Integral PDF

Mathematics
>rUbmnedrIevnGnuKmn_gay
GnuKmn_
edrIev
!> y k
@> y x
#> y 1x
$> y x
%> y e
^> y a
&> y ln x
*> y sin x
(> y cos x
!0> y tan x
!!> y cot x
!@> y arcsin x
!#> y arccos x
!$> y arctan x
n
y' 0
y' n x n 1
1
x2
1
y'
2 x
y'
y' e x
y' a x ln a
Prepared by Lim Phalkun
y'
1
x
y cos x
y' sin x
1
1 tan 2 x
2
cos x
1
y' 2 (1 cot 2 x )
sin x
1
y'
1 x2
1
y'
1 x2
1
y'
1 x2
y'
-1-
Mathematics
II
>rUbmnRKwHnedrIevnGnuKmn_
GnuKmn_
edrIev
!> y u
@> y u
#> y u.v
$> y uv
%> y ln u
^> y sin u
&> y cos u
*> y e
(> y tan u
!0> y arcsin u
!!> y arccos u
!@> y arctan u
!#> y u
!$> y a
!%> y f (x)
!^> y f (x).dx
n
y' n.u '.u n 1

y'
u'
2 u
y' u ' v v' u
u ' v v' u
v2
u'
y'
u
y'
y' u '.cos u
y' u ' sin u
y' u '.e u
y' u ' (1 tan 2 u )
y'
y'
u'
1 u2
u'
1 u2
u'
y'
1 u2
u'
y' u V v' ln u v
u
y' a u ln a
y' ' ( x ) f ' ( x )

y' f ( x )
-2-
Mathematics
II
-GaMgetRkalminkMnt;
rUbmnGaMgetRkalsMxan;
1> k.dx k.x c
2> x .dx n 1 1.x c
3> dxx ln x c
4> dxx 1x c
5> dxx 2 x c
6> sin x.dx cos x c
7> cos x.dx sin x c
8> cosdx x tan x c
9> sindx x cot x c
10> tan x.dx ln cos x c
11> cot x.dx ln sin x c
12> e .dx e c
13> a .dx lna a c
14> sin ax.dx 1a .cos ax c
15> cos ax.dx 1a .sin ax c
16> e .dx 1a .e c
17> axdx b 1a .ln ax b c
n 1
ax
ax
-3-
Mathematics
18> x dx a 21a .ln xx aa c

19> a dx x 21a .ln aa xx c
20> x dx a 1a .arctan( xa ) c
21> x dx a ln x x a c
22> x dx a ln x x a c
23> a dx x arcsin( xa ) c
rUbmnRKwHnGaMgetRkalminkMnt;
1> PP'((xx)).dx ln P(x) c
2> PP' ((xx)).dx P(1x) c
3> PP' ((xx)) .dx 2 P(x) c
4> e .P' (x).dx e c
5> P (x).P' (x).dx Pn (1x) c
rUbmnGaMgetRkaledayEpk U.dV U.V V.dU
rUbmnGaMgetRkalbrGefr
-ebIeKman I f [(x)].' (x).dx tag u (x) naM[ du ' (x).dx
eK)an I f u .du .
-ebIeKman I f (x).dx tag x (t) naM[ dx ' (t).dt
eK)an I f [(t)].' (t).dt .
2
P(x)
P(x)
n 1
-4-
Mathematics
rUbmnGaMgetRkalepSg
1> u .du n 1 1.u c
2> duu ln u c
3> duu 2 u c
4> e .du e c
5> sin u.du cos u c
6> cos u.du sin u c
7> a .du lna a c
n 1
III
-GaMgetRkalkMnt;
1-rUbmnLibnic-jtun
GaMgetRkalkMnt;BI a eTA b nGnuKmn_ y f x Capldk Fb Fa .
Edl Fx CaRBImITIvn f x . eKkMnt;sresr
b
f x . dx
F x
b
a
F b
F a
2-lkNGaMgetRkalkMnt;
k> f x .dx 0
x> f x .dx f x .dx
K> k.f x .dx k. f x .dx
X> f x gx .dx f x .dx gx .dx
a
-5-
Mathematics
g> f x gx .dx f x .dx gx .dx

c> f x .dx f z.dz f t .dt
3-rUbmnbrGefr
-sntfaeKman I f x .dx 1
ebIeKtag x t naMeGay dx ' t .dt ehIycMeBaH x a, b
enaH t t , t .
dUcenH I f x .dx f t .' t .dt
-sntfaeKman I f x .' x .dx 2
ebIeKtag u x naMeGay du ' x .dx
cMeBaH x a, b enaH u a , b
b
t2
t1
eK)an I f x .' x .dx f u .du

4-rUbmnKNnaGaMgetRkaledayEpk
u .dv u .v v.du
b
5-KNnaRkLap
k> RkLapxNedayExSekagtagGnuKmn_ nig GkSGab;sIus
RkLapxNedayExSekag C : y f x CamYyGkSGab;sIus x' ox nig
bnat; x a nig x b kMnt;eday
-6-
Mathematics
S f ( x ).dx F( x )a F(b) F(a )

