the surface
commonly referred to as between casing of the water.
annulus and tubing.
pm abbr: paraffin-deposition interval. pendulum effect n: the tendency of the drill
PO meter n: positive-displacement meter. It stem bit, drill collars, drill pipe, and kelly-to
measures the single-phase volume of gas or hang in a vertical position due to the force of
fluid by filling and emptying chambers of a gravity.
specific volume. penetration rate n: see rate of penetration.
POVSA abbr: Petro'leos de Venezuela S.A. Pennsylvanian period n: a geologic time
peak polished rod load n: the highest load period in the Paleozoic era, from 320 to 280
imposed on the polished rod throughout a million years ago. Also, the latter part of the perforated completion n: 1. a well
complete sucker rod pump cycle. Carboniferous period. It was named for the completion method in which the producing
Pearson holiday detector n: a holiday outcrops of coal in Pennsylvania. pentane n: zone or zones are cased through, cemented,
detector that checks for coating defects as a liquid hydrocarbon of the paraffin series, and perforated to allow fluid flow into the
well as for any metal debris near a buried CsHI2' wellbore. 2. a well completed by this
pipe- line. See holiday. pentane-plus n: a hydrocarbon mixture method.
peat n: an organic material that forms by the consisting mostly of normal pentane (CSHI2) perforated liner n: a liner that has had
partial decomposition and disintegration of and heavier components that are extracted holes shot in it by a perforating gun. See
vegetation in tropical swamps and other wet, from natural gas. liner.
humid areas. It is believed to be the peptisation n: increased dispersion of sol- perforated pipe n: sections of pipe (such as
precursor of coal. ids in a liquid caused by the addition of casing, liner, and tail pipe) in which holes or
pebble puppy n: (slang) a field geologist's electrolytes or other chemical substances. slots have been cut before it is set.
(or rock hound's) assistant. See deftocculation, dispersion. perforated spacer tube n: a ported, ex-
peen n: a wedge or spherical-shaped end of peptized clay n: a clay to which an agent has tended production tube used as an
a hammer head, which is usually opposite a been added to increase its initial yield. per alternative path for wireline measuring
flat face on the head. v: to enlarge, abbr; permeability; used in drilling reports. devices.
straighten, or smooth with a peen. percentage chart n: a chart for reading perforate under balanced v: to perforate
peening n: permanent distortion in the outer differential and static pressures. Its readings the well with a column of fluid in the well
wires of a wire rope, often caused by the reflect a percentage of full scale from 0 to bore, which exerts less pressure on bottom
wire rope's pounding against a sheave or a 100 for both static and differential pressure. than the formation does, to cause formation
machine member, or by heavy operating Readings must be converted, but can be fluids to flow into the wellbore immediately
pressure between the wire rope and a used on any flow recorder, regardless of after the casing is perforated. The method is
sheave, the wire rope and a drum, or the range. also called reverse-pressure perforating. Its
wire rope and an adjacent wrap of rope. percentage of proceeds (POP) contract n: purpose is to force debris in the perforation
peg model n: an analog model of three a gas sales contract under which the buyer to flow into the wellbore and not restrict flow
dimensions used to study the structure and processes the gas for recovery of liquid within the perforation.
stratigraphy of a subsurface area. It is made products (ethane and heavier hydrocarbons) perforating gun n: a device fitted with
by placing pegs of varying heights into a flat and sells the residue under a buyer's shaped charges or bullets that is lowered to
platform to represent the structural contours contract with the pipelines. the de- sired depth in a well and fired to
of strata. percentage timer n: a switch that turns a create penetrating holes in casing, cement,
PEL abbr: permissible exposure limit. motor on for a set percentage of the and formation.
revolution of a cam and off for the remainder
pendulum assembly n: of the revolution.
a bottomhole assembly percolation n: the tendency for gas to rise
composed of a bit and in the drilling mud in the annulus, even when
several large-diameter the well is shut in and circulation is stopped.
drill collars and It occurs because gas is light in density.
stabilisers placed to percussion drilling n: 1. cable-tool drilling.
allow the bottom drill 2. rotary drilling in which a special tool called
collar to bend toward the a hammer drill is used in combination with a
vertical. The assembly roller cone bit.
works on the principle of percussion drilling tool n: see hammer
the pendulum effect and drill.
is used to decrease drift
angle. See pendulum perforate v: to pierce the casing wall and
effect. cement of a wellbore to provide holes
pelican hook n: through which formation fluids may enter or
(nautical) a wire rope to provide holes in the casing so that
attached to an anchor materials may be introduced into the
perforating truck n: a special vehicle
and sometimes to the annulus between the casing and the wall of
designed to allow control of a perforating
the borehole. Perforating is accomplished by
operation within it.
lowering into the well a perforating gun, or
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perforation 151 Pf
held in position by brass or steel pins. When petroleum, petroleum products, chemicals,
pilot string n: joints of small-diameter pipe weight is put on the packer, two metal and natural gas. A pipeline serves as both a
attached to the drill assembly and used to sleeves telescope, shearing the pins and conveyor and a temporary container.
bore a pilot hole when laying pipe. After the allowing the element to fold and pack off. pipeline connection n: the outlet from a
route has been established, the pilot string is pin tap n: a short, threaded device made up well or a tank by which oil or gas is
replaced by the work string. on the bottom of drill pipe or tubing and used transferred to a pipeline for transportation
pilot testing n: a method of predicting to screw into the box of a stand of drill pipe away from the field.
behaviour of mud or cement systems by or drill collars lost in the hole. Once the pin Pipe Line Contractors Association
mixing small quantities of mud and mud tap is engaged, the lost pipe can be (PLCA) n: a national trade organisation of
additives or cement and cement additives retrieved. American pipeline contractors. Address:
and then testing the results. pipe n: a long, hollow cylinder, usually steel, 1700 Pacific Ave., Suite 4100; Dallas, TX
pin n: 1. the male threaded section of a tool through which fluids are conducted. Oilfield 75201-4675; (214) 969-2700.
joint. 2. on a bit, the threaded bit shank. 3. tubular goods are casing (including liners), pipeline gas n: gas that meets the minimum
one of the pegs that are fitted on each side drill pipe, tubing, or line pipe. specifications of a transmission company.
into the link plates (side bars) of a chain link pipe bending n: the process of bending pipeline gauger n: an employee of a pipe-
of roller chain and that serve as the stable joints so that a pipeline will conform to the line company who measures the quantity
members onto which bushings are press- topography of a right-of-way. Pipe bends are and quality of crude oil in a tank before the
fitted and around which rollers move. made by the cold-work: process. oil is pumped into a pipeline.
See wrist pin. pipe-bending machine n: in pipeline pipeline oil n: a crude oil whose S& W con-
construction, a track-mounted hydraulic tent is low enough to make the oil accept-
machine that bends a joint to the precise able for pipeline shipment.
angle specified by the bending engineer. pipeline pack n: the volume of gas in a
The bend is made by a set of clamps that pipeline.
grip the outside surface of the pipe and pipeline patrol n: a watch, usually
prevent slip- page while a winch cable maintained from an airplane, to check the
hooked to the free end of the pipe maintains route of a pipeline for leaks or other
pin angle n: see journal angle. upward pull and guides the pipe through the abnormal conditions.
pinch bar n: a steel lever with a pointed machine. pipeline plant n: see mainline plant.
projection at one end; it is used to lift a pipe coating n: a special material that coats pipeline testing n: the process of proving
heavy load. pipe for pipelines and prevents water from the structural soundness of an installed pipe-
pinch in v: to decrease the size of the coming into contact with the steel of the line and its capability to fulfill safely the
opening of an adjustable choke when a kick pipe. The most widely used types of pipe function for which it was designed. The most
is being circulated out of a well. coatings are bituminous enamels, epoxy common testing method is hydrostatic
pinch-out n: an oil-bearing stratum that resins, and tapes. testing.
forms a trap for oil and gas by narrowing and pipe dolly n: any device equipped with pipe locator n: a device used in leakage
tapering off within an impervious formation. rollers and used to move drill pipe or collars. surveys to locate affected pipe. It sends out
It is usually placed under one end of the pipe radio signals underground and traces the
while the pipe is being lifted from the other signal the length of the pipe. Works for both
end by an air hoist line. steel and plastic pipe, as plastic pipe has a
pipe fitting n: an auxiliary part (such as a metal wire running its entire length.
coupling, elbow, tee, or cross) used for pipe protector n: prevents drill pipe from
connecting lengths of pipe. rubbing against the hole or against the
pipe gang n: in pipeline construction, the casing. The pins are press-fitted into the
pin diameter n: in roller chain, about 5/16 of workers responsible for positioning the pipe, side bars (pin link plates).
the pitch. See pitch. aligning it, and making the initial welds. The
pin-drive master bushing n: a master pipe gang sets the pace that determines the
bushing that has four drive holes progress of the rest of the spread.
corresponding to the four pins on the bottom pipe handler n: in a top drive, the power
of the pin- drive kelly bushing. and spinning wrenches built into the unit that
pinger n: a sound-emitting device that is spins, makes up, breaks out, and backs up
used to detect an underwater site or object. the pipe. See top drive.
pinion n: 1. a gear with a small number of pipe hanger n: I. a circular device with a
teeth designed to mesh with a larger wheel frictional gripping arrangement used to
or rack. 2. the smaller of a pair or the suspend casing and tubing in a well. 2. a de-
smallest of a train of gear wheels. vice used to support a pipeline.
pin link n: a link of roller chain consisting of pipe jack n: a hand tool used to lift and
four parts-two side bars and two pins. The move a stand of pipe that is set back in the
pins are press-fitted into the side bars (pin derrick. It has a handle on one end and two
link plates). semicircular pieces on the other end that are
pin link plate n: in roller chain, the plate into designed to fit under the shoulder of a joint
which the pin link pins ends are immovably of pipe and avoid damage as the pipe is
fixed. The pins are riveted to the link plate lifted with the tool.
on one side and either riveted or fixed with pipeline n: a system of connected lengths of
cotters to the other pin link plate. pin packer pipe, usually buried in the earth or laid on
n: a packer in which the packing element is the seafloor, pdfMachine
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pipe prover 154 plain bearing
of the drilling mud in the mud tanks. The been added to the mud circulating in the
pipe prover n: 1. an accurately calibrated, indicator usually consists of float devices in well, then a pit gain is an indication that
usually U-shaped, pipe used to check, or the mud tanks that sense the mud level and formation fluids have entered the well and
prove, the accuracy of a meter on a LACT transmit data to a recording and alarm that a kick has occurred.
unit or other oil measuring installation. 2. a device (a pit-volume recorder) mounted near
type of continuous-flow volumetric prover the driller's position on the rig floor. If the
comprising a length of pipe from which a mud level drops too low or rises too high, the
known volume is displaced by a displacer to alarm sounds to warn the driller of lost
or from a meter being proved at normal circulation or a kick.
operating conditions. pipe wiper n: a flexible disk-shaped device,
pipe rack n: a horizontal support for tubular usually made of rubber, with a hole in the
goods. centre through which drill pipe or tubing
pipe racker n: 1. (obsolete) a worker who passes. It is used to wipe off mud, oil, or
places pipe to one side in the derrick. 2. a other liquid from the pipe as it is pulled from
pneumatic or hydraulic device often used on the hole.
drill ships that, on command from an pipe wrapping n: material applied on top of
operator, either picks up pipe from a rack pipeline coating to protect the coating from
and lifts it into the derrick or takes pipe from damage. Materials used for wrapping pit-level recorder n: see pit-level indicator.
out of the derrick and places it on the rack. It include felt, fiberglass, fiberglass-reinforced pitman n: the ann that connects the crank to
eliminates the need to stand pipe in the felt, and kraft paper. the walking beam on a pumping unit by
derrick or mast while it is out of the hole, piston n: a cylindrical sliding piece that is means of which rotary motion is converted to
which is desirable for maintaining the moved by or that moves against fluid reciprocating motion.
vessel's centre of gravity as low as possible pressure within a confining cylindrical Pitot tube n: an open-ended tube arranged
and for minimising the possibility of vessel. to face the current of a stream of fluid. It is
capsizing. piston crown n: see crown. used in measuring the velocity of a flowing
pipe-racking fingers n pi: extensions within piston displacement n: the actual volume medium.
a pipe rack for keeping individual pipes displaced by a piston in a cylinder as it Pitot-tube meter n: a meter that uses a
separated. moves from the beginning of the Pitot tube and a manometer or other
pipe ram n: a sealing component for a compression stroke to the end of it. differential- pressure mechanism to measure
blowout preventer that closes the annular piston engine n: see reciprocating engine. flowing fluids. The difference between the
space between the pipe and the blowout piston pin n: a pin that forms a flexible link pressure on the Pitot tube and the static
preventer or wellhead. between the piston and the connecting rod. pressure is the velocity of the flow, which is
pipe ram preventer n: a blowout preventer This bearing area has the highest load per directly related to the rate of flow.
that uses pipe rams as the closing elements. square inch (square millimetre) of any in an P.I. T.S. abbr: Petroleum Industry Training
See pipe ram. engine, perhaps as high as 50,000 pounds Service (Canada).
pipe repair clamp n: a clamp used to make per square inch (345 megapascals). Also pit-volume recorder n: the gauge at the
a temporary repair of a leak in a pipeline. called a wrist pin. driller's position that records data from the
pipe saddle n: a fitting made in parts to piston ring n: a yielding ring, usually metal, pit-level indicator.
clamp onto a pipe to stop a leak or to that surrounds a piston and maintains a tight Pit Volume TotalizerTM (PVT) n: trade
provide an outlet. fit inside a cylinder. name for a type of pit-level indicator. See pit-
pipe spinner n: see spinning wrench. piston rod n: 1. a metal shaft that joins the level indicator.
pipe tap n: in an orifice meter installation, piston to the crankshaft in an engine. 2. a pk abbr: pink; used in drilling reports.
the threaded hole into which is screwed a metal shaft in a mud pump, one end of pkr abbr: packer; used in drilling reports. pi
small pipe to connect the orifice fitting to the which is connected to the piston and the abbr: pipeline; used in drilling reports.
flow recorder. Two taps are usually other to the pony rod. plagioclase n: a common rock-forming
employed: the upstream tap centre is piston stroke n: the length of movement, in mineral varying in composition from sodium
located two and one-half times the published inches (millimetres), of the piston of an aluminum silicate (NaAISi30s) to calcium
inside pipe diameter upstream of the nearest engine from top dead centre (TDC) to aluminum silicate (CaAl2Si2Os).
plate face; the downstream tap centre is bottom dead centre (BOC). plain bearing n: see insert bearing.
located eight times the published inside pipe pit n: 1. a temporary containment, usually
diameter downstream of the nearest plate excavated earth, for wellbore fluids. 2. a
face. See orifice-flange tap, orifice meter. mud tank. 3. a reserve pit.
pipe tensioner n: a braking device used on pitch n: 1. in wireline spooling, the degree of
a lay barge to control the descent rate of the slope that the wireline travels in going from
pipe. Tensioners also support the entire sub- one wrap to the next. 2. in roller chain, the
merged weight of the pipe as it approaches distance (in inches or millimetres) between
the bottom. the centres of two members next to one
pipe tongs n pi: see tongs. another, i.e., the distance between the
pipe upset n: that part of the pipe that has centres of the bushings or rollers. 3. on off-
an abrupt increase of dimension. shore floating rigs, the up-and-down
movement of the hull from the bow to the
pit level n: height of drilling mud in the mud stem.
tanks, or pits. pit gain n: an increase in the average level
pit-level indicator n: one of a series of of mud maintained in each of the mud pits,
devices that continuously monitor the level or tanks. If nopdfMachine
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plain bearing 155 plain bearing
pneumatic sucker rod pumping unit n: a negative share a common orientation within
plug trap n: a geologic configuration in reciprocal pumping unit in which one" or the molecule.
which an intrusive body of rock has more power cylinders are placed over the polar reaction n: see electrovalent reaction.
penetrated and deformed one or more wellhead and a counterbalance system us- pole mast n: a portable mast constructed of
surrounding rock layers in such a way that ing compressed air or gas is provided. On tubular members. A pole mast may be a
conditions exist for hydrocarbons to the upstroke, high-pressure gas is applied to single pole, usually of two different sizes of
accumulate. the underside of the pistons of the inside pipe telescoped together to be moved or
power cylinders, and low-pressure gas extended and locked to obtain maximum
above the pistons is exhausted to the sales height above a well. Double-pole masts give
line. On the downstroke, high-pressure gas added strength and stability. See mast.
is applied to the top of the pistons, and the Polished bore receptacle n: a device made
low-pressure gas below the pistons is up in the casing string into which the bottom
exhausted to the sales line. of the tubing string is placed. or landed.
pneumofathometer n: a depth-indicating polished rod n: the topmost portion of a
instrument used by a diver. string of sucker rods. It is used for lifting fluid
pod n: see hydraulic control pod. by the rod-pumping method. It has a uniform
pod (Podbielniak) analysis n: an analytical diameter and is smoothly polished to seal
procedure for hydrocarbon gases and liquids pressure effectively in the stuffing box
plug valve n: see valve. whereby the various components are attached to the top of the well.
plunger n: 1. a basic component of the quantitatively separated by Iow-tempenture
sucker rod pump that serves to draw well distillation for identification and
fluids into the pump. 2. the rod that serves measurement.
as a piston in a reciprocating pump. 3. the point bar n: 1. an accumulation of sediment
device in a fuel-injection unit that regulates on the inside of a river bend, usually
the amount of fuel pumped on each stroke. consisting of sand, silt, and clay. 2. a
plunger lift n: a method of artificial lift that stratigraphic trap for petroleum formed by
utilizes a plunger that travels up and down the burial and lithification of such a
inside the tubing. Internally, the plunger sedimentary deposit.
contains a bypass valve that is opened when point-reaction force n: a force that coun-
it hits the top of the tubing and closed when teracts another force at a single point.
it hits the bottom. The plunger's fit with the points n pi: 1. value that indicates hook load
tubing reduces liquid slippage back through or force, read from a weight indicator;
the well fluid and the gas that is propelling it. 1 point = 1,000 pounds, or 500
Plunger lift is used in less than 1 percent of decanewtons. 2. in mud density
all artificially produced wells. It is particularly measurement, the portion of the mud's
applicable, however, in high gas-liquid ratio weight expressed in decimal points. For
oilwells or in gas wells with low bonom- hole example, a mud that weighs 12.2 pounds
pressure and low productivity. per gallon (1,461.8 kilograms per cubic
plunger overtravel n: an increase in the metre) weighs two points more than 12
effective stroke length of the plunger of a pounds ( 1,438 kilograms). Also, if a 12.2
sucker rod pump caused by the elongation potmd-per-gallon mud's density is increased polished rod clamp n: fastening device for
of the rod string due to the dynamic loads to 12.5 pounds per gallon (1,497.8 kilo- connecting the polished rod to the bridle of a
imposed by the pumping cycle. grams per cubic metre), the density has beam pumping unit.
plunging fold n: a fold of rock whose long been raised by 3 points. polished rod dynamometer n: a device
axis is not horizontal. poise n: the viscosity of a liquid in which a that indicates the variation in load on the
pluton n: a large subterranean body of force of 1 dyne (a unit of measurement of polished rod as the rod string reciprocates. A
igneous rock. small amounts of force) exerted tangentially continuous record of the result of forces
Pm abbr: the phenolphthalein alkalinity of on a surface of 1 square centimeb'e of either acting along the axis of the polished rod is
the mud reported as the number of millilitres of two parallel planes 1 centimetre apart will provided 00 a dynamometer card, from
of 0.02 Normal (N/50) acid required per move one plane at the rate of 1 centimetre which the perfor- mance of the well-pumping
millilitre of mud. Pm, like Pr, is a measure of per second in reference to the other plane, equipment is analyzed.
the alkalinity of drilling muds. Usually, muds with the space between the two planes filled
require high pH values (alkalinity) to perform with the liquid.
well. polar circumference n: circumference
pneumatic adj: operated by air pressure. measured through the north and south poles
pneumatic control n: a control valve that is of a sphere.
actuated by air. SeverallX1ewnatic controls polar compound n: a compound (such as
are used on drilling rigs to actuate and water) with a molecule that behaves as a
control rig components (such as clutches, small magnet with a positive charge on one
hoists, engines, and pumps). end and a negative charge on the other.
pneumatic line n: any hose or line, usually polarity n: the quality of being either
reinforced with steel, that conducts air from negative or positive; in magnetism. the north
an air source (such as a compressor) to a or south pole of a magnet.
component that is actuated by air (such as a polar molecule n: a molecule whose atoms
clutch). are arrangedpdfMachine
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polished rod dynamometer 157 polished rod dynamometer
polymer mud n: a drilling rnud to which a popcorn adj: (slang) having the quality of
pollution credits n pi: a state practice of polyrner has been added to increase the being substandard, unsafe, or cheap.
trad- ing the air ernissions frorn new facilities viscosity of the mud. poppet valve n: a device that controls the
for the reduction or elirnination of air polymer units n pi: units in a refinery that rate of flow of fluid in a line or opens or shuts
emissions frorn old facilities. Offset polymerize propylene and ethylene in the off the flow of fluid completely. When open,
ernissions are bought frorn other sources to presence of a catalyst and in a liquid the sealing surface of the valve is moved
balance the emissions frorn the new facility. solvent. Polypropylene and polyethylene are away from a seat; when closed, the sealing
The object is to improve air quality while produced. Following polymerization, the surface contacts the seat to shut off flow.
allowing for new business. This encourages product is removed from the reactor and The direction of movement of the valve is
the use of the best technology at new sites processed through a purification facility for usually perpendicular to the seat. Poppet
and the retro- fitting of old sites to improve removal of catalyst residue and separation valves are used extensively as pneumatic
air quality. of the sol vent. The powdered product is (air) controls on drilling rigs and as intake
polyacrylamide n: a polymer whose basic then conveyed in a pneumatic conveyor to and exhaust valves in most intemal-
repeating unit, or rnonorner, is a cornbina- the finishing area, where additives are combustion engines.
tion of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and blended with powder and the mixture is pop valve n: a spring-loaded safety valve
nitrogen. Polyacrylarnides are used to adjust processed through an extruder to form that opens automatically when pressure
the viscosity of water slugs during chernical pellets. exceeds the limits for which the valve is set.
flooding operations. They can also adhere to polyphase n: several alternating emfs of the It is used as a safety device on pressurized
the walls of rock pores, decreasing the same frequency and sine wave form. A vessels and other equipment to prevent
effective permeability of established polyphase generator has two or more damage from excessive pressure. Also
channels, forcing the injection fluid into new circuits in the field windings. called a relief valve, safety valve, or safety
channels, and thus irnproving sweep polysaccharide n: a carbohydrate relief valve.
efficiency. composed of many monosaccharides. por abbr: porosity or pores; used in drilling
poIyanionic cellulose (PAC) n: a chernical Polysac- charides are used to adjust the reports.
cornpound used to reduce water loss in viscosity of water slugs in chemical flooding pore n: an opening or space within a rock or
rnuds that are affected by salt operations. mass of rocks, usually small and often filled
contamination. pony rod n: 1. a sucker rod, shorter than with some fluid (water, oil, gas, or all three).
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) n: a family usual, used to make up a sucker rod string Compare vug.
of highly toxic chemical cornpounds of desired length. Pony rods are usually
consisting of two benzene rings in which placed just below the polished rod. 2. the rod
chlorine takes the place of two or rnore joined to the connecting rod and piston rod
hydrogen at- orns; known to cause skin in a mud pump.
diseases and sus- pected of causing birth POOH abbr: pull-out-of-hole.
defects and cancer. pool n: a reservoir or group of reservoirs.
polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) The term is a misnomer in that hydrocar-
n: a synthetic diamond used in the bons seldom exist in pools, but, rather, in the
manufacture of the cutters on PDC bits. pores of rock. v: to combine small or
polyester n: a thermosetting or irregular tracts into a unit large enough to
thermoplastic rnaterial formed by meet state spacing regulations for drilling. pore pressure n: see formation pressure.
esterification of polybasic organic acids with pooling n: the combining of small or irregular pore throats n pi: connections between
polyhydric acids. tracts into a unit large enough to meet state pores.
polymer n: a substance that consists of spacing regulations for drilling. Compare pore volume (PV) n: the total volume of
large rnolecules formed frorn srnaller unitization. pore space in a reservoir formation.
rnolecules in repeating structural units pooling and unitization clause n: in an oil porosimeter n: a device used to determine
(rnonomers). In oilfield operations, various and gas lease, the clause that penI}its the porosity of a formation by measuring a
types of polymers are used to thicken drilling lessee to pool or unitize the leased tract. known volume of gas at a known pressure
rnud, frac- turing fluid, acid, water, and other poor boy v: to make do; to do something on compressed into a core sample. The gas is
liquids. See micellar-polymer flooding, a shoe-string. adj: homemade. measured at atmospheric pressure and at
polymer mud. In petroleum refining, heat poor boy degasser n: usually, a mud-gas an elevated pressure. These measurements
and pressure are used to polyrnerize light separator that is fabricated by the personnel are used to calculate gain volume and pore
hydrocarbons into larger rnolecules, such as on a drilling rig's location, or by welders vol- ume.
those that rnake up high-octane gasoline. In employed by the drilling contractor in the porosity n: 1. the condition of being po-
petrochernical production, polymer contractor's storage yard. It is a steel, air- rous (such as a rock formation). 2. the ratio
hydrocarbons are used as a feedstock for tight cylinder into which drilling mud is piped of the volume of empty space to the vol-
plastics. to provide a space for gas in the mud to ume of solid rock in a formation, indicating
polymer flooding n: a type of miscible drive escape. how much fluid a rock can hold. See
in which a polyrner is injected into an poor boy gravel pack n: a bradenhead absolute porosity, effective porosity, pore.
injection well to allow oil and water to rnix pack; a method of gravel packing in which porous adj: having pores, or tiny openings,
and flow to a producing well. See miscible no packer is used. as in rock.
drive. Corn pare alkaline (caustic) flooding, poor boy junk basket n: see finger-type
chemical flooding, waterflooding. junk basket.
polymerization n: the bonding of two or POP abbr: putting on the pump; used in
rnore sirnple rnolecules to form larger drilling reports.
molecular units. POP contract n: see percentage of
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port 158 pounds per square inch gauge
rotating vanes or buckets, nutating disks, or posthole digger n: (slang) a small or make-
port n: 1. (nautical) left side of vessel tanks or other vessels that automatically fill shift drilling rig.
(determined by look.ing towaro the bow). 2. and empty. Also called a volume meter or posthole well n: (slang) a relatively shal-
the opening in the side of a liner in a two- volumeter. low well. Sometimes, a dry hole.
stroke cycle engine. positive-displacement motor n: see Dyna- potash n: potassium carbonate (K2CO3)'
portable mast n: a mast mounted on a truck Drill. potassium n: one of the alkali metal ele-
and capable of being erected as a single positive-displacement pump n: a ments with a valence of 1 and an atomic
unit. See telescoping mast. reciprocating or a rotary pump that moves a weight of about 39. Potassium compounds,
ported sub n: a device made up in a tubing measured quantity of liquid with each stroke most commonly potassium hydroxide (KOH),
or workover string that has openings (ports) of a piston or each revolution of vanes or are sometimes added to drilling fluids to
through which fluid can be circulated. gears. positive-pressure self-contained impart special properties, usually inhibition.
portland cement n: the cement most widely breathing apparatus (SCBA) n: a face mask potential n: the maximum volume of oil or
used in oilwells. It is made from raw and portable air tank used for the purpose of gas that a well is capable of producing, cal-
materials such as limestone, clay or shale, breathing in contaminated atmospheres. culated from well test data.
and iron ore. positive-volume prover n: a relatively small potential energy n: energy possessed by a
Ports and Waterways Safety Act n: tank with an accurately calibrated volume body because of its position or con-
congressional act that protects navigational used to prove a meter. Liquid is flowed from figuration. A wound spring or a raised weight
safety and the resources of navigable wa- the meter and into the tank until the has potential energy.
ters. Under the act, vessel operators must calibrated level is achieved. The volume of potential test n: a test of the rate at which a
notify port authorities of any "hazardous liquid in the tank is then compared with the well can produce oil or gas by measuring
condition," which includes fire, leaking volume the meter recorded. If required. the fonnation pressures. See potential.
cargoes, or anything that could adversely meter is adjusted or a special factor is used potentiometer n: 1. an instrument to
affect the environmental quality of any US to correct the meter. Also called a closed measure electromotive forces by
port, harbor, or navigable water. stationary tank prover. comparison with a known potential
positioning wire n: solid or stranded wire or positron n: a particle similar to an electron difference. 2. a re- sistor used chiefly as a
cable that connects a float to a tape or that but carrying a positive charge of the same voltage divider.
drives a dial indicator or transmitter. mass and magnitude as the charge of an potentiometric surface n: 1. a surface
position-reference system n: any system electron. Positrons are emitted when there is representing the hydrodynamic pressure
or method by which surveillance is an excess of protons in the nucleus of an gradient of groundwater flowing through an
maintained on the position of a floating atom. aquifer. 2. the level to which unconfined
offshore drilling rig in relation to the subsea possum belly n: 1. a receiving tank situ- flowing water would rise.
well-head when the rig is dynamically ated at the end of the mud return line. The pound equivalent n: a laboratory unit used
positioned. The rig should always be directly flow of mud comes into the bottom of the in pilot testing. One gram or pound
over the wellhead to minimize wear on sub- device and travels over baffles to control equivalent, when added to 350 millilitres of
sea equipment and to facilitate operations mud flow over the shale shaker. 2. a metal fluid, is equivalent to I pound/barrel.
involved with the equipment. See acoustic box under a truck bed that holds pipeline pounds per cubic foot n: a measure of the
position reference. tau/line position- repair tools. density of a substance (such as drilling
reference system. posted barge submersible rig n: a mobile fluid).
positive choke n: a choke in which the submersible drilling structure consisting of a pounds per gallon (ppg) n: a measure of
orifice size must be changed to change the barge hull that rests on bottom. steel posts the density of a fluid (such as drilling mud).
rate of flow through the choke. that rise from the top of the barge hull. and a pounds per square inch gauge (psig) n:
positive clutch n: a clutch in which jaws or deck that is built on top of the posts. well the pressure in a vessel or container as
claws interlock when pushed together, e.g., above the waterline. It is used to drill wells in registered on a gauge attached to the
the jaw clutch and the spline clutch. water no deeper than about 30 to 35 feet (9 container. This reading does not include the
positive-displacement compressor n: see to 10.7 metres). Most posted barge pressure of the atmosphere outside the
reciprocating compressor. submersibles work in inland gulfs and bays. container.
positive-displacement downhole mud See submersible drilling rig.
motor n: a device used to rotate the bit posted field price n: announced price the
without rotating the drill stem. Basically, the purchaser will pay for crude oil with a
motor comprises a spiral rod that is housed specified gravity in a particular field or area.
inside a helical-shaped chamber-the rod and posted gauge height n: the vertical
chamber are a pump. Circulating mud down distance from the bottom of the tank or
the drill stem and to the motor causes the datum plate to the reference point on the
rod to rotate. Since the bit is mechanically hatch; nonnally engraved on or near the
connected to the motor, as the motor reference point.
rotates, so does the bit. This method of bit postemergency response operation n: the
rotation eliminates the need to rotate the cleanup, removal of contaminated materials,
entire drill stem and thus is especially useful and removal of hazardous substances that
in directional drilling. remain after an emergency response
positive-displacement meter n: a mechani- operation is terminated; that portion of the
cal fluid-measuring device that IDeasmes by emergency response perfonned after the
filling and emptying chambers of a specific immediate threat of a release has been
volume. The displacement of a fixed volume stabilized or eliminated and cleanup of the
of fluid may be accomplished by the action site has begun.
of reciprocating or oscillating pis- tons, pdfMachine
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pounds per square inch per foot 159 preheating
power rod tongs n pI: tongs that are chemical or physical change in the fluid. v: to
pounds per square inch per foot n: a actuated by air or hydraulic fluid and are separate in this manner.
measure of the amount of pressure in used for making up or breaking out sucker precipitation n: the production of a separate
pounds per square inch that a column of rods. liquid phase from a mixture of gases (e.g.,
fluid (such as drilling mud) exerts on the power-shift transmission n: clutches and rain), or of a separate solid phase from a
bottom of the column for every foot of its gears used with an engine for automatically liquid solution, as in the precipitation of
length. For ex- ample, 10 pounds per gallon and smoothly changing power ratios. The calcite cement from water in the interstices
mud exerts 0.52 pounds per square inch per device is usually used in conjunction with a of rock.
foot (11.8 kilopascals per metre), so a hydraulic torque converter. precision of error measurement n: the
column of 10 pounds per gallon (1,198.2 power side n: the back of the drawworks, degree of conformity to each other of
kilograms per cubic metre) mud that is 1,000 that is, the side nearest the engines that measurements repeated under specified
feet (304.8 metres) long exerts 520 pounds supply power to the drawworks. conditions, irrespective of whether they are
per square inch (3.6 megapascals) at the power slips n pI: see slips. close or far from the true value.
bottom of the column. See pressure power sub n: a hydraulically powered prefab n: a windbreak used around the rig
gradient. device used in lieu of a rotary to turn the drill floor, engines. substructure. and other areas
pour point n: the lowest temperature at pipe, tubing, or casing in a well. to protect the crew from cold winds during
which a fuel will flow. For oil, the pour point power takeoff (PTO) n: a gearbox or other winter operations. Windbreaks are
is a temperature 5°F (-15°C) above the tem- device that serves to relay the power of a constructed of canvas (tarp), wood, or metal.
