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    Vocabulary For Achievement 3rd Course

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    Vocabulary for Achievement

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    _Aspects of Language. \©Great Source. DO NOT COPY archaic argot ‘connotation denotation idiom di jargon pidgin semantics standard vernacular English exists in many fascinating varieties. There is the formal Standard English we use when we write essays, and the vernacular we use with our friends. Different groups of people have their own colorful argot, or slang vocabulary. Different languages can be combined to make pidgin. Archaic words, such as thorp for “village” and dugud for “honor,” are found only in very old writings. This lesson deals with language in its many levels and forms. 2. archaic (ir-ka'tk) adjective from Greek arkhaios, “ancient” No longer used or applicable; ancient archaic language + The words show and thee were once common, but are now archaic. 2. argot (ir’g0, tr“gat) noun Argo a French word, ‘The informal, specialized vocabulary or expressions of a particular originally referred to the group language of thieves. + In the argot of editing and publishing, TK means “to come later” and stet means “let it stand,” or “do not change as marked” 3. connotation (kin’a-tishan) noun from Latin com: notare, “to mark” Ideas or meanings suggested by a word; associations that go beyond a word!’ literal meaning + Whereas the word slender has a positive connotation, the word skinny has a negative one, connote verb ‘The word throng connotes a large crowd that is moving, toward something. “together” comnotative adjective Although the word speak has few connotative meanings, babble suggests talking on and on. 4. denotation (di + notare, “to mark” The most direct or specific meaning of a word + The denotation of the word apartment is “a residence located in a building where there are other residences.” ‘shan) noun from Latin de-, “completely” denote verb A farm denotes a place where crops are grown or animals are raised. denotative adjective Although the denotative meaning of hearth is “a fireplace. its connotative meaning suggests itis found in a home or a warm, comfortable place. lesson @ 7. 10. idiom (id“8-am) nour from Greek idios, “personal private” An expression with a special meaning that cannot be understood from the meanings of the individual words; a nonliteral expression + English has many idioms that use the word put, including “to put up with,’“a put down,” and “to put across.” idiomatic adjective Itis often difficult for people learning English as a second language to understand its many idiomatic expressions. jargon (jir‘gan) noun a. A specialized vocabulary of a profession or trade + Expressions like subgalial hematoma and split sagittal suture are part of medical jargon. b. Nonsensical or meaningless communication + The state report on local taxes was just jargon to most readers. pidgin (pij‘an) noun A simplified form of speech developed from two or more languages + Tok Pisin is a pidgin of German, English, and native languages spoken in Papua, New Guinea. semantics (si-miin’tiks) noun from Greek sema, “sign” a. The study of meaning and word interpretation + Writers and other people who work with words are usually interested in semantics. b. The exact meaning of a word + Let’s not argue over the semantics of the word suburb, semantic adjective ‘The difference between a threatened species and an endangered species is mainly semantic because they are treated the same under the law. semanticist noun The semanticist told us that silly once meant “holy.” standard (stin“dard) from Latin sta-, “stand” a. adjective Conforming to the established language used by educated speakers + Standard English is used by practically all television news announcers. b. noun Something established as a measure of quality +The Pulitzer Prize sets the standard for high-quality journalism. standardize verb When dictionaries came into widespread use, they helped to standardize spelling, vernacular (var-niik ya-lor) from Latin verna, “native slave” a, noun Everyday language, rather than literary language + Expressions like “OK” and “bye-bye” are part of English vernacular, . noun The native language or dialect of a country, place, or group + Mark Twain is well known for his use of Southern vernacular. ¢. adjective Commonly spoken by a region or group + The vernacular expression “Y'all” is common in the southern, United States. Aspects of Language Jargon refers to words used in a profession. In contrast, argot is usually informal slang. By convention, standard is ‘capitalized when used in the phrase Standard English. ‘Great Source. 00 NOT COPY (Great Source. DO NOT COPY NAME DATE WRITE THE CORRECT WORD Write the correct word in the space next to each defini 4. everyday language 6. ancient = 2. conforming to established 7. a specific meaning of a word usage . 8. a nonliteral expression 3. simple speech from combined languages 9, the suggested meaning of aword ee ee 10. informal expressions of a 5. specialized words of a particular group profession o trade TE THE SENTENCE Write the letter for the word that best completes each sentence. 1 2. I'm glad Jaws against going hatless in public are no longer enforced. a. standard ». archaic ¢. vernacular 4. pidgin Inthe of New Englanders, wicked means “very” or “extremely” a. argot ». standard . denotation 4. archaic ‘The term Super Bow! has that go far beyond a mere game. a. vernaculars b. denotations . connotations 4d. idioms ‘The of the word patriotism is “love of one’s country.” a. semantics b. denotation e. pidgin 4d, standard “Blowing smoke” is a popular that comes from magicians who used smoke to conceal the way they did their tricks, a. denotation b. argot ©. idiom 4d, standard NASA engineers frequently use complex — to explain space explorations. a. jargon b. connotation e. pidgin d. archaic Good writers must understand proper word usage and a. pidgin b. jargon . standard 4d, semantics ‘The German boy and his Spanish friend developed a(n) to communicate. a. semantic b. pidgin ¢. archaic d. denotation Most newspapers follow the grammatical rules of ____ English, a, Standard b. pidgin ©, jargon 4, connotative We often use the form of English when speaking with friends, a. archaic b. pidgin ¢. vernacular d. idiom swords, while rarely utilized in ___ conversation, are employed in the numerous works of literature that make up our heritage. a, Connotative jargon b. Pidgin...idiom ¢. Archaic...vernacular Lesson 1 e READING..CO Is It Really English? fy mom was dead set against my going to the party, and I thought I'd have to bite the bullet. But then she did a 180. She's letting me go, as long as Jerry also comes along to keep an eye on me.” Do you understand the sentences above? (4) If not, it’s probably because they contain four idioms. (2) In our vernacular, idioms are commonly used. (3) But if ‘you were just learning English as a second language, the semantics of these phrases would probably seem strange. You might wonder: Was the mother dead? Why did she bite a bullet? What is a 180? Will Jerry take out an eye and put it on her? (4) Even in standard language usage, all may not bbe what it seems. (B) Words may have a denotation that is usually well understood by the listener. (6) But that listener may be completely unaware of the word’s connotation. For example, the word gaunt means “thin EHENSION and bony” but it is often used to describe someone who is ill. It has developed a connotation of illness even though it is not part of the word's meaning. (7) Often, people in professional fields use jargon. {A doctor who says “Marla suffers from a pruritic skin condition” means simply that Marlas skin is itchy. A lawyer discussing jus cogens is talking about fundamental principles of international law. (8) Some social groups also use their own argot. One thief might warn another that a “blue suit” (a police officer) is coming to “crack” (interrupt) a crime. (9) Pidgins are colorful, but often difficult to understand. They evolve when different peoples who don't speak one another's languages come together and try to communicate. For example, a pidgin combining English and the native Hawaiian language is spoken by ‘many Hawaiians today. In this pidgin, brok’ da mout means “delicious”; brah is a buddy; and bumbye means “when we get around t Have you read or seen Shakespearean plays? (20) Because his works were written almost four hundred years ago, many of the words and phrases in them are now archaic. Writers of long ago used words that seem like another language to us. “Dost thou rejoiceth when thou dost discovereth” the meaning of this sentence? Although our own language may at times seem strange or even foreign, its diversity lends a wonderful richness to our culture. Jargon, argot, vernacular, connotations, and archaic words all make English an interesting language. Each sentence below refers to a numbered sentence in the passage. Write the letter of| the choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is closest to the original sentence. 