‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 - 2013 Angle Modulation ‘Angle modulation encompasses phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM). The phase angle of a sinusoidal carrier signal is varied according to the modulating signal. In angle modulation, the spectral components of the modulated signal are not related in a simple fashion to the spectrum of the modulating signal. Superposition does not apply and the bandwidth of the modulated signal is usually much greater than the modulating signal bandwidth. Definitions A bandpass signal is represented by Sc(t) = A(t)cos(A(t)) 1 Where A() is the envelope and 6(t) = w,t + O(t). For angle modulation, we can write Se{t) = Acosl2nfet + 0(0)] 2 Where 4 is a constant and @(t) is a function of the modulating signal. 0 (1) is called the instantaneous phase deviation of S,(t) The instantaneous angular frequency of S,(t) is defined as 3 In terms of frequency, the instantaneous frequency of $,(t) is _ 14a) flO = ae 4 4 JG} Set an ae 5 3s0 is known as the instantaneous frequency deviation. The peak (maximum) frequency deviation is 1 do ¢) 6 Af= max (f(A -. Y= max | >-—~G Vi -Sel ‘Angle Modulation | 1‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 Phase Modulation For PM, the instantaneous phase deviation is proportional to the modulating signal m,(0): oH = ky my(t) 7 where kp is a constant. ‘Thus, a phase-modulated signal is represented by Sc(t) = A cos [2afet + ky mp()] 8 Substituting equation (7) into (5), the instantaneous frequency of S,(t) can be written as amp(®) AO = fet aa kn Ge ° The peak (maximum) phase deviation is Ad =max/|¢(7)| 10 = kpmax Inp(| rT The phase modulation index is given by Bp = Ao 12 Frequency Modulation For FM, the instantaneous frequency deviation is proportional to the modulating signal m,¢): dg(t) ee = kym,() 13 Where ky is a constant, and T (0) = ke I mf) dt + Y- -) @(-0) is usually set to 0. Thus, a frequency-modulated signal is represented by ‘Angle Modulation | 2‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 ¥ Sct) =A cos [2afot + ky a mAt) dt] 6 Substituting equation (13) into (5), the instantaneous frequency of S,(t) can be written as AO=fo+ a hymg) 16 Figure (1) shows the modulating signal m,(1), the instantaneous frequency fat), and the FM signal when a saw tooth signal is used as a modulating signal. 2 i > Time 0 (b) So(t) A Time 0 A (c) Figure 1: Frequency modulation: (a) Modulating signal, (b) instantaneous frequency, and (©) FM signal ‘Angle Modulation | 3‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 The frequency deviation from the carrier frequency is _4 _1@@)_1,, Jat) = FXO - Se a a 0) 17 And the peak frequency deviation is - 1 4 €) 18 Af-mex loa | 1, ; 19 = Sy hpmax imo) Generation of Angle-Modulated Signal [2] It can be seen from equations (7) and (14) that PM and FM differ only by a possible integration or differentiation of the modulating signal. From equations (7) and (14), we obtain ky dmy@) woe, 20 mga = kp ai And k, t mo = dh mt) dt 21 If we differentiate the modulating signal m,(0) and frequency-modulate using the differentiated signal, we get a PM signal. On the other hand, if we integrate the modulating signal m0) and phase-modulate using the integrated signal, we get a FM signal. Therefore, we can generate a PM signal using a frequency modulator or we can generate an FM signal using a PM modulator. This is shown in Figure (2), ‘Angle Modulation | 4‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 My (t ) mg (t ) PM lp Frequenc\ ——> Differentiator |>* rmodlator (a) ky Ike me (t ) Mp (t ) FM Tt olintegrator p> P 1 tetor oe o) 1p Figure 2: Generation of (a) PM using a frequency modulator, and (b) FM using a phase modulator Spectrum of an Angle-Modulated Signal For angle modulation, S(t) =A cos [2nf.t + o()] 22 And we can write selt) = Re (del?! + 9) = Re t4e/? Expanding JH) ina power series yields n 2 oO o ¢ gy GTB Sc()=Re (4e!?FerL1 + j9Kt) - o€ o a = A[cos 2afet-o(isin Ife” 2 cos2mfert—ay ) sin 2afert 125 It can be seen that the spectrum of an angle-modulated signal consists of an unmodulated carrier plus spectra of $(/), $°(0, ..., and is not related to the spectrum of the modulating signal in a simple fashion. ‘Angle Modulation | 5‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 Narrowband Angle Modulation If max |$()| << 1, we can neglect all higher-power terms of §(#) in equation (25) and we have a narrowband angle-modulated signal Sc(1) = A[cos 27fot- o(A)sin 27fCf] 26 For PM, S(t) = A[cos 27fet- ky my( (t)sin 277¢1] 27 For FM, A 28 Sclt) ~ Afcos 2nfct - [ky j JL 9 dt] sin 27f¢t} Because of the difficulty of analyzing general angle-modulated signals, we shall only consider a sinusoidal modulating signal. Let the modulating signal of a narrowband FM signal be 1) = ay, cos 27 fiyyt 29 Substituting (29) into (14), we have ; “a = in IH fint = Besin 20 fiyt where B,= krdp/(27f,). Bris called the frequency modulation index and B, is only defined for a sinusoidal modulating signal. Differentiating (31) and substituting dé (¢)/dr into (18), we have By= Af 32 B Where B = fy is the bandwidth of the modulating signal. Substituting equation (31) into (2), we have 30 31 ‘Angle Modulation | 6Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 scl) Acos (27f¢t+ Brsin 2mfhint) 33 Sc(P) = Alcos 2fcr cos (Bysin 27fyyt) - sin 2nfer sin (Bgsin 27fp,1)] 34 For By< m/2, cos (Bysin 2mfipt) ~ 1, sin Bysin 2mfyt) ~ Bysin 2wfyt, and Self) A[eos 2afor - Bysin 2nfetsin 27fp,1] 35 ByA 36 = Acos 2mf¢t - Ecos WM fof t- cos 2a fothry/t] = Refel? l(a - a e Ahnly, FA pomtuty 37 Equation (36) contains the carrier term plus two sideband terms. The bandwidth of the narrowband FM signal is 2f,, Hz. In the AM case with sinusoidal modulating signal m(#) = a,cos 27fnt, Sc(t) = [A + az,c0s 27f)t] cos 27f¢t 38 a Sc(t) = Acos 2afet + > [eos 2fefy)t + cos 2ferfy)t] [cos 2mfetyy)t + cos 2M forfyi] 39 Sct) = Acos 27fet + a selt) = Refe?Tel(g + MA. P?Mmts MA oi?Mm!y) 40 Where the modulation index m = a,/A. Figure 3 shows the vector representation of a narrowband FM signal and an AM signal. ‘Angle Modulation | 7‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 t AM phasor fmt (b) Figure 3: Vector representation of (a) narrowband FM, and (b) AM. It can be seen that the resultant of the two sideband vectors in the FM case is always in phase quadrature with the unmodulated carrier, whereas the resultant of the two sideband vectors in the AM case is always in phase with the unmodulated carrier. The distinction and similarity between narrowband EM (or phase modulation) leads us to a commonly used method of generating narrowband angle-modulated signals. ‘Angle Modulation | 8‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 Generation of Narrowband PM and Narrowband FM ‘The generation of narrowband PM and narrowband FM signals is easily accomplished in view of equations (27) and (28). This is shown in Figure 4. NEM + -90° Acos27 fot (b) Figure 4: Generation of (a) narrowband PM, and (b) narrowband FM. ‘Angle Modulation | 9‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 Wideband Frequency Modulation (WFM) Review of Angle Modulation Angle modulation encompasses phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM). We have seen that an angle-modulated signal can be represented by. S,(t) = Acos[2mf,t + 0(t)] 1 Where 4 is a constant, (0) is a function of the modulating signal and is given by | Kym (t) for PM wnat 1 2 Hi Jm(A)dA forFM Because of the difficulty of analyzing general angle-modulated signals, we shall only consider angle-modulated signals with a sinusoidal modulating signal. Let the modulating signal be #it= Ay Sin 2M, t for PM 3 Ay COS Wf, t for FM Substituting (3) into (2), we have O(t) = Bsin2nfyt 4 Where pln for PM B “iy ° oo for FM 7 Sin ‘Angle Modulation | 10‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 For FM with a sinusoidal modulating signal, the frequency modulation index is Where B = f,, is the bandwidth of the modulating signal and Af is the peak frequency deviation. The peak frequency deviation is given by 1 Of = 5 = ky maxim(o)| 7 Wideband Frequency Modulation Consider the angle-modulated signal S,(0) = Acos (2m fit + B sin 2x fy) with sinusoidal modulating signal m(/) = dy, cos 2n fut. It can be shown that S.(0) can also be written as S(t) =A y n(B) cos[2m(f. + nfm )t] 8 where 1 = (B sin@)-nx), In(B) = a dx The integral is known as the Bessel function of the first kind of the n-th order and cannot be evaluated in closed form. Figure 1 shows some Bessel functions for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 8, Clearly, the value of J,() becomes small for large values of n. ‘Angle Modulation | 11Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed Cor A (B ) 1.04 08 o(p) 0.6 04 LAB ) Sate NY a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figure 1: Bessel functions. Also, it can be shown from the integral definition of J,() that zm (83 neven Jn(B) -| 7 4 nm =F 4 BY, n odd Therefore, we can write ‘Angle Modulation | 12‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 sN= AUo(Bcos 2afct - Jy (By[eos 2nFe - Sn) - 008 2Ufe + nyt 1+ Jz(Byleos 2M(fe - 2m)t + 008 2MFe + Ant | - J3(B)[cos 2(fo - 3fin)t- cos 2A(fe + 3fyy)t]+...