Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
(Revision of
AGMA 370.01 (1973))
revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
Technical Publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the
Association on the subject matter.
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines should
read: Extracted from AGMA 917--B97, Design Manual for Parallel Shaft Fine--Pitch
Gearing, with the permission of the publisher, the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.]
ABSTRACT
The rewritten Design Manual for Fine--Pitch Parallel Shaft Gearing is a cookbook style manual on how to design
fine--pitch spur and helical gears.
All work has been done with an eye towards computerization of the equations and the graphs.
In addition, the manual contains such specialized subjects as inspection, lubrication, gear load calculation
methods, materials, including a wide variety of plastics.
Published by
ii
AGMA 917--B97
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
1
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Application considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10
11
Manufacturing methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
12
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
13
Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
14
Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
15
Tables
1
Figures
1
Basic geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Involute nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10
11
12
13
14
Helix angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15
Pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
16
Tooth pitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
17
Principal pitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
18
AGMA 917--B97
Figures (continued)
19
20
21
Torque split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Bevel gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
29
30
31
32
Contact ratio vs. center distance deviation for 20 degree profile angle gears 28
33
34
35
36
37
Transverse pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
38
Line of action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
39
Line of contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
40
41
Undercut teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Tapered gearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
52
53
54
55
56
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
iv
AGMA 917--B97
Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of AGMA Information
Sheet 917--B97, Design Manual for Parallel Shaft Fine--Pitch Gearing.]
Although there is a great deal of information about parallel shaft fine--pitch gearing in the
literature, it is widely scattered and a considerable number of areas are not well covered. As
a result, this manual has been compiled to provide a central source of the best information
available on the design, manufacture and inspection of fine--pitch gearing.
This manual is a revision of 370.01, Design Manual for Fine Pitch Gearing, 1973. Additions
have been made to the design section to broaden the concepts of gear theory and the gear
design process. Omitted from this Manual are wormgears, bevel gearing and face gearing
which appeared in the original design manual. This information is available in other AGMA
Standards.
An important feature of this manual is the bibliography to which the user is referred for
additional data in each area.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
AGMA 917--B97
ACTIVE MEMBERS
M.K. Anwar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P. Dean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F. R. Estabrook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Laskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.A. McCarroll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K. Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.Seger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L.J. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R.E. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S. Sundaresan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M. Weiby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
A.F.H. Basstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Gimpert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K. Gitchel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G.P. Lamb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J.R. Mihelick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G.E. Olson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C. Sanderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.H. Senkfor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M. Shebelski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Sijtstra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Y. Tseytlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.C. Uherek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Ulrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F.M. Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vi
AGMA 917--B97
Inspection;
--
--
1 Scope
This manual provides guidance for the design of
fine--pitch gearing of the following types:
--
--
--
--
--
--
Controlling backlash;
Manufacturing methods;
--
--
Lubrication;
--
Bearings.
1.4 Annexes
Annex A is a bibliography.
1.5 Limitations
The information in this manual is meant to serve
only as a guide to the designer of fine--pitch gears. It
is not intended that it be the procedure which must
be followed in the design of such gears, nor is it
implied that using the procedures and data will
necessarily result in gears that will meet the
requirements in every application. It remains the
responsibility of the individual designer to properly
evaluate the conditions in the particular application
and to make use of prior experience or proper
testing to confirm the suitability of the design.
1.6 Tooth form (spur and helical gearing,
internal and external)
The tooth form of the spur and helical gearing
considered in this manual is involute. Unless
specifically noted, all external spur and helical
designs resulting from the procedures discussed in
this manual will be conjugate with standard basic
racks. See ANSI/AGMA 1003--G93.
AGMA 917--B97
2 References
The following documents contain provisions which,