4. If not, it’s probably because they contain four @. nonliteral expressions b. specific definitions ©. accents . alternatives 2. Inour , idioms are commonly used. a. combined languages. . everyday language ©. exact definitions _d. specialized vocabulary 3. But if you were just learning English as a second language, the of these phrases would probably seem strange. . simplified forms _-B. word meanings ©. established use ds combined languages 4. Even in a. ancient language usage, all may not be what it seems. b. specialized ©. average . established °o Aspects of Language Great Source. D0 NOT COPY ‘©Great Source. DO NOT COPY MAME DATE 5. Words may have a(n) that is usually well understood by the listener. nonliteral use b. vague idea ©. specific meaning. informal use 6. But that listener may be completely unaware of the word’s a. spelling b. shythm ©. educated usage 4. nonliteral meaning 7. Often, people in professional fields use a. a specialized language. ancient words _. body language 4, literal meanings 8. Some social groups also use their own a. established language. accents ©. informal language. stories 9. are colorful, but often difficult to understand. a. Jokes b. Ancient words ¢. Combined languages 4. Word meanings 10. Many of the words and phrases in them are now a, hard to read b. out of date ©. specialized 4d, foreign Indicate whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE according to the passage. 1. Pidgins and archaic expressions are no longer in use. 2. English from 400 years ago is hard for most modern students to understand. 3. Pidgin languages develop when people have difficulty communicating otherwise. WRITING EXTENDED RESPONSES. ‘Think of a show, which you watch or listen to, that features nonstandard Janguage. Give an example from the program, showing the use of argot, jargon, or another type of language described in this lesson. In a persuasive essay, explain why this program's use of language is effective or ineffective. You should give atleast two reasons for your opinion. Your essay should be at least three paragraphs long, Use at least three lesson words in your essay and underline them. WRITE THE DERIVATIVE ‘Complete the sentence by writing the correct form of the word shown in parentheses. You may not need to change the form that is given. 2. “What's up?” or “What's new?” are expressions we use to learn the latest happenings in our friends’ lives. (vernacular) 2. Learning proper grammar helps us express ourselves in (standard) English. 3. The two merchants had difficulty understanding each other, so they communicated in . (pidgin) lesson1 @ 4. study the meaning and interpretation of words. (semantics) 5. The high-tech industry is the source of much of the complex we encounter today. (jargon) 6. “Seeing red,” and “hitting the roof” are expressions. (idiom) 7. The meaning of the word heart is “an organ that pumps blood through the body.” (denotation) 8. _____ meanings of the word heart can suggest love, loyalty, the center, or faith. (connotation) 9. The linguist studied the ‘of more than a dozen cultures. (argot) 10. Lincoln’s phrase “Four score and seven years ago” sounds ___ to us now. (archaic) FIND THE EXAMPLE Choose the answer that best describes the action or situation. 1. An example of a musician a. tax relief jargon B lat ¢, clarified butter 4d, maximum security A vernacular expression used by train conductors ‘a. How ya doin’? b. All aboard. ©. Gay mate. d, Pleased to meet you. 3. The phrase that uses Standard English to express disbelief a. Idon't believe it! b, No way! ¢, Get out of here! d. Get real! 4. Two people most likely to communicate in pidgin ‘a. two family members , an English person and an Am b. a foreigner and a native 4, two people from the same town _______ 5. Something that is now archaic in most of the world a. jet airplane b. high-speed train, motor boat 4d. horse-drawn carriage 6. The most likely time when a worker would use argot a. when talking with a neighbor cc, when speaking to a colleague b. when shopping for food d. when ordering dinner __ 7. Aword that has a positive connotation a. awkward b. mean ©. gracious a. silly 8, An example of an idiom a. She's feeling sad. b. We're fired up. ©. They were excited. d. He's disappointed. _____. 9. The denotation of the word “peaceful” a. calm and tranquil . weak; without strength b, full of pieces 4. combatives warlike 20. ‘The person most likely to be interested in semantics a. dancer b. writer ¢. painter d, drummer s} Aspects of Language Great Source. DO NOT COPY ‘Great Source. DO NOT COPY Words from.Names. atlas epicure galvanize jovial nemesis, Pyrthic victory quixotic saturnine Sisyphean solecism ‘Many English words come from names of people and places. The petri v dish that scientists use to culture bacteria is named for Julius Petri, the German bacteriologist who invented it. The term Ferris wheel comes from the American engineer, George Ferris. Tuxedo comes from a country club in New York. 4. atlas (it’las) noun from Atlas, a mythological Greek giant A book or bound collection of maps + We consulted two atlases to chart our trip of the California coast. x epicure (&p’i-kydor’) nour from Epicurus, a Greek philosopher A person with refined taste, especially in food and drink + The epicure rejected the waiter’s suggestion of a cheeseburger and ordered a fine steak. epicurean adjective ‘These rare mushrooms are an epicurean delight. Hpicwreaniom isthe wreans gathered at the famous restaurant. philosophy that happiness, or the avoidance of pain, is the highest good. epicurean noun The e 3. galvanize (gil’vo-ntz’) verb from Luigi Galvani, an Italian scientist ‘To stimulate or urge into action; to spur + A recent increase in roadside litter galvanized the Keep Our Town Beautiful committee. 4, jovial (j0’ve-al) adjective from Latin ovis, “Jupiter” king of the Roman gods Jolly; filled with good cheer Jovian is an adjective that + Plenty of food and lots of jokes contributed to the jovial atmosphere means “of or relating to the at the party. planet Jupiter.” joviality noun Ben, known for his joviality, always managed to cheer up his friend, emesis (ném’ righteous revenge 2. A source of harm or ruin; an opponent that cannot be defeated + A harsh winter proved to be the nemesis of the invading army. b. One who inflicts retribution or vengeance + Lucy’s nemesis spread gossip about her every day in a desperate attempt to get back at her. s) noun from Nemesis, the Greek goddess of 6. Pyrthic victory (pit “Ik vik’ta-ré) noun from Pyrrhus, a king in ancient Greece A victory that is offset by staggering losses or that comes at a huge price + The general looked upon his few surviving soldiers and realized that he had won only a Pyrthic victory. 7. quixotic (kwik-sit“Ik) adjective from Don Quixote, a 1604 Spanish novel Dedicated to unreachable goals; idealistic but not practical + Marc spent four years in a quixotic strugele to block construction of @ highway through his neighborhood. 8. satumine (sit’or-nin’) adjective from Saturn, the Roman god Saturn was associated with of agriculture lead, so saturnine can also Gloomy and sullen refer to the effects produced + Sitting alone, the saturnine old man pondered his lifetime of by absorbing lead, as in lead bad luck. poisoning. 