} 15 Figure 2 shows the amplitude spectra of FM signals with a sinusoidal modulating signal and fixed fy. B =Af iB fixed f m = Frequency B =1 wm Frequency B =5 f Frequency Figure 2: Amplitude spectra of FM signals with sinusoidal modulating signal and fixed fr, See the following observations... ‘Angle Modulation | 13‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 Observation: 1, The spectrum consists of a carrier component at f. plus sideband components at f. + fy, (n= 1, 2, . 2. The number of sideband terms depends on the modulation index £. 3. The magnitude of the carrier signal decreases rapidly as f increases. 4, The amplitudes of the spectral lines depend on the value of J,(A) (see equation (15). 5. The bandwidth of the modulated signal with a sinusoidal modulating signal increases as f increases, and the bandwidth of the modulated signal is larger than Af. Figure 3 shows the amplitude spectra of FM signals with a sinusoidal modulating signal and a fixed peak frequency deviation Af: Clearly, we get more and more spectral lines crowding into a fixed frequency interval as fy, decreases. fixed Af = 75 kHz B =af lB 2af =150 kHz f= 15 kHz AF fm * , Bs +—t +—+t t+ ++» Frequency otm | lo *tm 2Af = 150 kHz f = 1-5 KHZ fi | B =10 L LAL + Hib Hite Frequency Ne Figure 3: Amplitude spectra of FM signals with sinusoidal modulating signal and fixed peak frequency deviation Af. ‘Angle Modulation | 14‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 Bandwidth of Angle-Modulation Signals From equation (15), we observe that the spectrum consists of a carrier component at fe plus an infinite number of sideband components at f+ fy (n= 1, 2, ...). In fact, 98% of the normalized total signal power is contained in the bandwidth Br = 2B +1)B 16 Where fis either the phase modulation index or the frequency modulation index and B is the bandwidth of the modulating signal. The bandwidth of the angle-modulated signal with sinusoidal modulating signal depends on Band B. is is called Carson's rule. It gives a rule-of-thumb expression and an easy way to evaluate the transmission bandwidth of angle-modulated signals. When << 1, the signal is a narrowband angle-modulated signal and its bandwidth is approximately equal to 2B. Generation of Wideband FM Indirect Method. In this method, a narrowband frequency-modulated signal is first generated using an integrator and a phase modulator. A frequency multiplier is then used to increase the peak frequency deviation from Af to nAf. Use of frequency multiplication normally increases the carrier frequency from f, to nf. A mixer or double-sideband modulator is required to shift the spectrum down to the desired range for further frequency multiplication or transmission. This is shown in Figure 4. Angle Modulation | 15‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 - 2013 Acos2"fpt +0 (t)] Acosn 27Fot +0 (t)] Modulating } signal NEM | Frequency |" 5 & >| Modulating oscillator ; = signal =N [7 YCO Resonance frequency f¢ y WFM A cos[27f,t +6 (t)l Figure 6: Direct method of generating WFM with frequency stabilization. ‘Angle Modulation | 18‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 Angle Demodulation Review of Angle Modulation Angle modulation encompasses phase modulation (PM) and_ frequency modulation (FM). We have seen that an angle-modulated signal can be represented by Sc(t) = Acos6(t) 1 Sc(t) = Acos[2rf,t + 0(t)] 2 where A is a constant, 0(i) = 2nf.t + ¢(0, and f. is the carrier frequency. (1) is a function of the modulating signal m(t) and is given by (Apm (r) for PM 3 aay ot ke Jm(A)dA forFM And - _ dan) . dt) _\Ry-@ for PM 4 at Kk au (7) forFM The instantaneous angular frequency of S.(2) is defined as _ do(t) a == 5 In terms of frequency, the instantaneous frequency of S.(2) is sie ll ED 6 SMO= Hi 1 4 €) “()=f.