Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
ions
neutrons
protons
(b)
14
and
C
6
MASS
NUMBER
NUMBER OF
PROTONS
12
Isotope
12
C
6
Isotope
12
C
6
NUMBER OF
NEUTRONS
6
(2)
Q2.
This question is about oxygen atoms. The periodic table on the Data Sheet may help you to
answer this question.
(a)
(i)
Oxygen atoms have 8 electrons. Complete the diagram to represent the arrangement of
electrons in an oxygen atom. Use crosses () to represent the electrons.
(1)
(ii)
Name the part of the oxygen atom that is labelled A on the diagram.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
18
oxygen-16
oxygen-18
Explain, in terms of particles, how the nucleus of an oxygen-18 atom is different from the
nucleus of an oxygen-16 atom.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q3.
ISOTOPE 2
mass number
C
6
(a)
proton number
12
C
6
(b)
Describe as fully as you can one way in which they are different.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q4.
The picture shows sodium reacting with chlorine. The reaction forms sodium chloride.
(a)
element
hydrocarbon
mixture
sodium .......................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(b)
When sodium reacts with chlorine the sodium atoms change into sodium ions.
The diagrams below represent a sodium atom and a sodium ion.
Use the diagrams to help you explain how a sodium atom turns into a sodium ion.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(i)
When chlorine reacts with sodium the chlorine forms negative chloride ions.
Complete the diagram below to show the outer electrons in a chloride ion (Cl).
(1)
(ii)
Q5.
Calcium and magnesium are elements. They are found in the Earths crust as compounds, often
carbonates and sulphates. Magnesium is also found as its chloride.
(a)
Calcium and magnesium are in the same Group in the Periodic Table.
State which Group this is.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(ii)
Q6.
(i)
(ii)
Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound. What are the names of its ions?
................................................. ions and ................................................. ions
(1)
(iii)
How many negative ions are there in the formula for magnesium chloride?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
(v)
Suggest three properties which magnesium chloride has because it is an ionic compound.
Property 1 ...................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Property 2 ..................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Property 3 ..................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q7.
(Total 2 marks)
Q8.
(a) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between magnesium (Mg) and oxygen
(O2) to form magnesium oxide (MgO).
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Magnesium atom
Oxygen atom
(c)
Magnesium ions and oxide ions are formed when magnesium reacts with oxygen.
The diagram shows the electronic structure of an oxide ion.
Oxide ion
Magnesium ion
(d)
(e)
Indigestion tablets can be made from magnesium oxide. The magnesium oxide neutralises
some of the hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Complete the word equation for the reaction between magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid.
hydrochloric acid
magnesium oxide
......................
water.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q9.
(a)
(i)
The diagram shows part of the ionic lattice of a sodium chloride crystal.
Complete the spaces in the table to give information about both of the ions in this lattice.
Name of ion
Charge
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
.....................................................
(2)
(ii)
When it is solid, sodium chloride will not conduct electricity. However, molten sodium
chloride will conduct electricity. Explain this difference.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Calcium burns in oxygen with a brick-red flame. The product is a white solid. It is calcium oxide
and its formula is CaO.
(i)
(ii)
Q10.
Atoms of calcium, phosphorus and fluorine are represented below, each with its mass number and
proton number.
(a)
20
20
PHOSPHOROUS
Number of electrons
FLUORINE
9
16
15
9
(3)
(b)
Calcium and fluorine atoms can combine to form the compound calcium fluoride, CaF2.
The fluoride ion is represented by F.
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Phosphorus and fluorine form a covalent compound, phosphorus trifluoride. Complete the
sentences below which are about this compound.
Phosphorus trifluoride is made up of phosphorus and fluorine ................................
These are joined together by sharing pairs of ............................................... to form
phosphorus trifluoride ........................................................ .
(3)
(d)
(i)
Sodium chloride, an ionic compound, has a high melting point whereas paraffin wax, a
molecular compound, melts easily.
Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Molten ionic compounds conduct electricity but molecular compounds are non-conductors,
even when liquid.
Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
Q11.
(a)
(b)
atom
ion
molecule
Which of the words best describes the methane particle shown in the diagram?
.................................................
(1)
(c)
covalent
ionic
metallic
Q12.
(a)
(b)
(i)
Draw a ring around the name of the particle represented by the symbols and in the
diagram.
electron
neutron
proton
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the type of bonding that holds the atoms together in a propane
molecule.
covalent
ionic
metallic
(1)
(c)
Propane has a
high
low
large
small
molecules.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q13.
(a)
(i)
electron
neutron
nucleus
proton
(2)
(ii)
14
21
(1)
(b)
Q14.
Diesel oil is obtained from crude oil. It can be used as a fuel for car engines. The diagram below
represents a compound found in diesel oil.
(a)
(b)
Q15.
The hydrogen halides (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and hydrogen
iodide) are important chemicals.
The diagram below represents a molecule of hydrogen chloride.
(i)
(ii)
What type of chemical bond holds the atoms in this molecule together?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Would you expect hydrogen chloride to be a gas, a liquid or a solid, at room temperature and
pressure? Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q16.
(i)
Complete the drawing to show the electron structure of a hydrogen fluoride molecule. Draw
electrons as dots or crosses.
(1)
(ii)
Q17.
This question is about giant structures. Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide all have giant
structures.
(a)
The diagrams show the structures of these three substances. Draw a line from each structure to
its name.
(2)
(b)
(i)
covalent
four
hard
ionic
shiny
soft
three
two
Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide have high melting points because all the
atoms in their structures are joined by strong ............................................... bonds.
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
Diamond can be used to make cutting tools because it has a rigid structure which
makes it very ................................................
(1)
(iv)
(v)
Graphite can be used to make pencils because it has a structure which makes it
................................................
(1)
Q18.
(a)
To gain full marks for this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into a
sensible order and use the correct scientific words.