perature at which the oil is solid. prime mover to auxiliary equipment. preferential right of purchase n: a prior right
power n: 1. the source or the means of pro- power-tight coupling n: a coupling screwed of purchase reserved to buy an oil and gas
viding energy. 2. the time rate at which work on casing tightly enough to be leak- proof at interest by meeting the terms of a proposed
is done. the time of makeup. sale of the interest to any other party.
power cable n: see cable. power tongs n pi: see power wrench. preftush n: 1. an injection of water prior to
power-driven mud pump n: a reciprocat- power tools n pi: equipment operated chemical flooding that is used to induce res-
ing pump for circulating drilling fluids. It hydraulically or by compressed air for mak- ervoir conditions favorable to the surfactant
operates through cranks and connecting ing up and breaking out drill pipe, casing, solution by adjusting reservoir salinity and
rods by power supplied to its crankshaft from tubing, rods, nuts, and so on. reducing ion concentrations. A preflush may
an electric motor or internal-combus- tion power transformer n: a transformer that also be used to obtain advance information
engine. It may be a duplex (with two takes power from a generating station and on reservoir flow patterns. 2. fluid injected
cylinders) or a triplex (with three cylinders). steps up the voltage for transmission, or that prior to the acid solution pumped into a well
Some mud pumps have double-acting pis- takes power from the transmission line and in an acid-stimulation treatment; sometimes
tons, and some have single-acting pistons steps down the voltage to the primary called a spearhead. Compare overflush.
that function as plungers. distribution level of? ,200 or 12,400 volts. preforming n: a process in the manufacture
powered mixer n: device that depends on See distribution transfonner. of wire rope that crimps the strands, giving
an external source of power for the energy power wrench n: a wrench that is used to the rope a permanent set and controlling its
required to mix a fluid. make up or break out drill pipe, tubing, or flexibility.
power end n: the portion or end of a mud casing on which the torque is provided by air pregranted abandonment n: a provision of
pump that contains the parts involved in or fluid pressure. Conventional tongs are a certificate of public convenience and
producing the mechanical force that moves operated by mechanical pull provided by a necessity that authorizes abandonment on a
the pistons in liners to move liquid. The jerk line connected to a cathead. future subsequent or on a date certain.
power end is opposite the fluid end, which pozzolan n: a natural or artificial siliceous preheater n: a heater used to warm the
has the parts that move the liquid mud. material commonly added to portland sample before and during centrifuging to
power factor (pf) n: the ratio of true power cement mixtures to impart certain desirable determine suspended S & W content.
to apparent power in an AC circuit. True properties. Added to oilwell cements, preheating n: in pipeline construction, the
power is always less than apparent power. pozzolans reduce slurry weight and process of heating pipe ends before weld-
power fluid n: in subsurface hydraulic viscosity, increase resistance to sulfate ing. Preheating is usually necessary in areas
pumping, the crude oil that is produced by a attack, and influence factors such as where ambient temperatures are below 40°F
well, cleaned, and pumped back into the well pumping time, ultimate strength, and (4 °C) or where there is overnight
to power the subsurface pump. watertightness. condensation of moisture on the pipe.
power mixers n pI: in a sample container, a pozzolan-lime reaction n: the reaction be- Wagon- wheel heaters are used for
device that is moved by an electric motor to tween pozzolan and lime in the presence of preheating.
thoroughly mix the liquid in the container. water, wherein a cementitious material
power of attorney n: a legal instrument that primarily composed of hydrated calcium
authorizes one person to act for another, silicates is formed.
usually specifically. It ends on the death of PPE abbr: personal protective equipment.
either of the parties unless specific language ppg abbr: pounds per gallon.
allows it to survive. ppm abbr: parts per million.
power oil n: in subsurface hydraulic pump- prairie dog plant n: a small, comparatively
ing, the crude oil that is produced by a well, simple refinery located in a remote area.
cleaned, and pumped back into the well to Precambrian era n: a span of 4 billion years
energize the subsurface pump. from the earth's beginning until 600 million
power rating n: rating given by a years ago, during which the earth was
manufacturer of an engine operating at its devoid of all but the most primitive life forms.
most efficient output. precipitate n: a substance, usually a solid,
power rig n: see mechanical rig. that separates pdfMachine
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preignition 160 pressure management
producing interval n: see pay sand. production test n: a test of the well's
primary recovery n: the first stage of oil producing platform n: an offshore structure producing potential usually done during the
production in which natural reservoir drives accommodating a number of producing initial completion phase.
are used to recover oil, although some form wells. production tubing n: a string of tubing used
of artificial lift may be required to exploit producing zone n: the zone or formation to produce the well, providing well control
declining reservoir drives. from which oil or gas is produced. See pay and energy conservation.
primary sediment n: sediment that comes sand. production wen n: in fields in which im-
with the water in an untreated emulsion production n: 1. the phase of the petroleum proved recovery techniques are being
sample when it is centrifuged with a slugging industry that deals with bringing the well applied, the well through which oil is
compound. Compare secondary sediment. fluids to the surface and separating them produced. See injection well.
primary standard n: a particular measure and with storing, gauging, and otherwise productivity index (PI) n: a well-test
with the highest metrological qualities in a preparing the product for the pipeline. 2. the measurement indicative of the amount of oil
given field. Never used directly for amount of oil or gas produced in a given or gas a well is capable of producing. It may
measurement other than for comparison with period. be expressed as
duplicate standards or reference standards. production casing n: the last string of cas- PI=q+(Ps-Pf)
Compare secondary standard, working ing set in a well, inside of which is usually where.--
standard. suspended a tubing string. PI = productivity index (barrels/day or
primary term n: the specified duration of an production liner lap n: the amount of lap thousand cubic feet/day per pounds per
oil and gas lease (e.g., three years), within between surface or intennediate casing or square inch of pressure differential)
which time a well must be drilled to keep the liner and the production liner. See lap. q = rate of production (barrels/day or
lease in effect. production log n: see spinner survey. thousand cubic feet/day)
primary wen control n: prevention of production maintenance n: the efforts Ps = static bottomhole pressure (pounds per
formation fluid flow by maintaining a made to minimize the decline in a well's square inch)
hydrostatic pressure equal to or greater than production. It includes, for example, acid- P f = flowing bottomhole pressure (pounds
formation pressure. Compare secondary washing of casing perforations to dissolve per square inch).
well control. mineral deposits, scraping or chemical productivity index (PI) curve n: the curve
primary winding n: the winding of an injection to prevent paraffin ooildup, and on a graph that results when the volume of a
induction apparatus, such as a transformer, vari- ous measures taken to control well's production is plotted against time.
that is connected to the source of power and corrosion and erosion damage. The curve is used to evaluate a well's
induces emf in the secondary winding. production packer n: any packer designed perfonnance when it has single-phase flow.
prime mover n: an internal-combustion to make a seal between the tubing and the productivity test n: a combination of a
engine or a turbine that is the source of casing during production. potential test and a bottomhole pressure test
power for driving a machine or machines. production payment n: a cost-free the purpose of which is to determine the
probe n: any small device that, when percentage of the working interest that ends effects of different flow rates on the pres-
brought into contact with or inserted into a when a specified amount of money or sure within the producing zone of the well to
system, can make measurements on that number of barrels has been reached. establish physical characteristics of the
system. In corrosion, probes can measure production platform n: see platform rig. reservoir and to detennine the maximum
electrical potential or the corrosivity of production-related costs n pi: most notably potential rate of flow. See bottomhole pres-
various substances to determine a system's related to FERC Order 94, production- sure test, potential test.
corrosive tendencies. related costs refer to all costs associated products cyde n: the sequence or order in
Processed gas n: gas handled through a with bringing natural gas or LPG to a mar- which a number of different products are
plant for the extraction of liquefiable ketable point of title transfer. The more hatched through a pipeline.
hydrocarbons. common production-related costs include, products line n: a pipeline used to ship
processing agreement n: agreement but are not limited to, compression, refined products.
between a producer and a plant owner that dehydration, gathering, processing, treating,
provides for the processing of the producer's liquefication, conditioning, or transporting.
gas in a plant for a fee, either in cash or production rig n: a portable servicing or
products in-kind. workover outfit, usually mounted on wheels
processing rights n pi: provision in gas and self-propelled. A well-servicing unit
purchase contracts in which the producer consists of a hoist and engine mounted on a
reserves the right to separate and extract wheeled chassis with a self-erecting mast. A
liquefiable hydrocarbons, except methane workover rig is basically the same, with the
and nonhydrocarbon substances, from the addition of a substructure with rotary, pump,
natural gas. pits, and auxiliaries to permit handling and
process stream n: a charge or stream of working a drill string.
liquids or gases moving through different production seal unit n: see seal nipple as-
processes in a refinery or fractionating plant. sembly.
producer n: 1. a well that produces oil or production tank n: a tank used in the field
gas in commercial quantities. 2. an operating to receive crude oil as it comes from the
company or individual in the business of well. Also called a flow tank or lease tank.
producing oil; commonly called the operator. production tax n: a state or municipal tax
Producers 88 n: any of a wide variety of on oil and gas products levied at the well-
lease fonDS used in the midcontinent and head for the removal of the hydrocarbons.
Gulf regions. Also called severance tax.
producing horizon n: see pay sand. pdfMachine
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profile testing 163 pseudoplastic
petroleum gas. propane, commercial n: see reservoirs under existing economic and
profile testing n: a technique for commercial propane. operating conditions.
simultaneously sampling gas or liquid at propene n: see propylene. prover n: a device used to determine the
several points across the diameter of a pipe proportionate reduction clause n: in an oil accuracy of a petroleum measurement
to identify the extent of stratification at a and gas lease, the clause that allows for meter.
proposed location. proportionate reductions in rentals and prover connector valve n: a device used to
prognostic wave chart n: a chart showing royalties should the lessor's interests be less connect the prover to the pipeline either
predicted wave heights and directions. Wind than the entire fee simple estate. proppant n: upstream or downstream of the meter to be
estimates for an area are used to develop see propping agent. proved.
this type of chart. propping agent n: a granular substance prover counter n: an electronic device that
progradation n: the seaward buildup of a (sand grains, aluminum pellets, or other counts each pulse generated by a meter
beach, delta, or fan by nearshore deposition material) that is carried in suspension by the transmitter.
of sediments by a river, by waves, or by fracturing fluid and that serves to keep the prover displacer n: a spherical or cylindrical
longshore currents. cracks open when fracturing fluid is object that is a component of a pipe prover.
withdrawn after a fracture treatment. It has an elastic seal that contacts the inner
propylene n: the chemical compound of the pipe wall of a prover to prevent leakage.
olefin series having the formula . Its official Flowing fluid causes it to move through the
name is propene. prover pipe, and as it moves it displaces a
proration n: a system, enforced by a state known measured volume of fluid between
or federal agency or by agreement between two fixed detecting devices.
operators, that limits the amount of prover loop n: see pipe prove!:
petroleum that can be produced from a well prover pass n: 1. one movement of the
or a field within a given period. displacer between the detectors in a prover.
proration unit n: see drilling and spacing 2. the volume determined by a displacer
programmable logic controller n: a device unit. traveling between detector switches in a
used to manage, or control, another device prospect n: 1. an area of land under single direction.
or devices that govern the operation of a exploration that has good possibilities of prover round trip n: 1. the forward and
system or process. An operator, using an producing profitable minerals. 2. the set of reverse passes in a bidirectional prover. 2.
attached computer, can program the circumstances, both geologic and economic, the volume determined by a bidirectional
controller to maintain a given set of desirable that justify drilling a wildcat well. v: to displacer traveling between detector
circumstances and to respond to changes or examine the surface and subsurface of an switches in one direction and in the return
upsets in the system or process using ladder area of land for signs of mineral deposits. direction.
logic, which is a logic system that operates protection casing n: a string of casing set prover tank n: a tank used to calibrate liquid
much like the rungs on a ladder-that is, deeper than the surface casing to protect a flow meters. See open tank prove!:
before the next rung on the ladder can be section of the hole and to permit drilling to a Proximity LogTM n: trade name for a log
scaled, the controller must determine that greater depth. Sometimes called similar to a Minilog.
certain conditions are met on the current intermediate casing string. prussic acid n: see hydrogen cyanide.
rung. protium n: an isotope of hydrogen with no pryometer n: an instrument used to
program time switch n: a switch that turns neutrons in the nucleus, designated as 1H1. measure high temperatures.
a motor on and off for preset time intervals, It is the lightest isotope of hydrogen, known PSA abbr: pressure setting assembly.
such as 12 hours on, 12 hours off. as light hydrogen. PSD abbr: prevention of significant
progressive cavity pumping system n: a proton n: the positively charged elementary deterioration.
form of sucker rod pumping unit in which the particle that occurs with the neutron in an pseudocriticaI properties n pi: empirical
rotor is a chrome-plated steel external helix atomic nucleus. values for the critical properties (such as
and the stator is a synthetic elastomer with a prove v: to determine the accuracy of a temperature, pressure, and volume) of a
double internal helix permanently bonded petroleum measurement meter. chemical system made up of multiple
into a steel housing. Rotation of the rods by proved reserves of crude oil n pi: components.
a vertical spindle electric motor at dte according to API standard definitions, pseudo-oil-base mud n: see synthetic
surface causes the rods to stretch a pre- proved reserves of crude oil as of December based mud.
determined amount to maintain the rod 31 of any given year are the estimated pseudoplastic adj: having the capability of
string in tension. It also causes a cavity quantities of all liquids statistically defined as changing apparent viscosity with a change in
containing well fluid to progress upward. The crude oil that geological and engineering shear rate. Pseudoplastic fluids gain
system is a rotary positive-displacement data demonstrate with reasonable certainty viscosity when subjected to a decrease in
unit. to be recoverable in future years from known shear rate, and lose viscosity when the
prong grab n: a fishing tool having two or reservoirs under existing economic and shear rate is increased. See shear
more prongs with inward-facing barbs used operating conditions.
to snag and retrieve broken wireline from the proved reserves of natural gas n pI:
wellbore. according to API standard definitions,
prop n: short for proppant. See propping proved
agent. reserves of natural gas as of December 31
propane n: a paraffinic hydrocarbon (C3Hg) of any given year are the estimated
that is a gas at ordinary atmospheric quantities of natural gas that geological and
conditions but is easily liquefied under engineering data demonstrate with
pressure. It is a constituent of liquefied reasonable certainty to be recoverable in
future yearspdfMachine
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psi 164 pumping unit
pulsation dampener n: 1. any gas or liquid- pump-down adj: descriptive of any tool or
psi abbr: pounds per square inch. charged, chambered device that minimizes device that can be pumped down a wellbore.
psia abbr: pounds per square inch absolute. periodic increases and decreases in Pump-down tools are not lowered into the
See absolute pressure. pressure (as from a mud pump). 2. a device well on wireline; instead, they are pumped
psi/ft abbr: pounds per square inch per foot. used to reduce pressure pulsations in a down the well with the drilling fluid.
psig abbr: pounds per square inch gauge. flowing stream. pumper n: see lease operator.
psychrometer n: a device used to measure pulsed neutron logging device n: a pump house n: a building that houses the
the amount of water vapor, or relative measuring instrument run inside casing to pumps, engines, and control panels at a
humidity, of the air. See sling psychrometer. obtain an indication of the presence or pipeline gathering station or trunk station.
P-tank n: see bulk tank. absence of hydrocarbons outside the pipe, pumping tee n: a heavy-duty steel, T -
PTO abbr: power takeoff. to determine water saturation in a reservoir shaped pipe fitting that is screwed or flanged
public domain land n: all land and water behind casing, to detect water movement in to the top of a pumping well. The polished
originally (and still) owned by the United the reservoir, to estimate porosity, and to rod works through a stuffing box on top of
States. estimate water salinity. the tee and in the run of the tee to operate a
puddling n: 1. in cement evaluation work, pulsed-neutron survey n: a special cased- sucker rod pump in the well. Pumped fluid is
the agitation of cement slurry with a rod to hole logging method that uses radioactivity discharged through the side opening of the
remove trapped air bubbles. 2. in field reaction time to obtain measurements of tee.
practice, the rotation of the casing during or water saturation, residual oil saturation, and pumping time n: the time required to mix
after a primary cementing operation. fluid contacts in the formation outside the and pump cement slurry down the hole and
Pugh clause n: a clause in an oil and gas casing of an oilwell. up the annulus behind the pipe.
lease that releases nonproducing acreage pulse-echo techniques n pi: corrosion- pumping unit n: the machine that imparts
(horizontal release) or zones (vertical detecting processes that, by recording the reciprocating motion to a string of sucker
release) at the end of the primary term or action of ultrasonic waves artificially rods extending to the positive-displacement
some other specified period. Under the introduced into production structures, can pump at the bottom of a well. It is usually a
clause, unproductive or untested zones and determine metal thicknesses and detect beam arrangement driven by a crank
acreage that are outside a producing pooled flaws. attached to a speed reducer.
unit must be released if drilling or exploration pulse generator n: 1. a generator that
does not occur by the end of the specified produces repeating pulses or pulses initiated
time. Also called a Freestone rider. by signals. 2. a displacement meter
pull a well v: to remove rods or tubing from accessory coupled to the measuring element
a well. and designed to produce a series of
pull a well in v: to collapse a derrick or electrical pulses whose number is
mast. proportional to the volume measured and
pull back v: to raise the drill stem or tubing whose frequency is proportional to the flow
string in the wellbore. rate. Also called pulser.
pull casing v: to remove casing from a well. pulse interpolation n: any of the various
pull-down n: a snubbing unit. techniques by which the whole number of
pull dry v: to remove the drill stem from the meter pulses are counted between two
hole without keeping the stem full of mud. events (such as detector switch closures).
pulley n: a wheel with a grooved rim, used Any remaining fraction of a pulse between
for pulling or hoisting. See sheave. the two events is calculated.
pulling tool n: a hydraulically operated tool pulse monitor n: a device in a pipe prover
that is run in above the fishing tool and system that senses and counts the number
anchored to the casing by slips. It exerts a of pulses put out by a pulse generator on the
strong upward pull on the fish by hydraulic meter being proved. Pulse count relates to
power derived from fluid that is pumped the amount of fluid that flows through the
down the fishing string. meter.
pulling unit n: a well-servicing outfit used in pulser n: see pulse generator.
pulling rods and tubing from the well. See pumice n: vesicular obsidian formed from
production rig. gas-filled lava that cooled rapidly. It is often
pull it green v: to pull a bit from the hole for light enough to float on water.
replacement before it is greatly worn. pump n: a device that increases the
pullout v: see come out o/the hole. pressure on a fluid or raises it to a higher
pullout torque n: see breakdown torque. level. Various types of pumps include the
pull rod n: one of several steel rods used to bottom- hole pump, centrifugal pump,
connect pump jacks to a central power hydraulic pump, jet pump, mud pump,
source. reciprocating pump, rotary pump, sucker rod
pull-rod line n: a wire rope used to connect pump, and submersible pump.
a pump jack to a pull rod. pumpability n: the physical characteristic of
pull wet v: to remove the drill stem from the a cement slurry that determines its ability to
hole while keeping the stem full or nearly full be pumped.
of drilling mud. pump barrel n: the cylinder or liner in which
pulsating flow n: flow that is variable; the plunger of a sucker rod pump
unstable flow. reciprocates. See sucker rod pump. working
barrel. pdfMachine
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pump jack 165 PVT analysis
recumbent fold n: a fold of rock in which reel barge n: a lay barge specially outfitted
record section n: a cross section of the the axial plane of an overturned fold has to lay pipe from an immense reel on deck.
earth generated by computer from tapes that become horizontal or nearly so. The pipe is connected and reeled onto the
have recorded the sound vibrations reflected red bed n: a layer of sedimentary rock that barge on shore. This is an efficient way to
during seismic exploration. Expert is predominantly red. especially one of lay offshore pipelines of relatively small
interpretation can reveal what may be a trap Permian or Triassic age. diameter. although improved techniques
for petroleum. Also called seismic section. redelivery gas n: natural gas delivered to a may make it possible to use pipe of up to 30
pipeline company either from a gathering inches (76 centimetres) in diameter.
system or from another pipeline company
rather than to a distribution point. Compare
delivery gas.
red-lime mud n: a water-base clay mud
containing caustic soda and tannates to
which lime has been added. Also called red
mud.
red mud n: see red-lime mud.
redox potential n: see oxidation-reduction
potential.
reduced circulating pressure (RCP) n: the
recoverable gas lift gas n: gas lift gas that
amount of pressure generated on the drill
has returned to the surface and is not
stem when the mud pumps are run at a reeled tubing n: see coiled tubing.
reinjected into the gas lift system; rather, it is
speed (or speeds) slower than the speed reel method n: an offshore pipeline
transferred to a pipeline. Sometimes called
used when drilling ahead. An RCP or construction technique in which the welded,
spent gas lift gas.
several RCPs are established for use when coated. and tested pipe is coiled onto a reel
recoverable gas reserves n pi: the quantity
a kick is being circulated out of the hole. and transferred to a reel barge. where it is
of natural gas determined to be
reducing elbow n: a fitting that makes an paid out at a steady rate onto the ocean
economically recoverable and available for
angle between two joints of pipe and that floor.
delivery from a well or wells. Amount may be
decreases in diameter from one end to the reel vessel n: a ship or barge specially de-
limited to a specific period of time.
other. signed to handle pipeline that is wound onto
recoverable usage n: the injection of oil into
reducing flange n: a flange fitting used to a large reel. To lay the pipeline. the vessel
a formation to stimulate production. This oil
join pipes of different diameters. pays out the pipe off the reel at a steady rate
may be recovered in later production.
onto the ocean floor. The pipeline has been
recovery n: the total volume of
constructed at an onshore facility where it
hydrocarbons that has been or is anticipated
has been welded, coated. inspected, and
to be produced from a wen or field.
wound onto the reel.
recovery emciency n: the recoverable
reeve v: to pass (as a rope) through a hole
amount of original or residual hydrocarbons
or opening in a block or similar device.
in place in a reservoir, expressed as a
reeve the line v: to string a wire rope drilling
percentage of total hydrocarbons in place.
line through the sheaves of the traveling and
Also called recovery factor.
crown blocks to the hoisting drum.
recovery factor n: see recovery efficiency.
reface v: to renew a faced surface by
rectangular survey system n: the method
recutting or regrinding.
of measuring land adopted by the United
reference circumference n: the
States in 1785. Under this system, land is
circumference of the bottom ring of a tank
measured in squares called congressional
reducing nipple n: a pipe fitting that is measured by the manual tank strapping
townships, which are approximately 6 miles
threaded on both ends and decreases in method.
(9.6 kilometres) wide and approximately 6
diameter from one end to the other. reference conditions n pi: the conditions of
miles long. The squares are marked off by
reducing tee n: aT-shaped pipe fitting with temperature and pressure to which
means of parallel north-south lines called
openings of two different sizes. measured volumes are to be corrected.
township lines and parallel east-west lines
reduction n: adding one or more electrons
called range lines.
rectifier n: a device used to convert alter- to an atom or ion or molecule.
Redwood viscosity n: a unit of viscosity
nating current into direct current.
rectifier meter n: a permanent magnet measurement, expressed in secondss,
meter with a rectifier built in to convert AC to obtained when using a Redwood
viscometer. It is the standard of viscosity
DC.
rectify v: to change an alternating current to measurement in Great Britain.
reef n: 1. a type of reservoir trap composed
a direct current.
of rock (usually limestone) formed from the
shells or skeletons of marine animals. 2. a
burled coral or other reef from which
hydrocarbons may be withdrawn.
reel n: a revolving device (such as a flanged
cylinder) for winding or unwinding some-
thing flexible (such as rope or wire).
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reference depth 171 relative permeability
the warmer fluid. Cooling causes vapors to rope strands are twisted in a direction
reference depth n: the distance from the condense to liquid. opposite the strands themselves.
reference point to the datum plate or the reflux condenser n: a device on which regulator n: a device that reduces the
bottom of the tank. It should be stamped on reflux condenses in the distillation process. pressure or volume of a fluid flowing in a line
the fixed benchmark plate or stenciled on See reflux. and maintains the pressure or volume at a
the tank roof near the gauging hatch. Also reflux ratio n: a relative measurement of the specified level.
called reference height. volume of reflux in the distillation process. regulator station n: reduces the high-
reference fuel n: engine fuel of known The ratio is commonly expressed as the pressure pipeline gas to a lower usable
octane or cetane number used as a quantity of reflux divided by the quantity of pressure for the compressor and records the
standard in the engine testing of fuels. net overhead product. amount of gas consumed as fuel.
reference height n: see reference depth. reform v: to rewrite a contract, guided by Reid vapor pressure n: the vapor pressure
reference measuring instrument n: a principles of equity. Parties who believe, for of a liquid at 100°F (37.78°C, 3l10K) as
device calibrated to hold or deliver a known example, that the written form of an oil and detennined by ASTM D 323-58, Standard
volume of liquid. gas lease does not express what was in fact Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of
reference point n: see gauge point. intended or agreed on may sue in hope that Petroleum Products (Reid Method).
refine v: to manufacture petroleum products the court will agree with them and reform the relative density n: 1. the ratio of the weight
from crude oil. lease to express the intended facts or of a given volume of a substance at a given
refiner acquisition cost n: cost of crude oil circumstances. temperature to the weight of an equal
to the refmer, including transportation and reforming n: a cracking process in which volume of a standard substance at the same
fees. The composite cost is the weighted low-octane naphthas or gasolines are temperature. For example, if 1 cubic inch of
average of domestic and imported crude oil converted into high-octane products. water at 39°F (3.9°C) weighs 1 unit and 1
costs. Thermal reforming is carried out at high cubic inch of another solid or liquid at 39°F
refinery n: the physical plant and attendant temperatures and pressures (932.-1,040.F, weighs 0.95 unit. then the relative density of
equipment used in the process of refining. 500.- 560°C, 250 to i,OOO pounds per the substance is 0.95. In determin- ing the
refinery gas n: the gas produced from square inch-i.7 megapascals). Catalytic relative density of gases, the comparison is
certain petroleum refinery operations (such reforming is carried out at lower made with the standard of air or hydrogen.
as cracking or reforming). The composition temperatures (850.-950.F, 454 .-510.C) and 2. the ratio of the mass of a given volume of
of refinery gas varies in accordance with the much lower pressures. Reforming is usually a substance to the mass of a like volume of
process by which it is produced, but it a once- through process. a standard substance, such as water or air.
consists essentially of the same paraffin refraction n: deflection from a straight path relative error n: the quotient of the absolute
hydrocarbons as natural gas plus olefins undergone by a light ray or energy wave in error divided by the true value of the
(propylene, ootylene, and ethylene) not passing from one medium to another in measured quantity. This multiplied by 100
found in natural gas. which the wave velocity is different, such as gives the relative error as a percentage.
refining n: fractional distillation of petroleum the bending of light rays when passing from relative humidity n: the ratio of the amount
products, usually followed by other air into water. of water vapor in the air to the amount it
processing such as cracking. refractory n: any of several heat-resisting would contain if completely saturated at a
refining catalyst n: any chemical used in materials, usually a ceramic. given temperature and pressure. See
the refming process that speeds or alters the refracturing n: fracturing a formation again. absolute humidity.
process without the catalyst's being affected. See acidfracture,formationfracturing, relative permeability n: the ratio of effective
reflectance n: in cases where a wave of hydraulic fracturing. permeability to absolute permeability. The
energy encounters a surface, the ratio of the Refuse Act n: see Rivers and Harbors relative permeability of rock to a single fluid
energy reflected from a surface to the Appropriations Act of 1899. is 1.0 when only that fluid is present. and 0.0
energy that faUs on the surface. For regeneration gas n: wet gas that has been when the presence of another fluid prevents
example, iflight strikes a surface that has heated in a regeneration gas heater to all flow of the given fluid. Compare absolute
high reflectance, most of the light reflects temperatures of 400°- 460.F (204.- 238.C) in penneability. effective permeability.
from it; conversely, if the surface has low a solid desiccant dehydration system. The
reflectance, very little of the light reflects gas is passed through a saturated adsorber
from it. tower to dry the solid desiccant in the tower
reflection n: the process of shortwave and remove the previously adsorbed water.
radiation's being sent back from the earth regional metamorphism n: a type of
into space in the form of long-wave metamorphism that occurs in bodies of rock
radiation. The process occurs when that have been deeply buried or greatly de-
shortwave radiation meets light-colored fonned by tectonic changes.
areas that lack absorptive qualities. regjster n: a mechanical device that
reflux n: in the distillation process, that part displays numbers.
of the condensed overhead stream that is regjstered breadth n: the width of the hull
returned to the fractionating column as a of a mobile off.shore drilling rig or a ship,
source of cooling. v: in distillation extraction measured at its points of greatest width and
of fluids from a core, to use a solvent to flow used to determine its registered tonnage.
over a core sample a second time to clean it. registered volume n: the amount of a
reflux coil n: a length of tubing or pipe bent substance as indicated by the register on the
to assume a coiled shape and through which meter.
a fluid cooler than the fluid outside the coil is regular cement n: see common cement.
circulated. The cooler fluid is used to cool regular lay n: a type of wire rope
construction inpdfMachine
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relay 172 resaturation effect
than the immediate site, such as from a EPA reportable quantity, CERCLA requires
relay n: a device used to open or close control panel on the platform deck. Two that the owners or operators of the facility
electrical circuits or to perfonn other control types of remote connection are the deflect- notify the National Response Center imme-
operations automatically. to- connect and direct pull-in techniques. diately. 2. SARA (section 304) also requires
release n: 1. a statement filed by the lessee remote (secondary) control panel n: a facilities that release a reportable quantity of
of an oil and gas lease indicating that the system of blowout preventer controls, an EHS or CERCLA hazardous substance to
lease has been relinquished. 2. any spilling, convenient to the driller, which can be used notify the SERC and the LEPC immedi-
leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, selectively to actuate valves at the master ately. This requirement is similar to the
emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, control panel. Also called secondary control CERCLA requirement to notify the NRC in
leaching, dumping, discarding, or disposing panel. See also driller's BOP control panel. case of reportable releases. Like CERCLA,
into the environment. remote control station n: a centrally SARA exempts federally permitted releases,
reliability n: the ability of an item to operate located station containing equipment to continuous releases, any release contained
as specified for an indicated time period. control and regulate operations in one or 00 site, as well as other CERCLA
Often expressed as mean time between more fields. exemptions from RQ reporting requirements.
failures (MTBF) or mean time to failure remotely operated vehicle (ROY) n: in In addition, SARA requires a written follow-
(MTfF). offshore operations, an underwater device up report to be submitted to the SERC and
rellef n: the elevations or inequalities of a controlled from a vessel on the water's the LEPC as soon as practicable after the
land surface. surface that is used to inspect subsea release.
relief valve n: see pressure relief valve. equipment, such as a pipeline, and that can representative sample n: a small portion
relief well n: a well drilled near and be used in place of or in conjunction with extracted from the total volume of material
deflected into a well that is out of control, diving personnel. that contains the same proportions of the
making it possible to bring the wild well remote reading gauge n: an instrument that various flowing constituents as the total
under control. See wild well. provides indications of pressure, vacuum, volume of liquid being transferred. The
reluctance n: the resistance of metals to the voltage, and so forth at a point distant from precision of extraction must be equal to or
passage of magnetic flux. where the indications are actually taken. better than the method used to analyze the
remainderman n: someone who holds a remote station n: an auxiliary set of controls sample.
future interest in property and who will come for operating the blowout preventers. remote repressure v: to increase or maintain res-
into possession when the present terminal unit (RTU) n: that part of an ervoir pressure by injecting a pressurized
possessory interest ends (as on the death of automated lease that relays signals from the fluid (such as air, gas, or water) to effect
a life tenant). Compare life tenant. central computer to the end de- vices and greater ultimate recovery.
remaining on board (ROB) adj or n: usually relays status and alarm conditions from the reproducibility n: 1. the closeness of the
referred to by its abbreviation. Sometimes end devices to the computer. results of measurements of the same
used as an adjective (cargo remaining on remote transmission and telemetering n: quantity where the individual measurements
board), but more often used as a noun a separate or integral instrument system, are made by different observers using
(estimating the ROB). ROB includes wa- ter, used in conjunction with some other basic different methods with different measuring
oil, slops, oil residue, oil-water emulsions, measuring means (such as an automatic instruments at different locations after a long
sludge, and sediment. tank gauge), that transmits the basic reading period of time, or where only some of the
remedial cementing n: cement placed in a to some place other than the point of factors listed are different. 2. the ability of a
wellbore after the primary cementing has measurement. meter and prover system to reproduce
occurred. Remedial cementing is used to renewable energy n: energy obtained from results over a long period of time in service
repair holes in the casing, fill voids left sources that are essentially inexhaustible where the range of variation of pressure,
behind in casing after primary cementing, (unlike, for example, the fossil fuels). Re- temperature, flow rate, and physical
stop lost circulation, and so on. Compare newable sources of energy include wood, properties of the metered liquid is negligibly
primary cementing. waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and small.
remediate v: to remedy or correct a problem solar thermal. resaturation effect n: in waterflooding, the
with a situation or area. repeatability n: 1. the closeness of the re- entrapment of oil in rocks of lower
remediation n: the process of remedying or sults of successive measurement of the permeability, where gas space has
restoring an area or situation to its natu- ral same quantity carried out by the same developed during primary production. The
(or as close to natural as possible) state. method, by the same person with the same resaturated oil is bypassed by the waterflood
remote BOP control panel n: a device placed measuring instrument at the same location as the water seeks the path of highest
on the rig floor that can be operated by the over a short period of time. 2. the ability of a permeability.
driller to direct air pressure to actuating meter and prover system to repeat its
cylinders that turn the control valves on the registered volume during a series of
main BOP control unit, located a safe consecutive proving runs under constant
distance from the rig. operating conditions.
remote choke panel n: a set of controls, replacement n: the act of putting enough
usually placed on the rig floor, that is drilling fluid in the wellbore to replace the
manipulated to control the amount of drilling volume of any pipe or other tools that were
fluid being circulated through the choke removed.
manifold. This procedure is necessary when reportable quantity (RQ) n: 1. the quantity
a kick is being circulated out of a well. See of released hazardous materials that, when
choke manifold. exceeded, must be reported under
remote connection n: an offshore pipeline CERCLA. The EPA is charged with setting
joining technique in which the connection the allowable limits for releases of each haz-
process is directed from somewhere other pdfMachine
ardous material. If a release exceeds the
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RSPA 173 resistivity log
by natural energy. Gas drive depends on the inverse function of the pressure, due to the
Research and Special Projects fact that, as the reservoir is produced, effect of the gas laws.