+ KO=fe* HF 7 ‘Angle Modulation | 19‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 - 2013 1, de) i ye a pa for PM P dt FiO) ‘| F 8 ote ae () forF M 1 do6¢). . ~ . Sr ai #8 known as the instantaneous frequency deviation. Angle Demodulation Demodulation of an angle-modulated signal requires a circuit that produces an output proportional to the instantaneous frequency fi‘) or the 1 dow im dt instantaneous frequency deviation “© of the input signal to the demodulator. Frequency Discrimination. Frequency discrimination is a frequency-to-amplitude conversion process. Consider an angle-modulated signal S(t) = Acos O(t) 9 Where (0) = 2nf.t + (0) 10 [Em for PM HO = e toe k tf Jim (A)dA forFM M And d do 0) _ tO for PM > dt km (1) forF M ‘Angle Modulation | 20‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 If we differentiate equation (9), we get sot) = -A sin O(1) a = -A sin (4) [Daf + oa ® 4 [ne jee 2} sin Rafer + 0) The signal is both amplitude- and angle-modulated. If we pass the signal to an envelope detector, we get VO= Al 2G eae 2n f, @) . dm ¢ ) — Alf, + kyo-a! for PM 7m Alf + ke @)] forF M y(t) = Knowing the values of A, f, kp and ky we can compute the desired signal m(t) from y(1). Figure 1 shows the circuit for frequency demodulation. The differentiator followed by an envelope detector is called a frequency discriminator, For demodulation of PM signals, we simply integrate the output of a frequency discriminator. This yields a signal which is proportional to m(1). Figure 2 shows the circuit for phase demodulation ‘Angle Modulation | 21‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 - 2013 Se(t ) So(t) t On lel vot. LS _»| Envelope y(t) detector Frequency discriminator Figure 1; Frequency demodulation using a frequency discriminator. Sc(t) | Frequency | Y (t | discriminator» Integrator —>——»> Figure 2: Phase demodulation using a frequency discriminator and an integrator. In practice, channel noise and other factors may cause A to vary. If A varies, y(0) will vary with A. Hence, it is essential to maintain the amplitude of the input signal to the frequency discriminator. A hard limiter is usually used to eliminate any amplitude variations. A hard limiter is a device which limits the output signal to (say) +1 or -1 volt. Figure 3 shows the input-output characteristic of a hard limiter. Output signal Input signal Figure 3: Input-output characteristic of a hard limiter. ‘Angle Modulation | 22‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 - 2013 Zero-Crossing Detection. We have seen that a hard limiter is usually used to eliminate any amplitude fluctuation, The message signal must therefore be contained in the points where the angle-modulated signal crosses the zero voltage level. This produces a means of demodulating an angle-modulated signal. Consider the angle-modulated signal as shown in Figure 4. S(t) 2 1/B A —————_+ Time A fy B - Bandwidth of the message signal Figure 4: Frequency determination. Let 1 and f be two adjacent zero-crossing points, where fy > f,. Integrating equation (6), we have Nv dt) = | 2a fXndr 15 I Farad ‘Angle Modulation | 23‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 - 2013 Pion +6 Om torear mp + 1 for PA [ene +k yay ar fon 16 [Lo +k Cyr for Fat ri f but also @(t2) - O(n) =x 17 For f. >> B (the bandwidth of the message signal), dm(t/dt for PM signals and m(0) for FM signals change much more slowly than f,. dm(2\/dt and m(0) may be assumed constant in the interval f, - t). We can write dm ¢ ). . [2% +ky di It, -t) forP MM oe z a O 18 [2% + kn Ole, -ty) forF M xy, 6) n= Inf, (Nlt2- 1] (j= —)— hO- TE 9 Where ie i din ¢ ) “. ak for PM fd) = Kp dt 20 +p fi (@) for FM Angle Modulation | 24‘Angle Modulation by: Majidah Hameed Majeed ‘Communication Engineering Department Third Class. 2012 ~ 2013 Knowing the values of f,, ky and ky the desired signal m(t) may be found by measuring the spacing between zero crossings in the interval - 4. A detector utilizing this technique is called a zero-crossing detector. For demodulation of PM signals, we simply integrate the output of a zero- crossing detector. Again, this yields a signal which is proportional to m(t). In practice, we consider counting m number of zero-crossings in a time interval T, where 21 and B is the bandwidth of the message signal. This is shown in Figure 5. So(t oN) ae A [<—___________» at Time Figure 5: Counting intervals. Then, the number of zero crossings in a time interval T is £ "= 3G qa) G *) n =f 22 ‘Angle Modulation | 25