Explain, as fully as you can, why diamond has a high melting point.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
The diagram below shows the outer electron shells of five carbon atoms in the giant lattice of
diamond.
Carbon atom C forms bonds with each of the carbon atoms W, X, Y and Z.
Draw the positions of all the electrons in the outer shells of each of carbon atoms C, W, X, Y
and Z.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q19.
Use your knowledge and understanding of the structure of graphite to explain why graphite can be
used:
(a)
(b)
as an electrical conductor.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)
Q20.
(a)
(b)
Explain, in terms of the giant structure above, why is it possible to bend a piece of metal.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks
Q21.
The extract below was taken from a leaflet on the uses of platinum. One of the uses described
was in making electrodes for spark plugs in car engines. The spark plug produces the spark which
ignites the fuel in the engine.
Spark Plugs
The electrodes in a spark plug have to conduct electricity very well. Since they
project into the combustion chamber of the engine, they must also be able to
withstand extremely high temperatures in a very corrosive atmosphere.
Nickel-based plugs have been produced for many years. They only last a fairly
short time. As the electrodes wear, combustion becomes less efficient and the
petrol is not burnt completely.
Platinum and other precious metals can now be used in spark plugs. These last
much longer and are more efficient. This can help to reduce air pollution.
The table below gives some information about platinum and nickel.
(a)
MELTING
POINT
( C)
BOILING
POINT
( C)
POSITION IN
REACTIVITY
SERIES
COST
(/kg)
nickel
1455
2920
2.5
platinum
1769
4107
below gold
6110
Compare nickel and platinum for use in making the electrodes in spark plugs.
A good answer should give advantages and disadvantages of each metal linking these to the
properties of the metals. Marks will be given for the way in which you organise your answer.
You will need a sheet of lined paper.
(8)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Explain why metals such as nickel and platinum are good conductors of electricity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
Q22.
Dentists use a smart alloy to make braces that gently push teeth into the right position. What is
meant by a smart alloy?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Pure copper is made up of layers of copper atoms. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
Why are the physical properties of brass different from the physical properties of pure copper?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Q23.
The hip joint between the femur and pelvis sometimes has to be replaced. Early hip replacement
joints were made from stainless steel.
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium and nickel. The diagram below represents the particles in
stainless steel.
(a)
Use the particle diagram to complete the percentages of metals in this stainless steel. The first
one has been done for you.
Element
Percentage (%)
Iron, Fe
72
Chromium, Cr
Nickel, Ni
(2)
(b)
(ii)
Suggest why pure iron would not be suitable for a hip replacement joint.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Use the particle diagram to help you to explain why stainless steel is harder than pure iron.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q24.
This picture shows a sword. The sword is about 3400 years old. It is made of an alloy called
bronze.
Bronze is made from copper and tin. Bronze made better swords than pure copper. This is because
bronze is harder than pure copper. Explain why bronze is harder than pure copper. Your answer
should include details of:
how the atoms are arranged in pure copper and bronze
why pure copper is relatively soft
why bronze is harder.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
Q25.
(2)
b) Explain why a thermosetting plastic is rigid and does not melt when heated.
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q26.
Nanotennis!
Tennis balls contain air under pressure, which gives them their bounce. Normal tennis balls are changed at
regular intervals during tennis matches because they slowly lose some of the air.
Nanocoated tennis balls have a nanosize layer of butyl rubber. This layer slows down the escape of air
so that the ball does not lose its pressure as quickly.
(a)
(b)
Suggest why using nanocoated tennis balls would be good for the environment.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Q27.
Metals are crystalline materials. The metal crystals are normally about 20 000 nm (nanometres) in diameter.
The atoms inside these crystals are arranged in layers. A new nanoscience process produces nanocrystalline
metals. Nanocrystalline metals are stronger and harder than normal metals. It is hoped that nanocrystalline
metals can be used in hip replacements.
The use of nanocrystalline metals should give people better hip replacements which last longer.
(a)
State why metals can be bent and hammered into different shapes.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
How is the size of the crystals in nanocrystalline metals different from the size of the crystals in
normal metals?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Hip joints are constantly moving when people walk. Suggest and explain why the hip
replacement made of nanocrystalline metal should last longer than one made of normal metals.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
M1.
(a) electrons
neutrons
protons
for 1 mark each
3
(b)
mass number
no. of neutrons
14
8
for 1 mark each
2
[5]
M2.
(a)
(i)
or
1
nucleus
accept nucleus (protons plus neutrons)
do not accept protons plus neutrons on its own
allow nuclei / nucles / neucleus / phonetic spelling
do not accept neutron
1
(b)
[4]
M3.
(b)
or
or
but two mass units bigger
gains 2 marks
has 6 neutrons
2
[4]
M4.
(a)
(i)
element
1
(ii)
compound
1
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
[6]
M5.
(a)
(b)
(i)
MgCl2/Mg2+ (Cl)2
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
ionic / electrovalent
for 1 mark
1
M6.
(i)
two
or 2
1
(ii)
(iii)
2
1
(iv)
electrons
accept charges
1
(v)
crystalline / hard
accept just 'crystals(s)
soluble in water
3
[7]
M7.
[2]
M8.
(a)
2Mg + O2 2MgO
accept correct multiples / fractions
1
(b)
(c)
(d)
(they) attract
must be in correct context
accept held by electrostatic forces
ignore ionic bonding
maximum 1 if they refer to intermolecular forces / attractions / covalent
bonds
1
(e)
magnesium chloride
accept MgCl2 (if correctly written)
1
[6]
M9.
(a)
(i)
sodium........ positive or +
both required
1
chloride... negative or
both required
do not credit chlorine
1
(ii)
(iii)
dissolved in water
or in aqueous solution
accept in solution
accept in water
or when a gas/ vapour or solid it will not
1
(b)
(i)
40
1
(ii)
(c)
(i)
2Ca + O2 -+ 2CaO
accept any 2n : n : 2n ratio
do not credit if any other change has been made
1
(ii)
[10]
M10.