through reference in this text, constitute provisions
of the manual. At the time of publication, the
editions were valid. All publications are subject to
revision, and the users of this manual are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent editions of the publications listed:
9005--D94,
Industrial
Gear
AGMA 917--B97
Terms
Addendum of the cutter
Transverse backlash (backlash in the transverse plane)
Backlash along the line of action
Transverse backlash due to change in center distance
Minimum backlash for spur gears
Normal backlash (backlash in the normal plane)
Minimum backlash for helical gears
Operating center distance
Nominal center distance
Standard center distance
Clearance at the root of the gear
Minimum clearance at the root
Clearance at the root of the pinion
Base diameter of the gear
Base diameter of the pinion
Standard pitch diameter of the gear
Inside diameter of the gear
Outside diameter of the gear
Outside diameter of the pinion
Standard pitch diameter of the pinion
Root diameter of the gear
Root diameter of the pinion
Operating pitch diameter of the gear
Operating pitch diameter of the pinion
Youngs modulus of the gear
Youngs modulus of the pinion
Roll angle at the start of active profile for the gear
Roll angle at the start of active profile for the pinion
Face width
Geometry factor
Dynamic factor
Length of approach
Length of recess
Face contact ratio
Gear ratio
Transverse contact ratio
Number of teeth
Number of teeth on the gear
Number of teeth on the pinion
Transverse diametral pitch
Normal diametral pitch
Normal base pitch
Transverse base pitch
Units
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
psi
psi
degrees
degrees
inches
inches
inches
1/inch
1/inch
1/inch
1/inch
Reference
6.8.1
6.3.9.1
6.3.9.3
6.3.9.1
7.2.1
6.3.9.2
7.2.1
6.3.1
6.5.1
6.2.8
6.8.2
6.8.2
6.8.2
6.2.4
6.2.4
6.2.2
6.5.2
6.5.2
6.5.2
6.2.2
6.8.1
6.8.1
6.3.5
6.3.5
6.9.6
6.9.6
6.7.3
6.7.3
6.9.5
6.9.5
6.9.5
6.7.4
6.7.4
6.7.7
5.3.2
6.7.6.1
5.5.1
5.5.1
5.5.1
6.2.1
4.3
4.2.7
6.2.6
(continued)
AGMA 917--B97
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol
pt
Q
RaG
RaP
RbG
RbP
RG
RiG
RoG
RoP
RP
RrG
RrP
T
tnG
tnP
tinG
titG
tonG
tonP
totG
totP
tpnG
tpnP
tptG
tptP
ttG
ttP
Vcq
Wa
Wn
Wr
Wt
X+min
X - max
XG
Terms
Transverse circular pitch
AGMA quality number (5 to 15)
Radius at the start of active profile of the gear
Radius at the start of active profile of the pinion
Base radius of the gear
Base radius of the pinion
Standard pitch radius of the gear
Inside radius of the gear
Outside radius of the gear
Outside radius of the pinion
Standard pitch radius of the pinion
Root radius of the gear
Root radius of the pinion
Torque
Normal circular tooth thickness at the standard pitch diameter of the
gear
Normal circular tooth thickness at the standard pitch diameter of the
pinion
Normal circular tooth thickness at the inside diameter of the gear
Transverse circular tooth thickness at the inside diameter of the gear
Normal circular tooth thickness at the outside diameter of the gear
Normal circular tooth thickness at the outside diameter of the pinion
Transverse circular tooth thickness at the outside diameter of the
gear
Transverse circular tooth thickness at the outside diameter of the
pinion
Normal circular tooth thickness at the operating pitch diameter of the
gear
Normal circular tooth thickness at the operating pitch diameter of the
pinion
Transverse circular tooth thickness at the operating pitch diameter of
the gear
Transverse circular tooth thickness at the operating pitch diameter of
the pinion
Transverse circular tooth thickness at the standard pitch diameter of
the gear
Transverse circular tooth thickness at the standard pitch diameter of
the pinion
Total composite variation
Axial load (thrust load)
Normal load
Radial load
Tangential load
Minimum required amount of profile shift coefficient
Maximum allowable amount of negative profile shift coefficient
Profile shift coefficient of the gear
Units
1/inch
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
lb--inch
inches
Reference
6.2.5
9.3
6.7.1
6.7.1
6.2.4
6.2.4
6.2.2
6.5.2
6.5.2
6.5.2
6.2.2
6.8.1
6.8.1
6.9.2
6.6.2
inches
6.6.2
inches
inches
inches
inches
inches
6.6.5
6.6.5
6.6.5
6.6.5
6.6.5
inches
6.6.5
inches
6.6.4
inches
6.6.4
inches
6.6.4
inches
6.6.4
inches
6.6.3
inches
6.6.3
inches
lbs
lbs
lbs
lbs
6.6.6
6.9.3
6.9.1
6.9.4
6.9.2
6.4.4.3
6.4.4.4
6.4.4
(continued)
AGMA 917--B97
Table 1 (concluded)
Symbol
XP
C
snG
snP
t
G
P
inG
itG
n
onG
onP
otG
otP
pn
pt
t
b
c
b
iG
oG
oP
p
HCR
LCR
SAP
TCT
TIF
Terms
Profile shift coefficient of the pinion
Involute polar angle
Change in center distance
Tooth thinning coefficient of the gear
Tooth thinning coefficient of the pinion
Change in tooth thickness due to total composite variation
Poissons ratio of the gear
Poissons ratio of the pinion
Normal pressure angle at the inside diameter of the gear
Transverse pressure angle at the inside diameter of the gear
Normal standard pressure angle
Normal pressure angle at the outside diameter of the gear
Normal pressure angle at the outside diameter of the pinion
Transverse pressure angle at the outside diameter of the gear
Transverse pressure angle at the outside diameter of the pinion
Normal operating pressure angle
Transverse operating pressure angle
Transverse standard pressure angle
Constant, value = 3.1415927
Bending stress
Contact stress
Helix angle
Base helix angle
Helix angle at the inside diameter of the gear
Helix angle at the outside diameter of the gear
Helix angle at the outside diameter of the pinion
Operating helix angle
High contact ratio
Low contact ratio
Start of active profile (limit diameter)
Total composite tolerance
True involute form (form diameter)
Units
radians
inches
inches
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
psi
psi
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
Reference
6.4.4
4.1.11
6.3.9.1
6.6.1
6.6.1
6.6.6
6.9.6
6.9.6
6.5.5
6.5.5
6.2.3.2
6.5.5
6.5.5
6.5.5
6.5.5
6.3.8
6.3.6
6.2.3.3
6.9.5
6.9.6
4.1.9.2
6.5.4
6.5.3
6.5.3
6.5.3
6.3.7
6.7.6
6.7.6
6.7.1
8.4.5.1
6.4.3
AGMA 917--B97
-- Pitch plane. For a pair of gears, a plane perpendicular to the axial plane and tangent to the
pitch surfaces. A pitch plane in an individual gear
may be any plane tangent to its pitch surface.
The pitch plane of a rack or a crown gear is the
pitch surface. See figure 2.