b
x> RkLapxNedayExSekagBIr
RkLapxNedayExSekag C : y f x nig C : y gx
elIcenaH a, b EdlRKb; x a, b: f x gx
kMnt;eday
1
S f x gx .dx
a
6-KNnamaDsUlIdbrivtn_
k> maDsUlItbrivtn_kMnt;)anBIrrgVilRkLapxNeday
ExSekag c : y f (x) CMuvijGkSGab;sIuskgcenaH a, b kMnt;eday
V f ( x ) .dx .
x> maDsUlItbrivtn_kMnt;)anBIrrgVilRkLapxNedayExSekagBIr
c : y f ( x ) nig c : y g( x ) CMuvijGkSGab;sIuskgcenaH a, bkMnt;eday
V f ( x ) g ( x ).dx Edl f ( x ) g( x ) , x a , b .
-7-
Mathematics
sBaaNnGnuKmn_eRcInGefr
eKniyayfaTMhMGefr Z CaGnuKmn_nBIrGefr x , y RbsinebIcMeBaHRKb;
sMNMuntm ( x, y ) nEdnkMnt;Edl[ vaRtUvtmkMnt;EtmYyKt;cMeBaH Z .
Gefr x , y ehAfaGefr Independents .
eKkMnt;sresr Z f ( x, y) .
]TahrN_ ! cUrbBaak;maD V nekanmYyCaGnuKmn_nCenRt x nigkaMfas
)at y .
eyIgdwgfamaDrbs;ekanEdlmankMBs; h nigkaMfas)at y kMnt;eday
1
V . y h Et h x y
3
dUcenH V f ( x, y) 13 y x y CaGnuKmn_manBIrGefr .
ebIeK[ x 10cm , y 8cm enaHeK)an
1
V f (10 , 8) 8 10 8 128 cm .
3
]TahrN_@ RbelBIEb:tEkgEdlmanvimaRt x , y , z RtUvmanGgt;RTUgFM
kMnt;eday d f ( x, y, z) x y z CaGnuKmn_manbIGefr .
ebI x 2 , y 3 , z 6 enaH d f (2,3,6) 4 9 36 7 .
1-
-8-
Mathematics
EdnkMnt;EdlmannGnuKmn_
EdnkMnt;nGnuKmn_ Z f ( x, y) CasMNMuncMnuc M ( x, y) nbg; XOY
EdleFIV[GnuKmn_GackMnt;)an manny .
2-
Z f ( x, y )
]TahrN_ cUrrkEdnkMnt;EdlmannGnuKmn_
GnKmn_GackMnt;)anRbsinebI 4 x y 0 b x
CasMNMucMnucxagkgrgVg;pit 0 kaM R 2 .
2
1
4 x2 y2
y2 4
-9-
Mathematics
lIj nig pnnIv:Urbs;GnuKmn_

niymny eKehA lIjnnIv:UnGnuKmn_ Z f ( x, y) KWCaRkab f ( x, y) C
nbg; XOY .
]TahrN_ cUrsg; lIjnnIv:UnGnuKmn_ z x y ?
niymny eKehApnnIv:Urbs;GnuKmn_bIGefr U f ( x, y, z) KWCap
kMnt;edaysmIkar f ( x, y, z) C .
]TahrN_ cUrsg; lIjnnIv:UnGnuKmn_ U 2 x 2 y z 4 ?
3-
edrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_eRcInGefr
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_manBIrGefrmYykMnt;Cab;kgEdn D eday
4-
Z f ( x , y, z )
-ebI y minERbRbYlenaH Z kayCaGnuKmn_manmYyGefr x .

-ebI x minERbRbYlenaH Z kayCaGnuKmn_manmYyGefr y .
k> niymny
cMeBaH y minERbRbYlenaH Z kayCaGnuKmn_manmYyGefr x ehIyebI Z man
edrIeveFobnwg x enaHedrIevenHeKehAfaedrIevedayEpkrbs;GnuKmn_
Z f ( x , y) .
eFobnwg x EdleKkMnt;sresr
Z
f ( x x , y) f ( x , y)
lim
x
x x 0
f ( x , y y ) f ( x , y )
Z
Z' y f ' y x , y
lim
y
y y0
Z' x f ' x x , y
dUcKaEdreKman
- 10 -
Mathematics
]TahrN_ ! eK[GnuKmn_ Z f ( x, y) 2 x 3x y 5xy

cUrKNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_enH ?
eK)an Z ' Zx 6 x 6 xy 5 y
nig Z ' Zy 3x 10 xy 21y .
]TahrN_@ KNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_
3
7 y3
Z f ( x , y, z) x 3 y 3 z 3 3xyz
eK)an Z' 3x 3yz , Z' 3y 3xz , Z' 3z 3xyz .

]TahrN_# eKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) ln(x y )
cUrKNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_enH ?
eK)an Z' (xx yy )' x 2xy , Z' (xx yy )' x 2yy .
]TahrN_$ KNnaedrIevedayEpknGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) e
eK)an Z' (x y )'e 3x e , Z' (x y )'e 3y e .
]TahrN_% KNnaedrIevtamEpknGnuKmn_
Z f ( x , y, z ) x y z x y z
, x 0, y 0, z 0 .
eK)an Z' y x z ln z x y z (1 ln x)
2
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
x 3 y3
y 1
Z' y x y ln x zy z 1 x x y y z z (1 ln y)
Z' z y z ln y xz x 1 x x y y z z (1 ln z)
DIepr:g;EslnGnuKmn_mYy
k> ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) , x, y D manedrIevTImYy .
DIepr:g;EslsrubRtg;cMnuc (x, y) kMnt;eday
Z
Z
dZ .dx .dy .
x
y
5-
- 11 -
Mathematics
]TahrN_ rkDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_ z x 4xy 3y

eK)an dZ (2x 4y).dx (4x 6y).dy .
x> ]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y, z) , x, y, z D manedrIevTImYy .
DIepr:g;EslsrubRtg;cMnuc (x, y, z) kMnt;eday
2
dZ
Z
Z
Z
.dx
.dy .dz
x
y
z
]TahrN_ rkDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_
Z f ( x , y, z) ln(2 x 2 5 y 2 4z 2 )
4x
10 y
8z
dZ 2
.
dx
.
dy
dz
2 x 5 y 2 4z 2
2 x 2 5 y 2 4z 2
2 x 2 5 y 2 4z 2
eK)an
6-edrIevedayEpklMdab;TIBIr
edrIevedayEpklMdab;BIrrbs;GnuKmn_ Z f x, y KWCaedrIev
edayEpkrbs;edrIevedayEpklMdab;mYy.
eKtagedrIevlMdab;TIBIreday
!> f ' ' x, y x Zx xZ
@> f ' ' x, y y Zy yZ

