Birtud (Virtue) at Pagpapahalaga

Birtud (Virtue)
Ang virtue ay galing sa salitang virtus (vir) o pagiging matatag at pagiging malakas.
Ang tao ay may mag katulad na isip ngunit hindi tayo magkakatulad ng kaalaman.
Mayroon tayong magkakatulad na kilos-loob ngunit magkakaibang taglay na virtue. Ang Virtue
ay laging nakaugnay sa pag-iisip at pagkilos ng tao.
Dalawang Uri ng Birtud
1. Intelektuwal na Birtud
Ang intelektuwal na birtud ay may kinalaman sa isip ng tao, gawing kaalaman (habit of
knowledge).
MgaUri ng IntelektuwalnaBirtud
1. Pag-unawa(Understanding)
Ang pag-unawaang pinakapangunahin sa lahat ng birtud na nakapagpapaunlad ng isip.
Ito ay nasa buod (essence) ng lahat ng ating pag-iisip.
2. Agham(Science)
Ito ay sistematikong kalipunan ng mga tiyak at tunay na kaalaman na bunga ng
pagsasaliksik at pagpapatunay.
a) Pilosopikongpananaw
b) Siyentipikongpananaw
3. Karunungan (Wisdom)
Ito ang pinakawagas na uri ng kaalaman. Ito ang pinakahuling layunin ng lahat ng
kaalaman ng tao, agham ng mga agham.
4. Maingat na Paghuhusga (Prudence)
Ang maingat na paghuhusga ay isang uri ng kaalaman na layunin ay labas sa isip lamang
ng tao. Ito ang pinakamahalaga at pinakamakabuluhan sa lahat ng mga intelektuwal na
birtud kayat tinatawag itongpraktikal na karunungan (practical wisdom).
5. Sining (Art)
Ang sining ay paglikha, ito ay bunga ng katuwiran.
2. Moral naBirtud
Ang moral n abirtud ay may kinalaman sa pag-uugali ng tao. May apat na uri ang moral
na birtud:
1. Karunungan (Justice)
Ang karunungan ay isang birtud na gumagamit ng kilos-loob upang ibigay sa tao ang
nararapat lamang para sa kanya.
2. Pagtitimpi (Temperance or Moderation)
Nakikilala ang taong nag tataglay ng pagtitimpi ang bagay na makatuwiranat ang bagay
na maituturing na luho lamang.
3. Katatagan(Fortitude)
Ito ang birtud na nagpapatatag at nagpapatibay sa tao na harapin ang anumang pagsubok
o panganib.
4. Maingat na Paghuhusga (Prudence)

Ito ang itinuturing na ina ng mga birtud sapagkat ang pagsasabuhay ng ibang mga birtud
ay dumadaan sa maingat na paghuhusga.

14 Effective communication skills

1. Give them the impression that youre enthusiastic about talking to them. They want to
feel that you would rather be talking to them than anyone else. When you give them the
impression that you are excited about talking to them and that you care about them, you make
them feel better about themselves. As a result, theyll be more likely to really open up to you.
2. Ask open-ended questions about their interests. Ask questions that will get them to talk
about their interests and their life in a way that provides you with insight into their needs and
wants. When you help them gain a new, positive perspective about their situation, they will feel a
deep sense of connection with you.
3. Adapt to their body language and feelings. Pay special attention to their nonverbal
communication. Watch their body language and posture, also take note of their inflection and
word choices. Now, tailor your words, body language, and voice tone to match what you have
observed. Doing this will help them feel a deep subconscious connection with you.
4. Show them approval: Tell them what you admire about them and why. One of the best
ways to instantly connect with people is to be forthright and tell them exactly why you like or
admire them. If being too direct isnt appropriate, insinuate with a few indirect statements here
and there. Either approach can be equally as effective because everyone responds well to
approval.
5. Listen attentively to everything they say. Dont focus too much on what youre going to say
next as they are talking. Instead, listen to every word they say and respond back as relevantly and
smoothly as possible. This shows people that you are interested in what they have to say and you
are fully engaged and in the moment with them. Also make sure to ask questions whenever
theres something they say that you dont quite understand. This will help fill any potentially
awkward lapses in communication.
6. Give them the right amount of eye contact. Eye contact communicates to the other person
that you are not only interested in them and what they have to say, but that you are also
trustworthy. When done in moderation, they will also assume you are confident in yourself
because of your willingness to face them directly. As a result, people will naturally want to pay
more attention to you and what you have to say.
7. Reveal as much about yourself as possible. One of the best ways to earn someones trust is
to reveal yourself as openly as you can. Tell stories about interesting events from your life or just
describe zany instances from normal everyday life. As you do this, make sure not to mention
things that stray too far from where their interests and values lie. Nothing builds trust like
genuine transparency. Y
8. Give the impression that you are on the same team. Use words like we, us, were, our, and
ourselves to instantly build a bond. When you use those words, you make it seem like you are
all on the same team with a common goal or concern. This moves you into their circle while
everyone else seems lack your special insight and understanding.
9. Give them your best smile. When you smile at people, you communicate that you like them
and their presence brings you happiness. Smiling at them will cause them to subconsciously want
to smile back at you which will instantly build rapport between the two of you. Just make sure
that your smile is sincere because if its not they will sense it.
10. Offer helpful suggestions. Recommend restaurants youve been to, places youve been to,
movies youve seen, helpful people theyd like to meet, books youve read, career opportunities
and whatever else you can think of. Describe what was so great about those people, places and
things and how they might appeal to the other person. If you suggest enough ideas that interest
them, they will look at you as a go to person when they need to make a decision about what to
do next.