9. Sisyphean (sis‘a-f8“an) adjective from Sisyphus, a mythological Greek king. Requiring endless effort; without result or success + Trying to rake the leaves on a windy day is a Sisyphean task. 10. solecism (sil‘i-siz‘am) noun from Soloi, an Athenian colony where an improper form of dialect was spoken a. A nonstandard or improper use of language + Ain't is a solecism in formal situations. A mistake in manners or behavior + Spearing meat with a knife and then lifting it to your mouth is, considered a solecism in polite society. WORD ENRICHMENT How our months were named ‘Many of the English (and Spanish) names for the twelve months used in a calendar year come from ancient Rome or the Latin language. Janus, the Roman god of doors and gates, gives us January, the “door” to a new year. February takes its name from a purification ceremony performed by the Sabine people, who lived in what is now central Italy and who were conquered by the Romans, March, a month that often brings “violent” ‘weather, is named for Mars, the Roman god of war. The origin of April is uncertain, but May probably comes from Maia, a goddess of fertility and spring, June comes from Juno, empress of the Roman gods. Not all of our names for months come from mythology or ancient ceremonies. July is named for Julius Caesar. August is named for Augustus, the first Roman emperor. September, October, November, and December ‘come from the Julian calendar, which Julius Caesar introduced in 46 we. In this calendar, September was the seventh month, October came eighth, November was ninth, and December was tenth. Sept- means “seven,” oct- (as in octopus) means “eight?” nov- means “nine,” and dec- means “ten.” ‘Though we now use the Gregorian calendar, the last four months of the year retain their names from the Julian calendar. eo Words from Names Great Source. DO NOT COPY ‘Great Source. D0 NOT COPY MANE —_ DATE THE CORRECT..WORD Write the correct word in the space next to each definition. __ 4. aperson with fine taste 6. avery costly success in food 7. an opponent or a force that 2 requiring endless, useless can’t be conquered effort 8. seeking an unrealistic goal 3. improper language & gooey 4, a book of maps 10. to spur to action 5. cheerful COMPLETE THE SENTENCE Write the letter for the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Nature-lovers hope that their attempts to prevent mass extinctions are not a. galvanized b. jovial ¢. saturnine 4, quixotic 2. None of us knew exactly where Timbuktu is, so we consulted a(n) —___ a. atlas b. epicure ¢, solecism. 4, nemesis 3. The only good thing about the oil spill is that it could leaders to improve shipping safety. a. galvanize b. saturnine «. epicure 4d. nemesis 4, Every day there are more and more dirty dishes to wash—truly a(n) task, a. epicurean b. jovial ¢. Sisyphean galvanized __ 5, Committing a(n) ____ can be very embarrassing, especially at formal gatherings. a. nemesis b, solecism. «. atlas 4d. epicure 6. His expression was fitting for a person scarred by life's hardships. a. epicurean b. jovial ©, saturnine 4. quixotic 7. Most popular superheroes have at least one evil a. epicure b, atlas ¢. solecism 4. nemesis 8, The family reunion was a event with much laughter and happiness a, jovial . Sisyphean, ©, quixotic 4, saturnine 9. Uncle Marcel is a master chef who prepares foods that are treats a, Sisyphean b, solecistic ¢. jovial 4. epicurean 20, The wealthy businessman's success was a _____ because his complete devotion to work cost him his family’s love. a. Sisyphean task b, Pyrthic victory . quixotic quest 4. jovial solecism Challenge: The appearance of the tall, lanky stranger contrasted sharply with the of the others, who chatted happily at the dinner table. a, quixotic...nemesis b. epicurean...solecism — ¢, saturnine...joviality lesson? @ READING COMPR NSION History Lives in Language History comes alive through words whenever we use an atlas, read about a quixotic campaign, or find ourselves, in a jovial mood. Many of our words are taken from the names of people, places, ancient gods, or fictional characters. (4) The word jovial comes from Jupiter, the Roman king of the gods. (His Greek name was Zeus.) The planet named after him was supposed to have been the source of joy. Perhaps this is because the god Jupiter enjoyed playing practical jokes, which certainly amused him, if| not always his victims. In contrast, Saturn, the Roman god of agriculture, ‘was thought to be stern and serious. (In Greek mythology, his name was Khronos.) (2) The planet named for this god was believed to spread a saturnine mood. The word Saturday also comes from Saturn. ‘According to Greek and Roman mythology, those who offended the gods suffered horrible punishments. Sisyphus was a cruel king who mocked the gods. (8) As a result, he was doomed to a Sisyphean task: endlessly rolling a heavy boulder up a hill. Each time he reached the top, the boulder came crashing down. Atlas, a Titan (a mythological giant) who fought the gods and lost, ‘was made to carry the world on his shoulders. In 1636, ‘mapmaker Gerhardus Mercator put a drawing of Atlas, supporting the world, on the front of his books of maps. (4) As a result, this type of reference work has come to be called an atlas In Greek mythology, Nemesis was a goddess who personified righteous anger and revenge against those with too much pride, Because she had much work to do on Earth, she lived among the people rather than. ‘on Mount Olympus. (5) Ancient Greeks feared the goddess as much as people today might fear a modern-day nemesis, ‘The names of al figures have also become words used in modern-day English. The Greek philosopher Epicurus, who lived about 2,300 years, ago, emphasized the importance of enjoying life. He once said, “The root of all good is the pleasure of the stomach.” (6) Modern-day epicureans would obviously agree. In 280-279 nc, Pyrthus, a Greek king, defeated the invading Romans at Heraclea and Asculum. Unfortunately, the loss of life that his troops suffered was so great that he said, “One more such victory and we are lost.” (7) This gave rise to the term Pyrrhic victory. The city of Soloi was a colony of ancient Athens, probably located in present-day Turkey. The Solois people developed their own dialect, which was regarded with great scorn by the Athenians. (8) The Athenians coined the term solecism, to emphasize their displeasure. Literature and science have also contributed words to English. In the 1700s, Italian scientist Luigi Galvani discovered that he could make the legs of a frog “jump” by applying an electrical charge to its spinal cord. (9) His name lives on in the word galvanize. In Miguel Cervantes's classic Spanish novel, Don Quixote, the hero develops an overactive imagination from reading romantic novels. He decides to become a knight who travels the world, performing noble deeds. (40) But he is a quixotic character. He rides a broken- down horse, is crowned with a washbasin, mistakes a windmill for a giant, and rescues a peasant girl whom he believes to be a noble lady. Assisted by the ever-practical Sancho Panza, Quixote has come to symbolize blind idealism. Each sentence below refers to a numbered sentence in the passage. Write the letter of the choice that gives the sentence a meaning that 1. The word for a. secretive b. powerful 2. ‘The planet named for t a. gloomy silly 3. Sisyphus was doomed to a(n) a. simple b. short @® Words from Names god was believed to spread a(n) is closest to the original sentence. comes from Jupiter, the Roman king of the gods. ©. cheerful d. fierce mood. ©. relaxed. 