Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Naci en el seno de una familia prspera juda cerca de Vtebsk, y fue el segundo
de una familia de ocho hijos. Antes de cumplir su primer ao, su familia se traslad
a Gmel, lugar donde creci. En su adolescencia era fantico del teatro y decidi
reescribir su apellido Vygotski, en lugar de Vgodski ("vgoda" significa "beneficio"
en ruso), como era originalmente. Con apenas 19 aos, en 1915, escribi un
ensayo sobre Hamlet.
Su paso por la universidad entre 1913 y 1917 no estuvo exento de peripecias: se
inscribi en medicina y luego de tan slo un mes se cambi a leyes en la
Universidad Estatal de Mosc. Despus de un ao se inscribi en la Facultad de
Filosofa y Letras de la Universidad Popular, contenidos que lo haban fascinado
ya como estudiante secundario. Las Universidades populares formaban parte del
entramado de instituciones educativas liberales paralelas a las ms viejas y
prestigiosas instituciones ligadas al zarismo. En esta universidad, por ejemplo, se
aceptaban mujeres y personas de cualquier religin. [1] Volvi luego a Gmel, con
un anhelo difcil de cumplir: ensear psicologa y literatura. Precisamente en ese
momento, debido a la Revolucin de Octubre, se abolieron todas las
discriminaciones contra los judos. A partir de este hecho, Vygotski comenzara a
vincularse con la actividad poltica.
Sus diversas actividades lo convertiran en el centro de la actividad intelectual y
cultural de Gmel. Ense gramtica rusa y literatura en la Escuela del Trabajo
para los obreros; ense psicologa y lgica en el Instituto Pedaggico; esttica e
historia del arte en el Conservatorio; dirigi la seccin teatral de un peridico y
fund una revista literaria. En esta poca se dedic a leer a Karl Marx, a Friedrich
Engels, a Baruch Spinoza, a Friedrich Hegel, a Sigmund Freud, a Ivn Pvlov y a
Aleksandr Potebny (en:Alexander Potebnja, lingista en Jrkov).
En 1919 contrajo tuberculosis y en 1920 fue internado en un sanatorio (se
consideraba, por la peligrosidad de la bacteria, que al enfermo haba que aislarlo
muerte con el ttulo de "Pensamiento y Lenguaje", con los vetos y recortes a los
que fue sometida para que fuera permitida su publicacin. Fue enterrado en el
Cementerio Novodvichi.
Slo en los ltimos aos ha sido posible conocer completa esta obra, pues hasta
finales del siglo XX todas las traducciones a diversos idiomas estaban basadas en
la que era permitida por el rgimen sovitico y no por el original de Vygotski.
psychology
book,
published
in
1926
material.
In 1924, he married Rosa Vygotski Nievna Smjova (deceased in 1979), whose union
were born two daughters: Twine Lvovna Vgodskaya and Asya Lvovna Vgodskaya.
Vygotsky introduced in 1924, at the 2nd All-Russian Psychoneurological Congress in
Leningrad, an essay on reflexolgica methods and psychological research, a subject that
the
Institute
of
Psychology
at
the
University
of
Moscow.
Later, Vygotsky worked at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow with Alexander Luria and
Alexei Leontiev, who were a little younger than him and subsequently also acquire
worldwide recognition. They sought to reformulate the psychological theory based on the
Marxist view, inventing pedagogical strategies that would fight against illiteracy and of
disabilities, a condition attributed at the time to the children considered "abnormal" or
"difficult", in which They included situations like left-handedness or mentally retarded.
In 1925 Vygotsky created a psychology laboratory for abnormal childhood, then
transformed into the Institute of Experimental Defectology People's Commissariat for
Education,
the
same
as
he
would
have
the
mission
to
preside.
In the spring of 1925, as a delegate at the International Congress on Education of the Deaf
that takes place in England, take the opportunity to visit Germany, the Netherlands and
France.
