AC Machine Stator

b phase axis

1200
1200
1200

a phase axis

c phase axis

induction motor

Currents int different

phases
of
AC
Machine
t
01

12

Amp

t0

t1

t2

t3

t4

time
induction motor

1 Cycle

MMF Due to a phase current

1

Axis of phase a

0.8

t0

0.6
0.4

t01

0.2

Fa

t12

-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

t2

-0.8
-1
-90

-40

10

60

110

160

210

260

Space angle (theta) in degrees

induction motor

Fc

b
Fa
c

RMF(Rotating Magnetic Field)

1.5

Fb

Fa

0.5
0

a
t = t1

10

113

216

Space angle () in degrees

Fc

b
c

Fc

-1
-1.5
-93

Fb a

t = t 0= t 4

Fb

-0.5

t = t 0= t 4

Fb a

c
Fca
c
F b
b
Fc a
Fc a
t = t2
t = t3
induction motor
F

b
c
Fb
4

Video of the unfolded rotating magnetic field

induction motor

RMF(Rotating Magnetic Field)

-Analogy with DC machines
The salient field structure in DC
machines is mimicked along with speed
in an AC machines by a multiphase (2 or
more) winding. The number of poles are
determined by winding distribution and is
independent of the number of phases.
The rotational speed is determined by the supply frequency and
the number of poles, such that an observer in air-gap counts same
number of poles per second, meaning the more the number of poles
the slower the machine will run and vice-versa.
induction motor

Induction Motor
Most popular motor today in the low and medium horsepower range
Very robust in construction
Speed easily controllable using V/f or Field Oriented Controllers
Have replaced DC Motors in areas where traditional DC Motors
cannot be used such as mining or explosive environments
Of two types depending on motor construction: Squirrel Cage
or Slip Ring
Only Disadvantage: Most of them run with a lagging power factor
induction motor

Squirrel Cage Rotor

induction motor

Slip Ring Rotor

The rotor contains windings similar to stator.
The connections from rotor are brought out using slip rings that
are rotating with the rotor and carbon brushes that are static.

induction motor

Torque Production in an Induction Motor

In a conventional DC machine field is stationary and the
current carrying conductors rotate.
We can obtain similar results if we make field structure
rotating and current carrying conductor stationary.
In an induction motor the conventional 3-phase winding
sets up the rotating magnetic field(RMF) and the rotor
carries the current carrying conductors.
An EMF and hence current is induced in the rotor due to
the speed difference between the RMF and the rotor,
similar to that in a DC motor.
This current produces a torque such that the speed
difference between the RMF and rotor is reduced.
induction motor

10

Slip in Induction Motor

However, this speed difference cannot become zero because that
would stop generation of the torque producing current itself.
The parameter slip s is a measure of this relative speed difference
120 f1
ns n s
n

; p # of poles
s
s

p
n

where ns,s,f1 are the speeds of the RMF in RPM ,rad./sec and
supply frequency respectively
n, are the speeds of the motor in RPM and rad./sec respectively
The angular slip frequency and the slip frequency at which voltage
is induced in the rotor is given by
N2
2 s , f 2 sf1 , E2 s s
E1 N1 Stator turns N 2 Rotor turns
N1
induction motor
11

Induction Motor Example

A 100 hp, 460V, 8 pole, 60 Hz, star connected
3 phase induction motor runs at 891 rpm under full load.
Determine the synchronous speed in rpm, slip, slip
frequency (frequency of the rotor circuit),slip rpm at full load.
What is the speed of the rotor field relative to (i) rotor structure, (ii)
stator structure, (iii) stator rotating field?
Voltage induced in rotor under full load? N2/N1=0.5
Solution on Greenboard

induction motor

12

Induction motor Equivalent Circuit

induction motor

13

Relation between air-gap, gross mechanical

power and rotor copper loss
Pag : Pmech : P2 1 : 1 s : s
Internal efficiency =

Pmech
1 s
Pag

Implies lower the slip higher is the induction motor efficiency

induction motor

14

Example problem related to the

formula shown in the previous

induction motor

15

Approximate Equivalent Circuit

j

Assumes negligible magnetizing current

Note Rc has been removed.
The sum of core losses and the windage and friction loses are treated
as constant. This is because as speed increases rotor core loss
decreases (lower f2) but windage and frictionloses increase.With
decrease of speed the converse is true. Thus the sum is constant at
any speed and is termed as rotational loss.
induction motor
16