(a)
Calcium
No of protons
Phosphorus
15
No of neutrons
No of electrons
Fluorine
10
20
(b)
(i)
gain of electron(s)
from (atoms) (of) calcium
for 1 mark
2
(ii)
Ca+
gains 1 mark
but superscript only Ca2+ / Ca ++
gains 2 marks
2
(c)
atoms
electrons
molecule(s)
not compound
each for 1 mark
3
(d)
(i)
ideas that
(ii)
ideas that
[14]
M11.
(a)
CH4
4 should be below halfway up H / tail of 4 below the dotted line
1
(b)
molecule
1
(c)
covalent
1
[3]
M12.
(a)
C3H8
capital letters for symbols numbers must be halfway or lower down the
element symbol
allow H8C3
do not allow 3:8 or C3 and H8
1
(b)
(i)
electron
1
(ii)
covalent
1
(c)
[4]
M13.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
14
1
(b)
A
1
[4]
M14.
(a)
C16 H34
for 1 mark
1
(b)
electron
gains 1 mark
but shared electrons
gains 2 marks
2
M15.
(i)
(ii)
electrons
for 1 mark
covalent
1
for 1 mark
(iii)
[5]
M16.
(i)
(ii)
weak forces
accept weak bonds
1
[3]
M17.
(a)
(b)
(i)
covalent
1
(ii)
four
1
(iii)
hard
1
(iv)
three
1
(v)
soft
1
(c)
carbon
accept C
1
[8]
M18.
between atoms
do not accept between molecules
(b)
[6]
M19.
M20.
(a)
Y electron
1
(b)
[4]
M21.
(a)
8 marks
7-6 marks Well structured answer. The two metals will have been
compared rather than simply listing advantages/disadvantages. Most
of the advantages and disadvantages of each metal have been mentioned.
5-3 marks Some structure to the answer. An attempt to compare the metals
by giving some advantages and disadvantages.
2-1 marks Little structure or attempt to compare. Marks gained by listing a few advantages or
disadvantages.
Advantages of Nickel:
Relatively low cost which makes the sparking plugs cheaper to produce.
Quite high melting point which is needed because the temperature in the
engine is very high.
Good conductor of electricity needed to carry electricity into combustion
chamber to produce spark.
Disadvantages of Nickel:
Subject to corrosion in engine which means they only last a short time
because nickel is higher in reactivity than platinum.
Idea that this leads to reduced efficiency, unburnt petrol and air pollution.
Advantages of Platinum:
Less susceptible to corrosion (not corroded) because platinum is very low in reactivity.
Idea that this improves efficiency and reduces pollution.Higher melting point than nickel to withstand the high temperatures in the combustion chamber.
Last a lot longer than nickel electrodes due to low reactivity.
(Sensible extension here could be longer service intervals etc.)Good conductor of electricity as for nickel.
Extension here could be linked to the idea that the conductivity
does not deteriorate as quickly as nickel.)
Disadvantages of Platinum:
Cost which will make the sparking plug more expensive.
A good candidate might justify cost by longer life, better fuel consumption and less pollution.
8
(b)
(i)
(ii)
[13]
M22.
(a)
(an alloy) that can return to its original shape (after being deformed / bent / twisted)
accept (on heating / cooling) it returns to its shape
1
(b)
brass / it is a mixture
accept brass / it is not pure
M23.
(a)
(Chromium =) 20
1
in correct order
(Nickel =) 8
accept Chromium = 8 and Nickel = 20 for 1 mark
1
(b)
(i)
(ii)
not strong
ignore soft / corrosive / flexible
accept it rusts / corrodes or that it could wear away
accept could change shape / bend
accept layers / atoms could slide (over each other)
1
(iii)
so it is difficult for layers / atoms / particles to slip / slide (over each other)
accept layers cannot slip / slide
1
[6]
M24.
therefore copper is soft because copper atoms can slide over each other
1
[4]
M25.
(a) plastic made of polymer chains that can move easily
1
[2]
M26.
(a)
1-100 nm in size
or
a few (hundred) atoms in size
accept very / really small / tiny
or 109
accept billionth of a metre or any number that implies very small
accept measured in nanometers
if answer very small ignore incorrect numerical values
1
(b)
less waste
eg fewer tennis balls going to landfill
2
[3]
M27.
(a)
atoms / ions / particles / layers (of atoms) can slide over each other
1
(b)
(c)
harder
1
or
stronger (1)
plus one from: (1)
[4]
(a)
(b)
Tick ( )
Q2.
(a)
12
.
(1)
(b)
.
(1)
Q3.
The diagram represents an atom. Choose words from the list to label the diagram.
electron
ion
neutron
nucleus
(Total 3 marks)
Q4.
(a)
Atoms are made of sub-atomic particles. Complete the six spaces in the table.
Relative mass
Relative charge
.................................
......................
Neutron
.....................
.......................
.................................
.......................
(3)
(b)
(ii)
(c)
Chemical
symbol
1st
shell
2nd
shell
3rd
shell
Fluorine
Neon
Ne
Sodium
Na
(ii)
(iii)
Explain, in terms of electron transfer, how the bonding occurs in this compound.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q5.
Atoms are made up of three main particles called protons, neutrons and electrons.
Use the periodic table on the data sheet to help you to answer these questions.
(a)
Why are potassium and sodium in the same Group of the periodic table?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Each sodium atom has 11 electrons. Complete the electronic structure of sodium.
(2)
Q6.
44 grams of carbon dioxide is produced when 100 grams of calcium carbonate is heated.
Calculate the mass of calcium oxide produced when 100 grams of calcium carbonate is heated.
....................................................................................................................................
mass ......................... g
(1)
(b)
What mass of carbon dioxide could be made from 100 tonnes of calcium carbonate?
mass ....................... tonnes
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
Q7.
Q8.