Back in the USSR entered the hospital for a severe relapse of tuberculosis, at which time
he completed his thesis Psychology of art, which would be defended in autumn but would
not get to edit. He was again admitted to the hospital in 1926, where write an essay on
"The historical significance of the crisis in psychology" text not be published.
After regaining health, a long resume research activity with their students, which arose
from a new cultural historical conception of the psyche and education in psychology, social
sciences, education and defectology. However, these works were published only partially.
Vygotsky was a regular reader of Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Wolfgang Khler, William
Stern and Arnold Gesell, and published the prefaces of Russian editions of these authors.
In early 1929, as his reputation grew throughout the USSR, he was invited to remain
several months in Tashkent, to form educators and psychologists at the University of
Central Asia. In 1930 he conducted a seminar in Moscow Lriya with Sergei Eisenstein
and the linguist Nicholas Marr.
In 1931 they began to appear critics against his historical-cultural theory, and the
investigators of the 20 is divided. Lriya, Galperin and Zaporozhets will Jrkov, and
Vygotsky moved regularly to Leningrad with Daniil Elkonin and Josefina schif.
Always active, in 1933, he undertook a synthesis of his work to respond to the various
criticisms against him. This material would eventually become "Thought and Speech". In
the spring of 1934 he would be hospitalized and dictate from his bed the last chapter of
this book, published shortly after his death with the title of "Thought and Language" with
vetoes and cuts to which he was subjected to were allowed to be publication. He was
buried in Novodevichy Cemetery.
Only in recent years it has been possible to know complete this work, because until the
late twentieth century all the translations into several languages were based in which it
was permitted by the Soviet and not by the original regime Vygotski
BIOGRAFIA DE ARISTTELES
Aristteles naci en 384 a. C. en la ciudad de Estagira (razn por la cual se lo
apod el Estagirita), no lejos del actual Monte Athos, en la pennsula Calcdica,
entonces perteneciente al Reino de Macedonia (actual regin de Macedonia de
Grecia). Su padre, Nicmaco, fue mdico del rey Amintas III de Macedonia, hecho
que explica su relacin con la corte real de Macedonia, que tendra una importante
influencia en su vida.
En 367 a. C., cuando Aristteles tena 17 aos, su padre muri y su tutor Proxeno
de Atarneo lo envi a Atenas, por entonces un importante centro intelectual del
mundo griego, para que estudiase en la Academia de Platn. All permaneci por
veinte aos.
Tras la muerte de Platn en 347 a. C., Aristteles dej Atenas y viaj a Atarneo y a
Aso, en Asia Menor, donde vivi aproximadamente tres aos bajo la proteccin de
su amigo y antiguo compaero de la Academia, Hermias, quien era gobernador de
la ciudad.
Cuando Hermias fue asesinado, Aristteles viaj a la ciudad de Mitilene, en la isla
de Lesbos, donde permaneci dos aos. All continu con sus investigaciones
junto a Teofrasto, nativo de Lesbos, enfocndose en zoologa y biologa marina.
Adems se cas con Pythias, la sobrina de Hermias, con quien tuvo una hija del
mismo nombre.[]
En 343 a. C., el rey Filipo II de Macedonia convoc a Aristteles para que fuera
tutor de su hijo de 13 aos, que ms tarde sera conocido como Alejandro Magno.
[8]
Aristteles viaj entonces a Pella, por entonces la capital del imperio macedonio,
y ense a Alejandro durante, al menos, dos aos, hasta que inici su carrera
militar.[]
En 335 a. C., Aristteles regres a Atenas y fund su propia escuela, el Liceo
(llamado as por estar situado dentro de un recinto dedicado al dios Apolo Licio). A
BIOGRAPHY OF ARISTOTE
Aristote est n en 384 a. C. dans la ville de Stagire (pourquoi est surnomm Aristote), non
loin de la pninsule actuelle du Mont Athos en Chalcidique, qui faisait alors partie du
royaume de Macdoine (rgion actuelle de Macdoine en Grce). Son pre, Nicomaque,
tait mdecin du roi Amyntas III de Macdoine, ce qui explique sa relation avec la cour
royale
de
Macdoine,
qui
ont
une
grande
influence
sur
sa
vie.
