Region XII

Disaster Risk Management

Information Sheet

What is Disaster Risk Management?

Disaster risk management (DRM) is a systematic process of using administrative

decisions, organization, operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies
and coping capacities of the society or individuals to lessen the impacts of natural and
related environment and technological hazards.
DRM comprises all forms of activities, including structural and non-structural measures
to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects of
hazards.
Understanding Disaster Risk

Hazard is a potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity,

Vulnerability is a set of conditions and processes resulting from physical, social,

Risk is the probability of harmful consequences, or expected loss (of lives, people,

which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic
disruption or environmental degradation. It can include latent conditions that may
represent future threats and can have different origins; natural (geological,
hydrometeorological and biological) and/or induced by human processes
(environmental degradation and technological hazards).

economical and environmental factors, which increase the susceptibility of a

community to the impact of hazards.

injured, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting

from interactions between natural or human induced HAZARDS and
VULNERABLE/capable conditions.

Earthquake, flooding, landslide, volcanic eruption and tsunami are geological

processes in the formation of earth. They become HAZARDS when lives, properties,
growth of economy are at RISK.

The RISK is HIGH when human activity, property, and growth of economy is
incompatible with the HAZARDS or ignores its presence in a given time and place.

Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society

Preparedness and quick response are the most critical elements in natural disaster and
management.

causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed

the ability of the affected community/society to cope using its own resources.

Hazard Classification
1. Natural Hazards are natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that
may constitute a damaging event. It can be classified by origin: geological,
hydrometeorological and biological.
Geographical - are natural earth processes or phenomena in the biosphere, which
include geological, neotectonic, geophysical, geomorphological, geotechnical and
hydrogeological nature. Examples: earthquakes, tsunamis; volcanic activity and
emissions; Mass movements i.e. landslides, rockslides, rockfall, liquefaction,
submarine slides; subsidence, surface collapse, geological fault activity.
Hydrometeorological hazards are natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric,
hydrological or oceanographic nature. Examples: floods, debris and mud flows;
tropical cyclone, storm surge, thunder/hailstorms, rain and wind storms, blizzards
and other severe storms; drought, desertification, wild land fires, heat waves, sand or
dust storms; permafrost, snow avalanches
Biological hazards are processes of organic or those conveyed by biological vectors,
including exposure to pathogenic micro-organism, toxins and bioactive substances.
Examples: outbreak of epidemics diseases, plant or animal contagion and extensive
infestations.
2.

Technological Hazards (Anthropogenic Hazards) are danger originating from

technological or industrial accidents, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures or
certain human activities, which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage,
social and economic disruption or environmental degradation
Examples
Industrial pollution, nuclear activities and radioactivitiy
Toxic wastes, dam failures, transport, industrial or technological accidents
(explosions, fires, spills)

3.

Environmental Degradation processes induced by human behavior and activities

(sometimes combined with natural hazards) that damage the natural resource base or
adversely alter natural processes or ecosystems.
Examples
Land degradation, deforestation, desertification, wildland fires, loss of
biodiversity
Land, water and air pollution, climate change, sea level rise, ozone depletion

Geological Hazards Affecting Region XII

In Region XII, occurrences of flood, landslide, earthquake, tsunami and volcanic
eruption, ground failure/land subsidence and erosion have been recorded. The areas prone
to these hazards are as identified below.