#> f ' ' x, y y Zx y.Zx
$> f ' ' x, y x Zy x.Zy

]TahrN_ eK[GnuKmn_ Z f (x, y) x y 2x y 5xy
cUrKNna f ' ' , f '' , f ' ' nig f ' ' ?
2
xx
yy
xy
yx
xx
yy
xy
yx
- 12 -
Mathematics
brmakmnGnuKmn_eRcInGefr
k> niymny
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn_ Z f (x, y)
-eKfaGnKmn_manGtibrimaRtg;cMnuc M(x , y ) luHRtaEtRKb;cMnuc Mx, y
kgvNsIuNancMnuc M eK)an f x y f x, y .
- eKfaGnKmn_manGtibrimaRtg;cMnuc M(x , y ) luHRtaEtRKb;cMnuc Mx, y
kgvNsIuNancMnuc M eK)an f x y f x, y.
x>rebobkMnt;brmanGnuKmnmanBIrefr
]bmafaeKmanGnuKmn Z f x, yEdlmanedrIev.
edIm,IkMNt;rkbrimanGnuKmneKRtUv
1-KNnaedrIevedayEpkKW f ' x, y, f ' x, y
2-edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar ff '' xx,, yy 00
]bmafaRbBnmanKUcemIy x , y
3-KNnabrimaN a f ' ' x, y , b f ' ' x, y , c f ' ' x, y
4-KNnabrimaN ac b
ebI 0 , a 0 enaHGnuKmn_ Z f (x , y ) manGb,brma .
ebI 0 , a 0 enaHGnuKmn_ Z f (x , y ) manGtibrma .
ebI 0 enaHGnuKmn_ Z f (x , y ) Kanbrma .
ebI 0 minGacsnidan)an .
7-
0,
0,
xx
xy
yy
- 13 -
Mathematics
]TahrN eKeGayGnuKmn Z f x, y 2x 5y 2xy 6x 6y 34

rkbrimanGnuKmnenH.
-KNnaedrIev Z' 4x 2y 6 and Z' 10y 2x 6
-edaHRsayRbBn 104xy22yx6600
bnab;BIedaHRsayRbBnmanKUcemIy x 2 , y 1
-KNnabrimaN ac b
edayeKman a Z' ' 4 , b Z' ' 2 , C Z' ' 10
eK)an 40 4 36 0 naM[GnuKmn_manGb,rmaRtg; M 2 ,1
tmGb,brmaenaHKW Z f (2 ,1) 25 .
8-edrIevnGnuKmn_kMb:UehS
k> krNIGefreFobEtmYy
RbsinebI Z f ( x, y) CaGnuKmn_nGefr x , y Edl x (t ) , y (t )
edrIevnGnuKmn_GacKNnatamrUbmn
dZ Z dx Z dy
.
.
.
dt x dt y dt
]TahrN_ KNna dZdt RbsinebI Z e Edl x cos t , y t
x> krNIGefreFobeRcIn
RbsinebI Z f ( x, y) CaGnuKmn_nGefr x , y Edl
2
xx
xy
yy
min
3 x2 y
x (u , v) , y (u , v)
edrIevnGnuKmn_eFobnig u nig v GacKNnatamrUbmn

Z Z x Z y
Z Z x Z y
ni
g
.
.
.
.
v x v y v
u x u y u
- 14 -
Mathematics
]TahrN_! > cUrKNna Zu nig Zv ebI Z sin x sin y

Edl x cos u sin v , y sin u cos v .
]TahrN_@> cUrbgajfaGnuKmn_ Z ( x y ) epgpat;smIkar
Z
Z
y
x
0 .
x
y
9-edrIevkgTisEdl[ nig Rkadg;nGnuKmn_mYy
k> edrIevnGnuKmn_mYykgTisEdl[
edrIevnGnuKmn_ Z f ( x, y) kgTisEdl[ l PP kMnt;eday
Z
f ( P ) f ( P)
Edl f ( P ) , f ( P) CatmnGnuKmn_enARtg;
lim
l
PP
cMnuc P nig P .
RbsinebI Z CaGnuKmn_mYymanDIepr:g;Esl enaHeK)anrUbmn
Z Z
Z
cos
sin Edl CamMurvagviucTr l nigGkS OX .
l x
y
2
P1 P 0
P1 ( x1 , y1 )
P ( x, y )
]TahrN_ cUrKNnaedrIevnGnuKmn_ Z 2 x 3 y kgTismYykMnt;