4, idealistic ©. difficult, unwelcome d. endless, unsuccessful ‘Great Source. D0 NOT COPY ‘©Great Source, DO NOT COPY MAME DATE 4. Asa result, this type of reference work has come to be called a a. map collection . public library ©. practical choice. strong opponent —— 5. Greeks feared her as much as people today might fear a modern-day a. book of maps , unbeatable foe ©. Luigi Galvani d. impossible dream ——— 6. Modern-day would obviously agree. a. mapmakers b. food lovers ©. sociable philosophers 4. idealists - 7. This gave rise to the term meaning “victory” a. barely a b. overwhelming 6. endless 4. costly 8. The Athenians coined the term for @. unbeatable enemy b. similar language. unreachable goal unacceptable langue ——— 9. Thus, his name lives on in the word meaning a. stimulate to act. slow down . challenge to raced. mistake in manners 10. But he is a(n) character. a. devoted b. real ©. impractical 4. comic Indicate whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE according to the passage. 1. According to myth, both Atlas and Sisyphus were punished by the gods. 2. Athenians regarded citizens of the Soloi colony as models of proper language. 3. Greek philosophers were devoted solely to the life of the mind, not to the pleasures of the senses. Complete each sentence so that it shows the meaning of the italicized word. 4, The nemesis of the superhero 2. A quixotic venture would be WRITE THE DERIVATIVE. Complete the sentence by writing the correct form of the word shown in parentheses. You may not need to change the form that is given. (atlas) _____ 1. Whenever we travel, Dad likes to take along several 2. Professor Moriarity was Sherlock Holmes's . (nemesis) 3. When a commander succeeds in taking control of an enemy fort while losing ‘most of his soldiers in the process, he has won a (Pyrrhic victory) Lesson 2 @ 5. The chef traveled the world seeking __ delights. (epicure) 4, When in a foreign country, it is easy to commit __.(solecism) 6. Because of his __, Jose was invited to a lot of parties. (jovial) 7. Joanisa 9. Because of my uncle’ gatherings. (saturnine) 10. Last winter, keeping the driveway clear of snow was a FIND THE EXAMPLE Choose the answer that best describes the action or situation. _ 2. A result of galvanizing a. rest b. life 2. A common solecism a. Idon’t need any. _b. I don’t got none. 3. A frequent feature of joviality a. deep sleep b. annoying whine 4, A task for which you'd likely use an atlas a. planning a trip b. pressing flowers ‘The most likely place to find an epicure a. five-star restaurant b. pizza place 6. Likely result of a Pyrrhic victory a. joyful dancing , mixed emotions Something a nemesis wants a. revenge b. athletic ability 8. Something a saturnine person does often a. laughs b, relaxes __ 9. Anexample of a Sisyphean task a. writing story. dancing a jig. 10. The best description of a quixotic person a, negative b. average ® Words from Names 8. The coach's pep talk ____ the team’s defense. (galvanize) ©. action . [don't have any. . sour expression, ©. leveling a table ©. fast-food restaurant ¢. widespread smiles ©. good food ©. jokes ¢. running a mile . unrealistic character; she is always taking up lost causes. (quixotic) personality, I usually avoided him at family task. (Sisyphean) 4d. sleep 4. [don't want it, 4. hearty laughter 4. lifting weights d. hot-dog stand d. lottery tickets 4. help 4d. mopes 4, filling a leaky barrel d. achievable ‘Great Source. DO NOT COPY \©Greet Source, D0 NOT COPY WORD LIST behold discernment envision. foresee gape ? impressionistic myopia perceptive premonition _ subliminal Awareness is part of the protection that nature gives its creatures. Many animals have highly developed senses of hearing, sight, or smell that alert them to danger. Human awareness also involves sensitivities to danger, to social cues, and to environmental factors. This lesson contains words that describe levels and types of awareness. As you study them, think about how aware you are of the details in your own world. 1, behold (bi-hold’) verb ‘To gaze at or look upon, + The Grand Canyon at sunset is truly a sight to behold. beholder noun Because people's notions of beauty vary, itis often said that “beauty isin the eye of the beholder” 2. discernment (di-sirn’mant) noun from Latin dis-, “apart” To discern can also mean “to + cernere, “to separate carefully” see," as in “I discerned a figure Excellent judgment and insight; skill in perceiving in the fog.” + The chess player was known for her keen discernment of opponents’ weaknesses, discern verb April taught her niece to discern which strawberries were ripe enough to pick. 3. envision (én-vizh‘an) verb from Latin in-, To picture in the mind; to imagine + Vivian envisioned how her life would change once she became an actress in? + vision 4, foresee (fr-sé’) verb from Old English fore, “in front” + see To see or know ahead of time + City planners were not able to foresee that a hurricane would destroy the new library. foreseeable adjective Carmen budgeted her funds carefully, as she did not expect a raise in the foreseeable future, foresight rioun While standing in the long security line, Antonio was glad that he had had the foresight to arrive at the airport two hours eatly. envisioning the future 5. |. subliminal (sii gape (gap) verb ‘To stare in amazement, often with the mouth wide open Gape can also apply to any + The patrons stood and gaped at the movie stars, who were filming wide opening, even figurative ‘a scene in the local department store. ‘ones, as in “There were impressionistic (im-présh’o-nis’tik) adjective from Latin im-, “in” ‘gaping holes in the robbery suspect’ story.” ly personal, individual response to experience + Stephen Crane’s novel The Red Badge of Courage shows a young soldier's impressionistic view of a war. b. Reflecting a style of painting of the late nineteenth century that focuses on a personal or niomentary view of something + Claude Monet’s impressionistic paintings are filled with deliberate blurs that emphasize the effect of sunlight on objects. impression noun My impression was that he didn’t want the job. myopia (mi-0’pé-a) noun from Greek muein, “to close the eyes” + ops, “eye a. Lack of planning for the future; shortsightedness + Myopia among the city planners resulted in overcrowding and poor living conditions. b. Nearsightedness; a condition in which distant objects appear blurred + Myopia prevented her from driving without wearing her glasses. myopic adjective The financial planner's myopic investments eventually led to his client's bankruptcy. perceptive (par: with the mind” Marked by understanding or awareness; sharp; sensitive + Darren's perceptive comments about the story showed that he understood the characters’ motives. sp'tiv) adjective from Latin percipere, “to grasp perceive verb She perceived me to be a dishonest person, but I never lied to her. perception noun Perceptions of the events that led up to the accident varied. perceptible adjective Able to be perceived or detected + Although the body shop had repaired the car, the dent was still perceptible. premonition (pré‘mo-nish’an, prém en) noun from Latin pre, “before” + monere, “to warn” ‘A feeling that something will happen in the future; an advance warning + [had a premonition that my biology teacher would give us a surprise quiz. lim a-nal) adjective from Latin sub-, “under” + limin-, “limit” Below the threshold of conscious thought; not detectable, but able to bring about a response + In an infamous advertising campaign, subliminal messages urging people to buy snacks were flashed on movie screens for a fraction of a second. @ rworeness ‘©Great Source, DO NOT COPY ‘Great Source. DO NOT COPY NAME - pate _ WRITE THE CORRECT WORD Write the correct word in the space next to each definition. 