1. Flood
Flooding is mainly due to the overflowing of water from rivers and other bodies of water,
including the accumulation of rainwater along drainage particularly during intense
precipitation.
Table 1.1
Flood Prone Areas in Region XII
Province/City
Munipality/Specific Areas
North Cotabato
Tulunan, Mlang, Matalam, Kabacan, Pikit, Aleosan,
Midsayap,Alamada, Libungan, Pigcawayan
Sultan Kudarat
Isulan
Areas that are located near the riverbanks of Allah river and Banga
River in Barangay Kolambog, Bambad, Dansuli, Kalawag III, Impao,
Mapantig, Kenram and Sampao.
Sitio Kamanga of Barangay Laguilayan
Esperanza, Lambayong, Lebak
South Cotabato
Santo Nino and Norala
Low lying areas along the valleys
Tupi
National Highway along Barangay Kablon, Barangay Cebuano
Lutayan
Barangays of Lutayan Proper, Mamali, Maindang, and Bayasong
Tantangan
Along the National Highway between New Iloilo and Bukay Pait,
Barangay Cabuling
Banga, Surallah, Tboli
Sarangani
Alabel
Barangay Maribulan and in some areas of Barangay Poblacion.
Glan, Malapatan, Kiamba, Maitum
Koronadal City
Barangay of Poblacion, Saravia and Carpenter Hill
Kidapawan City
Sitios of Barangay Ilomavis and Ginatilan
General Santos
Sitio Minanga of Barangay Buayan
City
Purok 23 of Barangay Bula
Barangay Dadiangas North, East
Purok 7 of Barangay Katangawan
Along Santiago Boulevard near GenSan Public Market
Cotabato City
Areas near the Rio Grande de Mindanao, Rio Grande de Tamontaka,
Tarbung, Matampay, Miwaruy, Manday, Lugay-lugay, Bagua and
Kalanganan Rivers, and Pagalamatan Creek

Map 1.1
Flood Hazard Map of Region XII

2. Landslide
Landslide is characterized by any mass movement that is perceptible and involves
relatively dry masses of earth debris. It is also defined as the down slope movement of
soil or rock materials under the influence of gravity when shear stress exceeds the shear
strength.
Contributing Factors Effecting HIGH HAZARD
Rainfall
Slope
Soil/Rock Types
Land Use Cover
Distance from gulley head
Distance from roads
Distance from major faults

Province/City
North Cotabato
Isulan, Sultan Kudarat
Santo Nio and Norala,
and Lake Sebu, South
Cotabato
Malungon, Sarangani
Alabel, Sarangani
Koronadal City
Kidapawan City
General Santos City

Cotabato City

Intense ranging 100 to 200 mm/day

Rolling to very steep terrain with >18% slope
Clay Soil and Highly brecciated bed rock
Poor vegetation/Barely Soil
Proximately 20 meters
Proximately 10 meters
Proximately 100 meters

Table 2.1
Landslide Prone Areas
Munipality/Specific Areas
Municpalities of Alamada and Makilala
70% to 85 % slopes upstream of Cabilanan, Kakal River and
Buluan Creek. Also, the barangays on the eastern part of
Isulan.
Along the mountain slopes of east Norala.
Nagpan Barangay Center and the road leading to Alkikan.
Sitio Siman of Barangay Paraiso
At the ridge of Roxas Mountain Range at Sitio Acub,
Barangay San Isidro.
Steep slopes upstream of Marbel river and Matingao Creek.
Steep Slopes along Saboay river, Silway river and Buayan
river.
Central and southwestern part of the city.
Colina Hill is a potential risk to mass movement and
subsidence.

Map 2.1
Landslide Susceptibility Map of Region XII

3. Earthquake
Earthquake is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the sudden
displacement of rocks or rocks materials below the surface of the earth. In Mindanao, the
earthquake generators are along the Philippine Trench, Cotabato Trench, Davao Trench,
Negros Trench, Philippine Fault and the Sindangan-Cotabato Fault. One of the
destructive earthquakes that occurred in Region XII was on August 17, 1976. Its
epicenter was in the Moro Gulf which is approximately 100 kilometers south of Cotabato
City, and with Intensity VII. The March 6, 2002 earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 on
the Richter scale caused the breaching of Lake Maughans natural dam and induced
flooding, riverbank scouring, erosion and sedimentation along the Allah River stretch.
Map 3.1
Map Showing Earthquake Generators in Mindanao Island

Map 3.2

Map Showing the Distribution of Active Faults in Region XII

4. TSUNAMI
Tsunami are giant sea waves generated by under the sea earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions. All coastal areas in the region are susceptible to tsunami.
Map 4.1
Map Showing Tsunami Prone Areas and Tsunami Occurrences
ARMM
REGION X

1828
1828
y
Ba
a
n
Illa

COTABATO

COTABATO CITY
KIDAPAWAN CITY

1823
1823

MAGUINDANAO
(ARMM)
TACURONG CITY

LEBAK

ISULAN

REGION IX

SULTAN KUDARAT
KALAMANSIG

1976
1976

KORONADAL CITY

PALIMBANG

SOUTH COTABATO
Lake Sebu

MAITUM

ALABEL

EBE

S SE

1917
1917

LEGEND:

1976

MAASIM
Sa
ra

C EL

1918
1918

MALAPATAN
ng
an
i

SARANGANI

GEN. SANTOS CITY

Ba
y

KIAMBA

Lake Maughan

- Tsunami Prone Areas

- Year of Tsunami Occurrence
10

GLAN

5. VOLCANIC HAZARD
Volcanic Hazard is associated with volcanoes include ash falls, volcanic mudflows
(lahars) and flooding.