Pitch circle
(operating)
Pinion axis
Pinion
center
Center
distance, C
Pitch point
Gear axis
Line of
centers
Gear
center
Pitch circle
(operating)
Axial plane
90
Plane of rotation
(transverse plane)
Figure 1 -- Basic geometry
Transverse
plane
Pitch
cylinder
Axial plane
Transverse
planes
Pitch
plane
Line normal to
tooth surface in
normal plane
Pitch point
AGMA 917--B97
AGMA 917--B97
Pulley
C2
Belt pulled
at this end
Pulley
C2
Involute
Belt pulled
at this end
Involute
B1
B1
C1
Rb
Base circle disc
Time = T1
Pulley
C1
Rb
Base circle disc
Time = T2
Pulley
Belt pulled
at this end
Involute Involute P
C2
C2
Belt pulled
at this end
B1
C1
Rb
B1
C1
Rb
Rb1
Involute 1
(Pinion)
Involute 2
(Gear)
Line of action
(belt)
Rb2
Base circle
disc 2
Pulley 2
(Gear)
Pulley 1
(Pinion)
Base circle 1
Operating pitch
circle, dP
Operating pressure
angle, pt
Pitch line
AGMA 917--B97
R b2
d
= G
R b1
dP
Rb1
Pitch
point
Involute 1
(Pinion)
Line of
action (belt)
Involute
2 (Gear)
Line of
centers
Rb2
Operating pitch
circle, dG
Pulley 2
(Gear)
Base circle 2
Figure 6 -- Involute nomenclature
Pinion
Pinion
dP1
RbP
RbP
Involute
(Pinion)
pt1
C1
dP2
P
Involute
(Gear)
Line of
Action
(Belt)
RbG
Gear
Involute
(Pinion)
pt2
C2
dG1
R bG
d
d
= G1 = G2
RbP
d P1
dP2
P
Involute
(Gear)
Line of
Action
(Belt)
RbG
dG2
Gear
AGMA 917--B97
Time = T1
Point of contact
(T1=T)
Base pitch
Pitch point
Involute 2
cam surfaces
Line of centers
Point of contact
(T1=T)
Line of action
Base circle
Base circle
Base circle
Direction of
force vector
Base circle
Involute 1
cam surfaces
Time = T2
Point of contact
(T2 = T)
Base pitch
Line of centers
Pitch point
Point of cont
(T2 = T)
Base circle
10
Base c
Direction of
force vector
Time = T3
Point of contact
(T2 = T)
AGMA 917--B97
Base pitch
Line of centers
Pitch point
Base circle
Base circle
Direction of
force vector
11
AGMA 917--B97
the following:
Diametral Pitch =
cosprofile angle
Base Pitch
Position of minimum sliding is the one shown here where arc 12 equals arc 12. For rotation in either
direction, sliding action will increase until the contact point reaches the base circle.
Figure 12 -- Two involute curves showing differences in lengths of corresponding arcs
12
AGMA 917--B97
Involute
Pressure
angle
A
Polar
angle
B
rb
O
13
AGMA 917--B97
14
Helix
Tooth
Helix angle
Axis
...(1)
4.2 Pitch
Pitch is the distance between a point on one tooth
and the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth. It
is a dimension measured along a curve in the
transverse, normal or axial directions. The use of
the single word pitch without qualification may be
confusing, and for this reason specific designations
are preferred, e.g., transverse circular pitch, normal
base pitch, axial pitch. See figure 15.
AGMA 917--B97
Transverse
circular pitch
Axial pitch
Pitch
Axis
Normal
circular pitch
Circular pitch
Figure 16 -- Tooth pitches
4.2.6 Base pitch
Figure 15 -- Pitch
4.2.1 Circular pitch
Circular pitch is the arc distance along the pitch
circle between corresponding profiles of adjacent
teeth. See figure 15.
Circular pitch
Base pitch
Base circle
Base tangent
Figure 17 -- Principal pitches
15
AGMA 917--B97
Base
pitch
Normal
base pitch
Axial base pitch
Figure 18 -- Base pitch relationships
4.2.8 Axial base pitch
Axial base pitch is the base pitch of helical involute
tooth surfaces in an axial plane. See figure 18.
4.3 Diametral pitch
Diametral pitch is not a pitch in the same sense as
the preceding pitches. It represents the size of the
tooth. The larger the numeric value of the diametral
pitch, the smaller the size of the gear tooth.
Diametral pitch is related to circular pitch by the
following:
Diametral pitch =
Circular Pitch
It is customary to discuss the size of a given gear in
terms of its diametral pitch rather than its circular
pitch.
Many fine--pitch gears are produced by means of
generating tooling. Even gears produced by
molding, casting or stamping are intended to have
teeth which are the same as if they were generated.
Gear generating tools, such as hobs, shaper cutters
16
--
--
AGMA 917--B97
5 Application considerations
5.1 Principal gear functions
Gears are used to transmit power and/or motion
from one shaft to another. If their principal function
is to transmit power, they are called power gears. If
their principal function is to transmit smooth motion,
they are called smooth motion gears. If their
principal function requires minimal backlash, they
are called zero backlash gears. Since there are
usually major differences in the basic requirements
of each of these systems, the design emphasis will
usually be different for each system. It is, however,
quite possible that each of these systems may have
some design requirements that are common to
each other (example: must be quiet and have
adequate load capacity).
A gear design flow chart is shown in figure 19. This
flowchart should help guide the designer through
the various steps of the design process. It is not
intended to be a detailed road map for every gear
application, but rather a general overview of some
of the important things to consider when designing
gear systems. As shown in the flowchart, at the first
step of the design process the functional requirements of the system should be determined. This will
establish a perspective as one proceeds through
the rest of the steps. Many design decisions will
have to be made as one proceeds through the
different phases of design. Realizing the functional
requirements of the system early will help in making
those decisions. After determining the type of gear
system that is required, one proceeds down through
the column on the flowchart. The steps up to and
including the preliminary design analysis help guide
17
AGMA 917--B97
--
Determine
functional
requirements
Design parameters
Loads
Space constraints
Life requirements
Speed ratio
Operating environment
Preliminary
estimate of gears
Bending stress
Contact stress
Pitting resistance
Fatigue strength
Lubrication
Number of teeth
Diametral pitch
Face width
Helix angle
Material/heat treat
Quality class
Is analysis OK
False
True
Gear Assembly
Mounting/alignment
Housing strength/deflection
Environment
Power gear
systems
Smooth motion
gear systems
Position control
gear systems
Detailed design
optimize considering:
Detailed design
optimize considering:
Detailed design
optimize considering:
Minimum volume
Fatigue strength
Pitting resistance
Noise
Cost
Gear specifications
Data block
Blank design
Transmission error
Contact ratio
Tooth modification
Minimum volume
Fatigue strength
Noise
Cost
Gear specifications
Data block
Blank design
18
Gear specifications
Data block
Blank design
Given:
Speed requirements
Center distance
Assume 20 deg. profile angle
at this stage
Torque requirement
AGMA 917--B97
yes
no
Calculate operating pitch diameters
from center distance & gear ratio
Pd min.
(Coarsest)
Pd max.
