MM6 Chapter 06 Analysis Rev 05 2010

MM6 Structural Design Concepts
6. Analysis
Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz

Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann
09/2010
Chapter 6 Analysis
6.1
6.1 Characteristics of load bearing behaviour

of ETFE-foil cushions
distinctive material and geometrical nonlinearities
factors of influence:
- geometrical factors
(e.g. sag, curvature, ground plan)
- material factors (e.g. non-linear behaviour
with elastic, viscoelastic and plastic ranges)
- constructive factors (e.g. cushions with even or curved middle layer,
additional cables, quality of welding seams, anchoring profiles)
non-proportional relation between loads, deformation and forces
positive but complex load bearing behaviour
Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.2
Non-proportional relation between loads and forces
Example: square ETFE-foil cushion

with internal pressure, sag 10%
Question:
What is the incremental factor of stresses
for 50% higher loads?
Result:
for 1.50 times increase of load values
1.25 times increase stresses
positive load bearing behaviour

09/2010
Chapter 6 Analysis
6.3
Relation between curved geometry and stresses
cable
Boiler formula
demand:
- cable forces or membrane forces F
r
p
assumption:
- circular geometry of deformation
given:
- radius r [m] and
- loads p
Boiler formula:
F=pxr

barrel
p
r
line load [kN/m]
F [kN] = p [kN/m] x r [m]
Chapter 6 Analysis
area load [kN/m2]
F [kN/m] = p [kN/m2] x r [m]
09/2010
6.4
arch
Boiler formula
sphere
demand:
- cable forces or membrane forces F
assumption:
- circular geometry of deformation
given:
- radius r [m] and
- loads
Boiler formula:
F=pxr

r
F
r
F1
line loads [kN/m]
F2
area load [kN/m2]

F1 [kN/m] = 1/2 p x r
F2 [kN/m] = 1/2 p x r
09/2010
Chapter 6 Analysis
6.5
square ETFE-foil cushion with internal pressure
- synclastic surface (mostly)

- 2-axial load transfer
- constant internal pressure
- isotropic material behaviour
F
pi
equal radii
equal membrane forces

F1 = F2
r1 = r2
F=pxr
p = F /r
P = F1 / r1 + F2 / r2
P = 2F / r
F1 = F2 = p x r /2
F1
F2
r1
Chapter 6 Analysis
r2
09/2010
6.6
Relation of curvature and stresses boiler formula

p = inner pressure (uniformly distributed load) [kN/m2]
r = radius [m] ], note: k = 1/ r (k = curvature; r = radius)
F = meridian force (in perimeter direction) [kN/m]
r snow load or wind down load
r
F
r wind
[kN/m2]
boiler, barrel, tube, membrane
F [kN/m] = p
cable
uplift
x r [m]
(1)
(2)
09/2010
Chapter 6 Analysis

6.7
p = inner pressure (area load, constant) [kN/m2]

r = radius [m], note: k = 1/ r (k = curvature; r = radius)
F = force [kN/m]
F1
F2
F1
F2
r1
F1
r1
p
r2
r1, wind uplift r2, wind uplift
F2
r2
F = F1=F2
- synclastic (r1 r2 ):
p = F1 / r1 + F2 / r2
- synclastic (r1 = r2 = r):
F = F1 = F2 = p x r / 2
(4)
- anticlastic (r1 r2):
p = F1 / r1 F2 / r2
(5)

(F [kN/m]; r [m], p [kN/m2])
Chapter 6 Analysis
(3)
09/2010
6.8
Boiler formula for anticlastic and synclastic structures

Boiler formula for a 4-point tent with a
anticlastic surface and radii r1 r2:
p = F1 / r1 F2 / r2
Boiler formula for a quadratic cushion with

synclastic surface, isotropic behaviour, radii r1 = r2,
stresses F1 = F2:
pi = F / r + F / r = 2F / r
F1 = F2 = pi x r /2
F1
r1
pi
F
1
F
2
r1
F2
r2
r2

Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.9
6.2 Effect of the sag to the maximal forces

Sag of edge cables
Sag of ETFE cushions
Design of students,
A. Firner, F. Nlke, TU Munich,
Allianz Arena, Munich