Complete the table to show the number of atoms of each element present in NH4Cl.
Element Number of atoms in NH4Cl
nitrogen
hydrogen
chlorine
(1)
(ii)
Q9.
(i)
In what way does the atomic structure show you that they are all atoms?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Q10.
Q11.
(a) A chemist was asked to identify a nitrogen compound. The chemist carried out an
experiment to find the relative formula mass (Mr) of the compound.
The Mr of the compound was 44.
Relative atomic masses: N = 14, O = 16
Draw a ring around the formula of the compound.
NO
NO2
N2O4
N2O
(1)
(b)
Potassium nitrate is another nitrogen compound. It is used in fertilisers. It has the formula KNO3.
The Mr of potassium nitrate is 101.
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass in potassium nitrate.
Relative atomic mass: N = 14.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Percentage of nitrogen = .............................. %
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Q12.
Iron is an essential part of the human diet. Iron(II) sulfate is sometimes added to white bread
flour to provide some of the iron in a persons diet.
(a)
(b)
What is the mass of one mole of iron(II) sulfate? Remember to give the unit.
..............................
(1)
(c)
Q13.
The diagram shows the main parts of an instrumental method called gas chromatography linked
to mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).
This method separates a mixture of compounds and then helps to identify each of the compounds in
the mixture.
(a)
(ii)
is the relative molecular mass of each of the compounds in the mixture measured?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Athletes sometimes take drugs because the drugs improve their performance. One of
these drugs is ephedrine.
Ephedrine has the formula:
C10H15NO
What relative molecular mass (Mr) would be recorded by GC-MS if ephedrine was present
in a blood sample taken from an athlete?
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
Relative atomic masses: H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Relative molecular mass = .....................................
(2)
(ii)
(c)
(d)
When a blood sample is taken from an athlete the sample is often split into two portions. Each
portion is tested at a different laboratory.
Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q14.
A sample of the solvent used in one perfume contained 0.60 g of carbon, 0.15 g of hydrogen
and 0.40 g of oxygen.
Relative atomic masses: H = l; C = 12; O = 16.
Calculate the empirical (simplest) formula of the solvent.
You must show all of your working to gain full marks for this question.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
(c)
Most companies claim that their perfumes have been tested on skin. A study was made of the
tests they used. The study found that each company used different tests. The perfumes were
tested in the companies own laboratories and not by independent scientists. Some companies
did not give any information about the tests that they had used.
(i)
(ii)
Did the study show that the tests made by the different companies were valid and reliable?
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q15.
Cosmetic powders that may have been used in face paints have been analysed. These powders contained
compounds that are rare in nature. The compounds must have been made by the ancient Egyptians using
chemical reactions.
One of these compounds is called phosgenite. Analysis of this compound shows that it contains:
76.0% lead (Pb) 13.0% chlorine (Cl)
Q16.
Liquefied petroleum gases such as propane and butane are used as heating fuels for caravans,
boats and barbecues.
(a)
Propane and butane have no smell, so for safety reasons a very small amount of thioethanol
the smelliest substance known is added, even though it is toxic in large concentrations.
Suggest one safety reason why thioethanol is added to propane and butane.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Suggest how mass spectrometry could be used to distinguish between propane (C3H8) and
butane (C4H10).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
When 0.4 g of a hydrocarbon gas was completely burned in oxygen, 1.1 g of carbon dioxide and
0.9 g of water were the only products.
Relative formula masses: CO2 = 44; H2O = 18.
Use this information to calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide and of water produced in this
reaction. Use your answers to calculate the empirical formula of this hydrocarbon.
You must show all your working to gain full marks.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Empirical formula is ..............................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q17.
Cl2 (g)
2HCl (g)
Q18.
Iron is the most commonly used metal. Iron is extracted in a blast furnace from iron oxide using
carbon monoxide.
Fe2O3
(a)
3CO
Fe
3CO2
(b)
Calculate the amount of iron that can be extracted from 2000 tonnes of haematite.
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16; Fe = 56)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Amount of iron = .................................................... tonnes
(4)
(Total 5 marks)
(c)
M1.
(a)
13
1
14
1
(b)
(c)
[4]
M2.
(a)
4
1
(b)
9
1
[2]
M3.
electron
nucleus
neutron
each for 1 mark
[3]
M4.
(a)
both correct in each row
electron ... (1)
allow negative
1
1 .......... 0
allow neutral or none
1
(b)
(i)
protons...electrons
both correct in correct order
1
(ii)
protons....neutrons
both correct in either order
1
(c)
(i)
sodium fluoride
do not credit sodium fluorine
1
NaF
must be correct in every detail
do not credit NAF and the like
1
(ii)
ionic
accept ion (bonding)
do not credit ironic or iron (bonding)
1
(iii)
[10]
M5.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
eleven / 11
1
(iii)
twelve / 12
1
(iv)
(2x)
max 1 if candidate changes the number of electrons in the first energy
level / shell
8x (in second energy level / shell)
1
M6.
(a)
56g
for 1 mark
1
(b)
44 tonnes
for 1 mark
1
[2]
M7.
36.8 / 37
correct answer, no workings = 3 if incorrect, allow 1 mark for rfm FeSO4 =
152
or if incorrect rfm, allow 1 mark for 56/Y 100 where Y is incorrect
formula mass
allow 2 marks for
100
[3]
M8.
(i)
4 and 1
both answers must be correct
1
(ii)
53.5
if incorrect relative formula mass
allow 1 mark for correct working
accept e.c.f. from c(i) for 2 marks
2
[3]
M9.
(i)
(ii)
same element
accept all atoms are potassium
1
[4]
M10.
Mg
O4
No ECF
gains 2 marks
[2]
M11.
(a)
N2O
1
(b)
13.8 to 14
gains full marks without working
if answer incorrect
13 gains 1 mark
or
14/101 100 gains 1 mark
2
[3]
M12.