11. Give them encouragement. If the person youre dealing with is younger or in a more
difficult position than you, they will appreciate any encouragement you can offer. When you help
them feel more confident in their own abilities they will value your input. This helps even out the
relationship. Convince them that they can surpass their problems and limitations and they will
feel good about connecting with you.
12. Appear to have a slightly higher energy level than the other person. Generally, people
want to be around those who lift them up, instead of bringing them down. If you indicate with
your voice and your body language that you have a slightly higher energy level, they will feel
more energized and positive while around you. Dont be so energetic that you put people off, but
have enough so that they feel energized after talking with you.
13. Say their name in a way that is pleasing to their ears. A persons name is one of the most
emotionally powerful words for them. But how you say it is more important than how often say
it. If you say their name with they right inflection, it can actually convey a lot of positive feeling
directly to their nervous system. If their name feels good to them when you say it, they will feel
bonded to you on a subconscious level without even knowing why.
14. Offer to take the relationship a step further. There are a number of things you could do to
advance your friendship with someone: offer to eat with them, talk over a cup of coffee, see a
sports game, have a beer or two with them, etc. Even if people dont take you up on your offers,
they will be flattered that you like them enough to want to take the friendship to a deeper level.
In a way, they will look up to you because you have the guts to take charge of your life and build
friendships instead of expecting those friendships to magically appear for you.

Effective communication skills are fundamental to success in many aspects of life. Many jobs
require strong communication skills and people with good communication skills usually enjoy
better interpersonal relationships with friends and family.
Effective communication is a key interpersonal skill and learning how we can improve our
communication has many benefits.
Communication is a two way process, so improving communication involves both how we
send and receive messages.
Learn to Listen
Listening is not the same as hearing; learn to listen not only to the words being spoken but how
they are being spoken and the non-verbal messages sent with them. Use the techniques
of clarification and reflection to confirm what the other person has said and avoid any
confusion. Try not to think about what to say next whilst listening; instead clear your mind and
focus on the message being received. Your friends, colleagues and other acquaintances will
appreciate good listening skills.
Be Aware of Other Peoples Emotions
Be sympathetic to other people's misfortunes and congratulate their positive landmarks. To do
this you need to be aware of what is going on in other peoples lives. Make and maintain eye
contact and use first names where appropriate. Do not be afraid to ask others for their opinions
as this will help to make them feel valued.
Consider the emotional effect of what you are saying and communicate within the norms of
behaviour acceptable to the other person.
Take steps to become more charismatic. See our page: Emotional Intelligence for more
information.
Empathise
Empathy is trying to see things from the point-of-view of others. When communicating with
others, try not to be judgemental or biased by preconceived ideas or beliefs - instead view
situations and responses from the other persons perspective. Stay in tune with your own
emotions to help enable you to understand the emotions of others.
If appropriate, offer your personal viewpoint clearly and honestly to avoid confusion. Bear in
mind that some subjects might be taboo or too emotionally stressful for others to discuss.
Encourage
Offer words and actions of encouragement, as well as praise, to others. Make other people feel
welcome, wanted, valued and appreciated in your communications. If you let others know that
they are valued, they are much more likely to give you their best. Try to ensure that everyone
involved in an interaction or communication is included through effective body language and the
use of open questions.
Use Humour
Laughing releases endorphins that can help relieve stress and anxiety; most people like to laugh
and will feel drawn to somebody who can make them laugh. Dont be afraid to be funny or
clever, but do ensure your humour is appropriate to the situation. Use your sense of humour to
break the ice, to lower barriers and gain the affection of others. By using appropriate humour
you will be perceived as more charismatic.
Treat People Equally
Always aim to communicate on an equal basis and avoid patronising people. Do not talk about
others behind their backs and try not to develop favourites: by treating people as your equal and
also equal to each other you will build trust and respect. Check that people understand what you
have said to avoid confusion and negative feelings. Encourage open and honest feedback from
the receiver to ensure your message is understood and to avoid the receiver instead feeding back