Photo: L. Schiemann

Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.10
Boiler formula: F = p x r
General relation between radius of curvature,

foil sag f and chord length of a segment of a circle:
or demonstrative:
R = l2 / 8f + 1/2 f
RUL,1
RUL,2
fOL,2
pi
fOL,1
pi
fUL,2
fUL,1
l
curved cushion
less curved cushion
big foil sag
less foil sag
less radius of curvature
bigger radius of curvature
less membrane forces
bigger membrane forces

09/2010
Chapter 6 Analysis

6.11
Effect of the sag to the maximal forces

cable structure
span: l = 5,0m,
load: q = 1,0 kN/m
max. cable force [kN]
cable force / cable sag

25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
cable sag [%]
- significant influence of the cable sag to the cable force

- sensible conclusion: cable sag f 10% of span

Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.12
Parameter study: influence of foil sag
two-layered ETFE-cushion, span 5m, nonlinear material behaviour

load case wind suction ws = 1,5 kN/m2
Percentage reduction of principal stresses 1 in consideration of foil sag f0
foil sag
rectangle
square
circle
rhomb
09/2010
Chapter 6 Analysis
6.13
6.3
Load-bearing behaviour of cushion

Three typical load cases of cushions:
1.) Inner pressure (pre-stress)
2.) Wind loads and inner pressure
3.) Snowloads and inner pressure

Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.14
6.3.1
Cushion - action: inner pressure (pre-stress)
cross-section, action: pre-stress

span width
If do = du , fo = fu , g 0
If R constant
Fo = Fu = F
F = const. (boiler formula: F [kN/m] = pi [kN/m2] x R [m])
vertical loads: Vres = Vu Vo = 0
horizontal loads: H res = Hu + Ho 0
resulting support reactions of two adjacent cushions:

H = Hl Hr = 0 (if Hl = Hr)
V = Vl + Vr = 0 ;
09/2010
Chapter 6 Analysis

6.15
6.3.2
Cushion - action: wind uplift (wind suction)
Thermodynamical basics for wind loads

Gas-law:
p1 V1 p2 V2
=
T1
T2
We know three different equations due to the change of state of a gas (the 3 gas-laws):
-
isobaric change of state1:
pressure p = constant p = 0 V/T = constant
isochore change of state2:
volume V = constant V = 0 p/T = constant
isothermal change of state3: temperature T = constant T = 0 p x V = constant
GAY-LUSSAC, first law,

GAY-LUSSAC, second law,
BOYLE-MARIOTTE
Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.16
6.3.2
Thermodynamical basics for wind loads

Air-inflated cushions loaded by a wind load follow the third equation:
p x V = constant
The demand temperature T is constant will be met. The molar mass of the enclosed
air is approximately constant, because the wind load comes quick and the cushion
is (nearly) enclosed. In case of wind load, the inner pressure must change and the
enclosed volume, too. If the inner pressure rises the volume has to be reduced
- and vice versa.

09/2010
Chapter 6 Analysis
6.17
6.3.2

ws
cross-section, action: wind uplift

In this case o and Fo are increasing, u, Fu and pi are decreasing. ( = strain)
Vertikal load:
V = Vu Vo = - 0.5 ws x l (l = span, ws = wind suction (uplift) = const., ws ws, vertical)
Horizontal load:
H = Hu + Ho 0
resulting support reactions of two adjacent cushions: V = Vl + Vr 0 ; H = Hl Hr = 0 (if Hl = Hr)

Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.18
6.3.3
Cushion - action: snow load

s
cross-section, action: snow load

Under snow loads o and Fo are decreasing, u, Fu and pi are increasing.
Vertical load: V = Vu Vo = 0.5 s x l (l = span, s = snow load = const.)
Horizontal load: H = Hu + Ho 0
resulting support reaction of two adjacent cushions: V = Vl + Vr 0 ; H = Hl - Hr = 0 (if Hl = Hr)

09/2010
Chapter 6 Analysis
6.19
- Principal difference between pneumatically pre-stressed structures like