1. shortsightedness ___ 6. based on personal response 2. to look upon 7. to know in advance 3. to state in amazement 8. skill in perceiving 4. an advance warning ee 9. unconscious _ 5. to imagine or picture e 10. sensitive and aware COMPLETE..TH, ENTENCE Write the letter for the word that best completes each sentence. — 1. If Thad ______ the heavy traffic, I would have left earlier. ‘a. foreseen b. envisioned ©. gaped 4. subliminal 2. comments by the lecturer increased our understanding of the topic. a. Gaping b. Perceptive c. Subliminal d. Myopic _____._ 3. Bruce's ____ viewpoint made long-range planning very difficult for him. Challenge: Because a 10. Charles tried to a. subliminal b. perceptive e. myopic 4. discerning 4, ‘The intense blizzard was so similar to the one she had dreamt about that Buffy wondered whether her dream had been a(n) ___. a. discernment b. impression . premonition 4. myopia the homesick soldier longed to his wife's face. a. behold b. subliminal ©. foresee 4. envision 6. The painting conveyed the artist’s personal feelings for the scene. a. foreseen b. gaping ©. myopic 4. impressionistic 7. The visitors to the ‘Taj Mahal at the impressive palace. a. foresaw b. envisioned. ©. discerned 4. gaped 8. A speaker's body language often sends ___ messages that listeners may not be aware of receiving, a. myopic b. subliminal gaping 4. impressionistic 9. In order to evaluate a play, a theater critic must try to the strengths and ‘weaknesses of the performance. a. foresee b. envision ©. discern 4. behold ‘what it would be like to live in a world free of conflict. a. behold b. envision c. gape at d. premonition message is not perceived consciously, the of the audience is usually not a factor in determining whether the communication is successful a. beheld...impression _b. myo premonition 6. subliminal...discernment lessons @ READING COMPREHENSION Are Our Eyes Fooling Us? Look at the two designs below. Now focus very carefully on the center circle in each design. (1) Can you discern which center is larger? Perhaps you think the design on the left is bigger. Wrong! Both circles are exactly the same size! (Measure them if you like.) (2) Now behold the lines with arrows at the ends. Which line is longer? (3) By now, you probably have a ‘premonition that this isa trick question, and indeed it is (4) Both lines are the same length, but our brains give us the impression that the line on the right is longer eee Oat ose OFO ——<— ‘What's going on here? (5) Your brain envisions something that isn't there. (6) Don’t worry—you're not suffering from myopia; you're just experiencing a phenomenon called an optical illusion. Scientists cannot fully explain optical illusions, but there are several theories as to how or why our eyes trick us, Some argue that the physical structure of our eyes creates such illusions. (7) Others feel that optical illusions result from the way people in our culture sometimes perceive information subliminally. Most experts agree with the second theory: that we are tricked by optical illusions because of our perspective, or how we look at something, Scientists have studied how people with different perspectives actually see images. Some researchers ‘went to Uganda, in Africa, to show images to people, similar to those on this page. (8) ‘The scientists could not have foreseen the results: Most Ugandans who lived in cities, and had seen similar images before, were fooled by the optical illusions, just as most Americans are. But the Ugandans who lived in small villages, and had not seen such shapes before, were not tricked; they saw the circles and lines as the same size. Some scientists believe that this study shows that optical illusions are not just about the information we take in through our eyes. (9) Past experiences and images also influence our perception of what we “see.” ‘The most recent theory about optical illusions is that, after the eye sees an image, the brain uses past experiences to figure out what it is seeing. How easily our minds fool us! ‘There are many Web sites and books you can look at to find more information about optical illusions. (40) Some are so astounding that they will leave you gaping at the images, trying to figure out what exactly you are looking at. Each sentence below refers to a numbered sentence in the passage. Write the letter of the choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is closest to the original sentence. which center is larger? b. explain 2. Can you a. remember 2. Now a look at b. imagine 3. By now, you probably have a(n) a. memory b. feeling on the right is longer. a. explanation b. certainty Your brain —____ something that isn’t there. a. remembers bb. describes 6. Don't worry—you're not suffering from a. colorblindness b. @ sworeness 4. Both lines are the same length, but our brains give us the yearsightedness «. picture 4. judge the lines with arrows at the ends. . remember 4. understand that this is a trick question, ©. idea 4. picture that the line ©. theory d. response «. pictures 4. forewarns ©. awareness 4. sightlessness \©Great Source. 00 NOT COPY Great Source. DO NOT COPY NAME DATE 7 Others feel that optical illusions result from the way people in our culture sometimes perceive information a. by reading b. unconsciously ¢. in groups 4. by sight 8. The scientists could not have the results a. predicted b. explained ©. detected 4. described 9. Past experiences and images also influence our of what we “see.” a. memory b. reflections . forgetting d. understanding 20. Some are so astounding that they will leave you at the images. a. talking b. staring . gesturing 4. shouting Indicate whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE according to the passage. 1. You should always believe what you think you see, no matter what, 2. People around the world see optical illusions in exactly the same way. 3. A person's perceptions are influenced by his or her past experiences. WRITING EXTENDED RESPONSES: As with optical illusions, our expectations of events influence the way that we perceive them. Think of a time when the outcome of an event ‘was very different from what you had expected (perhaps it was a pleasant surprise, or a huge letdown). In a descriptive essay, tell what you expected and why. Then describe the actual experience and explain how you think your expectations influenced your experience of the event. Your essay should be at least three paragraphs long, Use at least three lesson words in your essay and underline them. FHE DERIVATIV! ‘Complete the sentence by writing the correct form of the word shown in parentheses. You may not need to change the form that is given. 2. The crowd was at the feats of the daring air-show pilots. (gape) 2. The moment that Charlotte the glorious view from the bedroom ‘window, she knew that this was the house for her. (behold) 3. His of the day's events was very different from mine. (perceptive) 4, Before he starts to draw, Jeremy always the result. (envision) 5. People who fail to consider the long-term consequences of their actions are (myopia) 6. How many chances do you get to make a first, 4 (impressionistic) lessons @ 7. [realized later that the faraway church bells had made a ‘me; somehow, I'd known it was just after noon, (subliminal) 8. The interviewer tried to (discernment) balances in our government's process. (foresee) 10. A person experiencing a others miss. (premonition) FIND THE EXAMPLE. Choose the answer that best describes the action or situation. 2, Something that could be highly impressionistic a. phone book b. dictionary ¢. shopping list 2. Something that most people find difficult to envision a. atree b. clear water ¢. nothingness 3. Someone likely to use subliminal methods frequently, a. carpenter b. advertiser ©. accountant ______ 4 Something to behold a. Niagara Falls b. classical music . cool breeze _______ 5. Something that causes one to gape a. anger b. amazement cc. happiness 6. Something that one should always choose with much discernment a. achip b. a pencil ©. a friend 7. Something about which itis usually important to be perceptive a. others’ feelings b. price of candy . shoe polish Something you do NOT do well if you'te myopic a. plan a party b. sing a song ©. read a book 9, Something impossible to foresee a. tomorrow's schedule. a lunar eclipse ©. your next meal 10. ‘Time when a premonition might come true a. long past b, near future ¢, ina dream each job applicant’s mot impression on jon and skill. . ‘The Founding Fathers had great ____ when it came to providing checks and may simply be picking up on subtle clues that 4. poem d. a pencil 4d. landscaper . warm embrace hunger . a soda d. cutting grass 4. see far away 4. the past 4. yesterday ‘Great Source. 