Name of
Volcano
Mt. Ragang

Table 5.1
Active Volcanoes in Region XII
Date of
Number of
Type of Volcanic
Last
Eruptions
Activity
Eruption
Explosive with
9
1916
lava flow

Location
Alamada, North
Cotabato

Mt.
Matutum

No record

1911

Dormant

Tampakan, Tupi and

Polomolok, all in
South Cotabato.

Mt. Parker

No record

1641

Explosive with
pyroclastic flow

Tiboli, South
Cotabato

Province/City

Table 5.2
Areas Vulnerable to Volcanic Hazards
Potential Volcanic Hazard

North Cotabato

Ash fall in case of violent eruptions of active volcanoes. Mt Apo

is a dormant strato volcano.

Cotabato City

Low risk area to effects of direct volcanic eruptions. Risk to

flooding from breaching Lake Maughan if Mt. Parker erupts.

Lutayan, Sultan
Kudarat

Ash fall and lahar flooding

South Cotabato

All areas within the province are susceptible to ash falls while
low lying areas along valleys are prone to volcanic mudflows
and flooding.

General Santos City

Susceptible to ash falls, volcanic mudflows and flooding.

Malungon,
Sarangani

Susceptible to ash falls.

Susceptible to ash fall, volcanic mudflows and flooding.

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Map 5.1
Map Showing Quaternary Volcanic in Mindanao

6. GROUND FAILURE/LAND SUBSIDENCE

Ground Failure/Land Subsidence is a downward settling of soil material with little
horizontal motion. The most common cause is the slow removal of material beneath the
subsiding mass.
Table 6.1
Areas Vulnerable to Ground Failure/Land Subsidence
Municipality/Province
Specific Areas
Maasim, Sarangani
Hilly areas of the municipality
Kiamba and Maitum
Along the hilly areas of both municipalities
in Sarangani

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7. EROSION
Erosion is displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock and other particles) by the agents of
ocean currents, wind, water, or ice by downward or down-slope movement in response to
gravity or by living organisms (in the case of bioerosion).
Map 7.1
Erosion Map

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Province/City
North Cotabato
Sultan Kudarat
South Cotabato
Sarangani

Areas Vulnerable to Erosion

Municipality
Alamada, Libungan, Banisilan, Carmen, Antipas, Magpet,
President Roxas, Arakan, Tulunan, Makilala
Colombio, Lutayan, Esperanza, Lebak, Kalamansig, West
Isulan, Ninoy Aquino, Bagumbayan
Tampakan, Tantangan, Banga, Tupi, Polomolok, Lake Sebu,
Tboli
Maasim, Malungon, Alabel, Malapatan, Glan and Maitum

Proposed DRM related activities

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Provision of appropriate hazard markers on site

Preparation of disaster contingency plan
Implementation of either reforestation in areas prone to landslide and/or
construction of infrastructure mitigating measures
Delineation and inclusion in the comprehensive land use plans of concerned
LGUs of environmentally hazardous areas and passage of zoning ordinances
restricting land uses in such areas.
Conduct of hydrology study in flood prone areas
Provision and delineation of easements along major power installations and
transmission lines; and
Provision of investment support to implement Clean Air Act and Clean Water
Act.
Setting up/Establishment of early warning devices/systems.
Integration of DRM concepts in planning, investment programming, project
development, monitoring and evaluation and budgeting activities of the LGU.
Strengthen advocacy on disaster awareness and mitigation.

References
Geohazard Assessment of Region XII, MGB XII
Understanding Earthquakes, PhilVOLCS XII
Regional Physical Framework Plan, 2004-2010, Region XII
Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia
Comprehensive Land Use Plan, 1999-2008, Cotabato City
Living with RiskL A global review of disaster reduction initiatives, July 2002
ISDR. http://unisdr.org/unisdr

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