CamYyGkS OX nigmMu 120 Rtg;cMnuc P(1 , 0 ) .
2
- 15 -
Mathematics
x> Rkadg;nGnuKmn_mYy
eKehA Rkadg;nGnuKmn_mYy Z f ( x, y) KWCaviucTrEdlcMenalTaMgLay
elIGkSnkUGredaenCaedrIevedayEpkRtUvKarbs;GnuKmn_Edl[ .
eKkMnt;sresr grad Z Zx . i Zy . j .
edrIevnGnuKmn_kgTisviucTr l RtUvPab;eTAnigRkadg;nGnuKmn_enH
tamrUbmn Zl proj drad Z mannyfakgTisedAEdl[ KWvaesInwg
cMenalEkgnRkadg;elITisedAnedrIev .
]TahrN_ cUrKNna nig sg;Rkadg;nGnuKmn_ Z x y Rtg;cMnuc P(1,1) .
10-GaMgetRkalnDIepr:g;Eslsrub
k> lkxNnDIepr:g;Eslsrub
kenSam P( x, y).dx Q( x, y).dy CaDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_kMnt;eday
U f ( x, y ) Edl P( x, y ) , Q( x, y ) CaGnuKmn_Cab;kgEdnkMnt;rYm D
luHRtaEt nigRKan;EtvabMeBjlkxN Q( xx, y) P(xy, y) .
]TahrN_ cUrbgajfakenSam ( x 4 xy )dx (6 x y 5 y )dy
CaDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_mYy rYckMnt;rkGnuKmn_enaH .
x> krNIGnuKmn_manbIGefr
kenSam P( x, y, z)dx Q( x, y, z)dy R( x, y, z).dz CaDIepr:g;srubn
GnuKmn_ U f ( x, y, z) luHRtaEtvabMeBjlkxN
Q P R Q P Q
,
,
.
x y y z z x
]TahrN_ bgajfakenSam (3x 3 y 1)dx ( z 3x)dy (2 yz 1)dz
CaDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_mYy rYckMnt;rkGnuKmn_enaH .
- 16 -
Mathematics
GaMgetRkaltamExSekagnDIepr:g;Eslsrub
rUbmnjtun-Libnic
ebIkenSam P( x, y).dx Q( x, y).dy CaDIepr:g;Eslsrub
nGnuKmn_kMnt;eday U f ( x, y) Edl P( x, y) , Q( x, y) CaGnuKmn_Cab;elI
ExSekag ( L) BIcMnuc M ( x , y ) eTAcMnuc M ( x , y ) enaHeK)an
11-
( x2 , y 2 )
P( x, y ).dx Q( x, y ).dy P( x, y ).dx Q( x, y ).dy
(L)
( x1 , y1 )
U ( x2 , y 2 ) U ( x1 , y1 )
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkaltamExSekagxageRkam
I ( x 4 xy )dx (6 x y 5 y ).dy Edl M (2,1) , N (3 ,0 ) .
12-edrIevnGnuKmn_GaMBIsIut
k> krNIGefrEtmYy
RbsinebIsmIkar f ( x, y) 0 EdlGnuKmn_ f ( x, y) CaGnuKmn_man
DIepr:g;EsleFobnwg x , y .eKkMnt; y CaGnuKmn_n x . dUcenHedrIevn
GnuKmn_enH [eRkamTRmg;GaMBIsIut CamYynwglkxN f ' ( x, y) 0
f ' ( x, y )
.
tamrUbmn dy
dx
f ' ( x, y )
4
( MN )
]TahrN_ cUrKNna
ebI ( x y ) 3( x y ) 1 0 .
x> krNIGefreRcIn
dUcKaEd ebIsmIkar F ( x, y, z) 0 EdlGnuKmn_ F ( x, y, z) CaGnuKmn_man
DIepr:g;EsleFobnwg x , y, z .eKkMnt; z CaGnuKmn_n x, y .
dUcenHedrIevnGnuKmn_enH [eRkamTRmg;GaMBIsIut CamYynwglkxN
f ' ( x, y, z ) 0 tamrUbmmnxageRkam
dy d 2 y
,
dx dx 2
- 17 -
Mathematics
F ' ( x, y , z )
F ' ( x, y, z ) Z
z
x
y
,
x
y
F ' y ( x, y , z )
F ' z ( x, y , z )
ma:geTotedIm,IrkDIepr:g;EslnGnuKmn_ z BIsmIkar F ( x, y, z) 0
eKRtUvrktamrUbmn Fx .dx Fy .dy Fz .dz 0 .
]TahrN_ KNna xz , yz Edl x 2 y 3z yz y 0 .
13-bg;b:H nwg nrm:al;eTAnwgpmYy
k> smIkarnbg;b:H nwg nrm:al;kgkrNIEdlpeGaytamsmIkarGiucBIsIut
RbsinebIsmIkarnpkgkUGredaenctuekaNEkg[eRkamTMrg; Z f ( x, y)
Edl f ( x, y) CaGnuKmn_manDIepr:g;Esl .
-smIkarbg;b:HRtg;cMnuc M ( x , y , z ) np Z f ( x, y) kMnt;eday
Z z f ' ( x , y )( X x ) f ' ( x , y )(Y y ) .
-smIkarnrm:al;Rtg;cMnuc M ( x , y , z ) np Z f ( x, y) kMnt;eday
X x
Yy
Zz
.
1
f ' (x , y ) f ' (x , y )
2
]TahrN_ cUrbegItbg;b:H nig nrm:al;np

Rtg; M (2,1 , 1)
x> smIkarnbg;b:H nwg EkgkgkrNIEdlpeGaytamsmIkarGaMBIsIut
RbsinebIsmIkarnpkgkUGredaenctuekaNEkg[eRkamTMrg; F ( x, y, z) 0
nig F ( x , y , z ) 0 .
smIkarbg;b: nig nrma:l;kMnt;erogKaeday
x2
z y2
2
F ' x ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )( X x0 ) F ' y ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )(Y y0 ) F ' z ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )( Z z 0 ) 0

X x0
Y y0
Z z0
F ' x ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) F ' y ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) F ' Z ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )
- 18 -
Mathematics
lMhat;Gnuvtn_
!> cUrkMnt; nig tagEdnkMnt;nGnuKmn_xageRkam
x> Z
k> Z 1 x y
X> Z
K> Z 1 x y z
2
4 x2 y2
1
4 x y2 z2
2
g> Z 1 ax by cz , a, b, c IR * .
@> cUrsg; lIjnnIv:Urbs;GnuKmn_xageRkam
k> Z x y
x> Z xy
K> Z xy
X> Z x y
g> Z x4 y9
#> cUrKNnaDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_xageRkam
k> Z x y 3xy
x> Z x y
K> Z xx yy
X> Z xy xy
g> Z arctan xyz
c> Z x y z
$> cUrKNna dzdt ebI z xy , x e , y ln t .
%> cUrKNna dudt ebI u ln sin xy , x 3t , y 1 t .
^> cUrKNna dudt Edl u x z y , x r cos t , y r sin t , z h .

&> cUrKNna xz , dxdz ebI z arctg xy , y x .
*> eKmanGnuKmn_ W f (u , v ) Edl u x at , v y bt .
2
- 19 -
Mathematics
cUrbgajfa Wt a Wx b Wy .
(> eKmanGnuKmn_ Z xy x ( xy )
cUrbgajfa x xz y yz xy z .
x2
!0> eK[ Z e . ( ye ) .
cUrRsayfa ( x y ) xz xy yz xyz .
!!> cUrKNnaedrIevnGnuKmn_ z x xy 2 y Rtg;cMnuc P(1 ,2) kgTisbegIt
CamYyGkS OX nUvmMu 60 Pab;eTAcMnuc P( 1 , 2 ) .
!@> cUrKNna grad Z Rtg;cMnuc P(2 , 1 ) ebI Z x y 3xy .
!#> cUrKNna grad Z Rtg;cMnuc P(5 , 3 ) ebI Z x y .
!$> cUrKNna grad Z Rtg;cMnuc P(1 , 2 , 2 ) ebI Z x y z .
!%> cUrKNna x z , zzy , y z kgkrNInImYyxageRkam
k> z c ax by
x> Z ln(x y )
X> z arctan 1xxyy
K> z 2xy y
!^> cUrbgajfaGnuKmn_ u arctan xy epgpat;smIkar Laplace xageRkam
u u
0 .
x
y
!&> cUrbgajfaGnuKmn_ u( x, t ) A sin(at ).sin x epgpat;smIkar
u
u
Cordes vibrantes :
.
a
x
t
!*> eK[GnuKmn_ z x ( xy ) ( xy ) .
cUrbgajfa x x z 2xy xzy y y z 0 .
2 y2
- 20 -
Mathematics
!(> cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Z f ( x, y) EdlmanDIepr:g;EslsrubxageRkam