00 NOT COPY A a) Finding the Appropriate Definition ‘Most dictionary words have more than one definition, and some words have more than one entry. When you look up a word, you must determine which one is ‘most appropriate to the material that you are reading. You can use the following guidelines. Strategies 1, Locate the correct entry for the word. Some homographs have several entries. ‘The common word dock, for example, has four in the American Heritage High School Dictionary. 2. Decide which part of speech the word isin the sentence. Then concentrate on the definitions for that part of speech. 3. Look through all ofthe definitions for that part of speech. Don't simply choose the first one. 4, Reread the sentence to yourself, substituting each definition within the right part of. speech for the unknown word. You may have to change a definition slightly. Practice Finding the Appropriate Definition Using the dictionary definitions provided, do the activities below. ‘squash! (skwish) n. 1. Any of various tendril-bearing plant ofthe genus Cururbita having Meshy edible fruit witha leathery nd. 2, The fruit of any of these plans. [From alteration of Narragansett saskutasquash.| squash? (skoish) x squashed, squashing squash-es—1. 1. To beat, squeeze or pes into pulp oF a fattened mass crash. 2. To pu down or suppres: ash. 3. To sence or Huser, as with crushing words —inr Ifo become crushed, fatened or pulpy. aby pressure or impact. 2.To move with a splashing or sucking sound. —n, ta. The act or sound of squashing. b. The factor condition of being squashed. 2. crushed or crowded mas. 3. Sporss A racket game played in a closed, walled court wth a rubber ball 4. Chiefy British A cieus-based soft drink. ad. With a squashing sound ‘squeal (sive). squealed, squealing, squeals —inr 1. To give forth aloud shrill ery or sound. 2. Slang ‘To turn informer betray an accomplice or secret,—tr To utter or produce with a squeal. nt Aloud, shrill ery or sound: « squeal of surprise. 2, Write the best definition of squashed: “The soldiers squashed the rebellion.” 2. Write the best definition of squash: “We planted squash in our garden.” 3. Write the definition of squash commonly used in Britain. a 4. Write the best definition of squeal: “She squealed, ‘No! ©©Great Source. 00 NOT COPY Special Labels Sometimes a definition in an entry has a specialized meaning, which is indicated by a subject label. The label is listed in front of its definition. Here is an exampl basic (ba“sik) adj. 1. OF, relating to, oF forming a base; fundamental, 2, Of being, or serving as a starting point or basis: ast of basic woodworking fools, 3. Chemistry a, Of oF relating toa base. ‘Containing a base, esp. in excess of acid. ¢. Alkaline. 4. Geology Containing litle silica ascertain igneous rocks, n. 1, An esental, Fundamental element or entity: the basis of math, 2, Basic training. basse’ety. (8°48) m ‘The third definition of basic as an adjective is used in chemistry. Note that this definition contains three closely related definition subcategories: a, 6, and c. The fourth definition of the adjective is used in geology. Other entries may include status labels, which indicate that certain uses of a word are used in limited ways. The usage labels are as follows: Nonstandard unacceptable to educated users Usage Problem warns of problems involving grammar, diction, or writing style Offensive insulting, and discredits the user Slang showing very informal use, usually done for effect Informal useful in conversation, but not in formal talk or writing ‘Temporal labels show words that are uncommon or no longer used: Archaic ‘were once common but are now rare Obsolete no longer used in modern speech English language and dialect labels show that a word is used in a particular region that speaks English, such as Australia or Canada. Or, the word may be used by a dialect of English, such as “South Midland” in the United States. Practice Using Labels Using the dictionary definitions provided, do the activities below. bbash (ish) » bashed, bashing, bashes —.1."To strike with a heavy crushing blow. 2. To beat or assault severely. 3 Informal To erticie (another) harshly, accusatorially, and threateningly. —intr Informal To engage in harsh accusatory, threatening criticism. n, 1. Informal A heavy, crashing blow. 2. Slang A celebration; a party. —bash’r 1. dis-lo-cattion (dis'6-ki’shon) n, 1, The at or process of dislocation or the state of having been islocated. 2, Displacement of a body pat, esp. the temporal displacement ofa bone from its normal position. 3. Chemistry An imperfection in a crystal structure of a metal or other solid resulting from an absence of an atom o atoms in one or mot layers of a crystal. 4. Geology See displacement 5. 4. Write the meaning of the word bash that is slang, 2. Write the meanings of the word bash that have usages that are common in informal speech. 3. Write the meaning of dislocation that is used in chemistry. 4. Write the meaning of dislocation that is used in geology. ‘Great Source. DO NOT COPY Starts, Stops, and Delays (Great Source. D0 NOT COPY cessation ‘commence deter hamper obstruction. ”) preclude procrastinate scuttle subside thwart Life is full of unexpected delays, There are late airline flights, traffic jams, appointments that take longer than scheduled. The words in this lesson will help you describe the delays, starts, and stops that mark everyday life. 4, cessation (sé-si’shan) noun from Latin cessare, “to stop” Don't confuse cease with A bringing or coming to an end; a halt seize, which means “to grab + The cessation of the loud drilling, from outside, enabled Ricardo to or grasp” continue his flute lesson, cease verb Peace talks did not begin until both sides ceased fighting. 2. commence (ka-méns’) verb from Latin initiare, “to begin” ‘A graduation ceremony To begin is called a commencement + The race commenced as the referee swiftly lowered the flag, because it marks the beginning of a new st in life, ‘commencement rioun Spring marks the commencement of the ‘growing season. 3. deter (di-tir’) verb from Latin de-, “away” + terrere, “to frighten” To prevent or discourage from acting, by means of fear or doubt, + The iciness of the roads deterred us from driving. deterrent nour People disagree about whether long jal sentences are deterrents to criminals oN 4, hamper (hiim’par) WOES a. verb ‘To prevent from moving freely or making progress; to limit + Chuck’s painfully tight shoes hampered him on the dance floor. b.noun A large basket, usually with a cover +The hamper in the bathroom was j _ overflowing with dirty clothes. A hamper 5. obstruction (ab-stritk’shan) noun from Latin on-, “against” + struere, “to pile up” Something that blocks or gets in the way; an obstacle + The landslide created an obstruction, blocking traffic on the freeway. obstruct verb Neighbors complained that the new house obstructed. their view of the lake. 6. preclude (pri-klood’) verb from Latin pre-, “before” + claudere, “to close” To make impossible or unlikely; to prevent + The very cold temperature precludes the possiblity of finding liquid water here, Procrastination often involves an element of avoiding a task or wasting time, 7. procrastinate (pré-kriis’to- + erastinus, “tomorrow” To delay; to put off doing something, + Martin was supposed to take out the garbage, but he procrastinated so long that the kitchen began to smell. procrastination noun Because of her procrastination, Amani was late turning in her paper. procrastinator noun The National Procrastinators’ Club celebrates New Year's Day in October. ) verb from Latin pro-, “forward” scuttle (skiit’l) verb Scuttle can also mean “to sink, To run or move with short, hurried movements; to scurry scrap, or discard,” as in “Don't + The students scuttled across the yard and entered the classroom just scuttle the ship—it still in before the bell rang. good shape.” 9, subside (sab-sid’) verb from Latin sub-, “under” + sidere, “to settle” a. To sink to a lower or more normal level + It took days for the floodwaters to subside. b. To become less active or intense + After Meredith read the tes, her fear of failing subsided. 