Administration (RSPA) n: a DOT agency pressure is reduced, allowing the gas to residual oil n: 1. in improved recovery, oil
that oversees the Office of Pipeline Safety, expand and provide the principal driving remaining in a reservoir after an improved
intermodal containers, highway portable energy. Water drive reservoirs depend on recovery method has been applied and
tanks, railroad cars, and anything used in water and rock expansion to force the displacement has occurred. 2. in petroleum
interstate or international commerce not hydrocarbons out of the reservoir and into refining, the combustible, viscous, or
regulated by the coast guard. Under OPA, the wellbore. Also called natural drive semiliquid bottoms product from crude oil
RSPA has authority over onshore oil and energy. distillation, used as adhesives, roofing
hazardous materials pipelines that are used reservoir heterogeneities n pl: compounds, asphalt, low-grade fuels, and
in interstate commerce. Address: 400 7th nonuniformities in the structure of properties sealants.
Street SW; Washington, DC 20590; (202) of petroleum reservoirs, such as lenticular residuals n pl: the heavy refined
366-4433. formation, pinch-outs, faults that cut across hydrocarbons that are used as fuels. Bunker
reserve buoyancy n: the buoyancy above the reservoir, shale barriers, and variations C oil, which is sometimes used to fuel ships,
the waterline that keeps a floating vessel in permeability. is an example of a residual.
upright or seaworthy when the vessel is reservoir oil n: oil in place in the reservoir; residue gas n: 1. a natural gas mixture
subjected to wind, waves, currents, and unproduced oil. Compare stock tank oil. essentially of methane and ethane. 2.
other forces of nature or when the vessel is reservoir pressure n: the average pressure natural gas after it has been processed and
subjected to accidental flooding. within the reservoir at any given time. almost all hydrocarbons other than methane
reserve capacity n: capacity in excess of Determination of this value is best made by and some ethane removed.
that required to carry peak load. bottomhole pressure measurements with residue gas returned n: plant residue gas
reserve pit n: 1. (obsolete) a mud pit in adequate shut-in time. If a shut-in period delivered back to the producer for use in
which a supply of drilling fluid is stored. 2. a long enough for the reservoir pressure to lease operations.
waste pit, usually an excavated stabilize is impractical, then various residue pooling n: provision in many
earthenwalled pit. It may be lined with plastic techniques of analysis by pressure buildup casinghead gas purchase contracts that
or other material to prevent soil or drawdown tests are available to provides that all of the seller's properties
contamination. determine static reservoir pressure. covered by the contract will be treated as a
reserves n pl: the unproduced but reservoir rock n: a permeable rock that single property in determining whether the
recoverable oil or gas in a formation that has may contain oil or gas in appreciable producer has taken more residue gas for
been proved by production. quantity and through which petroleum may use in operations than the quantity to which
reserve tank n: a special mud tank that migrate. he or she is entitled.
holds mud that is not being actively reservoir simulation n: computer model of resin n: a semisolid or solid complex,
circulated. A reserve tank usually contains a a reservoir to predict reservoir behavior and amorphous mixture of organic compounds
different type of mud from that which the to show production over time, allowing having no definite melting point or tendency
pump is currently circulating. For example, it decisions about managing the reservoir to to crystallize. Resins may be a component of
may store heavy mud for emergency well be made. The technique consists of compounded materials that can be added to
control operations. digitizing data from appropriate geologic drilling fluids to impart special properties to
reservoir n: a subsurface, porous, maps and engineering studies and entering the fluid.
permeable rock body in which oil and/or gas them into a computer program, called the resin cement n: an oilwell cement that is
has accumulated. Most reservoir rocks are model. The model uses past and present composed of resins, water, and portland
limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a values for each parameter of reservoir cement and that provides an improved
combination. The three basic types of behavior. cement bond. It is mainly used in remedial
hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas, and reservoir temperature n: the average operations, because its high cost prohibits
condensate. An oil reservoir generally temperature within the reservoir, measured its use for routine cementing of casing.
contains three fluids-gas, oil, and water-with during logging, drill stem testing, or resistance n: opposition to the flow of direct
oil the dominant product. In the typical oil bottomhole pressure testing using a current caused by a particular material or
reservoir, these fluids become vertically bottomhole temperature recorder. device. Resistance is equal to the voltage
segregated because of their different reservoir volume factor n: see formation drop across the circuit divided by the current
densities. Gas, the lightest, occupies the volume factor. through the circuit.
upper part of the reservoir rocks; water, the resid n: shortened form of residual. resistance thermometer n: a thermometer
lower part; and oil, the intermediate section. residual fuel n: see residuals. that uses an electrical resistor to detect
In addition to its occurrence as a cap or in residual fuel oil n: the heavier oils that temperature and electrical means to
solution, gas may accumulate independently remain after the distillate fuel oils and lighter measure and indicate temperature.
of the oil; if so, the reservoir is called a gas hydrocarbons are distilled away in refinery resistivity n: the electrical resistance
reservoir. Associated with the gas, in most operations that conform to ASTM offered to the passage of current; the
instances, are salt water and some oil. In a Specifications D396 and 975. opposite of conductivity.
condensate reservoir, the hydrocarbons may residual gas saturation n: the portion of resistivity log n: a record of the resistivity
exist as a gas, but, when brought to the hydrocarbons that cannot be removed by of a formation. Usually obtained when an
surface, some of the heavier ones condense ordinary producing mechanisms when a electric log is run. See resistivity well
to a liquid. porous reservoir has been saturated with logging.
reservoir drive n: see reservoir drive hydrocarbons. This value is usually a
mechanism. specific percentage of the pore volume. In
reservoir drive mechanism n: the process the case of gas, the volume, measured at
in which reservoir fluids are caused to flow standard conditions, that is retained in a
out of the reservoir rock and into a wellbore reservoir as pdfMachine
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resistivity meter 174 reverse emulsion
point behind the casing or liner, around the sucker rod pumping, or high external
resistivity meter n: an instrument for shoe, or into the open hole around the shoe. pressure, to decrease in diameter while
measuring the resistivity of drilling fluids and retainer head n: see cementing head. increasing in length. Compare balloon.
their cakes. retarded cement n: a cement in which the reverse circulation n: the course of drilling
resistivity well logging n: the recording of thickening time is extended by adding a fluid downward through the annulus and
the resistance of formation water to natural chemical retarder. upward dlrough the drill stem, in contrast to
or induced electrical current. The mineral retarder n: a substance added to cement to normal circulation in which the course is
content of subsurface water allows it to prolong the setting time so that the cement downward through the drill stem and upward
conduct electricity. Rock, oil, and gas are can be pumped into place. Retarders are through the annulus. Seldom used in open
poor conductors. Resistivity measurements used for cementing in high-temperature for- hole, but frequently used in workover
can be correlated to formation lithology, mations. operations. Also refers to as "circulating the
poros- ity, permeability, and saturation and retort oven n: a device that measures the short way," since returns from bottom can be
are very useful in formation evaluation. See saturation, or the amount, of each fluid in a obtained more quickly than in normal
electric well log. core sample by distilling the fluid from the circulation. Compare normal circulation.
resistor n: a component that tends to core with heat. Also called a retort still.
impede the flow of electric current, usually retort still n: see retort oven.
without any inductive or capacitive effects. retractable bit n: a bit that can be changed
Often used in conjunction with a voltmeter. by wireline operations without withdraw- ing
resolution n: the smallest change in the the drill string. Field tests have indicated its
quantity measured to which the instrument economic feasibility, but its practicabil- ity is
will react with an observable change in an undetermined.
analog or digital indication. retrievable packer n: a packer that can be
resonant frequency n: of sucker rods, the pulled out of the well when it fails, to be
frequency at which the periods of resonance repaired or replaced.
are at a maximum. retrievable wireline choke n: a bottornhole
Resource Coservation and Recovery Act choke run on wireline and landed in the tub-
or 1976 (RCRA) n: a federal regulatory ing string.
program designed to ensure responsible retrograde condensation n: in reservoir
man- agement of hazardous waste at all mechanics, the formation of liquid droplets in
levels of contact. i.e., generation, a gas as the well is produced and the
transportation, treatment, storage, and pressure drops. Some hydrocarbons exist
disposal; regulates the management of on- naturally above their critical temperature in reverse-circulation junk basket n: a
land disposal of all solid wastes. This the reservoir; as a result, when pressure is fishing tool that is lowered into the hole
comprehensive program is designed to decreased, instead of expanding to form a during nonnal circulation and then produces
protect human health and the envirorunent gas, they condense to form a liquid.
reverse circulation to create a vacuum so
from the unintentional exposure to solid retrograde phenomenon n: see retrograde
that junk is sucked inside the tool. Also
waste that is identified as "hazardous reservoir. called a jet-powered junk basket.
waste." Also institutes a "cradle-to-grave" retrograde reservoir n: a reservoir in which
reverse combustion n: a type of in situ
monitoring program that closely tracks and the pressure is high and the hydrocarbon
combustion in which the combustion front
regulates the handling of hazardous waste content is completely in a gaseous or
moves counter to the direction of the
from the time the waste is first generated supercritical phase at initial conditions. As
injected air. Air is injected into a production
until it is disposed. the pressure drops because of production,
well and burning is started near the well.
resources n pi: concentrations of naturally the heavier hydrocarbon components
When the combustion zone has advanced a
occurring liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons in condense, forming liquids within the
short distance from the well. air injection is
the earth's crust. some part of which are reservoir. Such action is the retrograde
stopped from the production well and started
currently or potentially economically phenomenon. If the reservoir pressure is
from an adjacent injection well. The fire
extractable. Some categories of resources completely depleted, only a small portion of
advances toward the injection well, but the
are (1) from the economic standpoint. these liquids will revaporize and be
oil moves toward the production well. This
economic (recoverable, commercial), recovered.
method may be used with very viscous oils.
marginally economic, and subeconomic; and return bend n: a U-shaped section of pip-
Compare forward combustion.
(2) from the geological standpoint, identified ing that connects two other pipes parallel to
reverse drilling break n: a sudden
(subdi- vided into measured, indicated, and each other.
decrease in the rate of penetration. When
inferred), and undiscovered. returns n pi: the mud, cuttings, and so forth,
drilling with an oil mud and diamond bit, and
response time n: in a thermometer, the time that circulate up the hole to the surface.
an abnonnally high-pressure formation is
required to indicate 63.2% of the magnitude reverse-acting electric actuator n: a
penetrated, the penetration rate may
of a change in the measured temperature. device that increases an engine's speed by
decrease rather than increase. An increase
result n: the observed value of a variable decreasing the positive voltage going to the
is a drilling brealc..
determined by a single measurement. electric actuator and governor. As the
reverse emulsion n: a relatively rare oil-
retainer n: a cast-iron or magnesium engine needs more fuel to go faster, the
field emulsion composed of globules of oil
drillable tool consisting of a packing reverse-acting actuator decreases the
dispersed in water. Most oilfield emulsions
assembly and a back-pressure valve. It is positive voltage to make the governor
consist of water dispersed in oil.
used to close off the annular space between increase the fuel. Compare direct-acting
tubing or drill pipe and casing to allow the electric actuator. See governor.
placement of cement or fluid through the reverse-balloon n: in reference to tubing
tubing or drill pipe at any predetermined pdfMachine
under the effects of temperature changes,
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reverse fault 175 riprap
rich oil n: a lean oil that has absorbed owner and agreements made with individual
reverse fault n: a dip-slip fault along which heavier hydrocarbons from natural gas. landowners.
the hanging wall has moved upward relative rich-oil demethanizer n: a vessel used in rig irons n pl: the metal parts (with the
to the footwall. Also called a thrust fault. gas processing plants to remove methane exception of nails, bolts, guy wires, and sand
reverse J-tube method n: a method of from rich oil. lines) used in the construction of a standard
joining a pipeline to a subsea riser on an rider n: a separately listed provision in a cable-tool rig.
offshore platform. In this method the pipe is lease. Also called an exhibit or allonge. rig manager n: an employee of a drilling
welded together on the platform itself and rifle boring n: a hole bored through a contractor who is in charge of the entire
then fed down through a guide tube to the machined metal piece (as in a steel pin in a drilling crew and the drilling rig. Also called
seafloor. Compare J-tube method. traveling block sheave) through which a toolpusher, drilling foreman, rig supervisor,
reverse out v: to displace the wellbore fluid lubricant travels. or rig superintendent.
back to the surface; to displace tubing rift zone n: the zone along which crustal rig operator n: see unit operator.
volume back to the pit. plates separate because of slowly diverging Rigs-to-Reef Program n: a program devel-
reverse-pressure perforating n: see convection currents in the semisolid, oped under the National Fishing
perforate underbalanced. deformable mantle. As the rift widens and Enhancement Act that led to the state
reversible thermometer n: a device the land masses on both sides move apart, sponsorship of the conversion of rigs to
containing a mercury-in-glass thermometer, new oceanic crust is formed. Since the artificial reefs in the Gulf of Mexico.
which may be inverted after the thermometer MidAtlantic rift zone opened about 200 rig superintendent n: see toolpusher.
has reached thermal equilibrium with the oil million years ago, North and South America rig supervisor n: see toolpusher.
in which it is immersed. The inversion have been moving away from Europe and rig up v: to prepare the drilling rig for making
breaks the mercury thread, disconnecting it Africa at a rate of 11/2 inches a year. hole, i.e., to install tools and machinery
from the sensing element and allowing it to rig n: the derrick or mast, draw works, and before drilling is started.
run down to the other end of the attendant surface equipment of a drilling or RIH abbr: run-in-hole.
thermometer stem. The instrument is then workover unit. ring n: see piston ring.
drawn to the surface and the recorded ring gear n: in a rotary table assembly, a
temperature, which remains unchanged until circular, ring-shaped device with projections
the instrument is reset, can then be read. (teeth) that engage a beveled gear (a pinion)
reversing hand n: a well servicing hand on the end of a drive shaft. The drive shaft is
who cleans out wellbores. usually driven by a chain-and sprocket
reversionary interest n: a future interest arrangement from the drawworks. When
created by law when an estate is, for engaged, the drive shaft turns the pinion,
example, leased. The reversion is not which meshes with the ring gear, to turn the
conveyed but is retained to take effect later rotary table.
in favor of the grantor or his or her heirs. ring grooves n pl: the grooves that hold the
See term minerals. piston rings in pistons.
rework v: to restore production from an ring-joint flange n: a special type of
existing formation when it has fallen off flanged connection in which a metal ring
substantially or ceased altogether. See work (resting in a groove in the flange) serves as
over. a pressure seal between the two flanges.
Reynolds number n: a dimensionless ringworm corrosion n: a form of corrosion
number defined as rig crew member n: see rotary helper. sometimes found in the tubing of
Re =DuP=m rig down v: to dismantle a drilling rig and condensate wells. It occurs in a ring a few
Where auxiliary equipment following the completion inches from the upset. Cause of ringworm
D = inside diameter of the pipe of drilling operations. Also called tear down. corrosion has been traced to the upsetting
= mean flow velocity rig floor n: the area immediately around the process, in which heat required in upsetting
P = density of the fluid rotary table and extending to each corner of causes the heated end to have a different
m= dynamic viscosity, the derrick or mast-that is, the area grain structure from the rest of the pipe.
all in consistent units. immediately above the substructure on Normalizing prevents this condition.
rheology n: the study of the flow of gases which the drawworks, the rotary table, and ripper n: a claw-shaped, plowlike
and liquids of special importance to mud so forth rest. Also called derrick floor, drill attachment used on a bulldozer to loosen
engineers and reservoir engineers. floor. rock and locate solid formations that may
rheostat n: a resistor that is used to vary right-of-way n: the legal right of passage require explosives in clearing a right-of-way
the electrical current flow in a system. over public land and privately owned for pipeline construction.
rhyolite n: a light-colored, fine-grained property; also the way or area over which riprap v: to space logs and timbers evenly
volcanic rock; the extrusive equivalent of the right exists. The width of a right-of-way along the length of a pipeline right-of-way to
granite. varies according to contract specifications stabilize soil in swamps or wet areas.
rich amine n: the amine leaving the bottom and individual easements, but it is generally
of the contactor. It is the lean amine plus the between 50 and 100 feet (15 and 30
acid gases removed from the gas by the metres).
lean amine. right-of-way restoration n: in pipeline
rich gas n: a gas that is suitable as feed to construction, the process of returning a right-
a gas processing plant and from which of-way to its original condition or better after
products can be extracted. the pipeline has been completed. Right-
rich glycol n: water-laden glycol. of-way restoration depends on legal
stipulation in pdfMachine
the contract with the pipeline
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riser 176 rod-transfer elevator
S&W probe n: a small device inserted in a saturated Btu at test conditions n pI: the
sanded-up adj: 1. of a well, under restricted pipeline to measure the amount of S& W in number of Btus contained in a cubic foot of
production because of sand accumulation in the liquid flowing through the line. natural gas fully saturated with water at a
the wellbore. 2. impeded or hindered, SAPP abbr: sodium acid pyrophosphate. specified pressure base and 60°F (15.5°C).
especially because of sand accumulation. SARA Title Ill n: Superfund Amendments saturated hydrocarbom n pI: hydrocarbon
sand fill n: a column of sand that has and Reauthorization Act of 1986. A series of compounds, e.g., in natural gas and natural
entered and accumulated in the wellbore. regulations promulgated by the EPA for gas liquids, in which all carbon valence
sandfrac n: method of fracturing subsurface general industry after the Bhopal disaster in bonds are filled with hydrogen atoms.
rock formations by injecting fluid and sand India, where thousands died as a result of saturated liquid n: liquid that is at its boiling
under high pressure to increase the release of a toxic cloud from an point or is in equilibrium with a vapor phase
permeability. Fractures are kept open by the insecticide factory. SARA requires oil and in its containing vessel.
grains of sand. gas operators to (1) appoint an emergency saturated salt mud n: mud that contains the
sand lens n: see lens. coordinator, (2) to submit a list or individual maximum amount of salt that can be
sandline n: a wireline used on drilling rigs Material Safety Data Sheets for all dissolved.
and well-servicing rigs to operate a swab or hazardous chemicals present at a facility at saturated solution n: a solution that
bailer, to retrieve cores or to run logging or above 10,000 pounds or extremely contains at a given temperature as much of
devices. It is usually 0/16 of an inch (14 milli- hazardous substances at or above 500 a solute as it can retain. At 68°F (20°C) it
metres) in diameter and several thousand pounds or the threshold planning quantity, takes 126.5 pounds (57.38 kilograms) of salt
feet or metres long. (3) to submit an annual inventory of to saturate 1 barrel (0.1592 cubic metres) of
sandline drilI n: a special bit or mill run on a hazardous chemicals or extremely fresh water. See supersaturation.
cable-tool drilling line, a well servicing rig, or hazardous substances reported on die saturated steam n: steam that exists at a
the sandline of a rotary drilling rig to mill out Material Safety Data Sheets, (4) to notify the temperature corresponding to its absolute
tools or drill out downhole debris. State Emergency Response Commission pressure. It may contain, or be free of, water
sand out v: to plug a well inadvertently with (SERC) of the presence of an extremely particles.
proppants during formation fracturing. hazardous substance at or above the saturated vapor n: vapor at its dew point
Sanding out is usually the result of a slowed threshold planning quantity, (5) to report saturation n: 1. a state of being filled or
fracture-fluid velocity, or screening effect, releases of any hazardous or extremely permeated to capacity. Sometimes used to
which allows the proppants to become hazardous chemical that leaves the mean the degree or percentage of saturation
separated from the fluid instead of being boundaries of the facility at or above the (e.g., the saturation of the pore space in a
carried away from the wellbore. Also called reporting quantity to the SERC and the Local formation or the saturation of gas in a liquid,
screening out. Planning Committee. both in reality meaning the extent of
sand reel n: a metal drum on a drilling rig or sat abbr: saturated or saturation; used in saturation). 2. the condition of air when it
a workover unit around which the sand line drilling reports. contains the largest amount of water vapor it
is wound. On a drilling rig, it may be satellite system n: a system that is located can possibly hold at a given temperature
attached to the drawworks catshaft and may some distance from a gas plant for which it and pressure.
be used for coring or other wire line performs a function. Examples are saturation diving n: diving in which a
operations. When used on a drilling rig, it is absorbers or compressors, in which gas is diver's tissues are saturated with an inert
some- times called a coring reel. treated or compressed prior to reaching the gas to a point where no more of the gas can
sand screen n: see wire-wrapped screen. plant. be absorbed by the body. Once a diver is
sandstone n: a sedimentary rock composed satelite well n: usually a single well drilled saturated, decompression time remains the
of individual mineral grains of rock fragments offshore by a mobile offshore drilling unit to same whether he or she stays at the
between Yl6 and 2 millimeters (0.062 and produce hydrocarbons from the outer fringes saturated depth for 24 hours or for several
0.078 inches) in diameter and cemented of a reservoir that cannot be produced by days. saturation point n: the point at which,
together by silica, calcite, iron oxide, and so primary development wells drilled from a at a certain temperature and pressure, no
forth. Sandstone is commonly porous and permanent drilling structure (such as a more solid material will dissolve in a liquid.
permeable and therefore a likely type of rock platform rig). Sometimes, several satellite saver sub n: an expendable substitute
in which to find a petroleum reservoir. sand- wells will be drilled to exploit marginal device made up in the drill stem to absorb
thickness map n: a map that shows the reservoirs and avoid the enormous expense much of the wear between the frequently
thickness of subsurface sands. See isopach of erecting a platform. broken joints (such as between the kelly or
map. saturated Btu n: a measure of heating top drive and the drill pipe). See kelly saver
sand trap n: a steel tank placed under the value for natural gas that is fully saturated sub.
shale shaker into which mud falls after with water vapor under standard Saybolt Second Universal (SSU) n: a unit
passing through the shale shaker. The temperature, pressure, and gravity for measuring the viscosity of lighter
shaker re- moves mainly cuttings from the conditions. This is typically a laboratory petroleum products and lubricating oils. See
mud so solids such as sand and other fine condition to standardize the amount of water Saybolt viscometel:
particles fall with the mud into the sand trap. vapor in the gas at a convenient, albeit
Many of the solids fall out of the mud in the arbitrary, level. This standard of measure
sand trap: those that do not settle out are usually has little or nothing to do with the
removed with other specialized solids control state in which the gas is actually delivered
mud treatment equipment such as for first sales.
desanders and desilters. saturated Btu at delivery conditions n pI:
S&W abbr: sediment and water. API the number of Btus contained in a cubic foot
Committee on Petroleum Measurement of natural gas fully saturated with water
prefers this abbreviation to the older under actual delivery pressure, temperature,
"BS&W:' pdfMachine
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Saybolt viscometer 183 scrubber oil
separates two level or gently sloping areas, removes the cake so that the cement can
Saybolt viscometer n: an instrument used i.e., an escarpment. bond solidly to the formation.
to measure the viscosity of fluids, consisting scavenge v: to remove exhaust gases from
basically of a container with a hole or jet of a a cylinder by forcing compressed air in and
standard size in the bottom. The time exhaust gases out. Such removal takes
required for the flow of a specific volume of place in all two-cycle diesel engines.
fluid is recorded in seconds at three SCBA abbr: positive-pressure self-contained
temperatures (IOO.F-37.S.C, 130.F-54.4.C, breathing apparatus.
and 210.F-9S.9.C). The time measurement scf abbr: standard cubic feet.
unit is referred to as the Saybolt Second scf/d abbr: standard cubic feet per day.
SCR bridge n: an arrangement of silicon-
Universal (SSU). scheduler n: the employee responsible for
controlled rectifiers into a common electrical
SBHT abbr: static bottomhole temperature. establishing pipeline oil movements based
bridge circuit.
SBM abbr: synthetic based mud. on the coordination of all shipper
screen analysis n: determination of the
Sc abbr: stratocumulus. requirements.
relative percentages of substances, e.g., the
scale n: 1. a mineral deposit (e.g., calcium schist n: a coarse-grained, foliated
suspended solids in a drilling fluid that pass
carbonate) that precipitates out of water and metamorphic rock that splits easily into
through or are retained on a sequence of
adheres to the inside of pipes, heaters, and layers. It is formed when shale under deep
screens of decreasing mesh size. Also
other equipment. 2. an ordered set of gauge burial becomes slate and then, with more
called sieve analysis.
marks together with their defining figures, intense metamorphism, becomes schist.
screening effect n: the tendency of prop-
words, or symbols with relation to which Schlumberger (pronounced "slumberjay")
pants to separate from fracture fluid when
position of the index is observed when n: one of the pioneer companies in electric
the speed, or velocity, of the fluid is low.
reading an instrument. well logging, named for the French scientist
screening out n: see sand out.
who first developed the method. Today,
screen liner n: see wire-wrapped screen.
many companies provide logging services of
screen out v: see sand out.
all kinds.
screen pipe n: see wire-wrapped screen.
scintillation counter n: detects the light
screw packer n: a packer in which the
emitted when a gamma ray strikes a
packing element is expanded by rotating the
scintillator. Measures gamma rays emitted
pipe. It is used when it is not desirable to put
by a formation.
tubing weight on the packer.
scintillation detector n: one of four types of
scale base n: the line, actual or implied, that scrub v: to remove certain constituents of a
detectors used since the inception of
passes through the midpoints of the shortest gas by passing it through a scrubber in
radiation logging. It converts tiny flashes of
marks on the scale. which the gas is intimately mixed with a
light produced by gamma rays as they
scale division n: the interval between any suitable liquid that absorbs or washes out
expend themselves in certain crystals into
two successive scale marks of the scale. the constituent to be removed.
electrical pulses. Pulse size depends on the
scale length n: the linear or curvilinear scrubber n: 1. a vessel through which fluids
amount of energy absorbed.
length measured along the scale base are passed to remove dirt, other foreign
scintillator n: special material, either plastic
between the centers of the terminal scale matter, or an undesired component of the
or crystalline, that fluoresces when struck by
marks. fluid. 2. a vessel with or without internal
a gamma ray.
scale mark n: a line or other mark on the devices used to separate en- trained liquids
scope n: the ratio of the total length of a
scale of an indicating device corresponding or solids from gas. It may be used to protect
mooring line (as on a mobile offshore drilling
to one or more defined values of the quantity downstream rotating equipment or to
rig) to the depth of the water.
measured. recover valuable liquids from a gas or vapor
scoping n: the NEPA process of identifying
scale numbering n: the set of numbers originating upstream. 3. a unit that removes
the scope and significance of important
marked on a scale that correspond either to carbon dioxide from the diver's breathing
issues associated with a proposed federal
the values of the quantity measured, defined medium by chemical absorption.
action and identifying alternatives to that
by the scale marks, or that indicate only the scrubber oil n: oil that is recovered from a
action through coordination and consultation
numerical order of the scale marks. knockout (scrubber) vessel. Usually
with government (federal, state, and local),
scale range n: 1. the zone included associated with a plant that requires
the public, and any interested individuals or
between the scale marks that corresponds compression. Gas is scrubbed prior to
organizations.
to the maximum and minimum values of the compression.
SCR abbr: silicon-controlled rectifier.
scale. 2. the difference between the
scraper n: any device that is used to
maximum and minimum values of the scale.
remove deposits (such as scale or paraffin)
scaling tool n: a circular-shaped wire brush
from tubing, casing, rods, flow lines, or
that is attached to a pneumatically,
pipelines.
hydraulically, or electrically openl.ted tool
scraper trap n: a specially designed piece
(such as a grinder) and that is used to
of equipment that is installed in a pipeline to
remove rust or scale from pipe or other
launch or receive a pipeline scraper.
oilfield equipment.
scratcher n: a device that is fastened to the
scanner chart n: an orifice meter chart with
outside of casing to remove mud cake from
faint lines, intended to be read, or integrated,
the wall of a hole to condition the hole for
by a scanner machine.
cementing. By rotating or moving the casing
scantlings n pi: (nautical) the dimensions of
string up and down as it is being run into the
the structural members in the hull.
hole, the scratcher, formed of stiff wire,
scarp n: an extended cliff or steep slope, pdfMachine
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scrubbing 184 secondary term
Several strands are laid together to make second n: 1. d1e fundamental unit of time in
scrubbing n: 1. the purification of gas by the wire rope. the metric system. 2. in some countries, the
treatment in a water or chemical wash. sealing agent n: any of various materials, crew member who relieves the toolpusber,
Scrubbing also removes the entrained water such as mica flakes or walnut hulls, that cure or rig manager, and is second in command.
in the gas. 2. friction wear. lost circulation. See lost circulation. lost secondary cementing n: any cementing
SCSSV abbr: surface-controlled subsurface circulation materials. operation after the primary cementing
safety valve. sealing fault n: a fault that contains material operation. Secondary cementing includes a
scuba n: self-contained underwater of low permeability, such as gouge. plug-back job, in which a plug of cement is
breathing apparatus. seal nipple assembly n: a sealing member positioned at a specific point in the well and
scud n: seefractus. placed in the production tubing that is landed allowed to set. Wells are plugged to shut off
S curve n: the configuration of pipe when it (placed) inside the packer's seal bore. bottom water or to reduce the depth of the
enters the water from a stinger of a lay seaI-off n: the penetration of a drilling fluid well for other reasons.
barge in pipeline construction. The overbend into a potentially productive formation, thus secondary control panel n: see remote
is closest to the barge, and the sag bend is restricting or preventing the formation from control panel.
on the seafloor. Compare J cunle. See sag producing. secondary element n: that part of an orifice
bend. seal pot n: a small chamber in a gas meter meter installation that contains the recording
installation that traps water and prevents it elements, including the gauge lines, orifice
from causing inaccurate measurement. meter chart, flow recorder, clock, static
seal sub n: a smoothly finished steel tube spring, etc.
with rubber or synthetic seal rings run on the secondary line n: a power line from the
bottom of the tubing string and seated in a lease distribution point to electrical awaratus
permanent packer in order to make a on the lease.
pressure seal. secondary migration n: movement of
seal unit n: an extension with seals that is hydrocarbons, subsequent to primary
sd abbr: sand or sandstone; used in drilling placed in the tubing string and that moves migration, through porous, permeable
reports. within a packer bore or a packer-bore reservoir rock, by which oil and gas become
SDO abbr: shut down for orders; used in extension. concentrated in one locality.
drilling reports. seamless drill pipe n: drill pipe that is secondary porosity n: porosity created in a
SDWA abbr: Safe Drinking Water Act. manufactured in one continuous piece. Most formation after it has formed, because of
sdy abbr: sandy; used in drilling reports. drill pipe is of seamless construction. dissolution or stress distortion taking place
sea n: a wave that is still in its fetch. i.e., sea smoke n: see steam/ago naturally, or because of treatment by acid or
under the influence of the fetch's wind. sea suctions n pi: valve-controlled pipe- injection of coarse sand.
seabed gas diverter (SBGD) n: special lines, fitted with pumps, which permit a secondary recovery n: 1. the use of
diverter designed to handle shallow gas vessel to take on seawater for ballasting into waterflooding or gas injection to maintain
kicks that occur offshore. Unlike a normal any of the vessel's tanks. formation pressure during primary
diveIter that the gas from the kick releases seat n: the point in the wellbore at which the production and to reduce the rate of decline
at d1e surface, an SBGD allows the gas to bottom of the casing is set. of the original reservoir drive. 2.
seating nipple n: a special tube installed in waterflooding of a depleted reservoir. 3. the
be released from the wellhead on the
seafloor. Thus, the gas bypasses the rig. a string of tubing, having matching wireline first improved recovery method of any type
See diverter. tool with locking pawls. It is used to hold a applied to a reservoir to produce oil not
seafloor n: the bottom of the ocean; the regulator, choke, or safety valve; to anchor a recoverable by primary recovery methods.
sea- bed. pump; or to permit installation of gas lift See pressure maintenance, primary
sea fog n: see advection fog. valves. Also called a landing nipple. recovery.
seal bore n: a smooth, polished bore in pipe secondary sediment n: sediment that does
or in a packer that is designed to provide a not show up in an untreated sample of
surface against which to make an effective emulsion but that does appear as additional
seal. water in a sample treated with a slugging
seal-bore extension n: a short tube compound. Compare primary sediment.
attached to the packer seal bore that secondary standard n: a standard die
extends the length of the bore; used where value of which is fixed by direct or indirect
excessive tubing expansion or contraction is comparison with a primary standard or by
anticipated. means of a reference-value standard.
seal-bore packer n: a packer containing a Compare primary standard. working
seal bore to receive a tubing seal assembly. standard
Seale strand n: a wire-rope strand design secondary term n: the term, usually in a
commonly used as drilling line. It consists of phrase like "so long thereafter as oil or gas
a single, central wire around which are laid sea trials n pi: the final testing of a ship or is produced in paying quantities," that
two additional layers of wire. The inner layer offshore drilling vessel before it is put to extends a lease beyond its primary term.
of wires are all the same diameter but are work. Compare primary term.
smaller in diameter than the central wire. seawater mud n: a special class of
The outer layer of wires are also all the saltwater muds in which sea water is used
same diameter but they are thicker in as the fluid phase.
diameter than the inner wiles. A typical sebkha n: see playa.