ETFE-films cushions and glass structures are the horizontal support reactions.
- The effect of horizontal reaction forces will cancel each other out for
adjacent cushions occurs only for cushions with same geometry, same
thickness and same loads.
Note: wind and snow loads are not symmetrical and constant over the whole
surface (e.g. wind suction and pressure and snow accomodations), different
loads of adjacent cushions because of failed air management system or
damaged cushions (accidental load case).
- Because of horizontal support reactions a horizontal stabilization of the
primary structure is often necessary.
- Elevated anchoring profiles result in torsion moments for the primary
structure.
Sensible to use hollow sections rather than open sections like doubble Tbeams for primary structure.
Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.20
6.4 Influence of span and ground geometry
two-layered ETFE-cushion with span 5m, load case: wind suction ws=1.5 kN/m2
principal stresses 1 for different spans and ground plans
with foil sag

f0=10%
different principal stresses 1 values for ground plans

50% increased span
approx. 31% increased principal stresses
Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.21
Ground plan of ETFE-foil cushions

Trajectories of stresss and ratio of principal stresses 1 / 2 for wind suction q = 2,25 kN/m2

Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.22
6.3.4
Realisable spans of structures of ETFE-films
Eden Project, St. Austell

(UK) 2000

Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt,

Osnabrck, 2002
09/2010
Chapter 6 Analysis
6.23
The maximal span depends on the geometry, the structural system and on the loads
- mechanically prestressed, 1-layer system:
~ 1.5 m
- pneumatically prestressed
(rectangular form, elongated elements,
sag 10% of the length):
~ 4.7 m*
- pneumatically prestressed
(circular form / polygonal elements
sag 10% of the length):
~ 7.5 m
- by using cables or cable nets: the span of the ETFEfilms structure depends on the cable structures
Masoala rainforest hall , zoo Zrich

2002
* Note:
For structural analysing aspects the length of
rectangular geometries is not decisive.
(e.g. cushion of Masoala rainforest hall, Zrich:
length = 106 m)
Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.24
6.5
Conclusion
ETFE-foil structures show geometrical and material nonlinearities

numerical analysis in consideration of nonlinearities
positiv influence of foil sag and curved surfaces

reducing foil stresses and stabilization because of curved surfaces
sensible foil sags more than 10% of span
positiv non-proportional structural behaviour of ETFE-foil cushions
positiv influence of ground plans with biaxial load transfer

like quadratic or circular ground plans
design of the structures influence directly
stresses and realisable spans of the structures

Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.25

Chapter 6 Analysis
09/2010
6.26

MM6 Chapter 06 Analysis Rev 05 2010

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MM6 Structural Design Concepts

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

6.1 Characteristics of load bearing behaviour

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

Non-proportional relation between loads and forces

Example: square ETFE-foil cushion

1.25 times increase stresses

positive load bearing behaviour

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

Relation between curved geometry and stresses

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz

line load [kN/m]

F [kN] = p [kN/m] x r [m]

area load [kN/m2]

F [kN/m] = p [kN/m2] x r [m]

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

Relation between curved geometry and stresses

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz

line loads [kN/m]

area load [kN/m2]

F [kN] = p [kN/m] x r [m]

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

Relation between curved geometry and stresses

square ETFE-foil cushion with internal pressure

- synclastic surface (mostly)

equal membrane forces

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

Relation of curvature and stresses boiler formula

r snow load or wind down load

boiler, barrel, tube, membrane

F [kN] = p [kN/m] x r [m]

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

p = inner pressure (area load, constant) [kN/m2]

- synclastic (r1 = r2 = r):

- anticlastic (r1 r2):

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz

(F [kN/m]; r [m], p [kN/m2])

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

Boiler formula for anticlastic and synclastic structures

Boiler formula for a quadratic cushion with

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

6.2 Effect of the sag to the maximal forces

Sag of ETFE cushions

Allianz Arena, Munich

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

General relation between radius of curvature,

less curved cushion

big foil sag

less foil sag

less radius of curvature

bigger radius of curvature

less membrane forces

bigger membrane forces

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz

MM6 Structural Design Concepts

Effect of the sag to the maximal forces

max. cable force [kN]

cable force / cable sag

cable sag [%]