20. thwart (thwOrt) verb from Old Norse thvert, “transverse” To prevent from taking place; frustrate; block + A swarm of bees thwarted our plans for a picnic. WORD ENRICHMENT Old Norse words Many English words, such as thwart, reflect the two centuries of Viking migration to the British Isles, that began in the late 700s. These invaders and settles from Scandinavia—which included what is now Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland—brought their language, Old Norse, with them. ‘The common words cal, hit, husband, skill, low, weak, window, and law originally come from Old Norse. So do the pronouns they, their, and them. The word fellow comes from the Old Norse felagi, meaning “business partner” @ Starts, Stops, and Delays ‘Great Source. DO NOT COPY ‘©Great Source. 00 NOT COPY NAME DATE WRITE. THE CORRECT WORD ‘Write the correct word in the space next to each definition. 2. torun with short, 6. tobegin pees 7. to limit the progress of 2. something that gets in the we a _____ 8. to prevent from happening 3. ahal ahalt 9. to put off doing 4. to make impossil ee 20. to discourage from acting 5. to become less active COMPLETE THE SENTENCE Write the letter for the word that best completes each sentence. 1, Frightened by the cat, the mouse — to safety, a. deterred b. scuttled 8. subsided 4. hampered 2. When his cold symptoms . Demetrius returned to work. a. hampered b. scuttled ©. subsided ¢. commenced ‘The difficulty and risks involved in climbing Mount Everest have __ many people from even attempting it. a. deterred b. procrastinated ¢. scuttled d. subsided ___ 4. Once the rain stopped, the game could a. thwart b, preclude ©. deter d. commence 5. The fact that he was an employee him from entering the store's sweepstakes. a. precluded b, commenced ©, subsided 4d, scuttled 6. My brother always put off until tomorrow.” a. scuttles b. procrastinates €. commences d. deters his favorite saying is “Never do today what you can The in the pipe ultimately caused it to burst. a. scuttle b. cessation ©. obstruction 4, hamper 8. We had to wait for the of the thunderstorm before we could sail. 2. cessation b. obstruction ¢. thwarting 4. commencement 9. My travel plans were by the airline strike. a. subsided b. commenced e. scuttled 4d. thwarted 10. Put your dirty clothes in the a. procrastinator b. cessation ©. hamper 4 obstruction Challenge: ‘There was no danger, difficulty, or that could Ponce de Leon from venturing into the jungles of Florida to search for the fountain of youth, _ a cessation...commence Bb. obstruction...deter_ ©. procrastination... subside lessons @ Unlikely Helpers It's possible that man's best friend will turn out to be a rat—at least when it comes to getting rid of landmines. ‘The rat's sensitive nose, amazing endurance, and huge appetite make it ideal for the job of detecting these dangerous weapons. ‘There are hundreds of thousands of hidden, unexploded landmines buried throughout the world. (4) Political conflict often obstructs efforts to get rid of them, (2) But even after the cessation of wars, these mines can kill or injure people who accidentally step on them. (3) After a sixteen-year civil war ended in Mozambique, efforts commenced to find the many landmines still hidden there. But officials struggled with a basic question: What is the best way to search for them? People have used metal detectors to search for the mines. (4) However, the potential danger of an explosion deters planners from asking people to perform this task. Furthermore, metal detectors cannot distinguish an ordinary metal object from @ mine. Bulldozers protected by armor are also used to find mines, (5) Although they work well on flat ground, bulldozers are hampered by hills and by landscapes dotted with buildings. Because TNT, the explosive used in landmines, has a distinct scent, dogs have been used to sniff out mines. However, dogs ate not ideal for the job, either. They can become bored easily. (6) Ifa dog tires of the repetitive nature of this task, it may start to procrastinate or even disobey its trainer's orders. Furthermore, the dogs used for this task usually weigh enough to trigger the landmines, which can be deadly to the dogs and their trainers. Finally, because they are unused to tropical climates and parasites, dogs working in warm African countries may contract diseases. Unlike dogs, the Gambian giant-pouched rat may be perfect for the job. A Belgian company is experimenting with training these rats to find landmines. Typically, the rats bury food underground and locate it with their extraordinary sense of smell. Trainers simply teach the rats to associate the scent of TNT with a food reward. ‘When a rat locates an explosive, it claws the ground. ‘Then the trainer clicks a noisemaker that signals the rat to return for its reward—usually peanut butter or a banana. ince the Gambian rat is native to Africa, it is used to the climate and resistant to local diseases. At a maximum length of three feet—half of which is tail—these rats can casily be harnessed. (7) Their low weight precludes the rats from accidentally triggering landmines. These rats can also be social and are trained to be obedient. (8) Food rewards are the only incentive they need to encourage them to scuttle about, sniffing for landmines over and over again. (9) In fact, only two factors commonly thwart the rats efforts to locate landmines. Because they normally live underground and are nocturnal, or active at night, they are not used to the hot sun and can suffer heatstroke during the day. Also, they must be hungry to work effectively. (20) Once a rat's appetite subsides, it may refuse to sniff for mines. Each sentence below refers to a numbered sentence in the passage. Write the letter of the choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is closest to the original sentence. 4. Political conflict often — a. ends b. begins 2. But even after the a. beginning b. preventing 3. Efforts — a. began b. halted . The potential danger of an explosion to perform this task. a. scurries b. discourages @ Starts, Stops, and Delays efforts to get rid of them. ©. helps 4. blocks Ff wars, these mines can kill or injure people. ©. end 4. putting off to find the many landmines still hidden there. ©. ended sank planners from asking people . ends d. frustrates ‘©Great Source. DO NOT COPY Great Source. D0 NOT COPY NAME DATE Bulldozers are by hills and by landscapes dotted with buildings. a. finished . covered baskets. prevented 4. limited 6. Ifa dog tires of the repetitive nature of this task, it may start to or even disobey its trainer’s orders. @ createa blockage. begin working. ©. put off working. move about quickly _____ 7. Their low weight the rats from accidentally triggering landmines. a. prevents . causes ©. delays 4d. begins _ 8. Food rewards are the only incentive they need to encourage them to about, sniffing for landmines over and over again. a. block b. scurry move 4. scratch 9. In fact, only two factors commonly the rats’ efforts to locate landmines. a. start b. help ©. avoid 4. block 10. Once a rat's appetite , it may refuse to sniff for mines. a. decreases bb increases ©. doesn’t work 4. begins Indicate whether the statements below are TRUE or FALSE according to the passage. 1. In their natural environment, Gambian rats are active during the daytime. 2. Trained Gambian rats are most effective as landmine detectors when they are hungry. ‘Trained Gambian rats find landmines because they associate the smell of TNT with food. FENISH THE THOUGHT Complete each sentence so that it shows the meaning of the italicized word, 2. Ttend to procrastinate when 2. Acartrip would be hampered by WRITE THE DERIVATIVE Complete the sentence by writing the correct form of the word shown in parentheses. You may not need to change the form that is given. 4. The teacher issued a warning to all to turn in papers. (procrastinate) that Friday would be the last chance 2. ‘The principal announced that would take place on June 16, (commence) lessons @ = 4. After the storm 5. “Will your babbling never ____2” (cessation) 6. Apparently, the threat of being grounded wasn’t enough of a Jerome from staying out past midnight. (deter) 7. The writer's contract publishers. (preclude) 8. My view of the movie was (obstruction) 9. Stop my efforts to finish my homework! (hamper) . In the movie, the evil leader's plans were FIND THE EXAMPLE Choose the answer that best describes the action or situation. 