Seale strand consists of 19 wires: 1 central sec abbr: section; used in drilling reports.
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secondary well control 185 self-potential curve
Semi-submersibles ale more stable than drill series circuit n: a circuit that has several
self-propelled unit n: see carrier rig. ships and ship-shaped barges and are used electrical devices connected to form a single
seisyn n: a type of electric AC motor used to extensively to drill wildcat wells in rough path for the electric current. The current is
transmit motion and position. waters such as the North Sea. Two types of the same throughout the circuit; the total
semiautomatic welding n: a welding semi-submersible rigs ale the bottle- type voltage is the sum of the voltages across
technique in which the arc is maintained in a and the column-stabilized. See floating each of the elements of the circuit.
continuous stream of gas between an offshore drilling rig. series winding n: a winding that is
electrode and the pipe being welded. The semi-submersible lay vessel n: a type of connected in series with another winding or
semi- automatic welding apparatus consists pipe-laying vessel with a submerged device in the same circuit, as in a series
of a spool of coiled wire that provides filler pontoon hull and an elevated work area. motor. See series circuit.
metal for the weld, a pair of driving rollers Semi-submersible lay vessels remain serpentine n: an igneous rock composed in
that guide the wire to the weld, a welding relatively steady in high seas and are used part of hydrated magnesium silicate.
gun, and a supply of shielding gas. Each in areas where conditions are expected to Hydrocarbons may be associated with
type of semiautomatic welding is usually be continually rough. serpentine, but not usually.
identified by the type of shielding gas used; senior emergency response official n: the service company n: a company that
in CO2 wire welding, for example, carbon person under HAZWOPER who responds to provides a specialized service, such as a
dioxide is the shielding gas. an emergency and is the individual in charge well- logging service or a directional drilling
semiclosed circuit n: a diving life-support of the ICS. As such. he or she is responsible service.
system in which the gas is partially vented for coordinating and controlling all servke factor n: a percentage multiplier of
and the remainder is recycled, purified, and emergency responders and their rated horsepower at which a motor may be
reoxygenated. communications. operated without exceeding the temperature
semiconductor n: a solid (such as senior orifice fitting n: a one-piece orifice rise limit.
gennanium or silicon) whose electrical fitting that allows the orifice plate in it to be service rig n: see production rig.
conductivity lies between that of a conductor changed without depressuring the meter run service well n: 1. a non producing well used
and that of an insulator. Semiconductor or shutting off the flow of gas. for injecting liquid or gas into the reservoir
materials are used in the manufacture of sensing element n: the part of a measuring for enhanced recovery. 2. a saltwater
diode rectifiers, transistors, and integrated device that is responsive to the absolute disposal well or a water supply well.
circuits. value or change in a physical quantity, such servo-mechanism n: a device consisting of
semidiumal tide n: a tide having twohigh as temperature, pressure flow rate, pH, light, a sensing element. a power device, and an
water levels and two low water levels per or sound. It converts that change into an amplifier that is used to automatically control
day. input signal for an information-gathering a mechanical device. The power device is
semiexpendable gun n: a perforating gun system. usually called a servomotor.
that consists of a metallic strip OIl which separation n: the process of removing gas servomotor n: an electric motor or hydraulic
encapsulated shaped charges are mounted. from liquid and liquid from gas. piston that powers a servo-mechanism.
After the gun is fired, the strip is retrieved. separation sleeve n: a metal sleeve that set n: an ocean current's direction of motion.
See gun-perforate. shuts off tubing-to-annulus flow if a packer's v: to harden; for example, when cement
semiliquid n: a substance that is neither sliding sleeve fails. See also sliding sleeve. sets, it hardens.
liquid nor solid but that flows slowly as a separator n: a cylindrical or spherical vessel set back v: to place stands of drill pipe and
liquid. used to isolate the components in mixed drill collars in a vertical position to one side
semisubmersible n: see semisubmersible streams of fluids. See oil and gas separator. of the rotary table in the derrick or mast of a
drilling rig. separator dump n: the discharge from a drilling or workover rig. Compare lay down
semisubmersible drilling rig n: a floating separator. such as oil or water. pipe.
offshore drilling unit that has pontoons and separator gas n: gas remaining after being set casing v: to run and cement casing at a
columns that, when flooded. cause the unit separated from condensate. certain depth in the wellbore. Sometimes
to submerge to a predetermined depth. sequence control n: automatic process by called set pipe.
Living quarters, storage space, and so forth which a series of operations are initiated set-down tool n: a packer that is set by
are assembled on the deck. sequentially when certain requirements have applying weight from the tubing string.
Semisutxnersible rigs are self-propelled or been met. set pipe v: see set casing.
towed to a drilling site and anchored or sequence restart timer n: a time switch set point n: the depth of the bottom of the
dynamically positioned over the site, or both. d1at starts motors in sequence after a power casing when it is set in the well.
In shallow water, some semi-submersibles out- age or shutdown. It prevents excessive
can be ballasted to rest on the seabed. voltage drop, which would occur if several
motors were started simultaneously.
sequestering agent n: a chemical used with
an acid in well treatment to inhibit the
precipitation of insoluble iron hydroxides,
which form when the acid contacts scales or
iron salts and oxides, such as are found in
corrosion products on casing.
sequestration n: the formation of stable
calcium, magnesium, iron compounds by
treating water or mud with phosphates.
SERC abbr: State Emergency Response
Commission.
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set point 187 set point
and is used to attach the wire rope to other figure by the cement-casing contact surface
setting depth n: the depth at which the ropes or devices. area.
bottom of the casing extends in the wellbore shake out v: to spin a sample of oil at high shear degradation n: the breakdown of
when it is ready to be cemented. speed. usually in a centrifuge. to determine molecules of a substance such as a polymer
setting tool n: a tool used to set drillable or its S& W content. when subjected to shear stress. See shear.
permanent tools, such as packers, retainers, shake-out machine n: see centrifuge. shear modulus n: a coefficient of elasticity
or plugs; it can be mechanical, electric, or shaker n: shortened form of shale shaker. that expresses the ratio of the force per unit
hydraulic. See shale shake!: area that deforms the substance laterally
settled production n: oil and gas shaker pit n: see shaker tank. and the shear produced by this force.
production from longtime fields that produce shaker tank n: the mud tank adjacent to the shearometer n: an instrument used to
at approximately the same rate every day. shale shaker. usually the first tank into which measure the shear strength, or gel strength,
settling n: the separation of substances mud flows after returning from the hole. Also of a drilling fluid. See gel strength.
because of different sizes and specific called a shaker pit. shear pin n: a pin that is inserted at a critical
gravities of components in the substances. shale n: a fine-grained sedimentary rock: point in a mechanism and designed to shear
settling depth n: the depth that sediment composed mostly of consolidated clay or when subjected to excess stress. The shear
achieves when it settles out of a fluid. mud. Shale is the most frequently occur- ring pin is usually easy to replace.
settling pit n: a pit that is dug in the earth sedimentary rock:. shear ram n: the component in a blowout
for the purpose of receiving mud returned shale oil n: see oil shale. preventer that cuts. or shears, through drill
from the well and allowing the solids in the shale-out n: the termination of a shale bed. pipe and forms a seal against well pressure.
mud to settle out. Steel mud tanks are more shale shaker n: a vibrating screen used to Shear rams are used in floating offshore
often used today, along with various remove cuttings from the circulating fluid in drilling operations to provide a quick method
auxiliary equipment for controlling solids rotary drilling operations. The size of the of moving the rig away from the hole when
quickly and efficiently. openings in the screen should be selected there is no time to trip the drill stern out of
settling tank n: 1. the steel mud tank in carefully to be the smallest size possible to the hole.
which solid material in mud is allowed to allow 100 percent flow of the fluid. Also
settle out by gravity. It is used only in special called a shaker.
situations today, for solids control equipment
has superseded such a tank in most cases.
Sometimes called a settling pit. 2. a
cylindrical vessel on a lease into which
produced emulsion is piped and in which
water in the emulsion is allowed to settle out
of the oil.
set up v: to harden (as cement).
shale shaker screen n: a special wire mesh
Seven Sisters n pi: the six largest
installed in a shale shaker that allows liquid
international oil companies: Exxon, Texaco,
mud to pass through hit traps die cuttings
Chevron (formerly Standard Oil of
and larger solid particles the mud carries
California), Mobil, British Petroleum, and
from the hole. Often, more than one screen
Royal Dutch Shell. So called because Gulf
is installed in the shale shaker; also, the
(now a part of Chevron) was included in the
screens are usually vibrated to help remove
group at one time.
die cuttings and solids on top of die screen.
severance n: the separation of a mineral or shear ram preventer n: a blowout preventer
shallow gas n: natural gas deposit located
royalty interest from other interests in that that uses shear rams as closing elements.
near enough to die surface that a conductor
land given by grant or reservation. shear relief valve n: a type of pressure
or surface hole will penetrate the gas-
severance tax n: see production tax.
bearing formations. Shallow gas is relief valve in which excess pressure causes
severed royalty interest n: nonexpense
potentially dangerous because, if a shearing action on a pin to relieve
bearing interest in minerals produced and
encountered while drilling, the well usually pressure. See pressure relief valve.
saved from a tract owned by someone other shear strength n: see gel strength.
cannot be shut in to control it Instead, the
than the surface owner. Owner of severed
flow of gas must be diverted. See diverter.
royalty interest gets a share of production
shaped charge n: a relatively small
from wells, but does not have to share the
container of high explosive that is loaded
costs of production. The interest may be set
into a perforating gun. On detonation, the
up prior or subsequent to the leasing of the
charge releases a small, high-velocity
land, granted or reserved for years, for life,
stream of particles (a jet) that penetrates the
in fee simple defeasible, or in perpetuity.
casing, cement, and formation. See
sewage treatment plant n: a system on
perforating gun.
offshore locations used to render human and
shear n: action or stress that results from
other wastes biologically inert before the
applied forces and that causes or tends to
wastes are discharged overboard.
cause two adjoining portions of a substance
SG abbr: show of gas; used in drilling
or body to slide relative to each other in a
reports.
direction parallel to their plane of contact.
SGA abbr: Southern Gas Association.
shear bond n: mechanical support of casing
sh abbr: shale; used in drilling reports.
by cement in the borehole. Shear bond is
shackle n: a U- or anchor-shaped fitting with
determined by measuring the force required
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shear stress 188 shoulder
Navigation equipment on board measures that it will not be lost in the water as a result
shear stress n: force applied to a liquid to the current's effect on the vessel. of inclement wind or water conditions.
cause it to flow. ship-shaped barge n: a floating offshore short-coupled installation n: a full-sized ell
shear thinning n: viscosity reduction of non- drilling structure that is towed to and from or tee upstream and downstream of a meter.
Newtonian fluids (e.g., polymers, most the drilling site. The unit has a streamlined short full-pitch crossover n: angled grooves
slurries and suspensions, and lube oils with bow and squared-off stern, a drilling derrick on a drum.
viscosity-index improvers) under conditions usually located near the middle of the short normal curve n: in conventional
of shear stress. barge, and a moon pool below the derrick electric logging, measures resistivity in the
shear wave n: distortional, equivolumnar, through which drilling tools pass to the formation only a short distance from the
secondary, or transverse wave. seafloor. It is identical in appearance to a borehole. Used for shallow investigation of
sheave (pronounced "shiv") n: I. a grooved drill ship, but is not self-propelled. It must the formation.
pulley. 2. support wheel over which tape, therefore be towed to the drill site. Ship- short-range forecast n: a weather forecast
wire, or cable rides. shaped barges are most often used for covering 48 hours or less.
sheave gauge n: a measuring instrument drilling wells in deep, remote waters. See short string n: in a dual well, the tubing
used to determine the size of sheaves on a floating offshore drilling rig. string for the shallower zone.
block. It has sized metal fingers which are ship-shaped drilling rig n: drill ship. shortwave radiation n: radiation that is
placed inside sheave grooves to calibrate shirttail n: the part of a drilling bit on which visible as light.
the grooves. the cone is anchored. Shirt-tails extend short way n: the displacing of wellbore
sheave groove n: an individual groove in a below the threaded pin of the bit and are fluids from the annulus up the tubing.
sheave. usually rounded on bottom, thus acquiring Compare long way.
sheer n: the longitudinal curve of a vessel's the name. shot n: 1. a charge of high explosive,
deck in a vertical plane. As a result of sheer, usually nitroglycerine, detonated in a well to
a vessel's deck height above the baseline is shatter the formation and expedite the
higher (or lower) at the ends than amidships. recovery of oil. Shooting has been almost
sheet ice n: a smooth, thin layer of ice on completely replaced by formation fracturing
the water's surface. and acid treatments. 2. a point at which a
shell n: 1. the body of a tank. 2. the photograph is made in a single-shot survey.
horizontal tank on a tank car that contains See directional survey.
the liquid being transported. 3. the steel shot blasting n: the use of steel shot (ball
backing of a precision insert bearing on a bit. bearings) in the drilling mud to hit the bottom
shell full adj: used to describe a tank that is of the hole as the shot leaves the bit jet with
filled to its shell capacity. the mud, Experiments have shown that the
shell height n: the distance between the shock loading n: the sudden application of rate of penetration is improved in some
bottom of the bottom angle of the tank and force by a moving body on a resisting body circumstances, but difficulties with handling
the top of the top angle. so that a great deal of stress is produced in the shot in the mud system have precluded
Shepard's cane n: an earth-resistivity meter the resisting body. wide use.
used to measure the resistance of soil to the Shock Sub n: a vibration dampener. shot-bole drilling n: the drilling of relatively
passage of electrical current. shoe n: a device placed at the end of or small holes into the earth, the purpose of
shepherd's hook n: see chicken hook. beneath an object for various purposes which is to provide a means for lowering an
shepherd's stick n: see chicken hook. (e.g., casing shoe, guide shoe). explosive shot in order to create shock
shielded-arc welding n: a welding technique shoestring sand n: a narrow, often sinuous, waves for seismic analysis.
in which the rod coating involves an inert sand deposit, usually a buried sandbar or shoulder n: 1. the flat portion machined on
gas shield that protects the weld from the filled channel. the base of the bit shank that meets the
rapid oxidation caused by contact with shoofly n: a special access road shoulder of the drill collar and serves to form
oxygen in the atmosphere. Shielded-arc constructed to link a right-of-way with a pressure-tight seal between the bit and the
welds are fine grained, free of oxides and existing roads. Shooflies are necessary only drill collar. 2. the flat portion of the box end
nitrides, and have great ductility and in remote areas. of the pin end of a tool joint; the two
toughness. shoot v: 1. to explode nitroglycerine or other shoulders meet when the tool joint is
shielded conductor n: single or multiple high explosives in a hole to shatter the rock connected and form a pressure-tight seal.
conductors surrounded by a flexible metal and increase the flow of oil; now largely
shield for the purpose of preventing spurious replaced by formation fracturing. 2. in
signals from being carried. seismographic work, to discharge explosives
shielding gas n: an inert gas that is used as to create vibrations in the earth's crust. See
a shielding medium in pipe welding. Its seismograph.
primary purpose is to prevent oxidation of shooting rock n: the process of using
the weld at the point of contact with the pipe explosives to clear rock from a pipeline right-
metal by excluding oxygen in the air from the of-way or from the ditch line. Also called
area around the molten metal. blasting.
shim n: a thin, often tapered piece of shoreface n: that part of the seashore sea-
material used to fill in space between things ward of the low-tide mark that is affected by
(such as for support, leveling, or adjustment wave action.
of fit). Shore Protection Act n: a congressional
ship drift n: a method that uses a ship itself act that requires ships transporting garbage
as an instrument to measure cruuents. and refuse to assure that the garbage and
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show 189 sieve analysis
formation pressure when a well is shut in side-pocket mandrel n: see gas lift
show n: the appearance of oil or gas in after a kick and the mud pump is off and to mandrel. side tap n: the joining of another
cuttings. samples, or cores from a drilling calculate the required mud-weight increase pipe to the main body of a pipeline.
well. to kill the well. sidetrack v: to use a whipstock, turbodrill, or
shrinkage n: 1. a decrease in oil volume shut-in gas n: potential natural gas other mud motor to drill around broken drill
caused by evaporation of solution gas or by production curtailed because of state pipe or casing that has become lodged
lowered temperature. 2. the suction in conservation orders (prorationing), permanently in the hole.
volume or heating value of a gas stream due unfavorable economics, lack of buyers at side tracking bit n: a bit especially
to removal of some of its constituents. 3. the existing prices, failure of committed buyers designed for use in drilling a hole around an
unaccounted loss of products from storage to take gas, or other reasons. obstruction in the main borehole. Usually, a
tanks. shut-in period n: an interval during which a cement plug is set on top of the obstruction,
shrink-on tool joint n: a tool joint made to well is shut in to allow pressure buildup while the side tracking bit is run into the hole on a
fit the pipe by the process of shrinking on. pressure behavior is being measured during whipstock or other directional drilling device,
that is. by heating the outer member to a formation test. and the new borehole begun. Because the
expand the bore for easy assembly and then shut-in pressure (SIP) n: the pressure new borehole goes off to the side of the
cooling it so that it contracts around the when the well is completely shut in, as noted plugged borehole, the operation is called
inner member. on a gauge installed on the surface control side tracking.
shrouded jet nozzle n: a special type of jet valves. When drilling is in progress, shut- in sidewall coring n: a coring technique in
nozzle that is manufactured with a projection pressure should be zero, because the which core samples are obtained from the
(the shroud), which serves to minimize the pressure exerted by the drilling fluid should hole wall in a zone that has already been
erosion of the nozzle by the high-velocity jet be equal to or greater than the pressure drilled. A hollow bullet is fired into the
of drilling fluid being forced through it. exerted by the formations through which the formation wall to capture the core and then
shunt n: a conductor joining two points in an wellbore passes. On a flowing, producing retrieved on a flexible steel cable. Core
electrical circuit to form a parallel or well, however, shut-in pressure should be samples of this type usually range from 1 to
alternative path through which a portion of above zero. 13/16 inches (20 to 30 millimetres) in
the current may pass. shut-in royalty n: payment to royalty diameter and from 1 to 4 inches (20 to 100
shunt winding n: a winding that is owners in lieu of production, rentals, or other millimetres) in length. This method is
connected in parallel with another winding or consideration on a shut-in gas well that is especially useful in soft-rock areas.
device in the same circuit. as in a shunt- capable of producing but does not have a sidewall epithermal neutron log n: a
wound DC motor. See parallel circuit. market. device in which a neutron source and a
shut down v: to stop work temporarily or to shut-in royalty clause n: clause in a lease detector are in a pad using the same
stop a machine or operation. specifying the payments that must be made hardware as the density log. The pad is
shutdown rate n: a rate provision that is on a gas well capable of producing but shut pushed against the side of the borehole wall.
usually contained in a drilling contract and in for lack of a market or pending connection The log measures porosity.
that specifies the compensation to the with a pipeline. sidewall neutron porosity logging tool n:
independent drilling contractor when drilling shut-in well n: usually, a gas well shut in for a logging device that is held firmly against
is suspended at the request of d1e operator. lack of a market or pending connection with the wall of the hole and that measures the
shutdown system n: on an engine, a series a pipeline. porosity of a formation.
of devices that sense an abnormality in the shut off v: to stop or decrease the sidewinder unit n: a type of wireline unit in
engine's operation and automatically shut off production of water in an oil well by which power is transferred by means of a
the fuel and air supply to the engine to make cementing or mudding off the water- pulley and a belt from the left rear wheel of
it stop running. producing interval. the wireline truck to the spool of wire that is
shut in v: I. to close the valves on a well so shutoff valve n: a device installed in a line, pulled from the left side of the truck. The
that it stops producing. 2. to close in a well in which, when closed, stops flow in the line spool is used to run the wireline down- hole
which a kick has occurred. and, when open, allows flow. and bring it back up again.
shut-in adj: shut off to prevent flow. Said of shuttle vessel n: a tank ship capable of SIDPP abbr: shut-in drill pipe pressure; used
a well, plant. pump. and so forth, when navigating shallow ports, usually 30,000- in drilling reports.
valves are closed at both inlet and outlet. 70,000 dead weight tons (27,216-63,504 sieve analysis n: the determination of the
shut-in bottomhole pressure (SIBHP) n: dead weight tonnes). It shuttles between percentage of particles that pass through
the pressure at the bottom of a well when anchored large vessels and port. several screens of graduated fineness.
the surface valves on the well are SI abbr: 1. shut in; used in drilling reports. 2.
completely closed. It is caused by formation Systeme International. See international
fluids at the bottom of the well. system of units.
shut-in bottomhole pressure test n: a SIBHP abbr: shut-in bottomhole pressure;
bottomhole pressure test that measures used in drilling reports.
pressure after the well has been shut in for a SIC abbr: standard industrial classification.
specified period of time. See bottomhole SICP abbr: shut-in casing pressure.
pressure test. side-door elevators n: elevators arranged
shut-in casing pressure (SICP) n: pressure so that they are latched and unlatched from
of the annular fluid on the casing at the the side instead of in the middle. Compare
surface when a well is shut in. center-latch elevators.
shut-in drill pipe pressure (SIDPP) n: side-door mandrel n: see gas lift mandrel.
pressure of the drilling fluid on the inside of side pocket n: an offset heavy-wall sub in
the drill stem. It is used to measure the the production string for placing gas lift
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sieve tray 190 SIP
oil and gas leases on federal lands that have single-pole rig n: a well-servicing unit
sieve tray n: a tray, installed in an absorber not been leased before. whose mast consists of but one steel tube,
tower or fractionating column, that is similar sine wave n: a graphic mathematical usually about 65 feet (19.8 metres) long.
to a bubble-cap tray, except that it has only representation of the wave form of single-shot survey n: a directional survey
holes but no bubble caps through it. This alternating current or voltage. that provides a single record of the drift
type of tray is more efficient than the bubble- single n: a joint of drill pipe. Compare direction and off-vertical orientation of the
cap tray or the valve tray and less expensive double. fourble. thribble. hole. See directional survey.
than either; however, it does not operate single-acting adj: the action of a mud pump single-string dual completion n: 1. a
properly over a wide range of flow rates. piston cylinder moving mud only on its method of well completion in which two pay
sight draft n: a draft or order for payment forward stroke. Compare double-acting. zones are produced by directing fluids from
that must be picked up on the day that it single anchor leg mooring (SALM) n: a one zone through a tubing string and from
arrives at the drawer's bank. For example, if type of offshore mooring in which the facility the other zone through the annulus. 2. the
a lessee pays a lessor a cash bonus by is anchored by a single gravity anchor or by tool assembly used to complete a well by
means of a sight draft, the lessee must pick piled anchors; usually does not include a this method.
up that draft on the same day that it arrives storage facility. single-tank composite sample n: a blend
at his or her bank from the lessor's bank. single-chamber fitting n: in an orifice meter of liquid samples taken from the upper,
signal n: information about a variable that installation, a mechanism for holding the middle, and lower sections of a tank. For a
can be transmitted. orifice plate in the pipeline. In a single- tank of uniform cross section, such as an
signal-to-noise ratio n: the ratio of the chamber fitting, the gas flow must be upright cylindrical tank, the blend consists of
magnitude of the electrical signal to that of stopped and the meter tube depressured equal parts of the three samples. For a
the electrical noise. before the orifice plate can be removed. horizontal cylindrical tank, the blend consists
significant harm n: a classification of larger Compare dual-chamber fitting. of the three samples in the proportions
spills released into navigable waters that can singie-chamber fitting with gearing n: in shown in table 2, MPMS, ch. 8.1.
cause substantial environmental damage. an orifice meter installation, a type of single- single-tank remote gauge n: a remote
significant wave n: a statistical wave that chamber fitting that has a lever and gears transmission system for determining liquid
has a height equal to the average of the that can be used to roll the orifice plate up level in tanks that require a separate
highest one-third of the waves in a particular and out of the fitting. receiver for each tank transmitter. Compare
area. single-grip adj: said of packers with only selective-tank remote gauge.
silica n: a mineral that has the chemical one set of slips for supporting weight and sinker bar n: a heavy weight or bar placed
formula SiO2 (silicon dioxide). It is relatively pressure from above. on or near a lightweight wireline tool. The
hard and insoluble. Quartz is a form of silica, single-layer strand n: a wire rope strand bar provides weight so that the tool will lower
but usually contains impurities that give it that is made up of one layer of wires laid properly into the well.
color. around one center wire. sinking fund n: a fund to retire a debt,
silica flour n: a silica (SiO2) ground to a single-part sling n: a sling that consists of usually a bond issue.
fineness equal to that of portland cement. one wire rope in the sling body. sinter v: to bond metallic powder into a
silica gel n: highly adsorbent, gelatinous single-phase flow n: the flow of only one mass by heating it. Tungsten carbide inserts
form of silica used chiefly as a dehumidifying material-a gas or a liquid-in a pipeline. are often bonded to the cones of button bits
and dehydrating agent. single-phase injection well n: an injection by sintering when the bits are being
silicate n: crystalline compound composed well in which only one fluid is being injected. manufactured.
largely of silicon in chemical combination single-plane roger assembly n: in a kelly SIP abbr: shut-in pressure; used in drilling
with aluminum, magnesium, oxygen, and bushing, a single set of roller assemblies reports.
other common elements. that are installed in the bushing at the same
siliceous adj: containing abundant silica, or level, or plane. Compare double-plane roller
silicon dioxide (SiO2). assembly. See also kelly bushing, roller
silicon-controlled rectifier n: a device that assembly.
changes alternating current to direct cur- single-point buoy mooring system n: an
rent by means of a silicon control gate. offshore system to which the production
Commonly called SCR or Thyristor. from several wells located on the seafloor is
silicon tetrafluoride n: a gas that can be routed and to which a tanker ship ties up to
readily absorbed by water and that is used load the produced oil. The tanker is moored
to seal off water-bearing formations in air to a single point on the buoy and is thus free
drilling. to rotate around it, depending on wind and
silt n: a material that exhibits little or no current directions.
swelling and whose particle size ranges from
2 to 74 microns. Dispersed clays and barite
fall into this particle-size range.
siltstone n: a fine-grained, shale like
sedimentary rock composed mostly of
particles 1/16 to 1/256 millimeter (1.6 inch to
.10 inch) in diameter.
simplex fitting n: modified version of
flanged fitting. Flange bolts are replaced with
a single chamber that holds the plate.
simultaneous filing n: a noncompetitive
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siphon 191 slip joint
of the ditch or the other, thereby pro- viding in which the chain itself does not pass
siphon n: an inverted U-shaped tube or pipe a curve or slack in the line. through the sump, but one or two disks
through which a liquid flows from a high level slack off v: to lower a load or ease up on a rotating with the sprocket pick up oil from the
to a lower level at atmospheric pressure. For line. A driller will slack off on the brake to put sump and sling it against a plate, which then
a siphon to work, it must be filled with liquid, additional weight on the bit. feeds it to the top of the lower span.
thus reducing pressure inside the tube and slag n: cinder. Compare drip lubrication, pressure
allowing atmospheric pressure to force liquid slaked lime n: see hydrated lime. lubrication.
to the lower level. slant-hole rig n: a drilling rig used to drill sling psychrometer n: a hygrometer, or
SIT camera n: silicon-intensified light directional wells. See directional drilling. psychrometer, attached to a handle and
camera used by divers for underwater slate n: a metamorphic rock formed when chain cord, which is whirled rapidly through
photography. shale becomes buried deeply. The heat and the air. It also has two thermometers. The
skid n: a low platform mounted on the pressure fuse individual mineral grains into bulb of one is kept wet so that the cooling
bottom of equipment for ease of moving, slate. that results from evaporation as the
hauling, or storing. sleeve n: a tubular part designed to fit over thermometers are whirled makes it register a
skid shoe n: a hard metal pad mounted on another part. lower temperature than the dry one. The
a borehole contact logging tool that contacts sleeve valve n: a valve in the bottom of a difference between the dry and wet readings
the well bore and prevents wear to the rest retainer. is a measure of the relative humidity of the
of the tool. slick n: oil that floats on the water's surface. atmosphere. See psychrometer.
skid the rig v: to move a rig with a standard slick boring n: in pipeline construction, a slip n: in an electric motor, the difference
derrick from the location of a lost or boring technique sometimes used for road between the optimal and the actual output of
completed hole preparatory to starting a new crossings in which a large amount of liquid is the motor. v: to change the position of the
hole. Skidding the rig allows the move to be pumped into the hole outside of the pipe to drilling line periodically so that it wears
accomplished with little or no dismantling of reduce friction. evenly as it is used.
equipment. slick drill collar n: a drill collar whose outer slip-and-cutoff program n: a procedure to
skimmer n: a special tank into which water wall is smooth-that is, it does not have a ensure that the drilling line wears evenly
with small quantities of oil is piped. When spiral groove machined into it. throughout its life. After a specified number
the oil rises to the top, blades on a skimmer slick line n: see wireline. of ton-miles (mega joules) of use, the line is
direct the oil into a discharge line. slide-and-guide n: a special saddle, or slipped-i.e., the traveling block is suspended
skimmer tank n: a piece of equipment in a cradle, that holds pipe on a vertical support in the derrick or propped on the rig floor so
glycol dehydration unit that performs the member in the lowering-up type of pipe that it cannot move, the dead- line anchor
same function as a separator; however, it laying. The slide-and-guide allows bolts are loosened, and the drilling line is
cannot handle as much gas and condensate longitudinal movement of the pipe caused by spooled onto the drawworks drum. Enough
as a separate unit. See separator. d1ermal expansion and contraction. See line is slipped to change the major points of
skim pit n: an earthen pit. often lined with lowering-up. wear on the line, such as where it passes
concrete or other material, into which water sliding scale royalty n: a royalty paid when through the sheaves. To pre- vent excess
with small amounts of oil is pumped. The the percentage varies with the volume of line from accumulating on the drawworks
minute quantities of oil are skimmed off the production. drum, the worn line is cut off and discarded.
top of the water in the pit. and the water is sliding sleeve n: a 1. special device placed slip bowl n: a device in a rotary table or
disposed of. in a string of tubing that can be operated by other tool into which tubing or drill pipe slips
skin n: 1. the area of the formation that is a wireline tool to open or close orifices to can be inserted. See also slips.
damaged because of the invasion of foreign permit circulation between the tubing and slip elevator n: a casing elevator containing
substances into the exposed section of the the annulus. It may also be used to open or segmented slips with gripping teeth inside.
formation adjacent to the wellbore during shut off production from various intervals in Slip elevators are recommended for long
drilling and completion. 2. the pressure drop a well. Also called circulation sleeve, sliding- strings of casing, because the teeth grip the
from the outer limits of drainage to the sleeve nipple. 2. a device in a packer that casing and help prevent casing damage
wellbore caused by the relatively thin veneer prevents fluid from flowing from the tubing from the weight of long, heavy strings
(or skin) of the affected formation. Skin is into the annulus. hanging from the elevators. Slip elevators
expressed in dimensionless units: a positive sliding-sleeve nipple n: see sliding sleeve. may also be used as slips.
value denotes formation damage; a negative slim-hole drilling n: drilling in which the slip joint n: see telescoping joint.
value indicates improvement. Also called size of the hole is smaller than the
skin effect. conventional hole diameter for a given
skin damage n: see formation damage. skin depth. This decrease in hole size enables
effect n: see skin. the operator to run smaller casing, thereby
sky-top mast n: a mast on a well servicing lessening the cost of completion. See
unit that utilizes a split traveling block and miniaturized completion.
crown block, which makes it possible to pull sling n: I. in pipeline operations, a wide
6O-foot (18.3-metre) stands with a 50-foot rubber and fabric apron-like device on the
(15.2-metre) mast. end of the boom cat's hoisting lines that is
slack looping n: in pipeline construction, used for lowering in or handling coated and
the process of putting slack in a pipeline to wrapped pipe. 2. in crane operations, a
counter the effects of contraction and braided wire-rope device used to attach a
expansion caused by extreme variations in load to the crane's hook. Often, several
daily temperature. Instead of laying the pipe slings are used.
in a straight line down the center of a ditch, it slinger disk lubrication n: in a chain-and-
is laid so that it alternately touches one side sprocket drive, pdfMachine
a type of oil bath lubrication
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slippage 192 snub
a plant and requiring rerun or other to harden. There it supports the casing and
slippage n: liquid that slips between the processing to make it suitable for use. Also provides a seal in the wellbore to prevent
blade or lobed impeller of a displacement called slop oil. migration of underground fluids. 2. a mixture
meter and the meter housing instead of slop oil n: see slop. in which solids are suspended in a liquid.
being captured between the two blades or slops n pi: oil that has been washed from slurry viscosity n: the consistency of a
impellers and being measured. the tanks of a vessel and is pumped to a slurry, measured in poise.
slipping and cutoff' program n: procedure special tank where most of the water will be slurry volume n: the sum of the absolute
for a given rig in which drilling line is slipped permitted to separate for decanting. volumes of solids and liquids that constitute
through the system at such a rate that it is slotted liner n: a relatively short length of a slurry.
evenly worn, then cut off at the drum end pipe with holes or slots that is placed slurry weight n: the density of a cement
just as it reaches the end of its useful life. opposite a producing formation. Usually, it is slurry, expressed in pounds per gallon,
slip plane n: closely spaced surfaces along wrapped with specially shaped wire that is pounds per cubic foot, kilograms per litre,
which differential movement takes place in designed to prevent the entry of loose sand and so on.
rock. Analogous to surfaces between playing into the well as it is produced. It is also of- slurry yield n: the volume of slurry obtained
cards. ten used with a gravel pack. when one sack of cement is mixed with the
slip ring n: a conducting ring that gives sloughing (pronounced "sluffing") n: see desired amount of water and additives (such
current to or receives current from the caving. as with accelerators and fluid- loss control
brushes in a generator or motor. sloughing hole n: a condition wherein shale agents).
slips n pi: wedge-shaped pieces of metal that has absorbed water from the drilling slush pit n: the old term for a mud pit. See
with serrated inserts (dies) or other gripping fluid expands, sloughs off, and falls down- mud pit.
elements, such as serrated buttons, that hole. A sloughing hole can jam the drill string slush pump n: see mud pump.
suspend the drill pipe or drill collars in the and block circulation. small tank n: a crude oil storage tank with a
master bushing of the rotary table when it is slow-release inhibitor n: corrosion- 1,000-barrel (159,000-liue) or less capacity.
necessary to disconnect die drill stem from preventive substance that is released into small-volume prover n: a prover with a
the kelly or from the top.drive unit's drive production fluids at a slow rate. volume between detectors that does not
shaft. Rotary slips fit around the drill pipe slow-set cement n: a manufactured cement permit a minimum accumulation of 1,000
and wedge against the master OOshing to in which the thickening time is extended by direct (unaltered) pulses from the meter.
support the pipe. Drill collar slips fit around a the use of a coarser grind, the elimination of Small-volume provers require meter pulse
drill collar and wedge against the master the rapid hydrating components in its discrimination by pulse interpolation counter
bushing to support the drill collar. Power composition, and the addition of a chemil or other techniques to increase the
slips are pneumatically or hydraulically retarder. API classes N, D, E, and F are resolution.
actuated devices that allow the crew to slow-set cements. smart pig n: see instrumented pig.
dispense with the manual handling of slips sludge n: 1. a tarlike substance that is snake n: see swivel-connector grip.
when making a connection. formed when oil oxidizes. 2. a highly viscous snake grip n: see swivel-stringing grip.
mixture of oil, water, sediment, and residue. snatch block n: I. a block that can be
slug n: a quantity of fluid injected into a opened to receive wire rope or wireline. 2. a
reservoir to accomplish a specific purpose, block that is suited for a single sheave and is
such as chemical displacement of oil. used for pulling horizontally on an A-frame
slugging n: the accumulation of a liquid mast.