IEEE Equivalent Circuit

Assumes 30-50% magnetizing current and drop across R1+jX1 not

negligible
As before, the sum of core losses and the windage and friction loses are
treated as constant.

induction motor

17

Thevnins equivalent of the

IEEE Equivalent Circuit

This is done by applying Thevenins theorem and treating the rotor

side as load
Vth K thV1 , Rth

K th2 R1 ,

Xm
X th X 1 , K th
X m X1

induction motor

18

Determining equivalent circuit parameters

Uses no-load test and blocked rotor tests to determine them

induction motor

19

Example problem related to no-load and blocked rotor test

induction motor

20

Performance Characteristics(1)
Pmech Tmech mech

I 22

R2
(1 s ) Pag (1 s );
s

mech (1 s ) syn ; syn

Tmech

4f1
p

Pag
Pmech

mech syn

induction motor

21

Performance Characteristics(2)

Tmech

Pag
Pmech
1 '2 R2'

I2
mech syn syn
s

Tmech

Vth2
1
R2'

syn ( Rth R2' / s ) 2 ( X th X 2' ) 2 s

induction motor

22

Performance Characteristics(3)
Case 1: s small (close to zero )
R2'
Then
Rth
s
R2'
and
X th X 2'
s

Tmech

1 Vth2

s
'
syn ( R2 )

Tmech s

induction motor

23

Performance Characteristics(4)
Case 2: s l arg e(close to one)
R2'
Then Rth
X th X 2'
s
Vth2
1
R2'
Tmech
syn ( X th X 2' ) s
Tmech

1
s

induction motor

24

Performance Characteristics(5)
Combining case 1 and 2 the approximate torque speed characteristics
would look approximately like:

Tmech
Tmax

nm
ns Speed (n)
induction motor

25

Performance Characteristics(6)
How to obtain Tmax? By differentiating the following equation
with respect to s and equating it to zero.
Vth2
1
R2'
Tmech
syn ( Rth R2' / s ) 2 ( X th X 2' ) 2 s
One can obtain the following:
Tmax

Vth2
1

2 syn R R 2 ( X X ' ) 2
th
th
th
2

1
p Vth

'
2 syn ( X th X 2 ) 2 1
Vth2

Slip at maximum torque = sTmax

1
( small R1 )
'
( Lth L2 )
R2'

[ Rth2 ( X th X 2' ) 2 ]

induction motor

26

Performance Characteristics(7)
(Speed Control)

Speed control by varying

rotor resistance (vary
Tmax by varying sTmax)
(inefficient)

Speed control by varying

supply voltage and frequency
(Vth/1)
(efficient)
induction motor
27

Performance Characteristics(8)
Also using
Tmech

Vth2
1
R2'

syn ( R2' / s ) 2 ( X th X 2' ) 2 s

and
sTmax

R2'

( X th X 2' )

for small R1 one can write the following:

sT2max s 2

Tmax

Tmech
2 sTmax s

induction motor

28

Example problem based on the formula on previous to

express maximum torque and starting torque in terms of rated
torque

induction motor

29

Performance Characteristics(9)

induction motor

30

Example problem related to efficiency calculation of induction motor

based on equivalent circuit parameters

induction motor

31

Related to the problem

in the previous slide

induction motor

32

Different modes of IM operation

induction motor

33

Different modes of IM operation

induction motor

34

Example problem on variable frequency supply using a slip-ring

induction motor

induction motor

35

Speed control of SRIM with ext. resistors

induction motor

36

Applications of SRIM

induction motor

37

Wind Power applications of SRIM

induction motor

38

induction motor

39