(Finest)
Change material
and/or
heat treatment
False
True
Pd min
20 24
Pd max
32
40
48
64
72
Coarsest
Advantages
80
120
96
Finest
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Select a diametral pitch between the maximum and mimimum limits based on the specific
application and the general guidelines previously mentioned
Calculate NP and NG from operating pitch diameter and diametral pitch
refer to clause 6
19
AGMA 917--B97
Torque required
output 1
n
Gear Ratio : (m Gt ) = n 1
L
where:
n1 is rotation speed of first shaft;
nL is rotation speed of last shaft.
mGt = (mGs1) (mGs2) (mGs3) (mGs4)...(mGs(L-- 1) )
--
Torque required
output 2
Motor
pinion
20
AGMA 917--B97
60T
20T
--
60T
20T
Driver
n1, rpm ccw
Stage Ratio
cw
m Gs nn1 = N 2
N1
2
where:
n1 is speed of driving shaft, rpm;
n2 is speed of driven shaft, rpm;
N1 is number of teeth in driving gear of stage;
N2 is number of teeth in driven gear of stage.
Driven
n2, rpm ccw
21
AGMA 917--B97
60T
40T
20T
Driver
n1 rpm ccw
Idler Gear
Driven
nL rpm ccw
Moisture;
--
Corrosive environment;
--
--
22
AGMA 917--B97
23
AGMA 917--B97
Pinion
Gear
Rack
24
--
--
AGMA 917--B97
--
Pinion on center
25
AGMA 917--B97
-- ZEROLR curved tooth elements which follow the same general direction as straight teeth
(see figure 28b).
-- Spiral tooth elements, which are curved
and oblique (see figure 28c).
Spiral bevel
gears
ZEROL bevel
gears
Right--hand
Left--hand
Right--hand
26
Enveloping
wormgear
Cylindrical
(non--enveloping)
wormgear
AGMA 917--B97
27
AGMA 917--B97
--
--
Contact ratio.
-- The contact ratio increases as the
diametral pitch increases (at the nominal
center distance);
-- The tolerance on the center distance, to
maintain an acceptable contact ratio, must
decrease as the diametral pitch increases to
maintain the same contact ratio. Figure 32
also shows contact ratio as a function of
center distance deviation for various
diametral pitches.
2.0
1:1 Ratio
5:1 Ratio
120 DP
80 DP
40 DP
20 DP
1.0
Center distance deviation
NOTE: The numbers on the chart were generated for a specific center distance.
Figure 32 -- Contact ratio vs. center distance deviation for 20 degree profile angle gears
28
AGMA 917--B97
-- The face contact ratio is a measurement of the helical overlap and is equal to
the face width divided by the axial pitch.
20, 24, 32, 40, 48, 64, 72, 80, 96, 120
NOTE: The following comparisons are made assuming there is uniform load distribution across the face
width.
Contact ratio.
-- Spur Gears: Face width does not affect
the contact ratio of spur gears;
-- Helical Gears: The total contact ratio is
the sum of the transverse contact ratio and
the face contact ratio. If face contact ratio is
less than 1, no advantage is gained from
helical action. It is suggested that the face
29
AGMA 917--B97
--
--
-- through hardened to 40--62 Rc when employing alloy or tool steels, martensitic stainless,
etc.
NOTE: For very fine--pitch gears, care should be taken
so that the case depth from the heat treatment does not
go through the entire tooth. See also clause 10.
30
AGMA 917--B97
W
W
l
t
rf
a
x
(b)
(a)
Load
Inscribed
parabola
Critical
point
31
AGMA 917--B97
32
indicates what is important and what is not important, in designing to avoid fatigue failure. Many
materials, such as plastics, aluminum and bronze
do not have true endurance limits so they cannot be
designed to have infinite life. Fatigue curve
information must be obtained from the material
supplier and verified by testing in order to design the
gears to meet life requirements. It is extremely
important to confirm the design by conducting a
testing program on the materials that will be used.
Heat treatment of ferrous materials will increase
fatigue strength. Refer to clause 15 for more
information on load rating and testing procedures.
5.6.5 Surface durability
Surface durability, also known as pitting resistance,
is the capacity to resist the kind of failure which
results from repeated surface or subsurface
stresses. See ANSI/AGMA 2001--C95 for more
information on surface durability ratings for spur and
helical gears. These rating methods assume the
design provides adequate lubrication. Inadequate
lubrication can lead to other modes of surface
failure (wear), which are not covered by these rating
methods. The load rating procedure in ANSI/AGMA
2001--C95 is not suitable for every fine--pitch
application. The rating procedure is based primarily
on experience with coarse pitch gears. As with
fatigue strength, available data on material
properties are limited to the more traditional gear
materials. Heat treatment of ferrous materials will
increase surface durability.
Material property
information should be obtained from the material
supplier and testing should be done to confirm the
design.
5.6.6 Gear system assembly
Before the detailed design can be performed, the
designer must consider the method of mounting to
be used. Proper installation of the gear system is
essential for achieving good performance. Some
items of consideration should be:
-- Mounting of gears on the shafts. There
are several methods used to mount gears to
shafts. Many designs offer various degrees of
precision, cost, reliability and ease of assembly.
The designs can be classified into two main
types: removable fastenings and permanent
fastenings.
Removable fastenings
pinning
clamping
set screws
key way
spline
taper and screw
Permanent fastenings:
press fit
shrink fit
molded assembly
cementing compounds
staking
pegging
riveting
spinning
Shaft A
Shaft B
AGMA 917--B97
Plane of axes
In--plane deviation
Shaft B
Shaft A
Out--of--plane
deviation
Plane of axes
Figure 35 -- Shaft alignment deviations
-- Couplings. The coupling must have some
degree of flexibility to accommodate the types of
misalignment mentioned previously. It must be
able to transmit torque, yet limit the forces on machine components such as shafts and bearings
that result from misalignment. However, it is important to understand the effects the coupling
has on smooth motion when misalignment is
present;
33
AGMA 917--B97
--
--
--
The once per revolution variation is due to accumulated pitch variation. The once per tooth variations
are due to variations in profile, pitch, tooth thickness
and tooth alignment. The above two components
affect the positional accuracy of the drive train. In
addition, the once per tooth component is related to
the noise and vibration characteristics of the gear
train.