(water, oil, or condensate) in a gas line. SNG abbr: synthetic or substitute natural
slugging compound n: a special chemical gas.
demulsifier that is often added to emulsion sniffer n: see explosimeter.
samples to determine the total amount of snipe n: see cheater.
sediment and water in the samples. Also snub v: 1. to force pipe or tools into a high-
slip segment n: a single part of all the parts, called knockout drops. pressure well that has not been killed (i.e., to
or segments, that make up the slips. See slug tank n: a relatively small separate tank run pipe or tools into the well against
also slips. or a small part of a larger tank that holds a pressure when the weight of pipe is not
slip speed n: see slip. small amount of mud for a special purpose. great enough to force the pipe through the
slip test n: a procedure to determine For example, it may hold a small quantity of BOPs).
whether the slips' inserts (dies) are heavy mud that will be used to slug the drill
unifOrn1ly contacting the wall of the drill string. That is, the slug will be pumped into
pipe. Paper is wrapped around the pipe and the string to keep mud from falling onto the
the slips are set. The paper is then rig floor when a drill pipe joint is broken out
unwrapped from die pipe and the pattern the during a trip.
slips made on the paper is examined. If slug the pipe v: to pump a quantity of heavy
uniform contact is not shown, the slips' mud into the drill pipe. Before hoisting drill
inserts are replaced or the insert bowl is pipe, it is desirable (if possible) to pump into
repaired or replaced. its top section a quantity of heavy mud (a
slip velocity n: 1. the rate at which drilled slug) that causes the level of the fluid to
solids tend to settle in the borehole as a well remain below the rig floor so that the crew
is being drilled. 2. difference between the members and the rig floor are not
annular velocity of the fluid and the rate at contaminated with the fluid when stands are
which a cutting is removed from the hole. broken out.
slop n: a term rather loosely used to denote slurry n: 1. in drilling, a plastic mixture of
mixtures of oil produced at various places in pdfMachine
cement and water that is pumped into a well
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snubber 193 solid desiccant dehydration system
SPE abbr: Society of Petroleum Engineers. supply. Since the flyweights spin at a speed
space-out n: the act of ensuring that a pipe spear n : a fishing tool used to retrieve pipe determined by the engine's speed. if engine
ram preventer will not close on a drill pipe lost in a well. The spear is lowered down the speed drops, the speeder spring moves
tool joint when the drill stem is stationary. A hole and into the lost pipe. When weight, down to speed the engine up. Seeftyweight,
pup joint is made up in the drill string to torque, or both are applied to the string to governor.
Iengthen it sufficiently. v: to position the which the spear is attached, the slips in the speed kit n: a dual-speed traveling block,
correct number of feet (or metres) or joints of spear expand and tighdy grip the inside of which permits one elevator to pick up stands
pipe from the packer to the surface tree, or the wall of the lost pipe. Then the as they are broken out while the traveling
from the rig floor to the blowout preventer string,spear, and lost pipe are pulled to the block continues to move.
stack. SPEARS surface. speed reducer n: a set of gears installed
space-out joint n: the joint of drill pipe that between a prime mover and the equipment it
is used in hang-off operations so that no tool drives to reduce the running speed. For
joint is opposite a set of preventer rams. example, on a beam pumping unit, the
spacer n: 1. a thickened fluid that displaces engine may run at a speed of 600
drilling mud because of the difference in revolutions per minute, rot the pumping unit
viscosity and weight between the spacer and it drives may need to operate at 20 strokes
the mud. Besides carrying lost circulation per minute. The speed reducer makes it
materials, spacers may be weighted with possible to obtain the correct pump speed.
various inert materials such as fly ash and spent adj: descriptive of a substance whose
barite. 2. member of a pipeline construction strength or merit has been exhausted in a
gang who is responsible for assuring that the process. For example, after a well has been
exact distance between the beveled pipe acidized, any acid that remains in the well is
ends for a welding process to be used on said to be a spent acid because its strength
the joint is maintained. Spacers strike a has been used up in the acidizing process.
wedge into the interface between the pipe spent gas lift n: see recoverable gas lift
bevels and then maneuver them to an exact, gas.
uniform distance around the entire sp gr abbr: specific gravity.
circumference. sphere n: 1. a neoprene ball that is run in a
spacing n: 1. in electric well logging, refers pipeline to clean it, to displace liquid
to the distance between electrodes on a hydrocarbons from natural gas pipelines, or
logging tool. Electrode spacing affects the spearhead n: see prejlush. to separate batches in liquid shipment. 2. a
depth of investigation of the tool into the spearhead overshot n: the small wireline- ball made of neoprene or other material that
formation. 2. see well spacing. operated overshot designed to latch onto a is put into a pipe prover to activate switches
spacing clamp n: a clamp used to hold the spear point rope socket so that the wireline on the prover so that a known volume of
rod string in pumping position when the well below the socket can be retrieved. petroleum or product is measured.
is in the final stages of being put back on the spear point rope socket n: a rope socket spherical separator n: a separator that is a
pump. with a point on it that mates with a spear- round, ball-shaped vessel.
spacing-out n: positioning the correct head overshot. spider n: a circular steel device that holds
number of feet or joints of pipe from the specific gravity n: see relative density. slips supporting a suspended string of drill
packer to the surface tree, or from the rig specific beat n: the amount of heat required pipe, casing, or tubing. A spider may be split
floor to the stack to cause a unit increase in temperature in a or solid.
spaghetti n: tubing or pipe with a very small unit mass of a substance, expressed as spill point n: the level at which trapped oil
diameter. numerically equal to the number of calories or gas can begin "spilling" upward and out of
spall v: to break off in chips or scales, as on needed to raise the temperature of I gram of the trap.
a plain, or journal, bearing. a substance by 1°C. Spill Prevention, Counter measures and
spark arrestor n: a water-spray device in- specific permeability n: see absolute Control Plan (SPCC) n: requirement based
stalled in the tail pipe of an engine's exhaust permeability. on the Water Pollution Control Act
system to suppress or prevent small, very specific weight n: density times the Amendments of 1972 and subsequent EPA
hot objects, such as carbon particles, from attraction of gravity. regulations that applies to owners or
causing a fire near the engine. speed droop n: the number of revolutions operators of non transportation-related
spark ignition (SI) n: ignition of a fuel-air per minute that an engine slows down from onshore and off- shore facilities engaged in
mixture by means of a spark discharged by running at maximum no-load speed to drilling, producing, gathering, or consuming
a spark plug. running at maximum full-load speed. Speed oil and that, because of their location, could
spark plug n: a device that fits into the droop should not exceed 7%. reasonably be expected to discharge oil in
cylinder of an internal-combustion engine speed droop governor n: a governor that harmful quantities into or on navigable
and that provides the spark for ignition of the provides a decrease in prime mover speed waters. The objective of these regulations is
fuel-air mixture during the combustion stroke for any increase in load or an increase in to prevent the discharge of oil in harmful
of the piston. It carries two electrodes prime mover speed for any decrease in load. quantities into the navigable waters of the
separated by an air gap; current from the speeder spring n: a small spring inside an United States or adjoining shorelines. Where
ignition system discharges across the gap to engine governor that counteracts the force such
form the spark. of flyweights in the governor. The speeder
SPBM abbr: single point buoy mooring. spring moves down on a sleeve in the
SPCC abbr: Spill Prevention, governor to increase the fuel supply to the
Countemteasores and Control plan. engine, at the same time, the flyweights
spd abbr: spudded; used in drilling reports. move the sleevepdfMachine
up to decrease the fuel
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Spindletop 196 spot market
the hole and the body of the collar, spontaneous combustion n: the ignition of
discharge potential exists, an SPCC should minimizing the area of contact between the combustible materials without open flame.
be drawn up and should address practices hole wall and the collar; thus the possibility spontaneous potential (SP) n: one of the
that will prevent oil spills, contain oil spills, of differential pressure sticking is reduced. natural electrical characteristics exhibited by
strain employees in spill spirit level n: a device consisting of a a formation as measured by a logging tool
prevention/containment, prevent pollutant scribed tube partially filled with a viscous lowered into the wellbore. Also called self-
runoff from a site, and provide secondary liquid (spirit) that is designed to determine a potential or Sf.
containment where applicable. The plan horizontal line or plane. Since the tube is spontaneous potential (SP) curve n: a
must use "good engineering practices" and only partially filled, a bubble forms. By measurement of the electrical currents that
must be reviewed and certified by a checking where the bubble rests between occur in the wellbore when fluids of different
professional registered engineer. the scribed lines on the tube, one can salinities are in contact. The SP curve is
Spindletop n: a small knoll near Beaumont, determine whether an object is level. usually recorded in holes drilled with fresh-
Texas, on which, in 1901, a well blew in splash box n: see mother hubbard. water-base drilling fluids. It is one of d1e
(began producing) at the then phenomenal splash-proof enclosure n: a motor curves on an electric well log. Also called
rate of 80,000 barrels (12.7 million litres) per enclosure that allows some outside air to self-potential curve.
day. The Spindletop well proved that rotary circulate through the motor for cooling. The spontaneous potential (SP) deflection n:
drilling could be effectively used to drill wells angle of protection extends to 100. from the the spikes or peaks in the curve on an SP
and that subterranean formations could vertical. log, measured with respect to a shale
contain large amounts of hydrocarbons. The splash zone n: the area on an offshore baseline.
Spindletop well is often said to have ushered structure that is regularly wetted by seawater spontaneous potential (SP) log n: a record
in the modern petroleum era. spinner survey but is not continuously submerged. Metal in of a spontaneous potential curve.
n: a production-logging method that uses a the splash zone must be well protected from spool n: the drawworks drum. Also a
small propeller turned by fluid movement. By the corrosive action of seawater and air. casinghead or drilling spool. v: to wind
use of a recording arrangement, the number splice v: to join two parts of a rope or around a drum.
of turns of the propeller can be related to the wireline by interweaving individual strands of spool valve n: a slide-type hydraulic valve
fluid quantity flowing past the instrument to the line together. Unlike a knot, a splice that has a movable part called a spool.
obtain a log of the amount of fluid flowing does not significantly increase the diameter spot v: to pump a designated quantity of a
from a formation. of the line at the point where the parts are substance (such as acid or cement) into a
spinning cathead n: see makeup carhead, joined. specific interval in the well. For example, 10
spinning chain. spline clutch n: a positive-type clutch that barrels (1,590 litres) of diesel oil may be
spinning chain n: a Y -shaped chain used works by means of metal strips that fit into spotted around an area in the hole in which
to spin up (tighten) one joint of drill pipe into keyways. drill collars are stuck against the wall of the
another. In use, one end of the chain is split-body kelly bushing n: a two-piece hole in an effort to free the collars.
attached to the tongs, another end to the kelly bushing that is secured by holddown spot a pill v: to place a special mixture of
makeup cathead, and the third end is free. nuts and bolts passing from the top of the clay and oil, or other materials, at a specific
The free end is wrapped around the tool bushing to the bottom of the bushing. Com- point in the wellbore. The size of the pill is
joint, and the cathead pulls the chain off the pare solid-body kelly bushing. See also kelly usually several barrels. For example, a rig
joint, causing the joint to spin (turn) rapidly bushing. crew may spot a 20-barrel (3,180-litre) pill of
and tighten up. After the chain is pulled off split master bushing n: a master bushing bentonite clay and diesel oil at or near a
the joint, the tongs are secured in the same that is made in two pieces. Each half has a formation into which drilling mud is escaping.
spot, and continued pull on the chain (and tapered surface to accept the slips. By lowering the driI1 stem to the desired
thus on the tongs) by the cathead makes up Compare hinged master bushing, solid depth, the pill is slowly pumped down the
the joint to final tightness. master bushing. See also master bushing, stem and into the annulus. If all goes well,
spinning wrench n: air-powered or slips. the pill will migrate into the formation taking
hydraulically powered wrench used to spin splitter n: another term for a fractionator, the driI1ing mud and plug it closed.
drill pipe in making or breaking connections. particularly one that separates isomers. For spot market n: the buying and selling of
spin time test n: a turbine meter field check example, a deisobutanizer may be called a crude oil in a commodities exchange market
to determine the relative level of mechanical butane splitter. on a daily basis, just as other commodities,
friction in a meter. spoil n: excavated dirt. such as gold, wheat, and heating oil, are
spin-up n: the rapid turning of the drill stem sponge absorbent n: an absorbent for bought and sold.
when one length of pipe is being joined to recovering vapors of a lighter absorbent that
another. is used in the main absorption process of a
spiral grapple n: a helically shaped gripping gas processing plant.
mechanism that is fined into an overshot to sponge absorption unit n: a unit wherein
retrieve fish from the borehole. See grapple. the vapors of lighter absorption oils are
spiral heavy-walled drill pipe n: heavy pipe recovered.
that is spiraled-much like a spiral drill collar- sponge barrel coring n: coring performed
with extra-length tool joints but without a with the inner core barrel lined with
center wear pad. Compare heavy-walled drill polyurethane sponge. The sponge absorbs
pipe. See spirally-grooved drill collar. oil that bleeds from the core and holds it
spirally-grooved drill collar n: a drill collar opposite the formation from which it bled.
with a round cross section that has a long Both the core and the sponge are analyzed
continuous groove or flute machined to obtain information on saturation. Each
helically into its outer surface. The spiraled foot of sponge is matched to the core it
groove provides space between the wall of surrounded. pdfMachine
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spot sale 197 squeeze tool
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Squnch JointTM 198 standard air
quantity of oil at its actual temperature torque up to the point at which breakdown
standard brass n: brass of a specified (assuming it is not 60°F) is converted to the torque occurs.
density used in fabricating precision balance volume the oil would occupy at 60°F. start-up differential check n: a test used to
weights. Conversion can be aided by the use of API identify increased friction levels in a rotary
standard conditions n pi: the standard conversion tables. standing start-and-stop meter; it can be used as a guide for
pressure and temperature to which method n: in meter proving, when the subsequent maintenance. With the meter in
measurements should be referred. These opening and closing meter readings of the a bypass and a differential gauge connected
are (I bar [IOI.325kPa]/cm2), 15°C for the SI test run are determined at no-flow to the upstream meter tap, a valve may be
metric system, and 14.73 Ibfm.2, 6()°F for conditions. Compare running start-and-stop opened slowly enough to observe the rise
the US and British systems. method. and subsequent fall in the differential as the
standard cubic foot n: a gas volume unit of standing valve n: a fixed ball-and-seat meter just begins to rotate (the downstream
measurement at a specified temperature valve at the lower end of the working barrel differential tap being vented to atmosphere).
and pressure. The temperature and of a sucker rod pump. The standing valve State Emergency Response Commission
pressure may be defined in the gas sales and its cage do not move, as does the (SERC) n: entity set up by each state health
contract or by reference to other standards. traveling valve. Compare traveling valve. department typically and at the request of
standard derrick n: a derrick that is built standoff n: in perforating, the distance a jet the governor under the Emergency Planning
piece by piece at the drilling location, as or bullet must travel in the wellbore before and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986
opposed to a jackknife mast, which is pre- encountering the wall of the hole. to designate emergency planning districts at
assembled. Standard derricks have been standoff problem n: difficulty in obtaining the local level.
replaced almost totally by jackknife masts. proper penetration with a tubing perforating state standard pressure base n: the
Compare mast. gun in casing due to the casing gun's lying pressure base that state regulations require
standard deviation n: the root mean against one side of the casing because of for the reporting of gas volumes. The
Square (rms) deviation of the observed hole deviation. pressure base for reporting to the states of
values from the average. standpipe n: a vertical pipe rising along the Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas is 14.65
standard dress n: diving equipment side of the derrick or mast, which joins the pounds. Louisiana and California pressure
consisting of brass diving helmet, discharge line leading from the mud pump to bases are 15.025 pounds and 14.73 pounds,
breastplate, heavy dry suit, weighted boots, the rotary hose and through which mud is respectively.
weighted belt, hose, compressor, and pumped into the hole. state standard volume n: a volume of gas
communications. determined in accordance with
standard gas measurement law n: a law, measurement standards prescribed by state
specific to each of several states, that regulations.
defines the pressure and temperature bases static adj: at rest; not moving. See also
under which a standard cubic foot of gas quiescence. Compare dynamic.
should be measured in the state. static bottomhole pressure n: pressure at
standard industrial classification (SIC) the bottom of the wellbore when there is no
codes n pi: numerical codes assigned by flow of oil.
the government to groups of industries with static electricity n: electricity produced by
stand tubing v: to support tubing in the
similar activities or operations. friction.
derrick or mast when it is out of the well
standard lateral curve n: in conventional static fluid level n: the level to which fluid
rather than to lay it on a rack. Portable
electric logging, measures resistivity in the rises in a well when the well is shut in.
workover rigs are usually fitted with a mast
formation a long distance from the bore- static lockup pressure n: highest pressure
that holds stands about 60 feet long (about
hole. Used for deep investigation of the to which a meter and its attending system
18 metres) (doubles).
borehole. will be subjected. It determines the ANSI
stand-up title opinion n: prepared in the
standard pressure n: the pressure exerted design rating of all components in the
absence of an abstract of title, stand-up
by a column of mercury 760 millimetres system.
opinions are written by title examiners who
(29.9 inches) high; equivalent to 14.7 static mixer n: a mixer with no moving
work from run sheets that they check at the
pounds per square inch absolute. Compare parts. Kinetic energy of the moving fluid
county courthouse before deciding whether
base pressure. provides the power for mixing. An example
they need additional facts. Compare
Standards of Training, Certification, and is a jet hopper.
abstract- based title opinion.
Watchkeeping (STCW) n: a standard that static pen n: in gas measurement with
starboard n: (nautical) the right side of a
resulted from an International Maritime orifice meters, the pen on a flow recorder
vessel (determined by looking toward the
Organization (IMO) Conference in 1978 to that records the static pressure, usually in
bow).
establish minimum professional standards blue or black ink, on the chart.
starch n: a complex carbohydrate
for those who work at sea.
sometimes added to drilling fluids to reduce
standard tape n: the measuring tape used
filtration loss.
to measure the circumference of the ring at
starter n: on an engine, an electrical,
the bottom of a tank. It is calibrated by the
hydraulic, air, or other device used to rotate
National Institute of Standards and
the engine's flywheel or pistons so that the
Technology and is usually 100 feet (30.5
fuel, air, and (in some cases) spark can
metres) long.
enter the engine and make it begin running
standard temperature n: a pre-determined
on its own.
temperature used as a basic measurement.
starting torque n: torque affected by rotor
The petroleum industry uses 60°F (15.5°C)
winding resistance. The greater the rotor
as its standard temperature during
winding resistance, the greater the starting
measurement of oil. The volume of a pdfMachine
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static pressure 200 stock tank oil
that dissolve and displace crude oil. The and mixes with the well fluids. See corrosion
static pressure n: the pressure exerted by a steam provides additional gas drive. This inhibitor.
fluid upon a surface that is at rest in relation method is used to recover viscous oils. Also stick welding n: see manual welding.
to the fluid. called continuous steam injection or steam stiff drilling assembly n: see packed-hole
static range n: the extent of variation flooding. Compare cyclic steam injection, assembly.
between the lowest and highest static thermal recovery. still n: any vessel in which hydrocarbon
pressures that a particular orifice meter can steam flooding n: see steam drive. distillation is effected.
record. steam rog n: a fog created when cold. dry still column n: shortened form of distillation
static spring n: in gas measurement by air moves over a much warmer body of column.
orifice meters, the spring in a flow recorder water. Also called sea smoke. stilling well n: see still pipe.
whose size and strength determines the steam rig n: a rotary drilling rig on which still pipe n: a vertical cylindrical slotted pipe
range over which static pressure will be steam engines operate as prime movers. built into a tank to contain the liquid level
recorded. High-pressure steam is furnished by a boiler detecting element and arranged to reduce
stationary front n: a discontinuity or zone plant located near the rig. Steam rigs have errors arising from turbulence or agitation of
between two adjacent air masses that is not been replaced almost totally by mechanical the liquid. Also called stilling well.
moving or is moving only a little. or electric rigs. stimulation n: any process undertaken to
station bill n: on offshore drilling rigs and steam soak n: see cyclic steam injection. enlarge old channels or to create new ones
production platforms, a poster that gives stearate n: salt of stearic acid that is a in the producing formation of a well (e.g.,
duties and places for each individual on the saturated, 18-carbon fatty acid. Certain acidizing or formation fracturing).
rig or platform for various types of compounds, such as aluminum stearate, stimulation valve n: see surge valve.
emergeocies. Every person on the rig or calcium stearate, and zinc stearate, are stinger n: 1. a cylindrical or tubuIar
platform should be familiar with the station used in drilling fluids as defoamers or projection, relatively small in diameter, that
bill. lubricants. Stearates can also be used as extends below a downhole tool and helps to
stator n: 1. a with vane-like blades d1at surfactants in air drilling to prevent small guide the tool to a designated spot (such as
serves to direct a flow of fluid (such as quantities of water from creating mud that into the centre of a portion of stuck pipe). 2.
drilling mud) onto another set of blades could clog the hole. a device for guiding pipe and lowering it to
(called the rotor). The stator does not move; steel n: see swivel stem. the water bottom as it is being laid down by
rather, it serves merely to guide the flow of steel-jacket platform rig n: a rigid offshore a lay barge. It is hinged to permit
fluid at a suitable angle to the rotor blades. drilling platform used to drill development adjustments in the angle of pipe launch.
2. the stationary part of an induction-type wells. The foundation of the platform is the stinging in v: to lower pipe or tubing into the
alternating- current electric motor. Compare jacket, a tall vertical section made of tubular bore of a downhole tool.
rotor. steel members. The jacket. which is usually stipulation n: a condition, demand, or
statute law n: 1. the descendant of Roman supported by piles driven into the seabed, promise in an agreement or contract.
law, which, through the French Napoleonic extends upward so that the top rises above sin abbr: stain; used in drilling reports. stock
Code, came to be the basis of law in the waterline. Additional sections that build n: oil produced but not consumed and
Louisiana. 2. law enacted by a legislative provide space for crew quarters, the drilling therefore in storage.
body. Also called civil law. rig, and all equipment need to drill are stock tank n: a storage tank for treated
statutory unitization n: unitization that placed on top of the jocket. See platform rig. crude oil. Compare production tank.
proceeds without the willing cooperation of steel-tooth bit n: a roller cone bit in which stock tank barrel (STB) n: a measure of the
all the affected parties. It is authorised by the surface of each cone is made up of rows volume of crude oil in a stock tank on a
order of a state regulatory agency in of steel teeth. Also called a milled-tooth bit lease or tank farm.
accordance with state statute. Also called or milled bit. stock tank oil n: oil as it exists at
forced unitization. steering tool n: a directional survey atmospheric conditions in a stock tank.
STB abbr: stock tank barrel. instrument used in combination with a Stock tank oil lacks much of the dissolved
STB/d abbr: stock tank barrels per day. deflected downhole motor. It shows, on a rig gas present at reservoir pressure and
STCW abbr: Standards of Training, floor monitor, the inclination and direction of temperatures .
Certification, and Watchkeeping. a downhole sensing unit.
std abbr: standard. stem n: see sinker bat; swivel stem.
stds abbr: stands; used in drilling reports. stemming n: material used to hold back the
steam n: water in its gaseous state. force of an explosion, such as sand. gravel,
steam boiler n: a closed steel vessel or or a cement plug placed in a well above a
container in which water is heated to nitroglycerine charge.
produce steam. step-out well n: a well drilled adjacent to or
steam coil n: a pipe, or set of pipes, within near a proven well to ascertain the limits of
an emulsion settling tank through which the reservoir, an outpost well.
steam is passed to warm the emulsion and step-over n: a device used in tank strapping
make the oil less viscous. See fire tube. for measuring the distance apart along the
steam drive n: a method of improved an; of two points on a tank shell where it is
recovery in which steam is injected into a not possible to use a strapping tape directly
reservoir through injection wells and driven because of an intervening
toward production wells. The steam reduces obstruction. e.g., a protruding fitting.
the viscosity of crude oil, causing it to flow stepper drive n: a means for driving
more freely. The heat vaporises lighter remotely located meter accessories.
hydrocarbons; as they move ahead of the stick n: a solid corrosion inhibitor that can
steam, they cool and condense into liquids be dropped downpdfMachine
a well where it dissolves
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stopcock 201 stratospheric ozone layer
straightening vanes n pi: bundles of small- strata n pi: distinct, usually parallel, and
stopcock n: a valve that shuts off or diameter tubing tack-welded together in a originally horizontal beds of rock. An
regulates fluid flow. v: to shut in concentric pattern and placed in the up- individual bed is a stratum.
intermittently to allow a build-up of gas stream section of an orifice-meter run for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve n: 550
pressure in a producing oilwell, which thus purpose of reducing considerably the million-barrel (87,450 million-litre) stock- pile
effects more efficient recovery. amount of straight pipe required upstream of of petroleum in 6 storage sites and 4 marine
stop gauge n: see maximum loading gauge. the orifice. They eliminate swirls and terminals connected by 240 miles (386
storage battery n: a series of storage cells crosscurrents set up by the pipe fittings and kilometres) of pipeline. Maintained by the
that produce electricity by chemical action of valves preceding the meter tube. federal government for use during periods of
acid or alkaline solution on metallic plates. straight hole n: a hole that is drilled major supply interruption.
Charging the battery with DC electricity in vertically. The total hole angle is restricted. stratification n: the natural layering or
the opposite direction restores the chemical and the hole does not change direction lamination characteristic of sediments and
condition necessary for further output of rapidly no more than 3' per 100 feet (30.48 sedimentary rocks.
electricity. metres) of hole. stratigraphic test n: a borehole drilled
storage gas n: gas that is stored in an straight-run adj: refers to a petroleum primarily to gather information on rock types
underground reservoir. product produced by the primary distillation and sequence.
storage tank n: a tank in which oil is stored of crude oil. stratigraphic trap n: a petroleum trap that
pending transfer by pipeline, truck, or other strain v: to effect a change of form or size occurs when the top of the reservoir bed is
vehicle for selling. as a result of the application of a stress. terminated by other beds or by a change of
Storm Choke n: a tubing safety valve. strainer n: 1. a part of a LACT unit that porosity or permeability within the reservoir
Stormer viscometer n: a rotational shear removes foreign particles from the crude. itself. Compare structural trap.
viscometer used for measuring the viscosity which might disrupt the operation of close-
and gel strength of drilling fluids. This tolerance moving parts. 2. a device placed
instrument has been largely superseded by upstream of a meter to remove foreign
the direct-indicating viscometer. material from the stream that might damage
storm packer n: a heavy-duty squeeze tool the meter or interfere with its operation. The
that can be closed to allow operations to strainer element is generally coarser than a
cease during a severe storm offshore. Later, filter designed to remove solid contaminants.
the tool can be opened to allow operations strain gauge n: an instrument used to
to continue. measure minute distortions caused by stress
storm plug n: a retrievable tool used to forces in mechanical components.
suspend drilling temporarily during a storm strand n: a group of several wires laid
offshore. together to form part of a wire rope. Several
stratigraphic unit n: unit consisting of
storm surge n: a high tide near the shore strands are laid together to make a wire
stratified, mainly sedimentary, rocks grouped
that is significantly higher than normal rope.
for description, mapping, correlation, or the
because of high winds or storms. Also called strand core n: the centre of a wire-rope
like.
storm tide. strand; it may be made of wires or fibres.
stratigraphy n: a branch of geology
storm tide n: see storm surge. stranding machine n: see closing machine.
concerned with the study of the origin,
storm track n: a route traversed by low- strand pattern n: the manner in which a wire-
composition, distribution, and succession of
pressure systems. rope manufacturer braids the individual
rock strata.
storm water discharge n: pollutants that wires that make up a wire-rope strand. Many
stratocumulus n: gray or white clouds that
are washed into water resources in storm patterns exist, including Seale, Warrington,
appear in rolls or as a continuous sheet
situations. Such discharges are regulated and filler wire. See filler wire, Seale strand,
broken into irregular parallel bands. This
under CWA. Warrington strand.
type of cloud is composed of water droplets.
stovepipe assembly n: in laying pipe, an strap v: to measure and record the
stratospheric ozone layer n: a layer of
assembly on lay barges in which pipe joints dimensions of oil tanks to prepare tank
ozone in the atmosphere that forms the
are assembled in a continuous string. Each tables (gauging tables) for determining
Earth's main shield against the sun's
joint passes through individual work stations accurately the volume of oil in a tank at any
ultraviolet radiation, which in large doses
spaced along a gently sloping production measured depth.
increases the risk of cancer (especially skin
ramp. strap in v: to measure a length of pipe as it
cancer and melanoma), health problems,
straddle packer n: two packers separated is run into the hole.
and crop damage.
by a spacer of variable length. A straddle strapping n: the measurement of the
packer may be used to isolate sections of external diameter of a vertical or horizontal
open hole to be treated or tested or to cylindrical tank by stretching a steel tape
isolate certain areas of perforated casing around each course of the tank's plates and
from the rest of the perforated section. recording the measurement.
straddle plant n: see mainline plant. strapping pole n: an aluminum pole of
straddle test n: selective testing of an adjustable length used on several rings of a
interval or formation by the use of two tank while marking the working tape's path
packers, one above and one below the zone around the tank.
being tested strapping tables n pi: see gauging tables.
straight-chain compound n: a compound strapping tape n: a measuring tape
in which the atoms are aligned in a straight graduated in units of length and used for
chain. taking the measurement for producing a tank
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calibration table. Also called tank strapping.