En 367 a. BC quand Aristote avait 17 ans, son pre est mort et son Proxne tuteur de
Atarneo l'a envoy Athnes, puis un centre intellectuel important du monde grec pour
tudier
l'Acadmie
de
Platon.
Il
resta
pendant
vingt
ans.
Aprs la mort de Platon 347. BC, Aristote quitta Athnes et a voyag Atarneo et Aso, en
Asie Mineure, o il a vcu pendant environ trois ans sous la protection de son ami et
ancien
membre
de
l'Acadmie,
Hermias,
qui
tait
gouverneur
de
la
ville.
Lorsque Hermias a t assassin, Aristote rendu dans la ville de Mytilne, sur l'le de
Lesbos, o il est rest pendant deux ans. L, il a poursuivi ses recherches avec
Thophraste, originaire de Lesbos, en se concentrant sur la zoologie et la biologie marine.
Par ailleurs mari Pythias, nice de Hermias, avec qui il a eu une fille du mme nom.
Dans 343 a. BC, le roi Philippe II de Macdoine appel Aristote a t prcepteur de son
fils de 13 ans, qui est devenu plus tard connu sous le nom d'Alexandre le Grand. 8 Aristote
ensuite rendu Pella, alors capitale de l'empire macdonien, et Alejandro a enseign
pendant au moins deux ans, jusqu' ce qu'il a commenc sa carrire militaire.
Dans 335 a. BC, Aristote revint Athnes et a fond sa propre cole, le lyce (appel pour
tre situ dans une enceinte ddie au dieu Apollon Licio). Contrairement l'Acadmie, le
Lyce tait pas une cole prive et de nombreuses classes taient publiques et gratuites.
Tout au long de sa vie Aristote rassembl une vaste bibliothque et un certain nombre
d'adeptes et de chercheurs, connus sous le pripatticien (de , 'voyager',
ainsi appel par la coutume qu'ils avaient pour discuter la marche). La plupart des uvres
d'Aristote
conservs
sont
de
cette
priode.
Quand Alexandre est mort en 323. C, est susceptible d'Athnes un endroit inconfortable
pour les Macdoniens, en particulier pour ceux qui ont des connexions Aristote retourn.
Aprs avoir dclar (comme compte) qu'il ne voyait aucune raison de laisser Athnes
pch deux fois contre la philosophie (en rfrence la condamnation de Socrate),
Aristote a quitt la ville et se rendit Chalcis, sur l'le d'Eube, o il mourut un an ensuite,
322. C., de causes naturelles.
productora
discogrfica,
diseadora
de
modas,
empresaria,
BIOGRAPHY OF ARISTOTE
together at a family. The series premiered on ABC Family on June 3, 2013 and
was quite successful audience so the chain decided to make a second season.
Jennifer Lopez confessed that agreed to be producer of this program, after the
death of a relative who was a lesbian. In 2015 the United Nations Organization
"UN" nominated singer and actress Jennifer Lopez as the first woman Speaker
and Advocate Girls and Women to this international entity. Jennifer Lopez is the
most powerful Latino artist in the world, followed by Shakira and Sofia Vergara
respectively according to Forbes.
BIOGRAFIA Jean-Baptiste
Naci en Somme, en el pueblo de Bazentin, en el seno de una familia noble de
tradicin militar.
Entre 1755 y 1759 estudiaba con los jesuitas de Amiens y en 1761 inici la carrera
militar alcanzando el grado de oficial el 16 de julio de ese mismo ao en el campo
de batalla de Villinghausen.
Un episodio accidental y las lesiones que le ocasiona le impiden continuar en el
ejrcito (un compaero de milicia, como juego o en el transcurso de una disputa le
alza por la cabeza causndole las lesiones). Durante un tiempo pasa a trabajar
como contable para posteriormente interesarse por las ciencias naturales. Estudia
medicina sin que en ningn momento llegue a practicarla, interesndose
posteriormente por la Botnica influido por Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu.
