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CAAM 335: Matrix Analysis

Solutions to Problem Set 4, September 12, 2012


Due: Wednesday September 19, 2012
Problem 1 (5+5+5+5+5=25 points) Determine whether or not the following subsets are also subspaces
of the given vector space.
(a) M R3 , where M = {x | x2 = 0}.
(b) N R2 , where N = {x | x1 x2 = 0}.
(c) P R3 , where P = {x | x1 + 2x2 x3 = 0 and x1 + x2 x3 = 0}.
Hint: It is possible to reexpress P in a more convenient form.
(d) The set of all vectors in R3 whose components add up to 1.
(e) The set of all symmetric 2 2 matrices, considered to be a subset of the set of all 2 2
matrices, R22 .

Solution
(a)

u1
v1
u1 + v1
u, v M u = 0 , v = 0 u + v = 0 u + v M
u3
v3
u3 + v3

u1

0 u M
u M , R u =
u3
Thus, M is a subspace of R3 .

2
(b) N
of the following counter-example: Consider
 isnot a subspace of R because
 
  u=
u1
0
u
N , with u1 6= 0, and v =
N , with v2 6= 0. However, u+v = 1
/N.
0
v2
v2

(c)
 


1 2 1
P = x
x=0
1 1 1
Therefore, P is the null space of the given 2 3 matrix. Since all null spaces are
subspaces of the appropriate vector space (here, R3 ), P is a subspace (of R3 ).

0
(d) This set is not a subspace of R3 because 0 is not in the set.
0



a11 a12
(e) M =
a = a21 , ai j R
a21 a22 12
1


m11
M, N M M =
m12

m11 + n11
M+N =
m12 + n12




m12
n11 n12
,N=
m22
n12 n22

m12 + n12
M.
m22 + n22


m11 m12
M M , R M =
M.
m12 m22
Thus, M is a subspace of R22 .
Problem 2 (10+10=20 points) Let U and V be subspaces of Rn .
(a) The intersection of U and V is

U V = {x x U and V .
Prove that U V is a subspace of Rn .
(b) The union of U and V is

U V = {x x U or V .
Give an example showing that this is not a subspace.
Solution
(a)

x U V x U and x V
y U V y U and y V
Because U and V are subspaces, x + y U and x + y V . Therefore, x + y
U V .
Let R. x U V x U and x V . Therefore because U and V are
subspaces, x U and x V x U V .
Thus, U V is a subspace of Rn .

(b) Consider U = {x Rn |xi = 0, i = 2, . . . , n} and V = {x Rn |xi = 0, i = 1, 3, . . . , n}.


T
It is easy to show that U and V are subspaces of Rn . Let u = 1 0 . . . 0 U .
T
Thus, u U V . Let v = 0 1 0 . . . 0 V . Thus, v U V . However,
T
u+v = 1 1 0 ... 0
/ U V .
Problem 3 (5+5+5+10=25 points) We wish to show that N (A) = N (AT A) regardless of A.
(a) We first take a concrete example. Report the findings of the M ATLAB null command applied
to A and AT A for the matrix A associated with Figure 4.1 in the class notes.
(b) For arbitrary A show that N (A) N (AT A), i.e., that if Ax = 0 then AT Ax = 0.

(c) For arbitrary A show that N (AT A) N (A), i.e., that if AT Ax = 0 then Ax = 0. (Hint: if
AT Ax = 0, then xT AT Ax = 0 and says something about kAxk2 , where the 2-norm of a vector
y is kyk22 = yT y.)
(d) Let K Rmm be a diagonal matrix with positive diagonal entries and let A Rmn . Show
eT A.
e What is A?)
e
that N (A) = N (AT KA). (Hint: AT KA = A
Solution
(a) >> A = [ 1

>> null(A)
ans =
0
0
0
0.7071
0
0
0
0.7071

0 0 0 0 0 0
-1 0 1 0 0
0 0 -1 0 0
0 -1 0 0 0
0 0 0 -1 0
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 -1
0 0 0 0 0

0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 -1

0
0
0
1
0
0
0];

0
0.7071
0
0
0
0.7071
0
0

>> null(A*A)
ans =
0
0
0.7071
0
0
0
0
0.7071
0
0
0.7071
0
0
0
0
0.7071

The vectors in the null-spaces of A and AT A are identical.