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strat test 202 stripping in
chamber made by enlarging the hole and a above, creating a line of plutons and
stripping job n: the simultaneous pulling of gland containing compressed packing. On a volcanoes that eventually form an island arc
rods and tubing when the sucker rod pump well being artificially lifted by means of a parallel to the trench.
or rods are frozen in the tubing string. sucker rod pump, the polished rod operates sub elevator n: a small attachment on the
stripping out n: 1. the process of raising the through a stuffing box, preventing escape of rod-transfer equipment that picks up the
drill stem out of the wellbore when the well is oil and diverting it into a side outlet to which rods after they are unscrewed from the
shut in on a kick. 2. the process of removing is connected the flow line leading to the oil string and then transfers them to the rod
tubing from the well under pressure. and gas separator or to the field storage hanger, or reverses the procedure when
strip pipe v: 1. to remove the drill stem from tank. For a bottomhole pressure test, the going into the hole. See rod-transfer
the hole while the blowout preventers are wireIine goes through a stuffing box and equipment.
closed. 2. to pull the drill stem and the lubricator, allowing the gauge to be raised subgeologic map n: a map of the
washover pipe out of the hole at the same and lowered against well pressure. The formations directly above an unconformity.
time. lubricator provides a pressure-tight grease Also called a worm's-eye map.
strks abbr: streaks; used in drilling reports. seal in the stuffing box. submerged-arc welding n: an automatic
stroke jar n: a mechanical percussion tool welding process utilizing a continuous wire
that can deliver either upward or downward feed and a shielding medium of fusible
impact. See jar. granular flux. Submerged-arc welding offers
structural mast n: a portable mast high deposition rates and weld passes of
constructed of angular as opposed to tubular substantial thickness.
steel members. See jackknife mast. Submerged Lands Act n: congressional act
structural trap n: a petroleum trap that is that grants coastal states jurisdiction over a
formed because of deformation (such as belt of submerged lands that extend
folding or faulting) of the reservoir formation. seaward off the coastlines to a distance of 3
Compare stratigraphic trap. geographical miles (9 miles for Texas and
Florida). Various state agencies are given
authority under this act to enforce state
environmental provisions for these lands.
submersible n: 1. a two-person submarine
used for inspection and testing of offshore
pipeline. 2. a submersible drilling rig.
submersible drilling rig n: a mobile bottom
supported offshore drilling structure with
several compartments that are flooded to
structure n: a geological formation of
cause the structure to submerge and rest on
interest to drillers. For example, if a stump pressure test n: a pressure test of a
the seafloor. Submersible rigs are designed
particular well is on the edge of a structure, subsea blowout preventer stack performed
for use in shallow waters to a maximum of
the wellbore has penetrated the reservoir on the rig floor on a test stump-a device that
175 feet (53.4 metres). Submersible drilling
(structure) near its periphery. allows pressure to be exerted on the stack-
rigs include the posted barge submersible,
structure contour map n: horizontal to ensure that all the pressure-sealing
the bottle-type submersible, and the arctic
representation of elevations of a subsurface elements of the stack are working properly.
submersible. See bottom-supported offshore
rock layer or structure. styolite n: an irregular surface, generally
drilling rig.
structure map n: a map of critical horizons - parallel to a depositional layer, in which
subsurface oil-producing zones-in a given small, toothlike projections on one side of
area. the surface fit into cavities of complementary
S-tube n: in a top drive, the S-shaped pipe shape on the other surface.
that incorporates a gooseneck to which the sub n: a short, threaded piece of pipe used
rotary hose is attached. It conducts drilling to adapt parts of the drilling string that
mud into the top drive from the rotary hose. cannot otherwise be screwed together
See top drive. because of differences in thread size or
stuck pipe n: drill pipe, drill collars, casing, design. A sub (i.e., a substitute) may also
or tubing that has inadvertently become perform a special function. Lifting subs are
immovable in the hole. Sticking may occur used with drill collars to provide a shoulder
when drilling is in progress, when casing is to fit the drill pipe elevators; a kelly saver
being run in the hole. or when the drill pipe is sub is
being hoisted. placed between the drill pipe and the kelly to
stuck point n: the depth in the hole at which prevent excessive thread wear of the kelly
the drill stem, tubing, or casing is stuck. Also and drill pipe threads; a bent sub is used
called freeze point. when drilling a directional hole.
stud-link chain n: (nautical) an anchor subduction zone n: a deep trench formed
chain on which each link has a bar, or stud, in the ocean floor along the line of
across the shorter dimension of the link to convergence of oceanic crust with other
prevent kinking and deformation under load. oceanic or continental crust when one plate
stuffing box n: a device that prevents along (always oceanic) dives beneath the other.
a piston, rod, propeller shaft, or other The plate that descends into the hot mantle
moving part that passes through a hole in a is partially melted. Magma rises through
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submersible pump 204 suction-side
erection of a platform to produce the wells is feet (7.6 or 9.1 metres); diameter varies from
submersible pump n: a pump that is placed not necessary, marginal offshore fields can 0.5 to 1.5 inches (12 to 30 millimetres).
below the level of fluid in a well. It is usually sometimes be produced because the There is also a continuous sucker rod (trade
driven by an electric motor and consists of a expense of erecting the platform is avoided. name: CorodTM).
series of rotating blades that impart
centrifugal motion to lift the fluid to the sucker rod coupling n: an internally
surface. threaded fitting used to join sucker rods.
subordination n: in the case of an oil and sucker rod pump n: the downhole
gas lease, a supplementary agreement that assembly used to lift fluid to the surface by
resolves the priority of rights to the leased the reciprocating action of the sucker rod
property and subordinates an earlier string. Basic components are barrel,
instrument (for example, a mortgage) to the plunger, valves, and hold-down. Two types
oil and gas lease. of sucker rod pumps are the tubing pump, in
subsea blowout preventer n: a blowout which the barrel is attached to the tubing,
preventer placed on the seafloor for use by a subsea test tree n: a device designed to be and the rod, or insert, pump, which is run
floating offshore drilling rig. landed in a subsea wellhead or blowout into the well as a complete unit.
preventer stack to provide a means of sucker rod pumping n: a method of
closing in the well on the ocean floor so that artificial lift in which a subsurface pump
a drill stem test of an offshore well can be located at or near the bottom of the well and
obtained. connected to a string of sucker rods is used
substitute natural gas (SNG) n: see to lift the well fluid to the surface. The weight
synthetic natural gas. of the rod string and fluid is counterbalanced
substructure n: the foundation on which the by weights attached to a reciprocating beam
derrick or mast and usually the draw- works or to the crank member of a beam pumping
sit. It contains space for storage and well- unit or by air pressure in a cylinder attached
control equipment. to the beam.
subsurface adj: below the surface of the sucker rod whip n: an undesirable whip-
earth (e.g., subsurface rocks). ping motion in the sucker rod string that
subsurface environment n: the occurs when the string is not properly
environment below the surface of the earth; attached to the sucker rod pump or when the
groundwater, deep water, underground pump is operated at a resonant speed.
formations, etc. subsurface geology n: the suction dampener n: a steel chamber with
subsea choke-line valve n: a valve study of rocks that lie beneath the surface of an air-charged rubber bladder (or
mounted in the choke line of a subsea the earth. subsurface safety valve n: see diaphragm) inside that is mounted on a mud
blowout preventer stack. It serves to tubing safety valve. pump's intake (suction) line. It absorbs the
regulate the flow of well fluids being subsurface sampling n: a procedure in impact that occurs when the smooth flow of
circulated through the choke line when the which a bottomhole sampler is lowered into fluid in the suction line coming out of the
well is closed in. the well and filled with a sample that is suction tank meets the intermittent flow
subsea completion system n: a representative of the reservoir conditions caused by fast moving pump pistons.
submersible apparatus similar to a and that contains all the constituents of the suction dredge n: in pipe laying, a type of
bathysphere in which people are lowered to fluid in their true proportions. Tests run on trenching machine used on river crossings
the ocean bottom to work on the wellheads this sample help to obtain an accurate when the channel cannot be diverted or
of completed wells. The wellhead contains a knowledge of the physical properties of the when the volume of material to be removed
cellar to which the system is attached, reservoir fluid under actual conditions. is large. A suction pump rapidly forces large
creating a dry atmosphere in which to work. amounts of soil into a discharge pipe for
deposit on the adjacent bank. A cutterhead
can also be used on a suction dredge.
subsea riser n: a vertical suction screen n: see oil strainer.
section of pipe that suction line n: the line that carries a product
connects pipeline on the out of a tank to the suction side of the
sea bottom to a production pumps. Also called the loading line. suction
platform on the surface. The pit n: also called a suction tank, sump pit, or
riser is an integral part of mud suction pit. See suction tank. suction
the pipeline and is clamped pressure n: the pressure of a gas or fluid
directly to a leg or brace on entering the suction valve of a compressor.
the platform. suction-side adj: inlet side of a compressor
subsea stack n: see or the side on which the gas enters the
subsea blowout preventer sucker rod n: a special steel pumping rod. compressor.
Several rods screwed together make up the
mechanical link from the beam pumping unit
subsea template n: a device placed on the on the surface to the sucker rod pump at the
seafloor to facilitate the production of wells. bottom of a well. Sucker rods are threaded
When a template is used, the wells are on each end and manufactured to dimension
drilled through the template and are standards and metal specifications set by
completed and produced on it. Since the the petroleumpdfMachine
industry. Lengths are 25 or 30
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suction tank 205 surface pressure
sulfurous acid n: a colorless liquid less than 500,000 deadweight tons (45,360
suction tank n: the mud tank from which compound of hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen deadweight tonnes) are called very large
mud is picked up by the suction of the mud (H2S03) weakly corrosive, with the odor of crude carriers. Those with a capacity over
pumps. Also called a suction pit. sulfur. It is formed when hydrogen sulfide 500,000 deadweight tons are called
suction temperature n: the temperature of (H2S) or sulfur dioxide SO2 is mixed with ultralarge crude carriers.
a gas or fluid entering the suction valve of a water (H2O). supervisory control n: in pipelining, the
compressor. sulfur plant n: a plant that makes sulfur coordination of all facets of operations to
suction valve n: on a mud pump, the intake from the hydrogen sulfide extracted from ensure proper handling of oil movements. It
valve through which mud is drawn into the natural gas. One-third of the hydrogen begins before the physical movement of a
pump. sulfide is burned to sulfur dioxide, which product and continues through record-
suicide squeeze n: a squeeze cement job reacts with the remaining hydrogen sulfide in keeping of quality and quantity of movement.
with open perfs above the packer. the presence of a catalyst to make sulfur supplemental gaseous fuel n: primarily
suitcase sand n: a formation found to be and water. synthetic natural gas, propane-air, and
nonproductive. When such a formation is sul wtr abbr: sulfur water; used in drilling refinery (still) gas. May also include coke
encountered, operations are suspended, reports. oven gas, biomass gas, manufactured gas,
and the crews pack their suitcases and summer valley n: the depression that and air injected for Btu stabilization.
move to another job. occurs in the summer months in the daily support agreement n: an agreement
sulfamic acid n: a crystalline acid load of a gas-distribution system or pipeline. between petroleum companies in which one
(NH2S03H) derived from sulfuric acid that is sump n: a low place in a steel guard or contributes money or acreage to another's
sometimes used in acidizing. casing that surrounds a moving chain or drilling operation in return for information
sulfate n: a compound containing the SO4 gear that requires constant lubrication. The gained from the drilling.
group, as in calcium sulfate (CaSO4). sump holds a quantity of oil through which sur abbr: survey; used in drilling reports.
sulfate-reducing bacteria n pi: bacteria that the moving parts travel and thus become surface-active agent n: see surfactant.
digest sulfates present in water, causing the lubricated. surface casing n: see surface pipe.
release of hydrogen sulfide, which combines sump pit n: see suction pit. surface chart n: see weather map.
with iron to form iron sulfide, a troublesome sun battery n: see solar cell. surface decompression n: a process used
scale. supercharge v: to supply a charge of air to by divers to eliminate inert gases from the
sulfate resistance n: the ability of a cement the intake of an internal-combustion engine tissues, whereby they breathe high partial
to resist deterioration by sulfate ions. at a pressure higher than that of the pressures of oxygen while resting after a
sulfide stress cracking n: the brittle failure surrounding atmosphere. dive to reduce the risk of getting
of metals by cracking under the combined supercompressibility n: a deviation of decompression sickness.
action of tensile stress and corrosion in the natural gas from Boyle's and Charles's laws surface drilling unit n: an offshore drilling
presence of water and hydrogen sulfide. for ideal gas. Natural gas is not an ideal gas rig that is either a drill ship or a drilling
sulfur (S) n: a pale yellow, nonmetallic in that it is a mixture of several gases. As the barge; so called because the rig floats on
chemical element. In its elemental state- free pressure increases, the volume of space the surface of the water.
sulfur-it has a crystalline or amorphous form. that a given weight of natural gas would surface estate n: rights and interests in the
In many gas streams, sulfur may be found occupy becomes increasingly smaller than surface of land, created when the owner
as volatile sulfur compounds- hydrogen the volume calculated by application of severs or separates his or her interests in
sulfide, sulfur oxides, mercaptans, carbonyl Boyle's and Charles's laws. the property.
sulfide. Reduction of their concentration supercompressibiIity factor n: a term surface-motion compensator n: see heave
levels is necessary for corrosion control and, some- times used to mean compressibility compensator:
in many cases, necessary for health and factor, but more often to mean the surface owner n: owner of the rights and
safety reasons. compressibility factor that is appropriate for interests in a surface estate (where interests
sulfur dioxide n: a colorless gaseous com- high-pressure calculations. See in a landed estate have been severed).
pound of sulfur and oxygen (SO2) with the compressibility facto7: Compare mineral owner.
odor of rotten eggs. A product of the Superfund Amendments and surface pipe n: the first string of casing
combustion of hydrogen sulfide, it is Reauthorization Act of 1986 n: see SARA (after the conductor pipe) that is set in a
poisonous and irritating. Title III. well. It varies in length from a few hundred to
sulfureted hydrogen n: see hydrogen Superfund sites n pi: sites where several thousand feet (metres). Some states
sulfide. hazardous waste has been disposed of require a minimum length to protect fresh-
sulfuric acid n: a colorless, oily liquid improperly and that are targeted for water sands. Compare conductor pipe.
compound of hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen government cleanup under CERCLA. surface plug n: a concrete plug placed in
(H2SO4) strongly poisonous and corrosive. It superposition n: 1. the order in which the surface casing usually when the well is
is formed when hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or sedimentary layers are deposited, with the abandoned.
sulfur dioxide (SO2) is mixed with water oldest layer on the bottom, the youngest surface pressure n: pressure measured at
(H2O). Also called vitriolic acid. layer on top. 2. the process of sedimentary the wellhead.
sulfur light crude n: light crude oil that layering.
contains sulfur compounds, often in the form supersaturation n: the condition of
of hydrogen sulfide. containing more solute in solution than
a capacity larger than 100,000 deadweight would normally be present at the existing
tons but less than 500,000 deadweight tons temperature.
(45,360 deadweight tonnes) are called very supertanker n: a tanker with a capacity over
large crude carriers. Those with a capacity 100,000 deadweight tons (90,720 dead
over 500,000 deadweight tons are called weight tonnes). Supertankers with a capacity
ultralarge crude carriers. pdfMachine
larger than 100,000 deadweight tons but
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surface-readout device 206 swabbed show
surface waters of the United States n pI: surrender clause n: the clause in an oil and
surface-readout device n: an electronic the oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, gas lease that specifies the procedure to be
device in which a probe is inserted into the water holes, mud flats, prairie potholes, followed should the lessee wish to surrender
drill stem near a directional drilling deflection bogs, and swamps of the United States. all or part of his or her leased interests.
tool. The probe sends continuous signals to surface wave n: wave that propagates surveying service company n: a business
the surface that show the direction and along the earth's surface, e.g., the Love, organization that is hired by an operator to
angle at which the bit is drilling. Readout Rayleigh, hydrodynamic, or coupled waves. measure a well's trajectory. The company
devices greatly simplify accurate orientation surface wind n: a wind that can be takes complete surveys of the hole, usually
of the drilling assembly so that a number of measured at a surface observing station. either before or after setting a string of
directional surveys can be eliminated. See surfactant n: a soluble compound that casing or upon completion of the hole. This
directional drilling. concentrates on the surface boundary type of surveying program is separate from,
surface-readout instrument n: a telemetry between two substances such as oil and and independent of, the directional
instrument used in the surveying of a water and reduces the surface tension supervisor's surveys.
directional well. A downhole sensing unit between the substances. The use of suspended load n: 1. in a flowing stream of
records directional data, which are surfactants permits the thorough surface water, the finer sand, silt, and clay that are
converted into signal pulses and then contact or mixing of substances that carried well off the bottom by the turbulence
transmitted uphole, via conducting wireline ordinarily remain separate. Surfactants are of the water. Compare bed load, dissolved
or through the drilling fluid, to a monitor. See used in the petroleum industry as additives load. 2. the weight of the drill stem when
downhole telemetry. to drilling mud and to water during chemical suspended from the hook.
surface safety valve n: a valve, mounted in flooding. See micellar- polymer flooding, suspended S& W n: sediment and water
the Christmas tree assembly, that stops the surfactant mud. that are suspended in oil and that can be
flow of fluids from the well if damage occurs surfactant mud n: a drilling mud prepared separated only by (1) centrifuge with
to the assembly. by adding a surfactant to a water-base mud appropriate solvents or (2) extraction by
surface sample n: a sample taken at the to change the colloidal state of the clay from distillation.
surface of a liquid in a tank. that of complete dispersion to one of suspending agent n: an additive used to
surface-sensing element n: the detecting controlled flocculation. Such muds were hold the fine clay and silt particles that
element of a surface sensing automatic tank originally designed for use in deep, high- sometimes remain after an acidizing
gauge. temperature wells, but their many treatment in suspension; i.e., it keeps them
surface stack n: a blowout preventer stack advantages (high chemical and thermal from settling out of the spent acid until it is
mounted on top of the casing string at or stability, minimum swelling effect on clay- circulated out.
near the surface of the ground or the water. bearing zones, lower plastic viscosity, and suspension n: a mixture of small non-
Surface stacks are employed on land rigs so on) extend their applicability. settling particles of solid material gaseous
and on bottom-supported MODUs. surge n: 1. an accumulation of liquid above or liquid medium.
a normal or average level, or a sudden in- suspensoid n: a mixture consisting of finely
crease in its flow rate above a normal flow divided colloidal particles floating in a liquid.
rate. 2. the motion of a mobile offshore drill- The particles are so small that they do not
ing rig in a direction in line with the center- settle but are kept in motion by the moving
line of the rig, especially the front-to-back molecules of the liquid (Brownian
motion of the rig when it is moored in a movement).
seaway. SW abbr: salt water; used in drilling reports.
surge column n: see boot. swab n: a hollow, rubber-faced cylinder
surge dampener n: see dampener. mounted on a hollow mandrel with a pin joint
surge disk n: see surge valve. on the upper end to connect to the swab
surge effect n: a rapid increase in pressure line. A check valve that opens up- ward on
downhole that occurs when the drill stem is the lower end provides a way to remove the
lowered rapidly or when the mud pump is fluid from the well when pressure is
quickly brought up to speed after starting. insufficient to support flow. v: 1. to operate a
surge loss n: the flux of fluids and solids swab on a wireline to bring well fluids to the
that occurs in the initial stages of any surface when the well does not flow
filtration before pore openings are bridged naturally. Swabbing is a temporary operation
and a filter cake is formed. Also called spurt to determine whether the well can be made
surface tension n: the tendency of liquids to loss. to flow. If the well does not flow after being
maintain as small a surface as possible. It is surge tank n: a tank or vessel through swabbed, a pump is installed as a
caused by the cohesive attraction between which liquids or gases are passed to ensure permanent lifting device to bring the oil to
the molecules of liquid. steady flow and to eliminate pressure the surface. 2. to pull formation fluids into a
surface test tree n: in surface well testing, a surges. wellbore by raising the drill stem at a rate
temporary set of valves installed for flow surge valve n: a device employed with a that reduces the hydrostatic pressure of the
control on a wellhead with no Christmas packer or to clean open perforations by drilling mud below the bit.
tree. allowing surges of pressure to enter the swabbed show n: formation fluid that is
surface-type drilling unit n: see barge, drill perforations. Also called a surge disk. pulled into the well bore because of an
ship, ship-shaped barge. surging n: a rapid increase in pressure underbalance of formation pressure caused
surface waste n: waste incurred by line downhole that occurs when the drill stem is by pulling the drill string too fast.
leaks, seepage, inexpedient storage, and so lowered too fast or when the mud pump is
forth. Such waste is usually regulated by brought up to speed after starting.
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swabbing effect 207 swivel stem
into the water to travel with a current, and its and can tolerate low production when
swabbing effect n: a phenomenon journey is tracked by a pinger. demand slows. Since the late 1960s, Saudi
characterized by formation fluids being swamp barge n: see inland barge rig. Arabia has been considered the world's
pulled or swabbed into the wellbore when swamper n: (slang) a helper on a truck, swing producer.
the drill stem and bit are pulled up the well tractor, or other machine. swing suction n: a discharge pipe in a tank
bore fast enough to reduce the hydrostatic sway n: the motion of a mobile offshore whose intake end can be raised or lowered
pressure of the mud below the bit. If enough drilling rig in a linear direction from side to to prevent the discharge of the sediment in
formation fluid is swabbed into the hole, a side or perpendicular to a line through the the bottom of the tank. Compare weir:
kick can result. centerline of the rig; especially, the side- to- swirl n: a qualitative term describing
swabbing line n: see sandline. side motion when the rig is moored in a tangential motions of liquid flow in a pipe or
swab cup n: a rubber or rubberlike device seaway. tube.
on a special rod (a swab), which forms a swbd abbr: swabbed; used in drilling swirl pipe n: a baffle installed at or near the
seal between the swab and the wall of the reports. outlet connection of a liquid storage
tubing or casing. swbg abbr: swabbing; used in drilling container to prevent the formation of a
swab off v: to pull off during a trip into or out reports. vortex and air/vapor entrainment in the
of the hole because of pressure differential. swedge n: see swage. liquid. Also called vortex eliminator.
For example, if a packer is run in too quickly, sweep efficiency n: the efficiency with switch and control gear n: on a diesel-
the pressure differential across the packer which water displaces oil or gas in a water electric drilling rig, the equipment utilized to
swabs off the packing elements, making it drive oil or gas field. Water flowing in from distribute and transmit electric power to the
necessary to trip back out to replace them. the aquifer does not displace the oil or gas electric motors from the generators. switcher
swag n: downward bend in a pipeline to uniformly but channels past certain areas n: (obsolete) lease operator or pumper. See
conform to a dip in the surface of the right- due to variations in porosity and pumper.
of- way or to the contours of a ravine or permeability. swivel n: a rotary tool that is hung from the
creek. swage n: a solid cylindrical tool sweep-out pattern n: the areal pattern of hook and the traveling block to suspend and
pointed at the bottom and equipped with a the injection fluid advancing from injection permit free rotation of the drill stem. It also
tool joint at the top for connection with a jar. wells to production wells during an improved provides a connection for the rotary hose
It is used to straighten damaged or recovery operation. and a passage- way for the flow of drilling
collapsed casing or tubing and drive it back sweet adj: having an absence or near- fluid into the drill stem.
to its original shape. v: to reduce the absence of sulfur compounds, as defined by
diameter of a rod, a tube, or a fitting by a given specification standard.
forging, hammering, or other method. sweet corrosion n: the deterioration of
metal caused by contact with carbon dioxide
in water.
sweet crude n: see sweet crude oil.
sweet crude oil n: oil containing little or no
sulfur, especially little or no hydrogen
sulfide.
sweeten v: to remove sulfur or sulfur com-
pounds from gas or oil.
sweet gas n: gas that has no more than the
maximum sulfur content defined by (1) the
specifications for the sales gas from a plant
or (2) the definition by a legal body such as swivel-connector grip n: a braided-wire
the Railroad Commission of Texas. device used to join the end of one wire rope
swell n: a wave that has moved out of its to the end of another wire rope temporarily.
fetch and into weaker winds, where it When tension is put on this device, it
decreases in height and has regular stretches and grips the wire ropes firmly,
movement. allowing the wire rope to be threaded
swelled box n: a box connection on a tool through the blocks. When tension is re-
joint that has been belled by too much leased, this device relaxes, allowing the rope
torque. to be released. Also called a snake or a
swage nipple n: a pipe fitting with external
swelling n: see hydration. swivel-type stringing grip.
threads of different sizes on each end.
swing check n: a type of check valve. swing swivel packing n: special rubberized com-
swaging n: the tendency of a body, such as
lease n: a lease from which gas production pounds placed in a swivel to prevent drilling
a length of drill pipe, to be bent by the action
can be used to eliminate over/under delivery fluid under high pressure from leaking out.
of a tool, such as the slips, applied to it with
balances under a gas exchange swivel stem n: a length of pipe inside the
a great deal of force. In the case of drill pipe,
arrangement. swivel that is installed to the swivel's
if the slips are allowed to stop the drill stem
swingline n: an extension of the suction line washpipe and to which the kelly (or a kelly
as the driller lowers it into the hole, the slips
that pivots vertically inside an oil tank. It accessory, such as the upper kelly cock) is
can swage, or deform, the body of the pipe
allows an operator to withdraw product from attached. It conducts drilling mud from the
by the force they apply against the pipe
varying heights in the tank. washpipe and to the drill stem. See wash-
when they settle into the master bushing.
swing production n: the production of a pipe.
swallow float n: an instrument used to
country, zone, or area that acts as a
measure an ocean current's velocity. It can
balancing region. The swing producer needs
be adjusted to be neutrally buoyant and to
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travel at a specific density level. It is dropped
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swivel sub 208 system of units of measurement
tape positioner n: a guide that slides freely targeted adj: said of a fluid piping system in
tanker n: a ship designed to transport oil, along strapping tape and that is used to pull which flow impinges on a lead-filled end
LPG, LNG, or SNG. Tankers whose capacity and hold the tape in the correct position for (target) or a piping tee when fluid flow
is 100,000 deadweight tons (90,720 dead- taking measurements. changes direction.
weight tonnes) or more are supertankers, tapered hole n: 1. a condition wherein the targeted substances n pi: certain
either very large crude carriers or ultralarge hole diameter narrows with depth owing to substances under TSCA that present "an
crude carriers. Also called a tank ship. wear on the bit gauge caused by drilling unreasonable risk of injury to health or to the
tank farm n: a group of large tanks abrasive formations. 2. a wellbore whose environment," for example, asbestos and
maintained by a pipeline and used to store diameter is larger near the surface than near PCB.
oil after it has been transferred from the the bottom. target meter n: a meter that balances target
production tanks and before it is transported tapered string n: drill pipe, tubing, sucker force with a feedback force applied above a
to the refinery. rods, and so forth with the diameter near the fulcrum.
tank prover n: an open or closed vessel of top of the well larger than the diameter tariff n: the rate set by pipeline companies
known capacity designed for the accurate below. for moving oil.
determination of the volume of liquid taper tap n: a tap with a gradually tar sand n: a sandstone that contains chiefly
delivered into or out of it during a meter- decreasing diameter from the top. It is used heavy, tarlike hydrocarbons. Tar sands are
proving operation. to retrieve a hollow fish such as a drill collar difficult to produce by ordinary methods;
tank ship n: see tanker. and is the male counterpart of a die collar. thus it is costly to obtain usable
tankside sample n: a spot sample taken The taper tap is run into a hollow fish and hydrocarbons from them.
from a suitable sample connection to the rotated to cut enough threads to provide a tattletale n: a device on an instrument
side of a tank. firm grip and permit the fish to be pulled and control panel that indicates the cause of a
tank sludge n: settlings that collect at the recovered. See tap. Compare die collar. system shutdown or alarm signal.
bottom of storage tanks containing crude tautline position-reference system n: a
oils, residues, and other petroleum products. system for monitoring the position of a
Such sludge usually contains water. floating offshore drilling rig in relation to the
tank strapper n: the person who measures subsea wellhead. A taut steel line is
a tank at various levels to see how much it stretched from the rig to the ocean floor. An
will hold. inclinometer measures the slope of the line
tank strapping n: the obtaining of several at the rig, and, because the line is assumed
measurements, such as ring circumference, to have been straight when stretched from
gauge height, and tank height, to determine the rig to the ocean floor, any angle in the
how much a tank will hold. line indicates that the rig has moved. The
tank table n: a table giving the number of system's weakness is that the tautline can
barrels of fluid contained in a storage tank be distorted by currents and thus give
that correspond to the linear measurement inaccurate readings. Compare acoustic
on a gauge line. Tank tables are prepared position reference, position-reference
from tank strapping measurements. See system.
strap. Also called calibration table, tank
capacity table. tape wrapping n: rolls of plastic sheeting
tank truck n: a truck designed to transport with a preapplied adhesive that are used to
petroleum or petroleum products. coat pipelines to prevent corrosion after they
tannic acid n: the active ingredient of are buried.
quebracho and quebracho substitutes, such tap hole n: a hole radially drilled in the wall
as mangrove bark, chestnut extract, and of the meter tube or fitting, the inside edge of
hem- lock. which is flush and without any burrs.
tap n: 1. a tool for forming an internal screw taping machine n: in pipeline construction,
thread. It consists of a hardened tool-steel a machine that moves along the pipe,
male screw grooved longitudinally so as to wrapping joints with tape in overlapping
have cutting edges. 2. a hole or opening in a segments.
line or vessel into which a gauge or valve TAPS abbr: Trans-Alaska Pipeline System.
may be inserted and screwed tight. v: 1. to tap sampling n: in tank sampling,
form a female thread by means of a tap. 2. withdrawing liquid samples through sample tax-free interest n: an interest in production
to extract or cause to flow by means of a taps, at least three of which should be that does not bear its portion of production
bore- hole, e.g., to tap a reservoir. placed equidistant throughout the tank taxes levied on production from the property.
tape clamp n: a quick-release clamp that height and extending at least 3 feet (1 The tax applicable to this interest is borne by
may be fitted around a strapping tape at any metre) inside the tank shell. A standard V4- other interest owners in the property.
convenient position throughout its length. inch (O.64-centimetre) pipe with suitable Compare exempt interest.
tape coating n: in pipeline construction, a valve is satisfactory. Tcf abbr: trillion cubic feet.
protective coating of polyethylene, polyvinyl, tare n: the weight of an empty container Tcf/d abbr: trillion cubic feet per day.
coal-tar-base, or butyl-mastic tape that is subtracted from the gross weight of the
wrapped around pipe to prevent corrosion. container and that which is in the container
Tape coatings are applied on the line, and to ascertain net weight.
any defects can be repaired relatively target n: a bull plug or a blind flange at the
quickly and simply. end of a tee to prevent erosion at a point
where a change pdfMachine
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T connection 211 tension gauge
test separator n: an oil and gas separator thermal cracking n: the process of making
tension-leg platform rig n: a compliant off- that is used to separate relatively small oils of low boiling range (100O-550°F, 37.8°-
shore drilling platform used to drill quantities of oil and gas, which are diverted 287.8°C), to be used for motor fuels and
development wells. The platform, which through the testing devices on a lease. burning oils, from oils of high boiling range
resembles a semisubmersible drilling rig, is test well n: a wildcat well. (550°- 800°F, 287.8°-426. 7°C), such as gas
attached to the seafloor with tensioned steel tethered diving n: diving in which an oil and fuel oil. All modem commercial
tubes. The buoyancy of the platform applies umbilical hose is used to connect a diver to methods get this breaking-down action by
tension to the tubes. See platform rig. the gas supply. subjecting the high boiling oils to high
Tethys Sea n: an ancient great ocean of the temperatures. Pressure up to 1,000 pounds
Cretaceous period, 135 million to 65 million per square inch (6,895 kilopascals) is used
years ago, between Eurasia and Africa. for producing a dense system and for
More than half the world's known petroleum making sure of good contact within the
accumulated along the margins of this ocean desired temperature and in an apparatus of
during a brief (30 million-year) interval. reason- able size.
Thermal Decay Time Log n: proprietary
name for a type of pulsed-neutron survey.
thermal decomposition n: the breakdown of
a compound or substance by temperature
into simple substances or into constituent
elements.
thermal enhanced oil recovery (TEOR) n:
a method of increasing well productivity and
recoverable oil by using heat, e.g., steam
tetraethyl lead n: an antiknock compound injection (the huff 'n' puff method), steam
for motor gasoline. It is being phased out flood, or in situ combustion.
tension packer n: a packer that is held in its
because lead is a pollutant. thermal equilibrium n: the achievement of
set position by upstrain, or upward pull. Texas deck n: the main load-bearing deck
tension tool n: a device on a retrievable or equal temperatures in two or more
of an offshore drilling structure and the substances.
drillable packer that allows the packer to be
highest above the water, excluding auxiliary thermalization n: the process of reducing
set with an upward pull (tension); it is often decks such as the helicopter landing pad.
used when not enough pipe weight is the energy of neutrons to thermal energy
So called because it is the largest deck on levels.
available to set the packer by applying
the structure. thermally stable polycrystalline diamond
downward force (compression). TFL abbr: through-the-flow-line. See
TENV motor abbr: totally enclosed non- bit n: a special type of fixed-head bit that
through-the-flow-line equipment. has synthetic diamond cutters that do not
ventilated motor. thalweg n: 1. in geology, the line connecting
TEOR abbr: thennal enhanced oil recovery. disintegrate at high temperatures. Compare
the lowest points along a stream bed or polycrystalline diamond compact.
term clause n: see habendum clause.
valley. Also known as a valley line. 2. a line thermal neutron n: neutron having an
terminal n: a point to which oil is transported
crossing all contour lines on a land surface average energy level at room temperature of
through pipelines. It usually includes a tank perpendicularly.
farm and may include tanker-loading 0.025 electron volts.
thaw subsidence n: the tendency of thermal neutron population n: the number
facilities.
permafrost to sink when a heavy weight or of thermal neutrons around the neutron
term minerals n pi: severed minerals
structure is placed on it. When the structure logging tool. The number of capture gamma
acquired for a certain time and, generally, as is placed on frozen ground, any heat that
long thereafter as production continues. rays present at any time is directly
thaws the soil causes it to become soft, so proportional to the thermal neutron
tertiary recovery n: 1. the use of improved
that the structure sinks or subsides into it. population.
recovery methods that not only restore theodolite n: an optical instrument used to
formation pressure but also improve oil thermal recovery n: a type of improved
track rising pilot balloons and thus obtain recovery in which heat is introduced into a
displacement or fluid flow in the reservoir. 2. indications of wind directions and speeds
the use of any improved recovery method to reservoir to lower the viscosity of heavy oils
above the earth's surface. and to facilitate their flow into producing
remove additional oil after secondary theoretical gallons n pi: the content of
recovery. Compare primary recovery, wells. The pay zone may be heated by
liquefiable hydrocarbons in a volume of gas, injecting steam (steam drive) or by injecting
secondary recovery. determined from analyses or tests of the
tesla n: the unit of magnetic-flux density in air and burning a portion of the oil in place
gas. (in situ combustion). See cyclic steam
the metric system. theoretical residue gas remaining n: the
tester n: a person who tests pipe and casing injection, in situ combustion, steam drive.
volume of residue that theoretically remains
for leaks.
after volume reductions attributable to the
test gallons n pi: see theoretical gallons.
processing of a volume of gas in a plant. It is
test marketing n: product analysis
determined by applying a factor from a table
conducted under real conditions of the
or calculation to the volume of gas delivered
market. to the plant.
test measures n pi: vessels used as therm n: a unit of gross heating value equal
secondary standards for volume
to 100,000 6tu (1.055056108 joules).
measurements. thermal ammeter n: a quantity indicator that
test pressure n: the working pressure of a
measures current by the heating effect of the
container or vessel times a safety factor.