En un corto periodo de tiempo, en 1778, termina su primer tratado: Flore franaise,
que, elogiado por Buffon, es impreso por "L'Imprimerie Royale" y le abre las
puertas de la Academia de las Ciencias que lo hace miembro el ao siguiente. En
esta primera obra, Flore franaise, aparece su primera aportacin a la Biologa,
utilizando el mtodo dicotmico para ayudarse en la identificacin de plantas,
mtodo actualmente utilizado en botnica y tambin en zoologa.
Trabaja en el Jardin des plantes hasta 1793, cuando a propuesta suya pasa a
convertirse en Museo "d'Historia Naturelle" y es nombrado catedrtico de Ciencias
Naturales de los animales inferiores (invertebrados, trmino que introduce
Lamarck, ya que hasta entonces se clasificaban como con presencia o ausencia
de sangre o animales de sangre blanca y animales de sangre roja).
BIOGRAPHY Jean-Baptiste
He born in Somme, in the village of Bazentin, within a noble family of military
tradition.
Between 1755 and 1759 he studied with the Jesuits of Amiens and in 1761 began
a military career, reaching the rank of officer on July 16 of that year in the
battlefield of Villinghausen.
An accidental episode and inflicts injuries prevent him from continuing in the army
(one fellow soldier, as a game or during a dispute will rise by causing head
injuries). For a while it happens to work as an accountant and later an interest in
the natural sciences. He studied medicine in no time comes to practice, then an
interest in botany influenced by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu.
In a short time, in 1778, ends his first treaty: Flore franaise, which, praised by
Buffon, is printed by "L'Imprimerie Royale" and opens the doors of the Academy of
Sciences member that makes the year following. In this first work, Flore franaise,
appears its first contribution to biology, using the dichotomous method to help in
plant identification method currently used in botany and zoology also.
He works in the Jardin des Plantes until 1793, when his proposal goes on to
become "d'Naturelle History" Museum and is appointed Professor of Natural
Sciences of lower animals (invertebrates, a term introduced by Lamarck, as
hitherto classified as with presence or absence of blood or blood animals and
animals white red blood).
The museum is converted from a first time an alternative to the then obsolete
Sorbonne. Lamarck started all courses with a Discours d'ouverture in pouring his
thought as this was evolving, some of these speeches have survived. In the
opening speech of the course VIII (1800) outlines the broad outlines of his ideas
about the evolution of life that will desarrrolladas in 1809 in his book Philosophie
Zoologique.
Between 1799 and 1811 he published eleven yearbooks on meteorology that have
passed, its content, and its less scientific work. He considered that weather events
were not random, which were due to causes and these causes would create cycles
for which it would be possible to predict, being, these yearbooks, peppered with
the
creator
of
the
first
crucible
steel
factory
in
France.
Jean Piaget was a precocious child who developed an early interest in biology and
the natural world, especially shellfish. At age 11, while pursuing his studies at the
Latino Institute of his hometown, he wrote a study involving some sort of albino
sparrow and then wrote a treatise on malacologa during his media studies.
He graduated and doctorate in natural sciences at the University of his hometown
in 1918, with a thesis on shellfish in the canton of Valais. Until his move to Paris in
1919 he served for a brief period at the University of Zurich, where he published
two papers on psychology. His interest in psychoanalysis began at that time,
context also delved into the work of Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung. It was
analyzed by Sabina Spielrein (years later attend the Psychoanalytic Congress in
Berlin
in
1922,
where
he
also
met
personally
Freud).
regularity
that
deserved
attention.
Thus, Piaget did not focus on the fact that the answers were wrong, but the pattern
of mistakes that some older children and adults no longer showed. This led him to
first venture the explanatory hypothesis that cognitive process or thought of young
children is inherently different from that of adults (finally come to propose a global
theory of developmental stages stating that individuals exhibit certain patterns of
cognition common and differentiable in each period). In 1920 he also participated
in the improvement of Intelligence Test C.I. (IQ) developed by Stern.