(b)
152g(rams)
ecf from the answer to (a) and g
must have unit g / gram / gramme / grams etc
accept g / mol or g per mole or g mole1 or g/mol or g per mol or g mol1
do not accept g m
do not accept G
1
(c)
76(g)
ecf from their answer to (a) or (b) divided by 2
ignore units
1
[4]
M13.
(a)
(i)
column
1
(ii)
mass spectrometer
1
(b)
(i)
165
if answer is not correct then evidence of correct working gains
one mark.
e.g. (10 12) + 15 + 14 + 16
2
(ii)
10.37%
accept 10 / 10.4 / 10.37...............
if answer is not correct then evidence of correct working gains
one mark.
e.g. minimum evidence would be 14/135
2
(c)
faster
more accurate
(d)
to avoid bias
accept to check / compare the result
1
to improve reliability
1
[10]
M14.
(a)
C
0.60
H
0.15
O
0.40
1
12
= 0.05
= 0.15
16
= 0.025
1
1
1
C2H6O
1 mark for dividing the correct amount or multiples of correct amount by
Ar
1 mark for proportions
1 mark for whole number ratio accept any multiple
1 mark for correctly written simplest formula
correct formula without working gets only 2 marks
correct formula gains full marks
provided steps 1 and 2 are correct.
ecf can be allowed from step 2 to 3 or step 3 to 4
formula can be in any order eg OH6C2
1
(b)
are weak
(covalent) bonds are weak = 0
or
forces between molecules or bonds between molecules (1)
(attractive) forces are weak = 1
are weak (1)
if no marks awarded, allow low boiling point or small Mr for 1 mark
1
(c)
(i)
(ii)
[9]
M15.
Pb
76
207
Cl
13
35.5
2.2
8.8
12
16
1 mark for dividing one mass by Ar
allow upside down ratio to lose this mark only
1
= 0.367
0.366
= 0.183 = 0.55
1 mark for one correct proportion accept to one d.p. or rounded up to 1
d.p.
1
or Pb2Cl2CO3
1 mark for correctly written formula
or
correct whole number ratio
correct formula without working gets only 1 mark.
e.c.f. can be allowed from incorrect proportions to formula or ratio
1
[4]
M16.
(a)
(b)
(c)
CO2
1.1
44
2 H2O
0.9
18
1
= 0.025
= 0.05
1
1 (mole) CO2
2 (moles) H2O
1
1
or
CH4
or alternative method
Mass of C =
(1)
Mass of H =
(1)
C:H
M17.
73 (seventy three)
if answer is incorrect allow 1 mark for the correct proportion that H2:HCl is
1:2
and 1 mark for 36.5
[3]
M18.
(a)
1400
1
(b)
980
correct answer gains full credit
160 tonnes Fe2O3 produces 112 tonnes Fe
if incorrect allow one mark for relative formula mass iron oxide = 160
allow e.c.f.
1400 tonnes Fe2O3 will produce 1400 / 160 112 tonnes Fe
use of 2000 tonnes Fe2O3 deduct one mark only if
working out is correct
4
[5]
M19.
M20.
Name the hazard symbol shown by using the correct word from the box.
corrosive
flammable
oxidising
toxic
(1)
(b)
(ii)
Q2.
hydrochloric
acid
calcium
chloride
carbon
dioxide
water
A student wanted to find out if the size of the marble chips made a difference to how fast the reaction
took place.
(a)
(b)
She repeated the experiment but this time used the same mass (10g) of large marble chips.
In both experiments there was some marble left in the flask when the reaction stopped.
These are the results of the two experiments.
TIME (minutes)
10
12
0.00
0.40
0.72
0.91
1.04
1.04
1.04
0.00
0.28
0.52
0.70
0.84
0.94
1.04
(i)
(ii)
(c)
A chemical reaction occurs when reacting particles collide with sufficient energy.
The reaction between marble and hydrochloric acid is faster if the acid is at a higher
temperature. Explain why.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q3.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
The reaction can be speeded up by making changes to the hydrochloric acid or the solid.
(i)
State two ways to speed up the reaction by changing the hydrochloric acid. In each case
explain in terms of particles why the reaction is faster.
1. ......................................................................................................................
(2)
2. ......................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
What change can you make to the piece of solid to speed up the reaction? Explain in terms
of the particles why the reaction is able to speed up.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q4.
A student does an experiment to examine the rate of reaction between magnesium and dilute
hydrochloric acid. She adds 25 cm of the acid to a weighed amount of the metal. The reaction
produces hydrogen gas.
Magnesium + hydrochloric
acid
magnesium + hydrogen
chloride
She collects the gas and measures the volume collected at one minute intervals. All the metal reacted
but there was some acid left unreacted. Her results are shown on the graph.
(a)
The diagram shows part of the apparatus she used for the experiment.
Complete the diagram to show how the student could collect the hydrogen produced and
measure the volume after each minute.
(2)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
State one way in which she could increase the rate of reaction.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
State one way in which she could increase the final volume of hydrogen collected.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5.
Sodium thiosulfate solution reacts with hydrochloric acid. As the reaction takes place the solution
slowly turns cloudy.The diagram shows a method of measuring the rate of this reaction.
A student used this method to investigate how changing the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate
solution affects the rate of this reaction.
The student used different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate solution. All the other variables were
kept the same. The results are shown on the graph below.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
Suggest two reasons why all of the points do not lie on the line of best fit.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Explain, in terms of particles, why the rate of reaction increases when the concentration of
sodium thiosulfate is increased.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
M1.
(a)
oxidising
1
(b)
(i)
oxygen
ignore any numbers
1
(ii)
M2.
(a)
ideas that
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
ideas that
M3.
(a)
(i)
corners
accept an arrow to any corner
1
(ii)
(b)
(i)
stirring
more surface area exposed or
particles available
accept more collisions per second
do not accept more collisions
1
(ii)
M4.