See also working pressure.
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thermal time constant 213 through-the-flow-line (TFL) equipment
testing, and other fabrication assemblies, as higher tensile strength) than conventional
throw n: the distance from the centerline of well as taping and coating the welds. steel pipe. Further, in horizontal drilling
the main bearing of a crankshaft to the tie-in gang n: workers responsible for tie- in applications, titanium is almost twice as
centerline of the connecting-rod journal. Two tasks in the construction of a pipeline. flexible as steel, which means that titanium
times the throw equals the stroke. tier two form n: a federal form used by pipe can be bent more than conventional
throw the chain v: to flip the spinning chain companies or individuals for submitting pipe without being permanently deformed.
up from a tool joint box so that the chain annual inventory data on hazardous title n: a term standing for those facts that, if
wraps around the tool joint pin after it is chemicals or extremely hazardous proved, will enable a person to regain or
stabbed into the box. The stand or joint of substances. See SARA Title III. retain possession of property.
drill pipe is turned or spun by a pull on the tight emulsion n: an emulsion that is title opinion n: the written opinion of a title
spinning chain from the cathead on the relatively difficult to break. Compare loose examiner on the status of the title to a given
drawworks. emulsion. piece of property. Compare division order
tighten up v: to add oil to a system, which opinion, drill site opinion.
causes the oil to break out and rise to the Title III of the Superfund Amendments
surface. and Reauthorization Act n: see SARA 1itle
tight formation n: a petroleum- or water- III.
bearing formation of relatively low porosity titration n: a process of chemical analysis by
and permeability. which drops of a standard solution are
tight hole n: 1. a well about which added to another solution or substance to
information is restricted for security or obtain a desired response--color change,
competitive reasons. 2. a section of the hole precipitation, or conductivity change-for
that, for some reason, is undergauge. For measurement and evaluation.
example, a bit that is worn undergauge will TIW valve n: inside blowout preventer (so
drill a tight hole. named by the company that invented it- TX
tight sand n: sand or sandstone formation Iron Works).
with low permeability. TLV abbr: threshold limit value.
tight spot n: a section of a borehole in tolerance n: the range of variation permitted
thrust n: the force that acts on a shaft which excessive wall cake has built up, in maintaining a specific dimension in
longitudinally. reducing the hole diameter and making it machining a part. For example, a shaft
thruster n: see dynamic positioning. thrust difficult to run the tools in and out. Compare measurement could be 2.000 inches +0.001
fault n: see reverse/ault. keyseat. (50 millimetres +0.025). This means that any
thrust load n: a load or pressure parallel to tight well n: a well that produces from a measurement from 1.999 inches to 2.001
or in the direction of the shaft. reservoir of low permeability and thus inches (49.975 millimetres to 50.025
thumper n: a hydraulically operated stabilizes slowly. Such wells show slow millimetres) would be acceptable.
hammer used in obtaining a seismograph in buildup of bottomhole pressure on a buildup ton n: 1. (nautical) a volume measure equal
oil exploration. It is mounted on a vehicle test, and the flowing pressure does not to 100 square feet applied to mobile off-
and, when dropped, creates shock waves in stabilize quickly at a constant value on a shore drilling rigs. 2. a measure of weight
the subsurface formations, which are flow test. equal to 2,000 pounds. 3. (metric) a
recorded and interpreted to reveal geological time proportional sample n: an automatic measure of weight equal to 1,000 kilograms.
information. sample usually obtained from a pipeline and Usually spelled "tonne."
thunderhead n: see cumulonimbus. taken at regular timed intervals. tong arm n: the part of the tongs that ex-
Thyristor n: see silicon-controlled rectifier. time release n: feature built into oilfield tends behind the tong jaws, and to which the
tidal current n: the horizontal movement of inhibitors that allows them to be introduced jaws are attached. A snub line is attached to
the tide as it rises and falls and moves into production systems and their active the end of the tong arm to prevent the tong
toward and away from the shore. ingredients to be released at timed intervals. from turning too far when it is being used to
tidal wave n: any unusually high and time stratigraphic unit n: a layer of rock, make up, break out, or back up pipe.
generally destructive sea wave along a with or without facies variations, deposited
shore. Compare tsunami. during a distinct geologic time interval.
tide n: the periodic rising and falling of the Compare rock stratigraphic unit.
surface of the oceans and water bodies timing n: the relationship of all moving parts
connected with the oceans (gulfs and bays). in an engine. Each part depends on another,
tide gauge n: an instrument that measures so all parts must operate in the right relation
the height of tides. with each other as the engine turns.
tie-back string n: casing that is run from the timing gear n: see timing gear train.
top of a liner to the surface. timing gear train n: a set of gears in an
tie-down n: a device to which a guy wire or engine, driven by the crankshaft, set to drive
brace may be attached, such as the the equipment necessary for the engine's
anchoring device for the deadline of a operation. Engine equipment driven by the
hoisting-block arrangement. timing gears includes the oil pump, intake
tie-in n: a collective term for the construction and exhaust valve mechanisms, fuel
tasks bypassed by regular crews on pipe- injectors, and magnetos.
line construction. Tie-in includes welding titanium drill pipe n: drill pipe made from a
road and river crossings, valves, portions of metal alloy containing a large amount of
the pipeline left disconnected for hydrostatic titanium. Even though it is more expensive,
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tong counterbalance 215 torque recorder
rest in excess of the pressure on it when the helium is used in gas. When samples of the
torque track n: on a portable top-drive unit, fluid is not flowing. Also called stagnation water or gas taken some distance from the
the steel rail that is mounted in the derrick pressure. point of injection reveal signs of the tracer,
and to which the top drive is attached. The total S&W n: all sediment and water in a the route of the fluids can be mapped.
top drive moves up or down on the track vessel's cargo tanks, whether settled or tracer log n: a survey that uses a
and, because it is firmly joined to the track, suspended. radioactive tracer such as a gas, liquid, or
cannot turn as its drive shaft rotates the drill total water n: the sum of the dissolved, solid having a high gamma ray emission.
stem. Compare guide rails, torque tube. See entrained, and free water in the cargo or the When the material is injected into any
also top drive. parcel. portion of the wellbore, the point of
torque tube n: a large cylindrical tube toughness n: measure of steel's ability to placement or movement can be recorded by
mounted in the derrick to which a top drive is withstand a crock or flaw without fracturing. a gamma ray instrument. The tracer log is
attached and on which it can move up and It can be altered by changing chemical com- used to determine channeling or the travel of
down. Like guide rails, a torque tube position, microstructure, and heat treatment. squeezed cement behind a section of
prevents the top drive from turning when it is Also called ductility. Compare brittleness. perforated casing. Also called tracer survey.
connected to the drill stem and is rotating it. tour (pronounced "tower") n: a working shift tracer survey n: see tracer log.
Compare guide rails. See also top drive. for drilling crew or other oilfield workers. tracking n: a rare type of bit-tooth
torsion n: twisting deformation of a solid Some tours are 8 hours; the three daily tours wearoccurring when the pattern made on the
body about an axis in which lines that were are called daylight, evening (or afternoon), bot- tom of the hole by all three cones of a
initially parallel to the axis become helices. and graveyard (or morning). Often, 12-hour rock bit matches the bit-tooth pattern to such
Torsion is produced when part of the pipe tours are used, especially on offshore rigs; an extent that the bit follows the groove or
turns or twists in one direction while the they are called simply day tour and night channel of the pattern and drills ahead very
other part remains stationary or twists in the tour. tow cat n: a tractor used to tow little.
other direction. equipment up steep grades. traction motor n: a direct current electric
torsional yield strength n: the amount of tower n: 1. a vertical vessel such as an motor normally found in railway use, but
twisting force that a pipe can withstand absorber, fractionator, or still. 2. a cooling frequently adapted to power certain drilling
before twisting off. tower. rigs.
total calculated volume (TCV) n: the total town border station n: see city gate station. trailer rig n: a rig mounted on a wheeled
volume of all petroleum liquids and sediment township n: 1. the north-south lines of the and towed trailer. It has a mast, a rotary, and
and water, corrected by the appropriate rectangular survey system. 2. the square, 6 one or two engines. The rig systems are
temperature correction (Ctl) for the observed miles on each side, that is the major unit of powered by a prime mover.
temperature and API gravity, relative land in the rectangular survey scheme of trajectory n: the path of the wellbore.
density, or density to a standard temperature measurement. Compare range. trammel (tram) n: a metal rod of precise
such as 60°F or 15°C, and also corrected by township line n: a north-south line of the length used to measure distance between
the applicable pressure factor (Cpl) and rectangular survey system. two points where accessibility is limited. It is
meter factor and all free water measured at Toxic Chemical Release Form n: a report often used to mark crankshaft positions on
observed temperature and pressure. Total required under SARA (section 313) that engines.
calculated volume is equal to the gross quantifies all releases of toxic chemicals that Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) n:
standard volume plus free water volume. a facility has had throughout the year. the largest long-distance, big-inch pipe- line
total depth (TD) n: the maximum depth Currently, E&P facilities are not subject to in the non-Communist world. Stretch- ing
reached in a well. the toxic chemical release reporting approximately 800 miles (1,288 kiIometres)
total disposition n: sum of crude oil input to requirement, since it is applied only to from Deadhorse (near Prudhoe Bay) to
refineries, crude oil exports, crude oil burned manufacturers with standard industrial Valdez, Alaska, the 48-inch pipeline was
as fuel, and crude oil losses. classification codes of 20 through 39. completed in 1977 at a cost of $8 billion.
total immersion thermometer n: a toxicity n: the ability of a substance to be Today, it transports from 1 million to 2 million
thermometer that is designed for the whole poisonous if inhaled, swallowed, absorbed, barrels (159 million to 318 million litres) of oil
length of mercury column to be immersed in or introduced into the body through cuts or a day from fields on the North Slope of
liquid. An emergent stem correction has to breaks in the skin. Alaska to tank farms in Valdez.
be applied to the reading to correct for that Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) n: a transboundary pollution n: pollution that
part of the column that is above the liquid congressional act that regulates the crosses political or governmental or geo-
surface during reading. manufacture, processing, distribution in graphical boundaries.
totalizer n: a meter register that receives commerce, use, and disposal of chemical
signals from several other meters and substances.
displays or records the sum of the readings TP abbr: tubing pressure; used in drilling
from the other meters. reports.
totally enclosed motor n: a motor with no TPQ abbr: threshold planning quantity.
provision for the entrance of outside air; heat traceability n: the relation of a prover or a
must be conducted away through the frame. transducer calibration, through a step-by-
It may be fan-cooled. step process, to an instrument or group of
total observed volume (TOY) n: the total instruments calibrated and certified by a
measured volume of all petroleum liquids, national or international primary standard.
sediment and water, and free water at tracer n: a substance added to reservoir
observed temperature and pressure. fluids to permit the movements of the fluid to
total porosity n: see absolute porosity. be followed or traced. Dyes and radioactive
total pressure n: the pressure on the substances are used as tracers in
surface at which a flowing fluid is brought to underground pdfMachine
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transducer 217 trim
baguio, cordonazo, cyclone, hurricane, trunnion n: metal pins protruding from the
trim correction n: a correction applied to raina, typhoon, willy-willy. sides of a device that serve to mount the
cargo ullages when the vessel is not on an tropical depression n: a tropical cyclonic device onto another part.
even keel. Valid only when liquid completely system with wind speeds from 28 to 34 trunnion cup n: in a centrifuge, the
covers the tank bottom and is not in 'contact knots. container into which a sample is placed for
with the underside of the deck. tropical disturbance n: a tropical cyclonic centrifuging.
trip n: the operation of hoisting the drill stem system with wind speeds of up to 27 knots. trust n: a right in property held by one party
from and returning it to the wellbore. v: tropical storm n: a tropical cyclonic system for the benefit of another. The trustee holds
shortened form of "make a trip." See make a with wind speeds from 35 to 64 knots. the legal interest or title, and the beneficiary
trip, overspeed governor. tropical waves n pi: disturbances on the holds the equitable interest or title and
trip gas n: gas that enters the wellbore when intertropical convergence zone that travel receives the benefits.
the mud pump is shut down and pipe is from east to west. Low-pressure areas travel trustee n: person who holds the legal title to
being pulled from the wellbore. The gas may in tropical waves. property in trust for the benefit of another.
enter because of the reduction in bottomhole trough n: 1. in meteorology, a zone or belt With the title go specified powers and du-
pressure when the pump is shut down, of relatively low pressure. 2. in ties relating to the property.
because of swabbing, or because of both. oceanography, the lowest point of the water TSCA abbr: Toxic Substance Control Act.
trip in v: to go in the hole. surface level between crests. TSCA inventory n: a chemical inventory set
triplex pump n: a reciprocating pump with truck-mounted rig n: a well-servicing and up under the EPA that is a listing of
three pistons or plungers. workover rig that is mounted on a truck chemicals that are, or once were, used in
chassis. commerce. New chemicals that are not on
true north n: the direction of the north geo- the inventory are reviewed as produced.
graphic pole-as opposed to the north Operators and employers may not use any
magnetic pole, which is several hundred chemical that has not been listed on the
miles away, toward Hudson Bay. inventory; however, it is important to note
true power n: effective power. See that some substances are excluded from the
apparentpower. inventory because they are regulated by
true-to-gauge hole n: a hole that is the other laws or agencies.
same size as the bit that was used to drill it. TSD abbr: treatment, storage, and disposal.
trip margin n: the small amount of It is frequently referred to as a full-gauge TSP abbr: thennally stable polycrystalline.
additional mud weight carried over that hole. See thermally stable polycrystalline diamond
needed to balance formation pressure to true value n: the theoretically correct bit.
overcome the pressure-reduction effects amount. In practice, it is represented by the T -square n: a ruler with a crosspiece or
caused by swabbing when a trip out of the standard being used for comparison, such head at one end used in making parallel
hole is made. as a prover. lines.
tripod n: a device with three extensions true vapor pressure n: pressure measured tstg abbr: testing; used in drilling reports.
(legs) that is suspended over a manway or relative to zero pressure. tsunami n: a long-period wave produced by
other vertical access into a space. It sup- true vertical (TVD) n: the depth of a well a submarine earthquake or explosion. If it
ports hoisting gear and cables used to pull a measured from the surface straight down to strikes land, it can be very destructive. Also
person from a confined space. the bottom of the well. The true vertical called seismic sea wave. tube v: to run
trip out v: to come out of the hole. depth of a well may be quite different from tubing in a well.
tripping n: the operation of hoisting the drill its actual measured depth, because wells tube-and-fin spacing n: in an engine
stem out of and returning it to the wellbore. are very seldom drilled exactly vertical. radiator, the distance between the tubes
See make a trip. through which coolant flows and the fins on
trio rod n: the stem on the end of a core the tubes that radiate heat into the air. The
thief that can be bumped or tapped to close manufacturer must put enough tubes and
and thus catch a sample in the thief. fins on the radiator to adequately cool the
trip tank n: a small mud tank with a capacity engine on which the radiator will be
of 10 to 15 barrels (1,590 to 2,385 litres), mounted, yet not so many that some tubes
usually with 1-barrel or ½ barrel (159-litre or block the flow of air across other tubes.
79.5-litre) divisions, used to ascertain the tube bundle n: the inner piping of a con-
amount of mud necessary to keep the denser, heat exchanger, or indirect heater
wellbore full with the exact amount of mud typically consisting of a pipe that is bent
that is displaced by drill pipe. When the bit several times and placed inside the shell of
comes out of the hole, a volume of mud a tank.
equal to that which the drill pipe occupied tube sample n: a liquid sample obtained
while in the hole must be pumped into the with a sampling tube or special thief, as
hole to replace the pipe. When the bit goes either a core sample or a spot sample from a
back in the hole, the drill pipe displaces a specified point in the tank or container.
certain amount of mud, and a trip tank can true volume n: the volume of fluid flowing
be used again to keep track of this volume. through a meter, including adjustments for
tritium n: an isotope of hydrogen with three meter factor, temperature, density, pressure,
atoms of three times the mass of ordinary etc. Compare observed volumes.
truncate v: 1. to cut the top or end from. 2.
hydrogen atoms, designated 1H3.
tropical cyclone n: a tropical cyclonic storm to terminate abruptly.
with wind speeds of 65 knots or greater. See trunk line n: pdfMachine
a main line.
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tube sheet 219 turbine meter
bring formation fluids to the surface. This tundra n: the treeless plain characteristic of
tube sheet n: a metal plate through which type of completion has its best application in much of the Arctic. Although the tundra
the tubes in the tube bundles are placed for low-pressure, dry-gas reservoirs. remains frozen for much of the year, it is
support, effecting a pressure-tight tubing movement n: changes in tubing highly sensitive to environmental
connection between the tubes and the length due to changes in pressure, disturbance, and special pipeline
heads of a condenser or heat exchanger. temperature, or drag from sucker rod construction techniques are required there.
tubing n: relatively small-diameter pipe that strokes. Also called breathing. tungsten carbide n: a fine, very hard, gray
is run into a well to serve as a conduit for the tubing pressure (TP) n: pressure on the crystalline powder, a compound of tungsten
passage of oil and gas to the surface. tubing in a well at the wellhead. and carbon. This compound is bonded with
tubing anchor n: a device that holds the tubing pump n: a sucker rod pump in which cobalt or nickel in cemented carbide
lower end of a tubing string in place by the barrel is attached to the tubing. See compositions and used for cutting tools,
means of slips, used to prevent tubing sucker rod pump. abrasives, and dies.
movement when no packer is present. tubing safety valve n: a device installed in tungsten carbide bit n: a type of roller cone
tubing broach n: a tool with three the tubing string of a producing well to shut bit with inserts made of tungsten carbide.
consistently larger spools that are used to in the flow of production if the flow exceeds Also called tungsten carbide insert bit.
enlarge tubing diameter gradually. The a preset rate. Tubing safety valves are tungsten carbide insert n: a very hard, and
tubing broach may be used either to enlarge widely used in offshore wells to prevent relatively small, cylinder made of tungsten
the diameter of obstructed tubing or to cut pollution if the wellhead fails for any reason. carbide bonded with nickel or cobalt. One
paraffin or other substances that may be Also called subsurface safety valve. end of the insert is rounded or tapered; the
inside the tubing. tubing seal assembly n: a device encircled other end is truncated (cut oft) and inserted
tubing-conveyed perforator n: a with rubber rings and made up on tubing to into a bit cone. The round or tapered end
perforating gun that is lowered into the well fit into a seal-bore packer. contacts the formation and drills it. Several
on the tubing string. See also perforate. tubing slips n pI: slips designed specifically inserts make up the cutters on a tungsten
tubing coupling n: a special connector to be used with tubing. carbide insert bit.
used to connect lengths of tubing. tubing spider n: a device used with slips to tungsten carbide insert bit n: see tungsten
tubing elevators n pi: a clamping apparatus prevent tubing from falling into the hole carbide bit.
used to pull tubing. The elevators latch onto when a joint of pipe is being unscrewed and tunnel v: in pipeline construction, to
the pipe just below the top collar. The racked. tubing sub n: any type of sub used in penetrate or pierce manually. Compare
elevators are attached to the hook by steel the tubing string. See sub. bore.
links or bails. tubing tester n: a valve operated by tubing turbidite n: a characteristic sedimentary
tubing end locator n: a tool containing a rotation that is used to shut off formation deposit of the continental rise, formed by a
spring-loaded finger, or dog, that pops out pressure above a packer, thus testing all turbidity current and composed of clay, silt,
when the tool reaches the bottom end of the connections from the packer to the tree. and gravel with the clay on top. See turbidity
tubing string. The extended dog prevents the tubing test string n: a string of tubing run in a current.
tool from being raised back into the tubing, well for a production test in which a well test turbidity current n: a dense mass of
thus indicating to an operator on the surface surface package is used. A tubing test string sediment-laden water that flows down the
that the bottom of the tubing has been is similar to a normal tubing string except continental slope, typically through a sub-
reached. The tool is removed from the that it may contain special valves and other marine canyon. It carries clay, silt, and
tubing by jarring upward with enough force tools needed for the well test. gravel quickly and turbulently downslope in a
to shear a brass pin and allow the dog to tubing tongs n pI: large wrenches used to narrow tongue. When it reaches the more
rotate downward and into a slot in the body break out and make up tubing. They may be gradual slope of the continental rise, its
of the tubing end locator. operated manually, hydraulically, or energy is dissipated rapidly by friction, and
tubing gauge n: a tool designed to cut away pneumatically. the sediments settle out, largest particles
scale, calcium, small deposits of paraffin, tubing work string n: see work string. first, to form a thick graded bed called a
and other debris in an obstructed length of tubular goods n pI: any kind of pipe. Oil- turbidite.
tubing. The tool is also used to measure, or field tubular goods include tubing, casing, turbine n: a bladed rotor flowmeter
gauge, the internal diameter of tubing. drill pipe, and line pipe. Also called tubulars. component that turns at a speed that is
tubing hanger n: an arrangement of slips proportional to the mean velocity of the
and packing rings used to suspend tubing stream and therefore to the volume rate of
from a tubing head. flow.
tubing head n: a flanged fitting that sup- turbine fuel n: a fuel oil similar to diesel fuel
ports the tubing string, seals off pressure that a turbine compressor bums. Some
between the casing and the outside of the turbines do not require fuel as high in quality
tubing, and provides a connection that sup- as a reciprocating engine, such as a diesel
ports the Christmas tree. engine.
tubing head swivel n: a special pipe sub
made up at the upper end of the tubing test
string to allow tubing to rotate during a well tubular heater n: a pipeline heating device
test. consisting of a resistance wire surrounded
tubing job n: the act of pulling tubing out of by an insulating material such as
and running it back into a well. magnesium oxide and contained in a metal
tubingless completion n: a method of tube.
producing a well in which only production tubulars n pi: shortened form of tubular
casing is set through the pay zone, with no goods.
tubing or inner production string used to tugger n: seepdfMachine
hoisting engine.
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turbine meter 220 typhoon
MS 634 Arlington Square, 1849 C Street oiled birds, and administers federal aid
Underground Injection Practices Council NW; Washington, DC 20240; (703) 358- programs. Address: MS 634 Arlington
(UlPC) n: a committee of state regulators, 1714. Square, 1849 C Street NW; Washington, DC
Environmental Protection Agency personnel, United States Geological Survey (USGS) 20240; (703) 358-1714.
and industry representatives that works with uniform petroleum product n: product in United States Geological Survey (USGS)
the EPA in the formulation of new which spot samples from top, upper, middle, n: a federal agency within the Department of
regulations. lower, and outlet agree within the precision the Interior established in 1879 to conduct
underground sources of drinking water of the laboratory tests. Similarly, in pipe- line investigations of the geological structure,
(USDW) n pI: fresh water sources located transfers, spot samples taken at 1, 20, 50, mineral resources, and products of the
under the surface that are suitable for use as 80, and 99 percent of the total volume agree United States. Its activities include
drinking water supplies. within the precision of the laboratory tests. assessing onshore and offshore mineral
underground storage area n: salt domes, union n: a coupling device that allows pipes resources; providing information that allows
depleted gas fields, or other suitable under- to be connected without being rotated. The society to mitigate the impact of floods,
ground formations located in a company's mating surfaces are pulled together by a earthquakes, landslides, volcanoes, and
major market areas into which gas is flanged, threaded collar on the union. droughts; monitoring the nation's
injected during low-demand summer months unit n: 1. a piece or several pieces of groundwater and surface water supplies and
and from which it is withdrawn during high- equipment performing a complete function people's impact thereon; and providing
demand winter months. May be 20 to 30 feet (such as a beam pumping unit). 2. the mapped information on the nation's
(6 to 9 metres) thick and can cover many joining of all or substantially all interests in a landscape and land use. Address: 12201
square miles. reservoir or field, rather than a single tract, Sunrise Valley Drive; Reston, VA 20192;
underground waste n: recoverable to provide for development and operation (703) 648-4000.
reserves lost as a result of damage to the without regard to separate property unitization n: the combining of leased tracts
reservoir. interests. 3. the area covered by a on a fieldwide or reservoirwide scale so that
underream v: to enlarge the wellbore below Unitization Agreement. many tracts may be treated as one to
the casing. United States Army Corps of Engineers n: facilitate operations like secondary recovery.
underreamer n: a device used to under- a federal agency involved in platform design. Compare pooling.
ream. See underream. It also works to solve navigation problems. unit of measurement n: the value of a
underregistration n: the amount by which Address: 20 Massachusetts Avenue NW; quantity conventionally accepted as having a
the indicated volume registered by a meter Washington, DC 20314; (202) 761-0660. numerical value of 1. The unit of
is less than the actual volume that has United States Coast Guard (USCG) n: an measurement of a quantity is fixed in order
passed through the meter. Determined by agency of the United States Department of to make quantitative comparison possible
means of a suitable standard device. Transportation that establishes regulations between different values of this same
Compare overregistration. for offshore vessels and approves standards quantity.
undertravel n: a phenomenon that occurs for plan approval, construction, operation, unit operator n: the oil company in charge
when the polished rod of a sucker rod pump and inspection of the hull, machinery, of development and production in an oilfield
is too short to allow the pump's plunger to electric systems, industrial systems, and in which several companies have joined to
travel the full length of its stroke. safety and lifesaving equipment of mobile produce the field. Also called crew chief, rig
undivided agreement n: type of operating offshore drilling units. The agency conducts operator.
agreement that fixes the sharing of costs rig stability tests, awards the original units of volume n pi: the usual units of
and benefits for the life of the unit. certification of the rig, and conducts annual volume for petroleum measurement are the
undivided interest n: a fractional interest in inspections. It also establishes manning and cubic metre, litre, imperial gallon, US gallon,
minerals that, when conveyed, gives the personnel licensing requirements and or the barrel (42 US gallons, or 159Iitres).
new owner that fractional interest in the investigates casualties. Address: 2100 univalent n: monovalent. See valence.
described tract. For example, a one-quarter Second Street SW; Washington, DC 20593; universal constant n: in an ideal gas, a
undivided interest in an 80-acre (32-hectare) (202) 267-2229 or (202) 366-4000. number equal to the pressure of the gas
tract amounts to a one-quarter interest in the United States Code n: a series of volumes times its molar volume divided by its
entire 80 acres, or 20 net undivided mineral that is a published compilation of all the laws temperature. See molar volume, mole.
acres (8 hectares). Compare divided passed by Congress. "unless" clause n: see drilling and delay
interest. United States Fish and Wildlife Service rental clause.
unfocused log n: see conventional electric (USFWS) n: a federal service that oversees unloader n: see circulation valve. unloading
log. commercial fishing investigations, fishing a well n: removing fluid from the tubing in a
uniformitarianism n: the geologic principle research, fishing statistics, sport fishing, and well, often by means of a swab, to lower the
that the processes that are at work today on other areas related to the fishing industry. It bottomhole pressure in the wellbore at the
the earth are the same as, or very similar to, also conducts wildlife research, enforces perforations and induce the well to flow.
the processes that affected the earth in the federal statutes and regulations applying to unloading sub n: a special circulation valve
past. The principle was formulated in 1785 migratory birds, maintains the official list of that provides a way of equalizing tubing and
by James Hutton, a Scottish geologist. It threatened or endangered species, acquires annulus pressure. See also circulation valve.
became an accepted doctrine with the habitats for threatened or endangered unproven area n: a wildcat area.
publication in 1830 of English geologist species, operates the national refuge
Charles Lyell's book Principles of Geology. system, manages predator and rodent
Also called gradualism. Compare control work, evaluates the impact of
catastrophism. offshore development on fish and wildlife,
spills, coordinates individual and state efforts develops programs to protect fish and
to rescue and rehabilitate oiled birds, and wildlife from oil spill, coordinates individual
administers federal aid programs. Address: pdfMachine
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unsaturated hydrocarbon 223 U-tubing
volume meter n: see positive-displacement vortices n pi: rotational-flow zones that form
vibration error n: the maximum change in meter. on alternate sides of a nonstrearnlined body
operating output, at any measured value volumeter n: see positive-displacement placed in a high-velocity flowing stream.
within a specific range, when vibration levels meter. VRU abbr: vapor recovery unit.
of specified amplitude and range or volumetric correction n: an equation that VSM abbr: vertical support member.
frequencies are applied to the transducer can be used to make calculating the vug n: 1. a cavity in a rock. 2. a small
along specified axes. maximum amount of casing pressure to cavern, larger than a pore but too small to
vintage n: used to indicate the period during expect when a gas kick is circulated out of a contain a person. Typically found in
which a gas sales contract was made or the shut- in well more accurately reflect reality. limestone subject to groundwater leaching.
well spud date. volumetric efficiency n: 1. actual volume of vuggy formation n: a rock formation that
visbreaking n: viscosity breaking, i.e., fluid put out by a pump, divided by the contains openings (vugs). See vug.
economically reducing the viscosity of the volume displaced by a piston or pistons (or vuggy porosity n: secondary rock porosity
light end of a heavy fraction. other device) in the pump. Volumetric formed by the dissolving of the more soluble
viscometer n: a device used to determine efficiency is usually expressed as a portions of a rock in waters containing
the viscosity of a substance. Also called a percentage. For example, if the pump carbonic or other acids.
viscosimeter. pistons displace 300 cubic inches (4,916 vugular formation n: see vuggy formation.
viscosimeter n: see viscometer. cubic centimetres), but the pump puts out volcanology n: see volcanology.
viscosity n: a measure of the resistance of only 291 cubic inches (4,769 cubic
a fluid to flow. Resistance is brought about centimteres) per stroke, then the volumetric
by the internal friction resulting from the efficiency of the pump is 97%. 2. for
combined effects of cohesion and adhesion. compressors, the ratio of the volume of gas
The viscosity of petroleum products is actually delivered, corrected to suction
commonly expressed in terms of the time temperature and pressure, to the piston
required for a specific volume of the liquid to displacement.
flow through a capillary tube of a specific volumetric method n: a method of well
size at a given temperature. control in which bottomhole pressure is kept
viscosity index n: an index used to constant when circulation is not possible and
establish the tendency of an oil to become gas is migrating up the hole. Bottom- hole
less viscous at increasing temperatures. pressure is maintained slightly higher than
Reference oils are a highly paraffinic formation pressure while the gas is allowed
Pennsylvania oil, rated 100, and a Gulf to expand in a controlled manner as it
Coast naphthenic oil, rated O. moves to the surface.
viscous adj: having a high resistance to voluntary pooling n: pooling of leased
flow. tracts willingly undertaken by all the parties
viscous flow n: see laminar flow. involved, both working interest owners and
viton n: a fluoroelastomer used in the seals royalty owners.
installed in equipment exposed to HzS. See voluntary standard n: standards
also fluoroelastomer. established generally by private sector
vitriolic acid n: see sulfitric acid. bodies for use by any person or
VLCC abbr: very large crude carrier. organization. Includes what are commonly
VOC abbr: volatile organic compound. referred to as industry standards and
voids n pi: cavities in a rock that do not consensus standards, but does not include
contain solid material but may contain fluids. professional standards of personal conduct,
volatile adj: readily vaporized. institutional codes of ethics, private
volatile light ends n pi: those hydrocarbons standards of individual firms, or standards
that are readily vaporized. mandated by law.
volatile organic compound n: a readily voluntary unitization n: unitization that is
vaporized compound composed of carbon- accomplished with the willing cooperation of
containing molecules derived from living the affected parties, both working interest
organisms. owners and royalty owners.
volatility n: the tendency of a liquid to vortex n: 1. a whirling mass, e.g., a whirl-
assume the gaseous state. pool. 2. in gas and liquid measurement, a
volcanology n: the scientific study of rotational-flow zone that forms on alternate
volcanoes and volcanic phenomena. Also sides of a non-streamlined body placed in a
called vulcanology. high-velocity flowing stream.
volt n: the unit of electric potential, voltage, vortex eliminator n: see swirl pipe.
or electromotive force in the metric system. vortex finder n: the short pipe in a cone-
voltage n: potential difference or electro- shaped separator that extends down into the
motive force, measured in volts. cone body from the top and that forces the
voltaic cell n: see primary cell. whirling stream of material to start down-
voltmeter n: an instrument used to mea- ward toward the small end of the cone body.
sure, in volts, the difference of potential in an vortex shedding meter n: an instrument for
electrical circuit. detecting vortices induced in a fluid stream
volume flow rate n: the amount, or quantity, by a baffle in the fluid stream to measure
of a fluid that passes a point for a given time. instantaneouspdfMachine
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W sym: watt. members, and lines in the compartments of
WACOG abbr: weighted average cost of a vessel during the unloading operation. 2.
gas. the use of a high-pressure water stream to
wagon-wheel heater n: in pipeline dislodge clingage and sediment from the
construction, a multiheaded circular propane bulkheads, bottoms, and internal structures
torch that is manually rotated inside the end of a vessel's cargo tanks.
of a pipe for preheating. wash oil n: see absorption oil.
wait-and-weight method n: a well-killing washout n: 1. excessive wellbore
method in which the well is shut in and the enlargement caused by solvent and
mud weight is raised the amount required to erosional action of the drilling fluid. 2. a fluid-
kill the well. The heavy mud is then cut opening caused by fluid leakage.
circulated into the well while the kick fluids wash over v: to release pipe that is stuck in
are circulated out. So called because one the hole by running washover pipe. The
shuts the well in and waits for the mud to be washover pipe must have an outside
weighted before circulation begins. diameter small enough to fit into the
waiting on cement (WOC) adj: pertaining to War Embergency Pipelines (WEP) n: a borehole but an inside diameter large
the time when drilling or completion government financed, nonprofit corporation enough to fit over the outside diameter of the
operations are suspended so that the of eleven oil and pipeline companies stuck pipe.