4. Something that might hamper a person’s ability to smell dinner a gourmet meal. a late arrival . abad cold 2. Something you're likely to hear after the cessation of a concert a, a drum solo b, total silence ©. applause 3. Something that would preclude you from voting in the United States today a, being under 18, b. being a citizen ¢. being a woman 4, An example of an obstruction of justice a. servingonajury —_b. witnessing acrime _¢. calling the police ‘5. Accreature that scuttles a. an elephant b. ahamster a golafish 6. Something that might deter a thief from stealing a. fear of jail b. love of money ©. a partner in crime 7. The day that marks the commencement of most adults’ workweek in the United States a, Saturday b. Sunday e. Monday 8. A likely result of procrastinating instead of studying for an exam a.ahappy teacher b. apatontheback —_€. a college scholarship 9. Something that would most likely thwart plans for a trip to the beach a. bad weather b, warm sun. . sand .. Something that would likely help someone's anger subside a. extreme jealousy. a mean insult ©. akind apology © Starts, Stops, and Delays across the sand, the crab disappeared into the surf. (scuttle) , the children stomped in the mud. (subside) to keep him from sending his manuscript to other ___ by the tall woman sitting in front of me. ‘once again. (thwart) an empty stomach d. electric guitars 4. observing U.S. holidays d. destroying evidence da jellyfish an open safe 4. Priday d. alow grade 4. an umbrella . a lack of trust Great Source. DO NOT COPY ‘Great Source. DO NOT COPY Argument.and_ Debate WORD LIST apologist dissuade dupe fallacy indisputable infer red herring refute No two people think exactly the same way. We all have different views, ‘opinions, and perspectives on issues. That’s why argument and debate are part of life. The words in this lesson will help you understand the vocabulary involved in conveying a particular point of view. 4. apologist (2-pil’a-jist) noun from Greek apologia, “a speech in defense of a person or an idea” A person who speaks in defense of a person, an idea, or a position + The apologist for the striking players argued that they were only asking for their fair share of the wealth they helped to bring in. 2, dissuade (di-swad’) verb from Latin dis-, “not” + suadere, “to advise” ‘To discourage from doing something through persuasion + The experienced camper tried to dissuade the cleven-year-old from attempting the difficult hike. 3. dupe (doop) from Old French, probably huppe, “a foolish- looking bird” a. verb ‘To take advantage of people by tricking or fooling them + When the couple saw that the vacation home they had rented was ina swamp, they realized they had been duped. 'b. noun Someone tricked and taken advantage of Because he was too trusting, Mel became the dupe of dishonest financial advisers, who got him to invest in a phony get-rich-quick scheme. fallacy fal’ aA false belief + It isa fallacy to think that the best candidate will always win the election. , Faulty and illogical reasoning + The talk show host lost viewer confidence because his arguments were often full of fallacies. - #) noun from L fallere, “to deceive” fallacious adjective The debate coach pointed out the problem with Mario's fallacious reasoning. 5. Imply (im-pli’) verb from Latin in-, “in” + plic, “fold” ‘To hint; to suggest indirectly + A frown implies unhappiness or tisfaction. implication noun When Dad said, “You know your curfew,” the implication was that we'd better not be late. imply ? substantiate — ae Imply means “to hint’ infer means “to draw a conclusion” People often make inferences from things that are implied. 6. indisputable (in‘di-spy00’ta-bal) adjective from Latin in-, “not” + disputare, “to dispute” Beyond doubt or questions certain + The indisputable evidence established the defendant's guilt and brought about his conviction, 7. infer (in-fir’) verb from Latin in-, “not” + ferre, “to bring” ‘To draw a conclusion from evidence + [inferred from her smiling face that she was happy. inference noun After listening to the city council discuss the budget, the mayor made an inference that a tax increase was unavoidable. 8. red herring (réd hér’ing) noun Something that draws attention away from the main issue + The campaign’s focus on the candidate's “likability” was a red herring, meant to distract voters from his lack of experience and shady past. 9. refute (ri-fyOot") verb from Latin re-, “against” + future, “to put forth” ‘To prove to be false or invalid; to deny the accuracy or truth of + With a few well-chosen words, she completely refuted his argument. refutable adjective Conclusions based on faulty reasoning are casily refutable. refutation nour Jared’s thoughtful refutation of my argument made ime realize that I was wrong, 10. substantiate (sab-stin‘sh + stare, “to stand” ‘To support with eviden + Please substantiate the arguments in your paper with statistics and quotations from credible sources and authorities. substantiation noun ‘The receipt served as substantiation that he had purchased the diamond ring. ) verb from Latin sub-, “under” WORD ENRICHMENT The red herring: a fishy distraction Fox hunting was once widely popular among the English upper class. This pastime, which has become controversial in recent years, consisted of hunters riding on horseback, following their hounds as the dogs tracked foxes by scent. When the hunters wanted to prolong a hunt or to test the tracking abilities of their hounds, they would drag smelly herrings across the trail. (The herrings were a reddish color from the curing process used to preserve them). Itis also said that British fugitives, in the 1800s, rubbed herrings across their escape trails to divert any bloodhounds that might have been chasing them. © Argument and Debate ‘Great Source. DO NOT COPY Great Source. DO NOT COPY NAME DATE WRITE THE CORRECT. WORD Write the correct word in the space next to each definition. 4. beyond doubt _ to draw a conclusion 2. something that draws attention away a person who defends an idea to discourage someone _ 3. to support with evidence to prove wrong Beepxe 4, to fool someone ; to suggest indirectly 5. a false beli COMPLETE THE SENTENCE ‘Write the letter for the word that best completes each sentence. 1 10. Challenge: At age four, Stephanie rejected the that the moon is made of green cheese. a. red herring b. fallacy ¢. apologist 4d, inference After studying the evidence, the detective _____ what had happened at the scene. a. inferred b. implied ©. dissuaded d. duped Galileo the idea that the sun revolves around the earth a. implied b. duped ©. dissuaded 4d, refuted Nothing you say can ____ me from becoming pilot. a. refute infer ©. dupe d. dissuade The chile’s cries of agony were just a(n) to distract his mother’s attention from the broken lamp. a. substa b. apolo; ¢. red herring 4d. fallacy Although she never actually said it, Mom ___ that we were going to get a pet. a. refuted b. implied . substantiated d. inferred Patrick is a loyal for the idea of lengthening the school year. a. implication b. fallacy ©. apologist 4. red herring After her experiment yielded the same result several times, Ann hoped that her findings would be considered a. indisputable b. dissuaded ©. duped 4. implied Sharlene ig that it was his turn to do the dishes. a. dissuaded . implied d. duped There is little evidence to the existence of the Loch Ness monster. a. dissuade . substantiate ©. dupe 4. apologize Without meaning to, the officer on the witness stand that the new evidence the defendant's claim, a. dissuaded...duped _b. implied,..substantiated _¢. inferred...dissuaded lessons @ QWERTY QWERTY. What do those letters mean to you? The next time you sit down at a computer, look at the keyboard. ‘You will ind these six letters lined up on the left side of the top row of letters. You will also see that many of the alphabet’s most commonly used letters—such as , is and ‘o—

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