(a)
(must be possible for the gas to enter and displace the water) or other suitable apparatus
(b)
(i)
at the start / in the first 1/2 minutes (or any time within this range)
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
(c)
(i)
48
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
M5.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
temperature fluctuation
anomalous point
accept outlier / wrong result
plotting error
(b)
(i)
straight line
or
as concentration increases the rate goes up or converse
accept numerical example
accept positive correlation
accept same gradient
ignore most points near / on line of best fit
1
(ii)
more collisions
accept greater chance of collisions
accept collide more successfully
accept alternative versions of collide eg bump / hit
ignore references to energy / speed of particles / surface area
1
more particles (in each volume of solution)(i.e. an attempt at defining concentration)
accept particles are closer together
allow ions / atoms / molecules for particles ignore reactants
accept greater frequency of collisions or greater number of collisions per second for 2 marks
1
The distress flare burns with a bright flame because the reaction is very exothermic.
Complete the following sentence using the correct words from the box.
stores heat
takes in heat
(b)
Indigestion tablets can be made from magnesium oxide. The magnesium oxide neutralises
some of the hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Draw a ring around the name of the salt formed when magnesium oxide reacts with hydrochloric
acid.
magnesium chloride
magnesium hydroxide
magnesium sulfate
(1)
Q2.
(a)
(b)
Tick ( ) the statement which describes what happens to the temperature of the solution.
Statement
Tick ( )
(ii)
Tick ( ) the statement which describes what happens to the energy during the reaction.
Statement
Tick ( )
Q3.
One type of cold pack has a plastic bag containing water. Inside this bag is a smaller bag containing
ammonium nitrate. The outer bag is squeezed so that the inner bag bursts. The pack is shaken and
quickly gets very cold as the ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water.
(a)
One of the statements in the table is correct. Put a tick ( ) next to the correct statement.
Statement
( )
The bag gets cold because heat energy is given out to the surroundings.
The bag gets cold because heat energy is taken in from the surroundings.
The bag gets cold because plastic is a good insulator.
(1)
(b)
Draw a ring around the word that best describes the change when ammonium nitrate dissolves
in water.
electrolysis
endothermic
exothermic
(1)
(c)
Suggest and explain why the pack is shaken after the inner bag has burst.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q4.
(a)
heat
an exothermic
light
a neutralisation
kinetic
a reduction
(b)
magnesium oxide
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q5.
The diagram shows the apparatus for an experiment. Hydrated copper sulphate crystals were
heated. They became anhydrous copper sulphate.
(a)
(b)
Use words from the box to complete the two spaces in the table. You may use each word once
or not at all.
black
blue
orange
red
purple
white
Name
Colour
...................................................
....................................................
(2)
(c)
(d)
(ii)
(e)
Anhydrous copper sulphate can be turned into hydrated copper sulphate. What would you need
to add? Apart from the change in colour, what could you observe?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(f)
Copper sulphate can be made from black copper oxide by reacting it with an acid. Name the
acid.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q6.
In the first experiment the student heated a small amount of ammonium chloride in a test tube.
(i)
Complete the sentences by crossing out the incorrect word in each box.
high
low
temperature.
high
low
temperature.
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the word which best describes reactions 1 and 2.
combustion
displacement
oxidation
reduction
reversible
(1)
(iii)
Suggest a reason for the mineral wool at the top of the test tube.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
In the second experiment the student mixed a small amount of ammonium chloride with some
water in a beaker.
The temperature of the water was measured before and after adding the ammonium chloride.
Temperature before
adding the ammonium
chloride
20C
16C
Draw a ring around the word which best describes the process which takes place.
combustion
displacement
endothermic
exothermic
freezing
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
M1.
(a)
(b)
magnesium chloride
1
[2]
M2.
(a)
carbon dioxide
must be name
do not accept carbon oxide
1
(b)
(i)
(ii)
[3]
M3.
(a)
the bag gets cold because heat energy is taken in from the surroundings
1
(b)
endothermic
1
(c)
dissolve faster(*)
[4]
M4.
(a) heat
light
an exothermic
in any order for 1 mark each
3
(b)
oxygen / O2
for 1 mark
1
[4]
M5.
(a)
Bunsen (burner)
accept spirit burner do not credit candle
1
(b)
blue
1
white
credit (1) if both colours correct but answers are reversed
1
(d)
(i)
water
do not credit condensation
1
(ii)
condenses or cools
accept turns to (liquid) water
1
(e)
add water
gets hot or hotter or warm or warmer turns into solution
dissolves
or the temperature rises or there is an exothermic reaction
accept steams or hisses ignore any reference to colour(s)
2
(f)
sulphuric acid
accept H2S04 only if correct in every
detail
1
[10]
M6.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
reversible
1
(iii)
(b)
endothermic
1
[4]
The distress flare burns with a bright flame because the reaction is very exothermic.
Complete the following sentence using the correct words from the box.
stores heat
takes in heat
(b)
Indigestion tablets can be made from magnesium oxide. The magnesium oxide neutralises
some of the hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Draw a ring around the name of the salt formed when magnesium oxide reacts with hydrochloric
acid.
magnesium chloride
magnesium hydroxide
magnesium sulfate
(1)
Q2.
(a)
(b)
Tick ( ) the statement which describes what happens to the temperature of the solution.
Statement
Tick ( )
(ii)
Tick ( ) the statement which describes what happens to the energy during the reaction.
Statement
Tick ( )
Q3.
One type of cold pack has a plastic bag containing water. Inside this bag is a smaller bag containing
ammonium nitrate. The outer bag is squeezed so that the inner bag bursts. The pack is shaken and
quickly gets very cold as the ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water.
(a)
Statement
The bag gets cold because heat energy is given out to the surroundings.
The bag gets cold because heat energy is taken in from the surroundings.
The bag gets cold because plastic is a good insulator.