cement in a well can harden sufficiently. established during World War II to build A rotary shoe, which cuts away the
waiting on weather (WOW) adj: pertaining desperately needed pipelines such as Big formation, mud, or whatever is sticking the
to the time when drilling or other operations Inch and Little Big Inch. pipe, is made up on the bottom joint of the
are suspended because of bad weather. warm a connection v: see heat a washover pipe, and the assembly is lowered
walking beam n: the horizontal steel connection. into the hole. Rotation of the assembly frees
member of a beam pumping unit that has warm front n: a front that is formed when the stuck pipe. Several washovers may have
rocking or reciprocating motion. warm air replaces cold air as the cold air to be made if the stuck portion is very long.
retreats. washover n: the operation during which
warranty clause n: the clause in an oil and stuck drill stem or tubing is freed using
gas lease that assures title to the leased washover pipe.
property by an express covenant to the washover assembly n: see washover pipe.
effect. washover back-off connector n: a fishing tool
warranty deed n: a deed in which the that is made up in a length of washover pipe
grantor stipulates by express covenant that connected to the top of the fish once the
the title to property is as it is represented to washover is completed, and then backed off
be and that the grantee's possession shall the fish, thus enabling the washed-over part
be undisturbed. Defects in title may include of the fish to be retrieved. The tool permits
those that may have existed before the washover, back-off, and pulling to be carried
wall cake n: also called filter cake or mud
grantor obtained the title as well as any that out in one round trip.
cake. See filter cake.
have arisen during his or her ownership. washover pipe n: an accessory used in
wall hook n: a device used in fishing for drill
Warrington strand n: a wire-rope strand fishing operations to go over the outside of
pipe. If the upper end of the lost pipe is
design that consists of a single, central wire tubing or drill pipe stuck in the hole because
leaning against the side of the wellbore, the
surrounded by two outer layers of several of cuttings, mud, and so forth, that have
wall hook centers it in the hole so that it may
wires. The wires in the inner layer are the collected in the annulus. The washover pipe
be recovered with an overshot, which is run
same diameter as the inner wire. The wires cleans the annular space and permits
on the fishing string and attached to the wall
in the outer layer are of two diameters, one recovery of the pipe. It is sometimes called
hook.
smaller wire laying adjacent to one larger washpipe.
wall-hook guide n: see wall hook.
wire. A typical Warrington strand ahs 19 washover shoe n: see burn shoe.
wall-hook packer n: see hook-wall packer.
wires: 1 central wire, 6 inner wires, and 12
wall sticking n: see differential sticking.
outer wires, 6 of which are smaller in
wall-stuck pipe n: see differential sticking.
diameter than the other 6.
wandering n: the tendency of the drill bit to
wash n: a thin fluid that separates drilling
deviate horizontally parallel to titled strata.
mud from cement when cement is pumped
downhole. A wash also removes mud from
the walls of the hole by both turbulent and
surfactant action.
washing n: 1. the high-pressure spraying of
the crude oil cargo to dislodge or dissolve
clingage and pdfMachine
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washover string 228 water-producing interval
water bottom n: water accumulated at (or affords a ready means of measuring the
washover string n: the assembly of tools sometimes added to) the bottom of the oil in depth of water in a tank. Also called a water-
run into the hole during fishing to perform a a storage tank. finding rule.
wash- over. A typical wash- over string water-cement ratio n: the ratio of water to water-finding paper n: a strip of paper
consists of a washover back-off connector, cement in a slurry. It is expressed as a per- coated with a chemical substance that
several joints of washover pipe, and a rotary centage, indicating the number of pounds of changes color on immersion in water. When
shoe. water needed to mix 100 pounds (45.32 fastened to a water finder, it indicates the
kilograms) of cement. depth of free water in a container.
water coning n: the upward encroachment water-finding paste n: a paste containing a
of water into a well caused by pressure chemical that changes color in contact with
drawdown from production. water. When applied to a water finder, it
watercourse n: a hole inside a bit through indicates the level of free water in a
which drilling fluid from the drill stem is container. water-finding rule n: see water
directed. finder.
water cushion (W/C) n: water put into an waterflooding n: a method of improved
empty string of pipe in a wellbore to prevent recovery in which water is injected into a
the pipe from being crushed by pressure in reservoir to remove additional quantities of
the annulus. oil that have been left behind after primary
water cut n: the percentage of water in fluid recovery. Waterflooding usually involves the
produced from a well. v: to locate the oil- injection of water through wells specially set
water interface and use the location to up for water injection and the removal of
measure the volumes of oil and water in a water and oil from production wells drilled
shore tank or ship compartment. adjacent to the injection wells.
watercut index n: a measure of the amount waterflood kick n: the first indication of
of water in oil being produced by a well. increased oil production as the result of a
water-cut measurement n: I. using the waterflood project.
location of the oil-water interface to water hammer n: a pressure concussion
determine the volume of free water in a caused by suddenly stopping the flow of
shore tank or vessel compartment. 2. the liquids in a closed container.
line of demarcation of the oil-water interface. water injection pump n: pump used in
washpipe packing n: layers of dense water-cut paste n: a material that changes waterflooding or in water disposal. In
flexible material that is stacked around the color (usually to red) in water. The use of waterflooding, the pump injects water into a
swivel's washpipe and the swivel's interior water-cut paste is one method by which the well drilled in one part of a reservoir to force
body seal. It helps seal between the static level of water in the bottom of an oil storage oil to a production well. In water disposal,
washpipe and the turning swivel body to tank can be determined. The paste is the pump injects water produced from a well
ensure that high-pressure drilling mud flows applied to a plumb bob, which is lowered to into a reservoir for disposal.
through the swivel's stem and into the kelly. the bottom of the tank and then retrieved. water injection well n: a well into which
washpipe n: a short length of surface- The water level is then measured off the bob water is pumped to dispose of the water or
hardened pipe that fits inside the swivel and by noting the depth of the red portion. to recover oil in a waterflood.
serves as a conduit for drilling fluid through water dip n: the depth of free water in a water-in-oil emulsion n: see invert-
the swivel. container over and above the dip plate. emulsion mud.
wash tank n: a tank containing heated water water distillation unit n: equipment used water jacket n: in the cooling system, a
through which crude-oil emulsion is forced to mostly on offshore or desert locations to passageway inside the rim for circulating
flow to remove water from the crude. Also convert salt water to potable fresh water. water.
called a gun barrel. water drive n: the reservoir drive water leg n: see water outlet.
waste minimization n: the practice of mechanism in which oil is produced by the water loss n: see fluid loss.
reducing the amount of waste generated expansion of the underlying water and rock, water maker n: see water distillation unit.
from a site through recycling programs and which forces the oil into the well bore. In water outlet n: the part of a gun barrel that
the use of non-hazardous chemical general, there are two types of water drive: provides an outlet for the water that has
substitutes for hazardous chemicals. bottom-water drive, in which the oil is to- separated from an emulsion and that
water and sediment sample n: in tank tally underlain by water; and edgewater regulates the amount of water held in the
sampling, a sample obtained with a thief to drive, in which only a portion of the oil is in gun barrel.
determine the amount of material at the contact with the water. water pollutant n: dredged spoil, solid
bottom of the tank that cannot be sold. water drive field n: an oilfield in which the waste, incinerator residue, filter backwash,
water-back v: 1. to reduce the weight or primary reservoir drive mechanism is water. sewage, garbage, sewage sludge,
density of a drilling mud by adding water. 2. watered-out adj: of a well, producing mostly munitions, chemical wastes, biological
to reduce the solids content of a mud by water ("gone to water"). materials, radioactive materials, heat,
adding water. water encroachment n: the movement of wrecked or discarded equipment, rock,
water-base mud n: a drilling mud in which water into a producing formation as sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal,
the continuous phase is water. In water-base production depletes the formation of oil and and agricultural waste discharged into water.
muds, any additives are dispersed in the gas. water-producing interval n: the portion of
water. Compare oil-base mud. water finder n: a graduated rod, usually of an oil or gas reservoir from which water or
water block n: a reduction in the metal, to which water-finding paper or paste mainly water is produced.
permeability of a formation caused by the can be applied. This paste or paper
invasion of water into the pores. discolors on pdfMachine
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water pump 229 weigh tank
wet job n: said of a job in which tubing is from the original borehole at a slight angle.
well spacing n: the regulation of the number pulled full of oil or water. Whipstocks are sometimes used in
and location of wells over an oil or gas wetlands n pi: land or areas containing controlled directional drilling, in straightening
reservoir as a conservation measure. much soil moisture. Wetland areas include crooked boreholes, and in sidetracking to
Compare well density. areas that support vegetation typically found avoid unretrieved fish.
well stimulation n: any of several in saturated soils; that are saturated,
operations used to increase the production flooded, or ponded enough during the
of a well, such as acidizing or fracturing. See growing season to result in an absence of
acidize, formation fracturing. oxygen in their upper parts; or that are
well stream n: see well fluid. subject to wetland hydrology, which results
well surveying n: see well logging. in saturated soil conditions on at least a
well test n: a test performed on a well to seasonal basis.
determine its production characteristics. wet monsoon n: a summer monsoon that
well test report n: the detailed results of a exhibits heavy rainfall.
well test that present all test data, the wet natural gas n: a well stream containing
calculations drawn from the data, and mostly natural gas but with enough heavier
conclusions pertaining to the well's hydrocarbons in it that it liquefies at surface
production potential. temperature and pressure.
well test surface package n: in well testing, wet oil n: an oil that contains water, either
an assembly of equipment that is attached to as an emulsion or as free water.
the wellhead of the well to be tested. The wet suit n: a diving suit, usually made of
main component of a well test surface neoprene material, designed to provide
package is an oil and gas separator. thermal insulation for a diver's body. A small
well velocity survey n: measures the time amount of water enters the suit, is warmed
needed for a sound pulse generated at the by body heat, and protects divers for a short
whipstock anchor packer n: a special
surface to reach successive selected depths time.
purpose packer placed in the casing to
in the borehole. Used to correct problems in wettability n: the relative affinity between
permit a sidetrack operation.
downhole acoustic logs caused by filtrate individual grains of rock and each fluid that
whirling n: see bit whirl.
invasion of the formation and borehole is present in the spaces between the grains.
whitecap n: a wave with a white, foamy top.
irregularities. Also used to calibrate depths If oil and water are both present, the water is
whole mud n: all the components of the
on seismic sections. usually in contact with the surface of each
drilling mud, including reactive and
WEP abbr: War Emergency Pipelines. grain, and the rock is called water-wet. If,
nonreactive solids and the liquid phase
West Texas intermediate n: crude oil however, the oil contacts the surface, the
(filtrate).
produced from the Pennian Basin of West rock is called oil-wet.
wickered adj: of or having wickers. Also
Texas and eastern New Mexico. Its gravity wetting n: the adhesion of a liquid to the
called birdcaged.
falls between light and heavy crude oil. It is a surface of a solid.
wickers n pl: broken or frayed strands of the
"benchmark" crude in that its price is often wetting agent n: see surfactant.
steel wire that makes up the outer wrapping
quoted as a measure of general crude oil wetting phase n: the liquid in a two-liquid
of wire rope.
prices. system that is attracted to the sides of the
wet air cleaner n: see oil-bath air cleanel: pore. See nonwetting phase.
wet boring n: in pipeline construction, a wet welding n: underwater welding per-
boring technique similar to slick boring that formed without the use of a protective
is used for small-diameter pipe such as habitat.
natural gas distribution lines. Water is the wh abbr: white; used in drilling reports.
lubricant. Compare slick boring. wheel ditcher n: a ditching machine for
wet-bottom prover n: an open tank prover pipeline construction that has a large, rapidly wide-line chart n: an orifice chart where the
with a gauge glass on the bottom of the rotating set of toothed scoops that lift dirt out differential and static pressure record- ings
prover. Compare dry-bottom prover. of the ditch and feed it onto a conveyor indicate a wide range of pressure readings.
wet box n: see mud box. mounted on the side of the machine. The wildcat n: 1. a well drilled in an area where
wet cell n: a primary cell in which the wheel ditcher is used almost exclusively for no oil or gas production exists. 2. (nautical)
electrolyte is a dilute acid. ditching operations in stable soil. the geared sheave of a windlass used to pull
wet combustion n: the simultaneous or wheel-type back-off wrench n: a wheel- anchor chain. v: to drill wildcat wells.
alternate injection of water and air into a shaped wrench that is attached to the sucker wildcatter n: one who drills wildcat wells.
formation during an in situ combustion rod string at the surface and is manually
operation. The water reduces heat loss by turned to unscrew the string to allow it to be
transmitting heat that would otherwise be left pulled from the well. Also called a back- off
behind in the formation, reduces the amount wheel or a circle wrench.
of required air, and increases the rate of whelp n: (nautical) a sprocket tooth in a
advance of the fire flood. Also called wildcat.
COFCAW (combination of forward whip a connection v: see heat a
combustion and waterflooding). Compare connection.
dry combustion. whipping n: oscillation along the
wet gas n: 1. a gas containing water, or a longitudinal axis of the drill stem.
gas that has not been dehydrated. 2. a rich whipstock n: a long steel casing that uses
gas. pdfMachine
an inclined plane to cause the bit to deflect
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wild well 232 wireline spear
wiper n: a circular rubber device with a split the hole, so they are very useful in formation
wild well n: a well that has blown out of in its side that is put around drill pipe to wipe testing.
control and from which oil, water, or gas is or clean drilling mud off the outside of the wireline grab n: a tool used to fish broken
escaping with great force to the surface. pipe as the pipe is pulled from the hole. wireline out of tubing. Two or three barbed
Also called a gusher. wiper plug n: a rubber-bodied, plastic- or prongs extend along the inside of the U-
willy-willy n: a tropical cyclone in Australia. aluminum-cored device used to separate shaped housing. Wireline becomes caught
winch n: a machine that pulls or hoists by cement and drilling fluid as they are being on these prongs and can be retrieved.
winding a cable around a Spool. pumped down the inside of the casing during wireline log n: any log that is run on
windbreak n: something that breaks the cementing operations. A wiper plug also wireline.
force of the wind. For example, canvas removes drilling mud that adheres to the wireline logging n: see well logging.
windbreaks installed around the outside of inside of the casing. wireline operations n pi: the lowering of
the rig floor on a drilling or workover rig mechanical tools, such as valves and fishing
afford the crew protection from strong, cold tools, into the well for various purposes.
winds. Sometimes called a prefab. Electric wireline operations, such as electric
windfall profit tax n: a federal excise tax on well logging and perforating, involve the use
crude oil. It has a different rate for oil in a of conductor line, which in the oil patch is
number of categories, for example, newly commonly but erroneously called wireline.
discovered oil, stripper oil, and stripper oil wireline preventer n: a manually operated
produced by independents. The tax rate is ram preventer especially adapted for closure
determined as a percentage-for instance, at around a wireline.
25%---of the difference between a base wireline probe n: a diagnostic tool used to
price and a market price. There are a variety ascertain the position of a gas leak in the
of exceptions and exemptions; interested tubing of a gas-lift well.
parties should query the IRS or a tax wireline service n: a general term used to
accountant. refer to any servicing operation using a
wireline n: a slender, rodlike or threadlike
wind girder n: see wind ring. wireline.
piece of metal usually small in diameter, that
wind guy line n: the wireline attached to wireline socket n: the connection used to
is used for lowering special tools (such as
ground anchors to provide lateral support for attach wireline to the tool string. The wireline
logging sondes, perforating guns, and so
a mast or derrick. Compare load guy line. socket contains a rotating disk to allow the
forth) into the well. Compare wire rope.
winding n: a set of conductors installed to tool string to swivel horizontally and a small
wireline blowout preventer n: a device
form the current-carrying element of a spring to cushion the line and to prevent the
containing a valve that closes around the
dynamo or a stationary transformer. line from breaking during heavy operations.
wireline to shut in the well if high pressure
windlass n: a device on an anchor-handling See wire line tool string.
threatens a blowout. Also called a wireline
boat that propels the anchor chain to and wireline spear n: a special fishing tool fitted
valve.
from a chain locker, where it is stored. with prongs to catch and recover wireline
wireline core barrel n: see core barrel.
wind-load rating n: a specification used to that has broken off and been left in a well.
wireline coring n: a coring method in which
indicate the resistance of a derrick to the
a core barrel assembly is lowered through
force of wind. The wind-load rating is
the drill pipe on wireline without tripping out
calculated according to API specifications.
the drill pipe. After the core is drilled, the
Typical wind resistance in derricks is 75
core and the core barrel are retrieved by an
miles per hour with pipe standing in the
overshot assembly.
derrick and 115 miles per hour or higher
wireline cutting tool n: a device usually run
without.
on a solid wireline to cut another wireline
window n: 1. a slotted opening or a full
stuck in a well.
section removed in the pipe lining (casing) of
wireline electric log n: see electric logging.
a well, usually made to permit sidetracking.
wireline entry guide n: a flared-end sub run
2. a period during which an operation or
on the end of the tubing string to permit easy
action can be carried out, such as the drilling
access of wireline tools into the tubing ID.
window that occurs in offshore Arctic areas
wireline feeler n: a tool used to gouge and
in summer or winter.
clean junk and debris from the casing in
wind ring n: a horizontal stiffening and
conjunction with a junk catcher.
structural member installed near the top of a
wireline formation tester n: a formation
floating-roof tank to reinforce the tank wall
fluid sampling device, actually run on
against wind pressure. Also called a wind
conductor line rather than wireline, that also
girder.
logs flow and shut-in pressure in rock near
wind rose n: a diagram that plots wind
the borehole. A spring mechanism holds a
direction and speed at a particular location.
pad finnly against the sidewall while a piston
windward n: (nautical) upwind, i.e., the
creates a vacuum in a test chamber.
direction from which the wind is blowing.
Formation fluids enter the test chamber
wind waves n pi: short-period waves formed
through a valve in the pad. A recorder logs
by the contact of wind on the ocean surface.
the rate at which the test chamber is filled.
wing n: a horizontal pipe that exits from one
Fluids may also be drawn to fill a sampling
or two sides of a Christmas tree.
chamber. Wireline formation tests may be
wing valve n: a valve on the wing of a
done any number of times during one trip in
Christmas tree. See also wing. pdfMachine
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wireline stuffing box and lubricator 233 workover rig
consists of a U-shaped bolt that is fastened the working barrel opens, fluid above the
wireline stuffing box and lubricator n: a to the wire rope with a saddle-shaped base. traveling valve is lifted out of the well, and a
stuffing box and lubricator used with wireline Two nuts on the base thread onto the U-bolt new charge is drawn into the pump. On the
during a bottomhole pressure test. See to secure the clamp to the rope. downstroke, the traveling valve opens, the
stuffing box. standing valve closes, and the fluid is forced
wireline survey n: a general tenn often from the working barrel through the travel-
used to refer to any type of log being run in a ing valve in the plunger and into the tubing.
well. Repeated strokes bring the fluid to the
wireline tools n pi: special tools or surface.
equipment made to be lowered into and working gas n: the volume of gas in an
retrieved from the well on a wireline, e.g., underground storage reservoir above the
packers, swabs, gas-lift valves, measuring designed level of the base. It mayor may not
devices. be completely withdrawn during any
wireline tool string n: the string of tools and particular withdrawal season.
equipment that is attached to conductive or working interest n: the interest in oil or gas
Depending on the diameter of the wire
nonconductive wireline and lowered that includes responsibility for all drilling,
rope, which determines the amount of rope
downhole to perfonn wireline operations. developing, and operating costs. Also called
wireline truck n: a service vehicle or unit on that is looped back on itself to secure the
leasehold interest, operating interest.
rope to the tongs or other device, clamps working-interest oil n: see net production,
which the spool of wireline is mounted for
use in downhole wireline work. can vary in number from one to three.
working interest.
wireline valve n: see wireline blowout wire rope drilling line n: see drilling line. working pressure n: the maximum
preventer. wire rope grip n: a special clamp that pressure at which an item is to be used at a
wireline well logging n: the recording of temporarily joins the end of two lengths of specified temperature.
subsurface characteristics by wire line wire rope. See also swivel-type stringing working standard n: a standard that is
(actually conductor line) tools. Wireline well grip. calibrated against a reference standard and
logs include acoustic logs, caliper logs, wire-wrapped screen n: a relatively short is intended to verify working measuring
radioactivity logs, and resistivity logs. length of pipe that has openings in its sides instruments of lower accuracy. Compare pri-
wireline wiper n: a flexible rubber wiper and a specially shaped wire wrapped around mary standard, secondary standard.
used to scrape mud or oil from a wireline as the pipe. It is used in wire-wrapped screen working string n: see work string.
it is pulled from a hole. completions, usually in conjunction with a working tape n: the measuring tape used to
wireline workover n: a workover performed gravel pack. The screen and gravel pack measure all of a tank's rings after it is
with wireline lowered into the well through block out sand and allow fluids to flow into calibrated to the standard tape. See also
the tubing string. A lubricator is rigged up the well through the openings in the screen. standard tape, strapping.
over the wellhead and wireline tools are Also called a screen liner. work over v: to perform one or more of a
inserted through the lubricator under W-L; W/L abbr: wire line. variety of remedial operations on a
pressure. A variety of wireline tools is WMO abbr: World Meteorological producing oilwell to try to increase
available. Organization. production. Examples of workover
wire rope n: a cable composed of steel WOB abbr: weight on bit. operations are deepening, plugging back,
wires twisted around a central core of fiber wobble n: movement between the mating pulling and resetting liners, and squeeze
or steel wire to create a rope of great surfaces of box and pin in a tool joint. v: to cementing.
strength and considerable flexibility. Wire move in a rocking motion. workover n: the performance of one or
rope is used as drilling line (in rotary and WOC abbr: waiting on cement; used in more of a variety of remedial operations on a
cable tool rigs), coring line, servicing line, drilling reports. producing oilwell to try to increase
winch line, and so on. It is often called cable WOE abbr: waiting on engineering. production. Examples of workover jobs are
or wireline; however, wireline is a single, WOG abbr: water-oil-gas. deepening, plugging back, pulling and re-
slender metal rod, usually very flexible. WOlD abbr: waiting on orders; used in setting liners, and squeeze cementing.
Compare wireline. drilling reports. workover fluid n: a special drilling mud
wood alcohol n: see methanol. used to keep a well under control while it is
WOR abbr: water-oil ratio. being worked over. A workover fluid is
work n: the acting of a force through compounded carefully so that it will not
distance, or the overcoming of a resistance cause formation damage.
to motion. No work is done unless motion is workover rig n: a portable rig used for
produced. Mathematically, work is force working over a well. See production rig.
times distance.
work basket n: see personnel basket.
work boat n: a boat or self-propelled barge
used to carry supplies, tools, and equipment
to job site offshore.
work hardening n: hardness developed in
metals as a result of cold-working.
working barrel n: the outer shell of a down-
hole plunger pump. The pumping cycle
starts with an upward stroke of the rods,
wire-rope clip n: a device that secures the
which pulls the plunger up through the
end of a bend in the wire rope to the body of
the wire rope. A typical safety clamp
working barrel.pdfMachine
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work string 234 wye connection
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X-C polymer n: a biopolymer produced from yaw n: on a mobile offshore drilling rig or zeolite n: hydrated silicates of aluminum
a particular strain of bacteria on ship, the angular motion as the bow or stern with alkali metals.
carbohydrates that produces large increases moves from side to side. v: to move from zero v: to bring a differential pen to the zero
in apparent viscosity while maintaining fairly side to side (as a ship). point on an orifice chart.
good control of filtration. Y-block n: see Y-sub. zero measurand output n: the output of a
xln abbr: crystalline; used in drilling reports. yd abbr: yard. transducer with zero measurand applied.
X-ray testing n: see radiographic yd2 abbr: square yard. zero point n: on an orifice chart, the point at
3
examination or testing. yd abbr: cubic yard. which no differential pressure is exerted on
xylene n: any of three flammable yellow pod n: see hydraulic control pod. the differential pen.
hydrocarbons, C6H4(CH3h, similar to yield n: the number of barrels of a liquid zero-zero gel n: a condition wherein the
benzene. A commercial mixture is used as a slurry of a given viscosity that can be made drilling fluid fails to form measurable gels
solvent when oilfield emulsions are being from a ton of clay. Clays are often classified during a quiescent interval (usually 10
tested. as either high- or low-yield. A ton of high- minutes).
yield clay yields more slurry of a given zeta potential n: electrokinetic potential of a
viscosity than a low-yield clay. particle as determined by its electrophoretic
yield point n: the maximum stress that a mobility. This electric potential causes
solid can withstand without undergoing colloidal particles to repel each other and
permanent deformation either by plastic flow stay in suspension.
or by rupture. See tensile strength. zinc chloride (ZnCI2) n: a very soluble salt
yield strength n: a measure of the force used to increase the density of water to
needed to deform tubular goods to the points more than double that of plain water.
extent that they are permanently distorted. Normally added to a system first saturated
yield value n: the resistance to initial flow, with calcium chloride.
or the stress required to start fluid zone n: a rock stratum that is different from
movement. This resistance is caused by or distinguished from another stratum (e.g.,
electrical charges located on or near the a pay zone).
surfaces of the particles. The values of the zone isolation n: the practice of separating
yield point and thixotropy, respectively, are producing formations from one another by
measurements of the same fluid properties means of casing, cement, and packers for
under dynamic and static states. The the purposes of pressure control and
Bingham yield value, reported in pounds/100 maintenance, as well as the prevention of
square foot, is determined from a direct- mixing of fluids from separate formations.
indicating viscometer by subtracting the zone of lost circulation n: a formation that
plastic viscosity from the 300-rpm reading. contains holes or cracks large enough to
Also called yield point. allow cement to flow into the formation in-
Young's modulus n: in mechanics, the ratio stead of up along the annulus outside of the
of a simple tension stress applied to a casing.
material to the resulting strain parallel to the zeolite n: hydrated silicates of aluminum
tension. with alkali metals.
Y-sub n: in multiple packer completion, a zerk n: a special fitting on equipment that
device, made up just below the uppermost accommodates a similar fitting on a grease
packer, that switches tubular fluids to the gun. The zerk allows grease to be injected,
annulus and annular fluids to the tubing but forms a seal to prevent the entry of dirt
above that packer. Also Y-SUB called a Y - into the equipment when the gun is
block. removed.
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Abbreviations
GAEOT: geometric average evaluation of mph: miles per hour
A: ampere tract MROV: mean range of values
AC: alternating current g: gram Mscf/d, Mscf/D: thousand standard cubic
acre: not abbreviated gal: gallon feet per day
A-h: ampere-hour gpm, gal/min: gallons per minute m V, my: millivolt MWS: making well safe
atm: atmosphere GOR: gas-oil ratio
avg: average N: newton
h: hour
bbl: barrel hp: horsepower OD: outside diameter
Bcf: billion cubic feet hp-h, hp-hr: horsepower-hour OEE: operator's extra expense
Bcf/d, Bcf/D: billion cubic feet per day oz: ounce
bbVd, BID, bId, BPD, bpd: barrels per day Hz: hertz
bhp: brake horsepower Pa: pascal
BHP: bottomhole pressure ID: inside diameter PI: productivity index
BHT: bottomhole temperature IMR: inspection, maintenance, and repair ppg, Ib/gal: pounds per gallon
B II: business interruption insurance (used in diving) ppm: parts per million
BLPD: barrels of liquid per day PR: production reduction insurance
BOPD: barrels of oil per day in: inch psi: pounds per square inch
Bscf/d, Bscf/D: billion standard cubic feet in.2, sq in.: square inch psia: pounds per square inch absolute
per day in.3, cu in.: cubic inch psig: pounds per square inch gauge
Btu: British thennal unit in./s, ips: inches per second PVT: pressure-volume-temperature
BWPD: barrels of water per day
J: joule °R: degrees Rankine
°C: degrees Celsius JVCL: joint venture convention liability
cal: calorie s, sec: second
cm: centimetre K: kelvin S&W: sediment and water
cm2, sq cm: square centimetre kg: kilogram scf: standard cubic feet
cm3, cc: cubic centimetre km: kilometre scf/d, scf/D: standard cubic feet per day
cp: centipoise kPa: kilopascal s/m: siemens per metre
CZM: coastal zone management agency kV, kv: kilovolt SP: spontaneous potential
kW, kw: kilowatt sp gr: specific gravity
d, D: day kW-h, kwh: kilowatt-hour spm: strokes per minute
D, darcy: darcy SSU: Saybolt seconds universal
DC: direct current Ib: pound STB: stock-tank barrel
°API: degrees API (American Petroleum Ib/ft3, pcf: pounds per cubic foot STB/d, STB/D: stock-tank barrels per day
Institute) L: litre std: standard
°F: degrees Fahrenheit LOPI: loss of production insurance
dm: decimetre LPG: liquefied petroleum gas t: tonne
dm3: cubic decimetre T: ton
dm3/s: cubic decimetres per second m: metre Tcf: trillion cubic feet
DWF: deliberate well fIring m2, sq m: square metre Tcf/d, Tcf/D: trillion cubic feet per day
m3, CD m: cubic metre
EED: energy, exploration, and development m3/d: cubic metres per day UKCS: United Kingdom Continental Shelf
EIS: environmental impact statement mA, milliamp: milliampere
emf: electromotive force Mcf: thousand cubic feet V, v: volt
fathom: not abbreviated md: millidarcy
ft: foot, feet mev: million electron volts W, w: watt
ft-lb: foot-pound MER: maximum efficiency rate WOR: water-oil ratio
ftimiD, fpm: feet per minute mg: milligram
ftls, fps: feet per second ms, microsec: microsecond yd: yard
ft2, sq ft: square foot mile: not abbreviated yd2: square yard
ft3, co ft: cubic foot min: minute yd3: cubic yard
ft3/bbl, co ft/bbl: cubic feet per barrel ml: millilitre
ft3/d, co ftld, cfd, cm: cubic feet per day mm: millimetre
ft3/Ib, co ft/lb, cfp: cubic feet per pound MMcf: million cubic feet
ft3/min, cu ft/ min, cfm: cubic feet per MMcf/d, MMcf/D: million cubic feet per day
minute MMscf/d, MMscf/D: million standard cubic
ft3/S, cu ft/s, cfs: cubic feet per second feet per day
mol: mole
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SI Units
Quantity Unit Name Symbol Formula
Base units
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time secand s
Electric current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
Supplementary units
Plane angle radian rad
Solid angle steradian sr
Derived units
2
Area square metre m
3
Volume cubic metre m
Speed, velocity metre per second m/s
2
Acceleration metre per second squared m/s
3
Density kilogram per cubic metre kg/ m
3
Concentration mole per cubic metre mole/ m
3
Specific volume cubic metre per kilogram m / kg
2
Luminance candela per square metre cd/ m
Moment of force newton metre N.m
Derived units with special names
Frequency hertz Hz 1/s
2
Force newton N kg.m/s
2
Pressure, stress pascal Pa N/m
Energy, work, quantity, of heat joule J N.m
Power watt W J/s
Electric charge coulomb C A.s
Electric potential volt V W/A
Electric resistance ohm Ù V/A
Electric conductance siemens S A/V
Electric capacitance farad F C/V
Magnetic flux weber Wb V.s
Inductance henry H Wb/A
2
Magnetic flux density tesla T Wb/m
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SI Units, cont.
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SI Units for Drilling
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SI Units for Drilling, cont.
0.4788
Yield point Gel strength and 2 (0.5 forfield
lbf / 100 ft pascals Pa
stress use)
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Metric Equivalents
Length Volume
1 millimetre = 0.04 inch 1 cubic centimetre = 0.06 inch
1 centimetre = 0.39 inch 1 cubic metre (stere) = 1.31 cubic yards
1 metre = 39.37 inches = 1.09 yards 1 cubic inch = 16.39 cubic centimetres
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres 1 cubic foot = 0.28 cubic decimetre
1 foot = 3.05 decimetres 1 cubic yard = 0.75 cubic metre
1 yard = 0.91 metre
1 mile = 1.61 kilometres Capacity
1 foot = 0.305 metre 1 millimetre = 0.06 cubic inch
1 litre = 61.02 cubic inches = 1.507 liquid quarts
Area 1 decalitre = 0.35 cubic foot = 2.64 liquid gallons
1 square centimetre = 0.15 square inch 1 fluid ounce = 29.57 millilitres
1 square decimetre = 0.11 square foot 1 US gallon = 3.785 litres
1 square metre = 1.20 square yards 1 barrel (oil) = 159 litres
1 hectare = 2.47 acres
1 square kilometre = 0.39 square mile Weight
1 square inch = 6.45 square centimetres 1 gram = 0.04 ounce
1 square foot = 9.29 square decimeters 1 kilogram = 2.20 pounds
1 square yared = 0.83 square metre 1 metric ton (tonne) = 0.98 English ton
1 acre = 0.40 hectare 1 ounce = 28.35 grams
1 square mile = 2.59 square kilometres 1 pound = 0.45 kilogram
1 English ton = 1.02 metric tons
Pressure
1 kilopascal = 0.145 pound per square inch Density
1 kilopascal per metre = 0.044 pound per square
1 kilogram per litre = 8.34 pounds per gallon
inch per foot
1 pound per square inch = 6.894 kilopascals 1 kilogram per litre = 62.5 pounds per cubic foot
1 pound per square inch per foot = 22.62
1 pound per gallon = 0.119 kilogram per litre
kilopascals per metre
1 pound per cubic foot = 0.016 kilogram per litre
METRIC PREFIXES
Value Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol
18 -1
10 exa E 10 deci d
15 -2
10 peta P 10 centi c
12 -3
10 tera T 10 milli m
9 -6
10 giga G 10 micro M
6 -9
10 mega M 10 nano n
3 -12
10 kilo k 10 pico p
2 -15
10 hecto h 10 femto f
1 -18
10 deca da 10 atto a
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