k> dZ (2 x y).dx ( x 2 y)dy
x> dZ ydx xdy
K> dZ (cos x 3x y)dx ( x y )dy
X> dz xx 2yy dx x2 xyy dy
g> dZ x x y dx x y y dy
@0> cUrkMnt;smIkarbg;b:H nig nrm:al;eTAnwgp z x y Rtg; M (1,2,5) .
@!> cUrkMnt;smIkarbg;b:H nig nrm:al;eTAnwgp 16x y9 z8 0 Rtg;
cMnuc M (4 , 3 , 4) .
@@> cUrsresrsmIkarbg;b:H nig nrm:al;eTAnwgpEdlmansmIkar
x y z 3xyz 0 Rtg;cMnuc M ( 2 , 3 , 1 ) .
@#> KNnaGaMgetRkal Curvilinear xageRkam
k> I (4x 2 y)dx (2x 6 y)dy
x> I (3x 2xy y )dx ( x 2xy 3 y )dy
K> I ( x 4 xy )dx (6x y 5 y )dy
2
( 3 , 2)
( 2 , 1)
( 2 , 1)
(1 , 2 )
( 2 , 1)
( 1 , 2)
X> I
x
y
dx
dy
y
x
2
2
2
2
x y
( 0,0 )
x y
g> I
c> I
3x

(1,1)
( 3 , 4)
2 xy y 2 .dx x 2 2 xy 3 y 2 .dy
1, 2
(2 , 3, 6 )
(0 , 0 , 0)
xdx ydy zdz

x y z
2
- 21 -
Mathematics
-niymny
k>rMlwkGaMgetRkalkMnt;
Y
B
A
Mi
( ) : y f ( x)
M i 1
X
x0 a
xi
xn b
x i 1
EckGgt; a , b Ca n cMENkesIKaedaycMnuc x a b n a .i
Edl x x x b n a .
plbUk Re imann f (x ).x yk d max x eK)an
lim f ( x ).x f ( x ).dx ebIlImItenHmanGtiPaB .
-RbsinebI a 0 , b 1 enaHeKman x ni , x n1 eK)an
1 i
lim f ( ) f ( x ).dx
.
n n
i
i 1
i 1
d 0
i 1
i 1
- 22 -
Mathematics
x>bBaakMnt;rkmaDkMnt;edayp
kgEdn D elI (xoy)
z f ( x , y)
nigbg;
z0
z f ( x , y)
f (x i , y i )
Y
O
D
X
S i x i .y i
eKman f (x , y ).S Volume collonnette

plbUkrIm:g; f (x , y ).S ehAfatmRbEhlnmaDkMnt;edayp z f (x, y)
nigbg; z 0 kgEdn D elI (xoy) . d max S
i
- 23 -
Mathematics
eK)an V lim f (x , y ).S f (x, y).dS f (x, y).dxdy .

II-GaMgetRkalkgkUGredaenrriuctg;KuyEl
k>sntfa D (x, y) / a x b , (x) y (x)
d 0
Y
y ( x)
D
y ( x)
a
b
(x)
( x )
f ( x, y).dxdy dx f (x, y).dy

D
x>sntfa D (x, y) / c y d , (y) x (y)

x ( y)
x ( y)
D
c
X
d
( y)
( y)
f (x, y).dxdy dy f (x, y).dx

D
- 24 -
Mathematics
K>sMKal; ebI D (x, y) / a x b , c y d

eK)an f (x, y).dxdy dx f (x, y).dy dy f (x, y).dx .
]TahrN_1 KNna I xy.dxdy EdlEdn D kMnt;eday 0x x y1 x
D
eK)an
xy 2
11 3
1 x4 x6
1
5
I dx xy.dy
.dx (x x ).dx
20
2 4
6 0 24
0
0 2 x
x
0 x 1
D
I ( x y)dxdy
2
D
x y x
1
EdlEdn kMnt;eday
]TahrN_2 KNna
eK)an
y2
x
x4
3
I dx ( x y).dy xy .dx ( x x x ).dx
2
2 x
2
0
0
0
x
1
2 52 x 2 x 4 x 5
3
x

4
4 10 0 10
5
X>lkNH
a/
k.f ( x, y).dxdy k . f (x, y)dxdy

D
b/
f ( x, y).dxdy . f ( x, y)dxdy f ( x.y)dxdy

D
c/
D1
D2
Edl D D D .
1
[f ( x, y) g( x, y)].dxdy . f ( x, y)dxdy g( x.y)dxdy

D
-rUbmnbrGefrkgGaMgetRkalDb
k>brBIKUGefr (x, y) (u, v)
]bmafa x (u, v) , y (u, v)
III
KNna
eK)an
x
Jacobien J u
y
u
x
v
y
v
( u , v)
f ( x, y).dxdy f (u, v) ; (u, v). | J |.dudv

D
.
- 25 -
Mathematics
x>kUGredaenb:UEl
M (r , )
x r. cos
y r. sin
x x
cos r sin
J r
r cos 2 r sin 2 r
y y
sin r cos
r
eKbrGefr
eKman
dUcenH f (x, y).dxdy f r cos , r sin .rdrd .

]TahrN_1 KNnaGaMgetRkal I x y .dxdy
Edl D (x, y) / x y R .
kgkUGredaenb:UEleK)an
D
I (r cos ) 2 (r sin ) 2 .rdrd

S
2 3
R
r drd d r dr
3
0
0
S
2
]TahrN_2 KNna I xydxdy

D
Edl D kMnt;edayGkSkUGredaenn Astroide
x R cos 3 t
3
y R sin t ( 0 t )
]TahrN_3 KNna I ydxdy

sin t )
Edl D kMnt;edayGkSGab;sIus nigFrmYyn Cycloid xy RR((1t cos
t)
]TahrN_4 KNna I xy dxdy
Edl D kMnt;eday)a:ra:bUl y 2px nig bnat; x p .
D
- 26 -
Mathematics
-Gnuvtn_GaMgetRkalDb
k>KNnamaDkMnt;edayp z f (x, y) nigbg; z 0 kgEdn D elI (xoy)
V f ( x, y ).dxdy .
x>pRklarbs;Edn D
IV
S dxdy
D
K>Gnuvtn_kgrUbviTa
]bmafa (x, y) Cadg;sIuetn Plaquette.
-ma:sn Plaquette. kMnt;eday m .dS
-m:Um:g;saTiceFobnwgGkSGab;sIus S y.(x, y).dxdy
-m:Um:g;saTiceFobnwgGkSGredaen S x.(x, y).dxdy
-kUGredaennTIRbCMuTMgn;
S
ox
oy
x0
Sy
m
S
1
1
x( x , y)dxdy , y 0 x y( x , y).dxdy
m S
m m S
-m:Umg; Inertie nwgGkSGab;sIus I y (x, y).dxdy