( )
(1)
(b)
Draw a ring around the word that best describes the change when ammonium nitrate dissolves
in water.
electrolysis
endothermic
exothermic
(1)
(c)
Suggest and explain why the pack is shaken after the inner bag has burst.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q4.
(a)
heat
an exothermic
light
a neutralisation
kinetic
a reduction
(b)
magnesium + __________________________
magnesium oxide
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q5.
The diagram shows the apparatus for an experiment. Hydrated copper sulphate crystals were
heated. They became anhydrous copper sulphate.
(a)
(b)
Use words from the box to complete the two spaces in the table. You may use each word once
or not at all.
black
blue
orange
red
purple
white
Name
Colour
...................................................
....................................................
(2)
(c)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
(ii)
(e)
Anhydrous copper sulphate can be turned into hydrated copper sulphate. What would you need
to add? Apart from the change in colour, what could you observe?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(f)
Copper sulphate can be made from black copper oxide by reacting it with an acid. Name the
acid.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q6.
In the first experiment the student heated a small amount of ammonium chloride in a test tube.
(i)
Complete the sentences by crossing out the incorrect word in each box.
high
low
temperature.
high
low
temperature.
(1)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the word which best describes reactions 1 and 2.
combustion
displacement
oxidation
reduction
reversible
(1)
(iii)
Suggest a reason for the mineral wool at the top of the test tube.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
In the second experiment the student mixed a small amount of ammonium chloride with some
water in a beaker.
The temperature of the water was measured before and after adding the ammonium chloride.
Temperature before
adding the ammonium
chloride
20C
16C
Draw a ring around the word which best describes the process which takes place.
combustion
displacement
endothermic
exothermic
freezing
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
M1.
(a)
(b)
magnesium chloride
1
[2]
M2.
(a)
carbon dioxide
must be name
do not accept carbon oxide
1
(b)
(i)
(ii)
[3]
M3.
(a)
the bag gets cold because heat energy is taken in from the surroundings
1
(b)
endothermic
1
(c)
dissolve faster(*)
[4]
M4.
(a) heat
light
an exothermic
in any order for 1 mark each
3
(b)
oxygen / O2
for 1 mark
1
[4]
M5.
(a)
Bunsen (burner)
accept spirit burner do not credit candle
1
(b)
blue
1
white
credit (1) if both colours correct but answers are reversed
1
(d)
(i)
water
do not credit condensation
1
(ii)
condenses or cools
accept turns to (liquid) water
1
(e)
add water
gets hot or hotter or warm or warmer turns into solution
dissolves
or the temperature rises or there is an exothermic reaction
accept steams or hisses ignore any reference to colour(s)
2
(f)
sulphuric acid
accept H2S04 only if correct in every
detail
1
[10]
M6.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
reversible
1
(iii)
(b)
endothermic
1
[4]
Acid
Alkali
Salt
Formula of salt
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium chloride
NaCl
Nitric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Sulphuric acid
Potassium hydroxide
(Total 4 marks)
Q2.
In this question you will get marks on using good English, organising information clearly and using
specialist terms correctly. Copper sulfate crystals can be made from copper oxide powder and dilute sulfuric
acid.
Describe a method to make copper sulfate crystals from copper oxide and dilute sulfuric acid. For the
method you should include:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Q3.
(a)
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
it must not be allowed to come into contact with combustible materials such as fuels because it can
cause these to catch fire.
Suggest why ammonium nitrate helps other substances to burn.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q4.
When a solution of lead nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride, a white precipitate of
lead chloride is produced.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
Pb+2(aq) +
Cl(aq)
(3)
(b) Complete the table below by writing in the name and formula of the precipitate formed for each
reaction. If there is no precipitate, write no precipitate.
(5)
Here is a symbol equation, with state symbols, for a chemical reaction between solutions of lead
nitrate and potassium chloride.
Pb (NO3)2 (aq)
2 KCl (aq)
2KNO3 (aq)
PbCl2 (s)
The equation tells you the formulae of the two products of the reaction.
(a)
(b)
What else does the equation tell you about these products?
(2)
Q6.
Photographic film often contains silver bromide. Silver bromide is changed by light to form silver
which appears as a black solid. This darkens the photographic film.A photographic film can be made by
coating thin transparent plastic with a gel containing silver bromide.
Step 2
is
Step 3
Step 4
is
Step 5
The solution of compound B is added to the solution
containing
compound A and gelatine. Solid silver bromide is formed.
Step 6
Step 7
(a)
The table below gives information about the solubility of some compounds.
SOLUBLE
INSOLUBLE
Most sulfates
Use the table to help you to name suitable compounds for A and B.
Compound A ..............................................................................................................
Compound B ..............................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Suggest why the lights are turned out at step 3 in this method of making a photographic film.
(1)
(c)
What type of chemical reaction takes place when the compounds are mixed in step 5?
(1)
(d) The photographic film is placed in a camera and a picture is taken. Where light hits the photographic
film the silver ions (Ag+) are changed into silver metal (Ag).
Explain why this reaction is a reduction.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q7.
(i)
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The reactions in (i) and (ii) are both exothermic. How can you tell that a reaction is exothermic?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv) The reactions in (i) and (ii) are both examples of acid + base reactions. What is the name of the
chemical change which takes place in every acid + base reaction?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q8.
The following passage is about the preparation of lead iodide, an insoluble salt.
An excess of potassium iodide in solution was shaken with
some lead nitrate solution in a test tube.
The lead iodide precipitate was separated from the mixture
and then washed several times with water.
The lead iodide was dried and then placed in a bottle.
(a)
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
What word used in the passage shows that lead iodide is insoluble?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(f)
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q9.
(a)
What is present in the flask at stage 2, besides universal indicator and water?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Write an ionic equation to show how water is formed in this reaction and state the sources of the ions.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
M1.
sodium nitrate
1
NaNO3
potassium sulphate
1
K2SO4
accept potassium hydrogen sulphate or
do not credit lower case K, S or O
ignore charges on ions
KHSO4
1
[4]
M2.