He returned to Switzerland in 1921, and joined the Rousseau Institute of Geneva,
an
institution
in
which
he
served
as
director
of
research.
Laurent
and
Jacqueline
whom
Piaget
studied
from
infancy.
From 1936, while he was teaching at the University of Lausanne and was editor of
scientific publications renowned in the area (such as the Archives of Psychologie
and Revue Suisse de Psychologie) was appointed director of the International
Bureau of Education UNESCO .
In 1955, Piaget created the International Center for Genetic Epistemology in
Geneva, which he directed until his death in 1980.
BIOGRAFIA DE SOCRATES
Naci en la Antigua Atenas, donde vivi durante los dos ltimos tercios del siglo
V a. C., la poca ms esplndida en la historia de su ciudad natal, y de toda la
antigua Grecia. Fue hijo de Sofronisco motivo por el que en su juventud lo
llamaban (Skrts Sfronskou, Scrates hijo de
Sofronisco), de profesin cantero, y de Fainarate, comadrona, emparentados
con Arstides el Justo.
Segn Plutarco, cuando Scrates naci, su padre recibi del orculo el consejo de
dejar crecer a su hijo a su aire, sin oponerse a su voluntad ni reprimirle sus
impulsos. No obstante, ni Jenofonte ni Platn mencionan esta intervencin del
orculo, lo que hace pensar que pueda ser una tradicin popular muy posterior.
Desde muy joven, llam la atencin de los que lo rodeaban por la agudeza de sus
razonamientos y su facilidad de palabra, adems de la fina irona con la que
salpicaba sus tertulias con los ciudadanos jvenes aristocrticos de Atenas, a
quienes les preguntaba sobre su confianza en opiniones populares, aunque muy a
menudo l no les ofreca ninguna enseanza. Tuvo por maestro al filsofo
Arquelao quien lo introdujo en las reflexiones sobre la fsica y la moral.
Se cas con Xantipa (o Jantipa), que era de familia noble. Segn una tradicin
antigua, trataba muy mal al filsofo, aunque en realidad Platn muestra, al narrar
la muerte de Scrates en el Fedn, una relacin normal e incluso buena entre los
dos.
Su inconformismo lo impuls a oponerse a la ignorancia popular y al conocimiento
de los que se decan sabios, aunque l mismo no se consideraba un sabio, an
Scrates no escribi ninguna obra porque crea que cada uno deba desarrollar
sus propias ideas. Conocemos en parte sus ideas desde los testimonios de sus
discpulos: Platn, Jenofonte, Aristipo y Antstenes, sobre todo. Tales testimonios
no son convergentes, por lo que no resulta fcil conocer cul fue el verdadero
pensamiento de Scrates.
Adems de los discpulos mencionados, tuvo otros discpulos y oyentes, entre los
que pueden recordarse a Euclides de Megara, Fedn de Elis y Esquines de
Esfeto.
Segua escribiendo versos, asista hipnotizado a las representaciones que las compaas
de cmicos de la legua ofrecan en la Sala de Gremios de Stratford y no se perda las
mascaradas, fuegos artificiales, cabalgatas y funciones teatrales con que se celebraban
las visitas de la reina al castillo de Kenilworth, morada de uno de sus favoritos.
Hacia 1592 Shakespeare se encontraba ya en Londres trabajando como dramaturgo, y
era lo suficientemente conocido. Pronto se convertira en actor, escritor, y, finalmente,
copropietario de la compaa teatral conocida como Lord Chamberlain's Men, que reciba
su nombre, al igual que otras de la poca, de su aristocrtico mecenas, el lord chambeln
(Lord Chamberlain). La compaa alcanzara tal popularidad que, tras la muerte de Isabel
I y la subida al trono de Jacobo I Stuart, el nuevo monarca la tomara bajo su proteccin,
pasando a denominarse los King's Men (Hombres del rey).