what they think you want to hear. If confidentiality is an issue, make sure its boundaries are
known and ensure its maintenance.
Attempt to Resolve Conflict
Learn to troubleshoot and resolve problems and conflicts as they arise. Learn how to be an
effective mediator and negotiator. Use your listening skills to hear and understand both sides of
any argument - encourage and facilitate people to talk to each other. Try not to be biased or
judgemental but instead ease the way for conflict resolution.
Maintain a Positive Attitude and Smile
Few people want to be around someone who is frequently miserable. Do your best to be
friendly, upbeat and positive with other people. Maintain a positive, cheerful attitude to life:
when things do not go to plan, stay optimistic and learn from your mistakes. If you smile often
and stay cheerful, people are more likely to respond positively to you.

The Communication Process

1. Source
The source is the person (or thing) attempting to share information. The source can be a living
or non-living entity. The only qualifications necessary for a source are an origin of information
(in Information Theory, the source generates data that one would like to communicate) and an
ability to transmit this information, through a channel, to a receiver.
2. Message
At first glance, the message is simply the information you want to communicate. But it goes
deeper than that. Communication theorists examine messages from a semiotic perspective (the
study of signs and symbols, and how meaning is created through them; note: it is not the study of
meaning, just how meaning is created). For example, a commencement speaker produces
meaning through several criteria. First, there is the object (in this case, the speaker has an
inherent meaning, maybe through being a local celebrity or famous alum). The second criterion
would be his or her image, acting as a symbol or representation of the meaning of the object (a
well-dressed, professional and successful person). The third criterion is interpretation or derived
meaning. If the object and image (and, in this case, speech) are successful, then the audience
will leave with an understanding of how to proceed toward a life of personal fulfillment.
3. Encoding
Encoding is the process of assembling the message (information, ideas and thoughts) into a
representative design with the objective of ensuring that the receiver can comprehend it.
Communication is only established when it results in both the source and the receiver
understanding the same information. People who are great communicators are great encoders;
they know how to present their message in a way that their audience (receivers) can easily
understand. They are also able to identify information that is superfluous, irrelevant or even
accidentally offensive, and eliminate it in advance through anticipation.
4. Channel
An encoded message is conveyed by the source through a channel. There are numerous channel
categories: verbal, non-verbal, personal, non-personal, etc. A channel could be the paper on
which words are written, or the Internet acting in the client-server model that is allowing you to
read these words right now.
A good communicator is one who understands which channels to use under different
circumstances. Unfortunately, there is no perfect channel. All channels have strengths and
weaknesses (smartphones are great, for example, but a marriage proposal is best done in person).
5. Decoding
Now would be an appropriate time to remind yourself that you can just as easily fill the role of
decoder as you can encoder. This is where listening, and reading directions carefully, makes its
claim to famedecode with care, my friends. As we discussed in Encoding, communication is
only successful when it results in both the source and the receiver understanding the same
information. For this to happen, there can be no errors in processing. The most common among
these would be, for example, a first-grader sitting in on a lecture on differential equations, i.e.
decoding is impossible if the decoder cannot even understand the message.
6. Receiver
Ultimately, the message is delivered to the receiver. A good communicator takes the receivers
preconceptions and frames of reference into consideration; how they will react, where common
ground is shared, their sense of humor, their moral conduct, etc. All of these things will affect
how the receivers decode messages.

7. Feedback
A better word might be reaction or responses. The source judges its success based on the
feedback it receives, so pay close attention. If Googles servers crashed tomorrow, there would
be a lot of confused sources. The same would be true if you delivered a flawless marriage
proposal, only to receive a look of bewilderment and horror. And then there are famous
marketing nightmares, such as Aqua Teen Hunter Forces LED signs that were mistakenly
identified as explosive devices. Feedback is the moment of reckoning. Whether things go right
or wrong, it serves as one of the most important learning opportunities we have.