-m:Umg; Inertie nwgGkSGredaen I x (x, y).dxdy
-m:Umg; Inertie nwgKl; O I I I (x y )(x, y).dxdy .
]TahrN_1
cUrKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBeFobnwgGkSGab;sIusnbnHelahGUm:UEhSnmYyEdl
kMnt;edayFr sIukGIut x a(t sin t) , y a(1 cos t) nigGkS (OX) ?
]TahrN_2 cUrKNnakUGredaennTIRbCMuTMgn;nrUbkMnt;eday)a:ra:bUlBIr
(P ) : y 4 x 4 and (P ) : y 2 x 4 .
2
- 27 -
Mathematics
lMhat;TI1
cUrKNna I (3x 8xy 6y ).dxdy Edl D (x, y) / 0 x 1, 1 y 2

eyIg)an I dx (3x 8xy 6y ).dy
2
3x 2 y 4 xy 2 2 y 3 1 dx
1
(6 x 2 16 x 16 3x 2 4 x 2).dx
0
(3x 2 12x 14).dx x 3 6 x 2 14x 0 21

1
lMhat;TI2
cUrKNna I (6x y 4y ).dxdy Edl D (x, y) / 0 x 1, x

eyIg)an I dx (6x y 4y )dy
2
y x
x2
3x y y
x2
.dx (3x 3 x 2 3x 6 x 8 ).dx

0
3x 4 x 3 3x 7 x 9
3 1 3 1 127

3
7
9 0 4 3 7 9 252
4
lMhat;TI3
cUrKNna I (4x 2xy).dxdy Edl D (x, y) / 0 x

eyIg)an I dy (4x 2xy)dx
3
y, 0 y 4
2 y 3 128
x x y .0 dy ( y y ).dy
3
0
0
3 0
4
- 28 -
Mathematics
lMhat;TI4
cUrKNna I 4y .dxdy
Edl D (x, y) / 2 x 2 , x y 4
eyIg)an I dx 4y dy y dx 256 x .dx 256x x9
3
4 4
x2
x2
lMhat;TI5
8192
9
cUrKNna I (6x y 4y ).dxdy

Edl D (x, y) / 0 x 1, x y x
eyIg)an I dx (6x y 4y )dy
2
x2
3x 2 y 2 y 4 x .dx (3x 3 x 2 3x 6 x 8 ).dx

1
3x 4 x 3 3x 7 x 9
3 1 3 1 127

3
7
9 0 4 3 7 9 252
4
- 29 -
Mathematics
>cUrKNnaGaMgetRkalDbxageRkam
1> dy (x 2y).dx
4> d rdr
2> dx (x dy y)
5> d r sin dr
3> dx
1
a sin
3 cos
1 x 2
6>
1 x y dy
2
x2
1 dx 1 y 3 dy
x
>cUrKNnaGaMgetRkal I (xdxdy
Edl D (x, y) / x 1, y 1 , x y 3
y)
ydxdy
III>KNna I
Edl D (x, y) / x 0 , y 0 , x y 1 .
x 1
IV>KNna I x ( y x )dxdy Edl D ( x , y) / y x , x y .
V>KNna I ln(x y).dxdy Edl D ( x , y) / x 1, y 1 , y x 1 .
xdxdy
VI>KNna I
Edl D (x, y) / y 2x , x 2 .
1 x y
II
>KNna I x xy y .dxdy Edl D (x, y) / x 0 , y 0 , x y 1 .

VIII>KNna I ( x y 1).dxdy Edl D ( x , y) / , x y x 0
IX>KNna I x y .dxdy Edl D ( x , y) / x y 4 , x y 16
X>KNna I 4 x y .dxdy Edl D ( x , y) / x y 2 , y 0
XI>KNna I xy .dxdy Edl D ( x , y) / ( x y ) xy
XII>KNna I x y 1 x y .dxdy Edl D ( x , y) / x 0, y 0, x y
VII
- 30 -
Mathematics
-GaMgetRkalRTIbkgkUGredaenctuekaNEkg
GaMgetRkalRTIbnGnuKmn_ f ( x, y, z) kgEdn V tamniymnyKWCalImItn
plbUk GaMgetRkalRTIb EdlRtUvKa
I
f ( x, y, z ).dx dy dz
V
lim
f ( x , y
i
max xi 0
max y ji 0 i
max z ki 0
, z k )xi y j z k
karKNnaGaMgetRkalRTIb KWCakarKNnabnbnab;bIdgnGaMgetRkalFmta
bCakarKNnaGaMgetRkalDb nig GaMgetRkalFmta .
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal I x y z.dz
3
EdlEdn V kMnt;edayvismPaB
0 x 1
0 y x
0 z xy
eK)an I dx dy x y zdz dx
1
xy
.
xy
1 3 2 2
2 x y z dy
0
x
1
1
1
1
dx x 5 y 4 .dy x 5 y 5 dx x 10 dx
2
10
10
110
0
0
0
0
0
x
-lkNnGaMgetRkalRTIb
!> k. f ( x, y, z)dxdydz k . f ( x, y, z).dxdydz
@> . f ( x, y, z)dxdydz . f ( x, y, z).dxdydz f ( x, y, z)dxdydz
Edl V V V .
#> f ( x, y, z) g ( x, y, z)dxdydz f ( x, y, z).dxdydz g ( x, y, z)dxdydz
II
V1
V2
- 31 -
Mathematics
-karbrGefrkgGaMgetRkalRTIb
]bmafamanGaMgetRkalRTIb f ( x, y, z)dx dy dz
III
bNrGefrBIkUGredaen
x, y, z
eTAkUGredaen u , v , w Edl
x (u , v, w)
y (u , v, w)
z (u , v, w)
tamrUbmn
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz f (u, v, w), (u, v, w), (u, v, w). | J | .dudvdw
V'
Edl Jacobien
:J
x
u
y
u
z
u
x
v
y
v
z
v
x
w
y
w
z
w
!-krNIkUGredaenkgtMruysIuLaMg r , , h
eKyk x r cos , y r sin , z h .
eKKNna Jacobien: J r > dUcenHeK)anrUbmnbrGefrkgtRmuysIuLaMg
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz f r cos , r sin , h .r dr d d h
V
V'
@-krNIkUGredaenkgtMruyEsV , , r
eKyk x r cos cos , y r cos sin , z r sin
eKKNna Jacobien: J r cos > dUcenHeK)anrUbmnbrGefrkgtRmuyEsV
2
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz f r cos cos , r cos sin , r sin .r