Paralelamente a su xito teatral, mejor su economa. Lleg a ser uno de los accionistas
de su teatro, pudo ayudar econmicamente a su padre e incluso en 1596 le compr un
ttulo nobiliario, cuyo escudo aparece en el monumento al poeta construido poco despus
de su muerte en la iglesia de Stratford.
Shakespeare se retir a su pueblo natal en 1611, a fines de siglo ya era bastante rico y
compr o hizo edificar una casa en Stratford, que llam New-Place.
William Shakespeare falleci el 23 de abril de 1616 a la edad de cincuenta y dos aos.
Los restos de Shakespeare fueron sepultados en el presbiterio de la iglesia de la
Santsima Trinidad (Holy Trinity Church) de Stratford.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S BIOGRAPHY
Full name: William Shakespeare
Birthplace: Stratford, England
Date of birth: April 23, 1564
Died: April 23, 1616
Literary genres: Poetry / Drama / Theater
outstanding books: The Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear,
Romeo and Juliet, more summaries ...
On April 26, 1564, in the sixth year of the reign of Elizabeth I of England, was baptized
William Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon, a small town in the county of Warwick that
did not exceed two thousand inhabitants, proud of all his church , your school and bridge
over the river. One of these was John Shakespeare, wool merchant, butcher and tenant
who became councilman, treasurer and mayor. Its union with Mary Arden, Miss
distinguished family, five children were born, the third of which was named William. There
is no record of the day of his birth, but traditionally his birthday is celebrated on April 23,
perhaps to find some design or fatality date, since death came to him, fifty-two years later,
in that same day.
Shakespeare's father, who was at the peak of its prosperity when William was born, fell
into disgrace shortly afterwards. When he was thirteen years old, his father's fortune
disappeared and the young man had to be placed as a dependent butchers and must
leave the classroom. It also describes the indolent wandering along the banks of the Avon,
scribbling verses, delivered to the study of botanical minutiae or rivaling the hardest
drinkers and then dozing at the foot of Arden groves.
On November 28, 1582, when he was 18 years old, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway,
26, originally from Temple Grafton, near Stratford town. Apparently he'd hurry to arrange
the wedding, perhaps because Anne was three months pregnant. After their marriage,
hardly any marks William Shakespeare in historical records until it makes its appearance
in the London theater scene. On May 26, 1583, the eldest daughter of the couple,
Susanna, was baptized at Stratford. A son, Hamnet, and another daughter, Judith, born
twins were also baptized shortly thereafter, on February 2, 1585; Hamnet died at age
eleven, and only reached adulthood their daughters. Judging by the will of the playwright,
who was somewhat dismissive of Anne Hathaway, the marriage was not well-matched.
He continued writing poetry, attending hypnotized representations companies strolling
players offered in the Hall of Guilds of Stratford and no masquerades, fireworks, parades
and theatrical performances with the visits of the queen celebrated the castle was lost
Kenilworth, home of one of their favorites.
By 1592 Shakespeare was already in London working as a playwright, and was sufficiently
known. Soon he would become an actor, writer, and finally, co-owner of the theater
company known as Lord Chamberlain's Men, which received its name, like others of the
time, of his aristocratic patron, the lord chamberlain (Lord Chamberlain). The company
would reach such popularity that, after the death of Elizabeth I and the accession of James
I Stuart, the new monarch would take under his protection and renamed the King's Men
(Men King).
Alongside his theatrical success, he improved its economy. He became one of the
shareholders of the theater, could support her father in 1596 and even bought him a
peerage, whose shield appears on the monument to the poet built shortly after his death in
the church of Stratford.
Shakespeare retired to his hometown in 1611, at the end of the century it was already
quite rich and bought or had built a house in Stratford, who called New Place.
William Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 at the age of fifty-two years. Shakespeare's
remains were buried in the chancel of the church of the Holy Trinity (Holy Trinity Church)
Stratford.