The main sources of transmission error can be
classified into the two following categories:
-- Variations
mounting;
during
manufacturing
and
34
--
--
--
--
--
suitable for only that load condition. It is recommended that an experienced gear designer be
consulted when designing gears with profile and
lead modifications.
5.7.3 Zero backlash gears
In addition to the requirements of power gear
systems, zero backlash gear meshes are designed
to have low backlash. Backlash is necessary to
prevent tight mesh and interference due to
manufacturing and assembly variations in a gear. In
some applications, backlash needs to be controlled
to achieve accurate angular positioning of machine
components. Many techniques have been developed to control backlash in a gear mesh. Clause 7
of this Design Manual deals with those techniques
for controlling backlash in a gear mesh.
AGMA 917--B97
...(2)
NP
N
= P
P nd cos
Pd
NG
N
DG =
= G
P nd cos
Pd
...(3)
35
AGMA 917--B97
Standard
pitch radius
Base radius
Outside radius
Root radius
DbP = DP cos t
DbG = DG cos t
...(5)
A discussion on the base diameter and
involutometry can be found in clause 4.
6.2.5 Transverse circular pitch (pt )
This is the circular arc distance measured along the
standard pitch circle between two corresponding
points of adjacent teeth. It is equal to the
circumference of the standard pitch circle divided by
number of teeth. It is also equal to the distance
between corresponding points of two adjacent teeth
in the cutter at its pitch line.
pt =
...(6)
Pd
pb = pt cos t
...(7)
Figure 37 illustrates the transverse standard
circular pitch and transverse base pitch.
tan n
t = tan1 cos
36
...(4)
Transverse
circular
pitch
Transverse
base
pitch
B
C
Base radius
Standard
pitch radius
...(8)
DP + DG
2
6.3 Gear mesh related parameters
AGMA 917--B97
...(9)
Tangent plane
Helical line of contact
Base circle
(pinion)
Base circle
(gear)
Operating
pressure
angle
P
Line of centers
Line of action
Driver
Driven
2N PC
NP + NG
(external gears)
...(10a)
2N GC
dG =
NP + NG
2N PC
NG NP
2N GC
dG =
NG NP
dP =
(internal gears)
...(10b)
37
AGMA 917--B97
....(11)
d Dtan
P
...(12)
...(13)
Transverse backlash;
--
Normal backlash;
--
d
d P
t ptP t ptG = G t ptP t ptG
NP
NG
...(14)
Pinion
Operating pitch
circle (pinion)
6.3.9 Backlash
Backlash is a property of the gear mesh and not of
an individual gear. It is the clearance between the
meshing teeth. In most applications, it is not
detrimental to have backlash in a gear mesh. On
the other hand, backlash is necessary to accommodate manufacturing variations in gears and the
relative change in size of gears and their casings
due to the thermal and other environmental effects.
In gears used in position control systems, backlash
may be detrimental. For controlling backlash in
such systems, refer to clause 7 of this manual.
38
Q
R
Operating
pitch circle
(gear)
Gear
AGMA 917--B97
The amount of backlash should meet the requirements of the application. This amount should
enable gears to run freely when the mesh is
operating under worst case conditions (at the
shortest possible operating center distance, worst
condition of humidity, temperature and geometrical
tooth variations).
39
AGMA 917--B97
Radius at TIF
Figure 41 -- Undercut teeth
6.4.4 Profile shift (addendum modification)
Figure 42 illustrates another useful characteristic of
involute gear teeth. It is possible, using a cutter of
given diametral pitch and profile angle, to cut the
same number of teeth into gear blanks of various
outside diameters. The resulting gears, despite the
fact that they appear to be of different sizes, all have
the same base pitch and therefore will transmit
uniform rotary motion if run together, providing
contact ratios and clearances are adequate. This
blank diameter modification is called profile shift or
addendum modification.
6.4.4.1 Definitions
The numerical value of profile shift is equal to the
amount by which the nominal center distance of a
X = 0.5
X = 0.0
10 tooth
20 PA
gear pair must be changed in order to accommodate the modified gear. The profile shift coefficient
is the product of the profile shift and the normal
diametral pitch. Unmodified (or standard) gears
have a nominal center distance that is equal to
one--half the sum of their standard pitch diameters.
Standard gears are said to have zero profile shift.
Gears with positive profile shift (called enlarged
gears) result when the generating pitch line (hob
tool) or pitch diameter (shaper cutter) is held at a
larger radius than standard when machining the
gear. Gears with negative profile shift (called
reduced gears) result when this generating radius is
less than standard. Figure 42 shows the change in
the gear tooth form due to a positive profile shift
coefficient of 0.5, resulting in enlarged teeth, for two
profile angles on a 10--tooth pinion. Note that the
enlarged tooth form shows little or no undercut,
which is one of the primary justifications for profile
shift in gear designs.
The addendum of a gear is the radial distance from
the standard pitch diameter to the outside diameter.
Since the outside radius of the gear is usually
increased by the same amount as the profile shift,
the addendum increases for an enlarged gear. For
a time, it was common to refer to enlarged gears
and reduced gears as long and short addendum
gears respectively. Hence, the term addendum
modification is used to describe this process of
enlargement and reduction. However, because it is
not necessary to make the outside diameter any
specific dimension, the amount of change in the
outside diameter may or may not correspond
exactly to the amount of the profile shift.
X = 0.5
X = 0.0
10 tooth
14.5 PA
40
AGMA 917--B97
...(18)
41
AGMA 917--B97
NP + NG
X + X G (external gear
+ P
2P nd cos
P nd meshes) ...(20a)
Cn =
NG NP
X X P (internal gear
+ G
2P nd cos
P nd meshes) ...(20b)
42
2X P
+ 2
P nd
P nd
D oG = DG +
2X G
+ 2 (for external gears)
P nd
P nd
...(21b)
D iG = DG +
2X G
2 (for internal gears)
P nd P nd
...(21c)
...(21a)
AGMA 917--B97
Number
of teeth
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
NOTES:
1) This table gives the minimum required positive profile shift coefficient (enlargement) and the maximum allowable reduction for 20 degree profile angle gears.