V
cos d d d r
V'
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal I x y z dxdydz

Edl V CabUlEdlmankaMesI R .
edayeRbIkUGredaenEsV x r cos cos , y r cos sin , z r sin
2
- 32 -
Mathematics
Edl
0 2 ,
,0rR
eK)an
I x y z dxdydz d d r .r 2 cos .dr R 4

2
-Gnuvtn_GaMgetRkalRTIb
k>maDrbs;Edn V kgtRmuyedkat OXYZ
V dxdvdz .
]TahrN_ cUrKNnamaDrbs;eGlIbsUGIut ax by cz 1 ?
x>maDrbs;GgFatukMnt;edayEdn V mYYy
M ( x, y, z ).dxdydz Edl ( x, y, z ) Cadg;sIuetGgFatuRtg;cMnuc ( x, y, z ) .
K>m:Um:g;saTicnGgFatumYyeFobnwgGkSkUGredaen
IV
M XY ( x, y, z ) .z.dxdydz
V
M YZ ( x, y, z ) .x.dxdydz
V
M ZX ( x, y, z ) . y.dxdydz
V
X>kUGredaennTIRbCMTMgn;
G(x
M YZ
M
M
, y ZX , z XY )
M
M
M
g>m:Um:g;niclPaBeFobnwgGkSkUGredaen
I X ( y 2 z 2 ) ( x, y, z ) .z.dxdydz
V
I Y ( z 2 x 2 ) ( x, y, z ) .x.dxdydz
V
I Z ( x 2 y 2 ) ( x, y, z ) . y.dxdydz
V
- 33 -
Mathematics
-KNnaGaMgetRkalxageRkam
!> I dx dy 1 xdz y z
1
@> I dx dy
2
2 x
4 x y 2
2
xdz
0
a2 x2 y2
#> I dx dy
$> I dx dy xyz.dz
a
a x
a2 x2 y2 z2
1 x
1 x y
-cUrKNna I dx
2 x x2 a
2r
-cUrKNna I
2 rx x 2
2 rx x
II
dz
dy z
III
x 2 y 2 dz
dy
4r 2 x2 y2
dz
0
R x2 y2
-cUrKNna I dx dy ( x y ).dz
VI-edayeRbIkUGredaenEsV cUrKNnaGaMgetRkalbICan;xageRkam
I x y z dxdydz Edl V CaEdnxagkgbUlEdlmansmIkar
x y z x .
dxdydz
VIII-cUrKNna I
Edl V CaEdnkMnt;edaybg;nGkSkUGr
( x y z 1)
Edaen nig bg;mansmIkar x y z 1 .
x
y
z
IX-cUrKNna I dxdydz Edl V CaEdnxagkgrbs;
b
c
a
eGlIbsUGIut ax by cz 1 .
X-cUrKNnamaDrbs;bUl x y z R .
2
R2 x2
IV
R2 x2
- 34 -
Mathematics
-GaMgetRkaltamExSekagnlMhTImYy
]bmafaeKman U f ( x, y) CaGnuKmn_mYyCab; Edl y ( x) , a x b .
-eyIgeRCIserIs RbBnmYyncMnuc M x , y , i 1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n edayEckRkab
(c) : y ( x) CaFresIKa M M S .
-begItplbUkGaMgetRkal S f x , y .S .
-lImItnplbUkenHkalNa n CamYynwg max S 0 tamniymny
ehAfaGaMgetRkal Curviligne nlMhTImYy .
eKkMnt;sresr lim f ( x , y ).S f ( x, y).ds .
Edl ds CaDIepr:g;EslnFr Edl ds 1 y' .dx .
-dUcenHeK)anrUbmn f ( x, y)ds f x, ( x). 1 [ ' ( x)] .dx .
-kgkrNIEdl x (t) , y (t) , t enaHeK)anrUbmn
f ( x, y).ds f (t ), (t ). ' (t ) ' (t ) .dt .
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkal Curviligne I ( x y).ds
Edl C CakugTYrnRtIekaN ABO mankMBUl A(1, 0 ) , B (0 ,1) , O(0 ,0) .
II-GaMgetRkaltamExSekagnlMhTIBIr
]bmafaeKman P( x, y) nig Q( x, y) CaGnuKmn_mYyCab; nig y ( x) , a x b
CaRkab (C) mYy .
I
i 1
i 1
i 1
- 35 -
Mathematics
GaMgetRkaltamExSekagnlMhTIBIrkMNt;eday
b
P( x, y)dx Q( x, y)dy Px, ( x) ' ( x).Qx, ( x).dx
-krNIEdlRkab (C) [edayTRmg;)a:ra:Em:Rt xy ((tt)) Edl t

eK)anrUbmn
P( x, y)dx Q( x, y)dy P (t ), (t ). ' (t ) Q (t ), (t ). ' (t ).dt
]TahrN_ KNna I y dx x dy Edl C CaknHeGlIbxagelImansmIkar

)a:ra:Em:Rt x a cos t , y b sin t .
eK)an I y dx x dy b sin t.(a sin t) a cos t.(b cos t).dt
4
.
ab sin t.dt a b cos t.dt ab
3
III-GaMgetRkaltamExSekagnDIepr:g;Eslsrub
rUbmnjtun-Libnic
ebIkenSam P( x, y).dx Q( x, y).dy CaDIepr:g;Eslsrub
nGnuKmn_kMnt;eday U f ( x, y) Edl P( x, y) , Q( x, y) CaGnuKmn_Cab;elI
ExSekag (L) BIcMnuc M ( x , y ) eTAcMnuc M ( x , y ) enaHeK)an
2
P( x, y ).dx Q( x, y ).dy
(L)
( x2 , y 2 )
P( x, y ).dx Q( x, y ).dy
( x1 , y1 )
U ( x2 , y 2 ) U ( x1 , y1 )
]TahrN_ KNnaGaMgetRkaltamExSekagxageRkam
I
( x 4 xy )dx (6 x y 5 y ).dy
4
( MN )
Edl M (2,1) , N (3 ,0 ) .
- 36 -
Mathematics
-cUrKNnaGaMgetRkalxageRkam
!> I (4x 2xy )dx (2x y 4 y )dy
@> I (3x 2xy y )dx ( x 2xy 3 y )dy
(1 , 2 )
( 0 , 1)
( 2 , 3)
(1 , 0 )
#> I
, )
(sin 2 x cos x sin y)dx (sin x cos y sin 2 y)dy
(0 , )
2
( 1 , 3)
$> I ( x 4xy )dx (6x y 5 y )dy %> x 2xy dx x 2yy dy