(b) Let x N (A), that is let x satisfy Ax = 0. Then AT Ax = AT 0 = 0, which means that
3

x N (AT A).
(c) Let x N (AT A), that is let x satisfy AT Ax = 0. Then xT AT Ax = xT 0 = 0. If we set
2
y = Ax, then 0 = xT AT Ax = yT y = m
i=1 yi . Consequently, 0 = y = Ax, which means
that x N (A).
1/2

1/2

(d) Define K 1/2 = diag(k1 , . . . , km ). Then


eT A,
e
AK A = AT K 1/2 K 1/2 A = (K 1/2 A)T K 1/2 A = A
e = K 1/2 A.
where A
e then
If we apply parts 2 and 3 with A replaced by A,
e = N (A)
e = N (K 1/2 A).
N (AT KA) = N (AeT A)
If x N (A), then Ax = 0, which implies K 1/2 Ax = 0, which means that x N (K 1/2 A).
1/2
1/2
On the other hand, if x N (K 1/2 A), then K 1/2 Ax = 0. Since k1 , . . . , km > 0, this
implies Ax = 0, which means that x N (A). Thus we have
e = N (A)
e = N (K 1/2 A) = N (A).
N (AT KA) = N (AeT A)

Problem 4 (25+5=30 points)


14

15

10

12

13

6
8

11

Figure 1: The nodes and bars for the bridge structure

Consider the bridge shown in Figure 1. Its total length is 40m, and its height is 10m. (For example
the location of node 1 is (10,0) and the location of node 4 is (10,10).) The stiffness for bar i is
ki = ai Ei /`i , where ai = 0.0005 [m2 ] is the cross sectional area of the bar, Ei = 195109 [Pa=N/m2 ]
is the Youngs modulus, and `i is the length of the ih bar. The external forces fi are zero, except
f2 = f4 = f6 = 105 [N].
(a) Write a well-documented Matlab program that sets up and solves the equations AT KAx = f
for the bridge shown in the figure above. Plot the original bridge as well as the deformed
bridge.
(b) Use your displacements x calculated in part 1. to calculate the restoring forces y for the
bridge. Steel starts to break when
|stress| =

|restoring force|
yield stress 200 GPa.
cross-sectional area

Are any of the beams in the bridge susceptible to breaking in this example?

Solution

(a) The equations AT KAx = f for the bridge shown in in Figure 1 are set up and solved in
Matlab script bridge hw4 F2010.m. The script bridge hw4 F2010.m is a modification of the Matlab script truss.m.
We assign node numbers to the fixed nodes. The fixed node on the lower left side is
assigned number 7 and the fixed node on the lower left side is assigned number 8.
Since we need the matrices A and K in the second part of the problem, we also modify
stiff.m. The modified function stiff mat.m now returns A and K. The matrix AT KA
is formed in bridge hw4 F2010.m.
5

The original and the deformed bridge are shown below. To distinguish between the
original and the deformed bridge, we multiply the actual displacements by a factor 10.
The original and deformed (magnified by 10) bridge

20
15
10
5
0

14

15

8 7

11 10

12

13
4

5
10
15
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

(b) Once the displacements are computed, the stresses are computed using
% compute internal restoring forces and stresses
y
= k.*(A(:,free)*x); % restoring foce
stress = abs(y)./area;
We then plot bars with index i for which stress(i) >= 200.e9, which are susceptible to
breaking red and the other bars green. This is done using
for i = 1:m
if( stress(i) >= 200.e9 )
plot(node(bar(i,:),1), node(bar(i,:),2), r-); hold on
else
plot(node(bar(i,:),1), node(bar(i,:),2), g-); hold on
end
end
The following plot is generated by bridge hw4 F2010.m. None of the bars are susceptible to breaking.
6

bars that will break are in red


20

15

10

10
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Challenge Problem Read through the structural optimization section in the truss.pdf handout posted
on the lecture page and compute the minimum weight bridge from a ground structure show in
Figure 2.

Figure 2: The ground structure. The two fixed nodes are indicated by triangles and the forces
acting on the bottom nodes, indicated by circles, are shown as bars.
The minimum weight bridge is constructed in driver bridge optim lp.m, which is a modification of driver bracket truss optim lp.m.
The minimum weight bridge is shown in the following plot
The optimal structure

The minimum weight bridge together with the ground structure is shown in the following
plot

The ground structure and the optimal structure

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