Equations 18 and 19 may be used to generate similar
tables for gears having profile angles other than 20
degrees.
A thorough understanding of 6.4.4 is
recommended before using this table.
2) Profile shift coefficients are dimensionless. Divide
values by normal diametral pitch to obtain profile shift in
inch units.
43
AGMA 917--B97
Comments
<Std
<Std
<Std
<Std
Std
Std
Std
NOTE:
1) Max OD column is dimensionless. Divide values by diametral pitch for inch units.
D Dtan
oP
...(22a)
bP
otG = cos1
bG
itG = cos1
bG
oP
oG
iG
cos
)
(internal
gears)
inG
itG
iG
...(25c)
...(22b)
iG
44
DD
...(24a)
DD (external gears) ...(24b)
DD (internal gears) ...(24c)
otP = cos1
oG
b = tan1
oG = tan1
iG = tan1
bG
...(23)
2X tan n s nP
t nP = + P
2P nd
P nd
P nd
...(27a)
2X tan n s nG
t nG = + G
(external gears)
Pnd
Pnd
2P nd
...(27b)
s nP + s nG = B n P nd
AGMA 917--B97
...(26)
2X tan n s nG
t nG = G
(internal gears)
2P nd
P nd
P nd
...(27c)
6.6.3 Transverse circular tooth thickness at
standard pitch diameter
Transverse circular tooth thickness at the standard
pitch diameter is given by:
t tP =
t nP
cos
...(28a)
t tG =
t nG
cos
...(28b)
Dt
tP
t ptP = dP
+ inv t inv pt
..(29a)
...(29b)
...(29c)
t tG
+ inv t inv pt (external gears)
DG
t ptG = d G
t ptG = d G
t tG
inv t + inv pt (internal gears)
DG
Dt
tP
t otP = DoP
totG = D oG
titG = D iG
Dt
tG
Dt
tG
G
....(31a)
...(31b)
...(31c)
...(32a)
45
AGMA 917--B97
...(32c)
R aP =
R aG =
+ R 2bP
...(34a)
+ R 2bG
...(34b)
...(33)
...(35a)
...(35b)
Base circle
(pinion)
D
A
P
Outside circle
(gear)
B
E
Base circle
(gear)
Line of action
Line of centers
Figure 43 -- Line of action for external gears
46
Outside circle
(pinion)
...(36)
R aP = R 2bP +
2
iG
R 2bG
R bG R bP tan pt
R aG = R 2bG +
2
oP
12
12
e aP = 180
e aG = 180
1.0
R aP
R bP
R aG
R bG
...(38a)
1.0
...(38b)
R 2bP
+ R bG R bP tan pt
...(37a)
AGMA 917--B97
...(37b)
...(39a)
47
AGMA 917--B97
...(39b)
...(40a)
...(40b)
Line of action
Transverse operating
pressure angle
B
P
A
D
RbP
RoP
RiG
O
RbG
C
Figure 44 -- Line of action for internal gears
48
...(41)
AGMA 917--B97
...(43)
F tan b
pb
...(44)
49
AGMA 917--B97
...(45)
D rP = DP 2 ah
XP
s nP
+
P nd 2P nd tan n
...(46a)
XG
s nG
+
P nd 2P nd tan n
(for external gears)
...(46b)
D rG = DG 2 ah
XG
s nG
+
P nd 2P nd tan n
(for internal gears)
...(46c)
D rG = DG + 2 ah +
6.8.2 Root clearance
cP =
D rP + D oG
2
DiG DrP
2
D oP + D rG
2
DrG DoP
2
...(49)
50
Wt
cos pn cos p
...(50)
...(51)
...(52)
...(53)
Wt P d
F Kv J
...(54)
AGMA 917--B97
Wr
t
Wt
Wa
Tooth element
x
z
Pitch
cylinder
is face width;
Kv
is dynamic factor;
is geometry factor.
50
50 + V
...(55)
where
V
Note that ANSI/AGMA 2001--C95 contains a different definition for Kv than that which appears above.
The definition of Kv used in this Design Manual is an
older, less sophisticated approximation of the
dynamic factor and is considered completely
appropriate for a majority of fine--pitch designs.
It is recommended that geometry factor, J, be
determined by AGMA 908--B89, Information Sheet,
Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting
Resistance and Bending Strength for Spur, Helical
and Herringbone Gear Teeth. It includes tables for
some common tooth forms and the analytical
method for involute gears with generated root fillets.
Computer programs are available commercially to
evaluate geometry factor for spur and helical gears
that have profile shift. One can also use analytical
techniques like Finite Element Method (FEM) and
Boundary Element Method (BEM) to evaluate
stresses at the root of the gear tooth. However, to
get an approximate value of bending stresses at the
51
AGMA 917--B97
c =
0.7979 cos
mp cos pn sin pn
Wt m G+1
Fdp mG
1 2P 1 2G
+
EP
EG
...(57)
c =
0.7979
cos pt sin pt
W t mG+1
Fd p m G
12P 1 2G
+
EP
EG
...(56)
where
EP and EG are the moduli of elasticity of the
pinion material and the gear material
respectively;
P and G are Poissons ratios of the pinion
material and the gear material
respectively.
In low contact ratio spur gears, maximum contact
stress occurs when contact takes place at the
lowest point of single tooth contact. The above
formula evaluates the contact stress at the pitch
point and not at the lowest point of single tooth
contact. In most designs, error in evaluating the
contact stress at the pitch point is small but when
the contact stress is near the maximum allowable
stress value for the material chosen, one needs to
evaluate the contact stress at the lowest point of
single tooth contact. Details on evaluating contact
stresses at the lowest point of single tooth contact
are beyond the scope of this manual and it is
recommended that the gear designers refer to
ANSI/AGMA 2001--C95 and Colbourne [1].