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
No relevant content.
0 marks
There is a brief description of the method or a risk assessment.
Level 1 (12 marks)
There is some description of the method that may include a risk
assessment.
Level 2 (34 marks)
There is a clear, balanced and detailed description of the method
and a risk assessment.
Level 3 (56 marks)
sulfuric acid is heated in a beaker and copper oxide is added with stirring
wear safety goggles to protect eyes because sulfuric acid is corrosive / an irritant
M3.
(a)
(b) (i)
HNO3
(ii)
M4.
(a)
(i)
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
formula
solid state symbol
balancing
for 1 mark each
3
(b)
PbSO4
M5.
(a) lead chloride
potassium nitrate }
} in any order
M6.
(a)
Compound A
sodium bromide
potassium bromide
ammonium bromide
hydrogen bromide
(b)
the silver compound will decompose / silver ions be reduced to silver (owtte)
(c)
precipitation
(d)
electrons
1
are gained
M7.
(i)
nitric (acid)
accept HN03
1
(ii)
sulphuric (acid)
accept H2SO4
1
(iv) neutralisation
accept neutralise
accept neutral
accept formation of salt or water
do not credit exothermic
1
[4]
M8.
(a) all lead nitrate reacted
or no lead nitrate left
or enough KI to react with lead nitrate
or to remove all the lead ions
or to get maximum amount of I2
ignore comments about speed
do not accept to remove all the lead
1
(b) precipitate
allow phonetic spelling
do not accept ppt
1
1
removes (unreacted) KI
removes KNO3
removes nitrates
purifying is insufficient
do not accept removes potassium
(f)
wear gloves / mask
or fume-cupboard
or wash hands afterwards
ignore goggles / labcoat or extractor fan / do not touch etc.
1
[6]
M9.
(a) sodium ions and chloride ions (not chlorine)
allow sodium chloride/salt/common salt
for 1 mark
1
(b) H+ + OH H2O
H+ from (hydrochloric) acid
OH- from alkali/sodium hydroxide
lose 1 mark if no charge shown disregard other ions
each for 1 mark
3
[4]
Lead bromide was placed in the tube and the circuit was switched on. The light bulb did not light up.
The tube was heated and soon the bulb lit up. The observations are shown in the table.
Positive electrode
Negative electrode
red-brown gas
silver liquid
(a)
(b)
Why did the lead bromide conduct electricity when the tube was heated?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(d)
Suggest one safety precaution that should be taken during this investigation.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q2.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Q3.
An investigation into the electrolyte copper sulphate solution was carried out as shown.
(a)
(b)
Negative electrode
solid formed
Positive electrode
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(d)
Suggest why the blue colour of copper sulphate becomes paler during the investigation.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q4.
(b)
The diagram shows an apparatus used for the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.
(c)
The electrodes used in this process can be made of graphite. Explain why graphite conducts
electricity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q5.
Read the information in the box and then answer the question.
(a)
In this question you will get marks on using good English, organising information clearly and
using specialist terms correctly.
Use information in the box and your knowledge and understanding of this process to answer this
question.
Explain, as fully as you can, how aluminium and carbon dioxide are formed in this process.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6)
(b)
Aluminium is a metal.
Explain why aluminium conducts electricity.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q6.
The hair is first coated with a layer of gel containing ions in solution.
The positive electrode is connected by a patch to the skin.
The negative electrode is connected to the hair. Electricity flows through the gel and causes
electrolysis of the body fluid around the hair follicle.
(a)
(b)
Explain why the gel containing ions in solution can conduct electricity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
The body fluid is a solution that contains sodium chloride. The electricity causes the electrolysis
of a small amount of this solution.
This solution contains hydrogen ions that move to the negative electrode.
(i)
2e
H2
(ii)
As a result of the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution, an alkali forms which kills the hair
follicle.
What is the name of this alkali? .......................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Complete the half equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.
Cl
Cl2
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q7.
The diagram below shows the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution, in the laboratory.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Q8.
Sodium chloride solution is a useful raw material for the manufacture of other substances.
(i)
(ii)
Chloride ions lose electrons at the positive electrode. What is the name of this type of reaction?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
Give a balanced ionic equation for the formation of hydrogen gas at the negative electrode.
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
M1.
(a)
using electricity
1
(b)
(c)
(+) bromine
element must be appropriate to electrode
1
() lead
element must be appropriate to electrode
1
(d)
[6]
M2.
(a)
(i)
bulb lights up
1
(ii)
in solid, ions
1
(b)
(i)
by using electricity
1
(ii)
deposit B = copper
1
(c)
purification of copper
not making copper
1
[9]
M3.
(a)
(b)
(i)
copper / Cu
1
(ii)
oxygen /O2
allow CO2
1
(c)
(d)
[8]
M4.
(a)
causing decomposition
accept split up / breakdown / breaking up owtte
ignore separated
accept elements are formed
ignore new substances form
1
(b)
hydrogen
accept H2
do not accept H / H2
1
(c)
accept each carbon is bonded to three other carbon atoms leaving one
(unbonded) electron owtte
1
[5]
M5.
(a) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality
of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the
scientific response.
No relevant content.
0 marks
(b)
M6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
electron gain
ignore hydrogen reduces charge
1
(ii)
(iii)
2Cl 2 e Cl2
or
2Cl Cl2 + 2 e
allow fractions or multiples
allow e or e
do not allow e+
1
[6]
(a)
hydrogen
for 1 mark
1
(b)
(c)
[4]
M8.
(i)
electrolysis
1
(ii)
oxidation
1
(iii)
hydroxide ions or OH
accept sodium hydroxide or hydroxide or OH for one mark only
2
(iv)
H+ + e
1
H2
ignore any state symbols
1
2H+ + 2e H2
accept H+ + e- H for one mark only
1
[7]