For helical gears, contact stress is measured at the
pitch point and is given by:
52
AGMA 917--B97
53
AGMA 917--B97
turing processes, all of which determine the expected dimensional variations in the gear set. The
procedure shows whether the assigned tolerances
ensure that all meshing requirements will be met. If
tolerances cannot be met and changes must be
made to the general design, such as in pitch,
numbers of teeth or center distance, then this
procedure is reapplied to the new design. If the
design is acceptable, the procedure will have
supplied the specifications needed to manufacture
and inspect the gears.
7.1.2 Types of gears covered
The procedure is sufficiently general that, with
appropriate selection of equations, it can be applied
to any set of external spur or helical gears and, with
proper precautions, to sets of external--internal
gears.
7.1.3 Basic rules
This design procedure follows these basic rules:
-- Allowances for backlash and gear and
mounting tolerances are made by reductions in
nominal tooth thickness (tooth thinning);
-- The combined effect of tolerance is found by
direct addition of effects of individual tolerances
(worst--case tolerance analysis).
7.2 Backlash
7.2.1 Minimum backlash, BhT (spur gears) or
BnhT (helical gears)
The maintaining of a desired minimum backlash at
the tightest point of mesh is the first objective of this
design procedure. This minimum backlash is
desirable for one or more of the following reasons:
-- To provide room for the fluid lubricant film
that separates the loaded surfaces of the gear
teeth;
-- To provide a flow channel for the fluid
lubricant trapped in the root areas, especially in
high--speed, wide--face spur gears, thereby relieving the pressure that adds load to the shaft
and bearings and reduces efficiency;
-- To permit the passage of small dirt particles
carried by the lubricant;
-- To provide additional clearance between the
gears as an allowance for possible gear and
mounting dimensional variations and thermal
54
AGMA 917--B97
7.5.2.1 Adjustment
In this method, the bearings supporting one of the
gears can be moved to obtain the desired minimum
backlash at the point of tightest mesh. One such
arrangement is shown in figure 46. Another
possible arrangement uses eccentric bushings in
fixed housings. After adjustment, the bushings
must be clamped tight enough to resist the forces
developed by the applied loads. Adjustment has a
relative disadvantage. Due to the total composite
variations of the two gears, the backlash for other
rotated positions of the gears will be greater than the
adjusted tightest mesh value.
55
AGMA 917--B97
7.5.3.1 Adjustable
In this method, the two half gears are adjusted and
clamped, as in figure 48, to give the desired
minimum backlash at the point of tightest mesh with
the mating gear. The clamping must be tight
enough to resist the operating gear loads. The total
composite variations of all the gears will be reflected
in some increase in backlash during their rotational
cycle.
56
This type will not transmit angular motion accurately, except under light loads, since the plastic
tends to center the composite gear in the center of
the mating gear tooth space. This centering varies
with the amount of load applied. Consideration
should be given to the increased bearing loads and
friction resulting from the contact of the deformed
plastic.
AGMA 917--B97
57
AGMA 917--B97
Rotation
Rotation
roughness,
Drive
Input
Contra--Rotating
Torque
(Resisting)
Torque
58
AGMA 917--B97
59
AGMA 917--B97
60
...(62)
0.0
...(63)
where
Pnd is diametral pitch on spur gears and normal
diametral pitch on helical gears;
TCT is total composite tolerance.
The above discussion and suggested tolerances
apply only to the diameter of the finished gear. If the
blank diameter is modified in the cutting (topping)
operation, the tolerance on the original diameter
should be derived from other requirements, such as
the need to control the amount of material to be
removed.
...(64)
AGMA 917--B97
61
AGMA 917--B97
The tolerances needed to control these manufacturing concentricity variations may need to be
tighter than those needed to meet assembly
requirements. These tolerances are best selected
by the gear cutting shop, either by making its own
blanks or by advising the blank designer.
8.4.5.4.1 Bore
Form tolerances may be required on bores or other
inside diameters used for assembly for the conditions of out--of--roundness, taper, bell mouth, and
barrel shape.
8.4.5.4.2 Journals
62
AGMA 917--B97
C
B
E
A
Base circle
A
B
C
D
E
F
63
AGMA 917--B97
64
included in
AGMA 917--B97
65
AGMA 917--B97
66
Low cost;
--
Resistance to corrosion;
--
--
Low inertia;
-- Inherent lubricity and compatibility with commercial lubricants, most chemicals and common
solvents;
--
--
--
Low maintenance.
AGMA 917--B97
changes due to temperature or humidity. The dimensional changes can either be growth or shrinkage and
are generally predictable. To insure proper meshing of
gears at either extreme requires adequate clearance
which should be properly specified. Careful material
selection can enhance the long term life of plastics
gearing, and such materials are used with and without
reinforcements and other additives.
67
AGMA 917--B97
68
AGMA 917--B97
69
AGMA 917--B97
70
10.5.6 Inspection
Plastics gears must be accurate to wear well,
operate quietly and transmit uniform motion. In
order to meet these objectives, the understanding
of variations, tolerances and inspection is necessary. Refer to ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88, Gear
Handbook -- Gear Classification, Materials and
Measuring Methods for Unassembled Gears for
additional information.
NOTE: Inspection of plastics gears must be done in a
manner which accounts for size variation with temperature and moisture content. It is commonly accepted practice to use about one--half the tight--mesh
load recommended for metal gears when measuring
plastics gears on a center distance measuring instrument. Refer to ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88. Care must be
taken not to distort the gear teeth or mounting arbor of
the work gear by application of excessive tight--mesh
applied load.
11 Manufacturing methods
11.1 General
Many methods are used to produce the finished
gear teeth including: hobbing, shaping, milling,
fly--cutting, broaching, casting, powder metal process, molding, stamping, cold rolling, grinding,
shaving, honing, lapping and burnishing. This
clause reviews the most common methods used to
AGMA 917--B97
11.6 Broaching
11.5 Fly--cutting
Broaching is a machining method by which successive in--line teeth, or a broach, is pulled or pushed
over or through a gear blank. The broach is
designed to remove successive small amounts of
material in a single stroke. The last several rows of
teeth are used for sizing to the final configuration.
11.7 Casting
Casting of gear teeth is accomplished by pouring or
forcing molten metal into a cavity. The quality of the
gear varies largely with the quality of the cavity and
the process used.
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12 Inspection
The methods of inspection should be considered
when gears are being designed, especially when
the specifications are being prepared. The methods
selected should be the minimum necessary to
establish the quality characteristics required by the
application. Needless inspection can add substantially to the cost of the gears, whether performed by
the manufacturer or the user. Other considerations
in the selection of inspection are the availability of
the measuring instruments and the suitability of the
measuring process to the size of the gear teeth.
The standard and preferred measurements are the
composite check and the test radius measurement.
Other commonly used procedures are the measurement over wires, measurement of runout by
indicator and the comparator method.
It is less common, although sometimes desirable, to
measure involute, tooth alignment and tooth placement (pitch variation or index position) by elemental
methods. It is possible to measure teeth as small as
100 to 120 DP. Tolerances for these elemental
measurements do not exist in AGMA for teeth finer
than 20 DP. Elemental inspection tolerances for
gears finer than 20 DP must be agreed upon
between manufacturer and user.
12.1 Composite action test, double flank check
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Outside diameter
X
Y
0.300
0.000
0.299891 0.008080
0.299640 0.014687
Involute Profile
X
Y
0.299640 .014687
0.290149 .021052
0.281099 .026318
0.272587 .030569
0.264703 .033897
0.257527 .036401
0.251127 .038185
0.245563 .039361
0.240883 .040043
0.237122 .040348
0.234306 .040398
0.232166 .040290
0.231457 .040290
Trochoid
X
Y
0.242635 0.044656
0.234305 0.040398
0.214320 0.034128
0.203145 0.033447
0.196298 0.034428
0.191806 0.035934
0.188707 0.037593
0.186493 0.039280
0.184878 0.040960
0.183696 0.042632
0.182848 0.044313
0.182278 0.046028
Root circle
X
Y
0.182278 0.046028
0.180464 0.052694
0.178799 0.058095
Y
(0 1823 0 0460)
(0.1823,0.0460)
(0.2343, 0.0404)
(0 2 0)
(0.2,0)
(0 3 0)
(0.3,0)
X
RC
Trochoid
Involute
OD
74
13 Lubrication
13.1 Introduction
To achieve maximum reliability and minimum cost in
a gear design, the lubrication function should be
given the same degree of attention as is given to the
gear selection and design, and should be approached as a system. The lubrication system
consists of the lubricant, its means of application, its
means of retention, the gear materials and the
operating environment.
In gear design, the lubricant may provide any or all
of the following functions:
-- To reduce the friction between the gears and
within the bearings;
--
--
--
--
Operating environment.
--
Splash systems;
--
-- Intermittent
systems;
oil
or
grease
application
--
--
--
Bonded coatings;
--
Solid lubricants;
--
Non--lubricated systems.
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In general, these materials are limited to applications in which the tooth contact loads are low (low
K factors) and speeds are low enough so that the
heat resulting from meshing friction does not
damage the materials.
-- High temperature stability. A characteristic important in gears operating at elevated temperatures. Every oil has some temperature
above which its design characteristics will begin
to break down. In general, synthetic oils retain
their properties to higher useful temperatures;
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AGMA 917--B97
compatible with metallic and elastomer components, sealants, paints and other applied coatings;
14 Bearings
14.1 General
The bearing application process consists of selecting the type of bearing at each location, finding its
operating speed and loads, both radial and thrust,
and then selecting a size of bearing of adequate
capacity over the required life. In addition, bearing
lubrication must be assured.
14.2 Types of bearings
The selection of bearing type is commonly influenced by the magnitude of the bearing loads in
relation to the space available for the bearing. The
size of the thrust load is especially important.
Although thrust loads are not usually associated
with spur gears, some thrust will develop from slight
misalignment of the shaft, from teeth slightly out of
parallel or having a slight lead, or from shaft
bending.
The descriptions of the types of bearings given
below are only suggestive of their individual features. Further information should be obtained from
bearing manufacturers.
14.2.1 Angular--contact ball bearings
This ball bearing has large load capacity for
combined radial and thrust loads. An individual
bearing must have a thrust load, but will support this
load in one direction only. Where the thrust load
may reverse direction or where its direction is
uncertain, these bearings should be used in opposed pairs. The two bearings may be located at
opposite ends of the shaft or they may be placed
back--to--back with an additional bearing at the far
location. Sometimes two or more bearings are
arranged in tandem at one location to obtain the
necessary load capacity, as when a larger diameter
bearing would not fit into the housing design.
14.2.2 Deep groove radial ball bearing
This ball bearing has a smaller thrust load capacity,
but will support thrust loads in both directions in a
single bearing.
14.2.3 Cylindrical roller bearing
This bearing is normally used for its greater radial
load capacity. Since it has no thrust load capability
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--
gear geometry;
--
material properties;
--
operating conditions;
--
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Bibliography
The following documents are either referenced in the text of AGMA 917--B97, Design Manual for Parallel Shaft
Fine--Pitch Gearing or indicated for additional information.
1. Colbourne, J.R., The Geometry of Involute Gears, Springer--Verlag, New York, 1987.
2. Khiralla, T.W.,On The Geometry of External Involute Spur Gears, C/I Leaming, North Hollywood, California,
1976.
3. Buckingham, E., Analytical Mechanics of Gears, Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 1949.
4. Dudley, D.W., Handbook of Practical Gear Design, McGraw Hill, New York, 1984.
5. Townsend, D.P., Dudleys Gear Handbook, Second Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1991.
6. Shigley, J.E. and Mischke, C.R., Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw Hill, New York, 1989.
7. Michalec, G.W., Precision Gearing: Theory and Practice, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1966.
8. Smith, L.J., Assured Backlash Control -- the ABC System, AGMA Paper No. 239.14, AGMA Fall Technical
Meeting, 1979.
9. Shigley, J.E. and Mitchell, L.D., Mechanical Engineering Design, 4th edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1983.
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84
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
1500 KING STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314