II-cUrKNnaGaMgetRkalxageRkam
!> I ( x 2xy)dx (2xy 4 y )dy Edl (C) : y x , 1 x 2 .
@> I (4x 8x y)dx (6xy 8 y )dy Edl y x , 2 x 4 .
#> I ( x 2xy)dx (2xy y )dy Edl AB CaFrn)a:ra:bUl y x
EdlPab;BIcMnuc A(1 , 1) eTA B( 2 , 4) .
III-cUrKNnaGaMgetRkal I xdx ydy Edl C CargVg; x y R .
ds
IV-cUrKNnaGaMgetRkal I
Edl C Cabnat;Pab;BI O(0,0)
x y 4
eTAcMnuc A(1 , 2 ) .
V-KNna I (4 x 6 x y 6 xy 4 y )dx (2 x 6 x y 12 xy 8 y )dy .
( 3, 5)
( 2 , 1)
(1,1 )
AB
(1 , 2 )
(0 , 0 )
- 37 -
Mathematics
-sBaaNRKwH
]bmafamanesrIelx a a a .... a ..... (a ) (1)
-eKfaesrI (1) CaesrIbRgYmkalNaplbUkedayELk S a a .... a
manlImItkMnt;mYykalNa n .
-cMnYn S lim S ehAfaplbUknesrI .
-cMnYn R S S a a ...... ehAfasMNl;nesrI .
-RbsinebI lim S vaminman b minkMnt;enaHeKfaesrI (1) CaesrIBRgIk .
sMKal;
-ebIesrI (1) CaesrIbRgYmenaHeKman lim a 0 .
-Rcas;mkvijebI lim a 0 enaHesrI (1) minGacCaesrIbRgYmCaniceT .
]TahrN_ bgajfaesrI 11.2 21.3 31.4 .... n(n1 1) .... CaesrIbRgYm.
II-lkNbRgm bBRgIknesrIEdlmantYviCman
k>lkNvinicyeRbobeFob
]bmafamanesrIelx a a a .... a ..... (a ) (1)
nig b b b .... b ...... (b ) (2)
Edl 0 a b n n .
-ebIesrI (2) CaesrIbRgYmenaHesrI (1) kCaesrIbRgYmEdr .
-ebIesrI (1) CaesrIBRgIkenaHesrI (2) kCaesrIBRgIkEdr .
I
n 1
n 1
n2
n 1
n 1
- 38 -
Mathematics
]TahrN_ cUrsikSaesrI ( 4n 4 1) nig n1 ?

x>lkNvinicyeRbobeFobkgTRmg;lImIt
]bmafamanesrIBIrEdlmantYviCman a nig b
edIm,IsikSaeKKNnalImIt lim ab t
ebItmlImIt lim ab t 0 enaHeKfaesrI a nig b manPaBrYm b
manPaBrIkdUcKa .
]TahrN_ sikSaesrI 2 1 n 2 1 1 2 1 2 .... 2 1 n .....
eyIgman 2 1 n 21 .
tag a 2 1 n , b 21 eK)an lim ab lim 2 2 n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
edayesrI (a ) 21 manplbUkedayELk
n 1
n 1
1
n
1 1
Sn n . 2
2 1 1
n 1 2
2
1
( an ) n
n 1
n 1 2
1
b S 21 1 21 1 kalNa n enaH esrI

CaesrIbRgYm .
dUcenHesrI 2 1 n 2 1 1 2 1 2 .... 2 1 n ..... CaesrIbRgYmEdr.
K>esrIFrNImaRt nig esrIGam:Unic
esrIFrNImaRt
]bmafamanesrI a a.q a.q a.q ..... a.q .... (a.q ) , a 0
-esrIenHCaesrIkugEvhSg;kalNa | q | 1
-esrIenHCaesrIDIEvhSg;kalNa | q | 1
n
n 1
n 1
n 1
- 39 -
Mathematics
n
]TahrN_ sikSaesrI
esrIGam:Unic
esrIGam:Unic 11 12 13 .... 1n .... ( 1n ) CaesrIDIEvhSg; .
]TahrN_
!> bgajfa 11.2 2.12 3.12 ....... n.12 ..... CaesrIbRgYm ?
@> bgajfa ln22 ln33 ...... lnnn ...... CaesrIBRgIk ?
X-lkNvinicyrbs;GaLaMEb ALEMBERT
]bmafamanesrI a a a .... a ..... (a ) (1) , a 0
edIm,IsikSaesrIenHeKRtUvKNnalImIt q lim aa
-ebI q 1 enaHesrI (1) CaesrIbRgYm
-ebI q 1enaHesrI (1) CaesrIBRgIk
-ebI q 1 enaHeKminGacsnidan)an
]TahrN_
cUrsikSaesrI e n 1e e2 e3 ....... 2en 1 .... ?
g>lkNvinicyrbs;kUsIu
edIm,IsikSaeKRtUvKNnalImIt q lim a
-ebI q 1 enaHesrI (1) CaesrIbRgYm
-ebI q 1enaHesrI (1) CaesrIBRgIk
-ebI q 1 enaHeKminGacsnidan)an
2 2 4 8
2
.... ....

3 9 27
n 1 3
3
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
2 n 1
2 n 1
n 1
- 40 -
Mathematics
]TahrN_
sikSaesrI 1 n n 12 23 34 ..... 1 n n ....
c>lkNeRbobeFobCamYYyGaMgetRkal
RbsinebI a f (n) EdlGnuKmn_ f ( x) viCman-m:UNUtUncuH nigCab;
cMeBaH x a 1 .
dUcenHesrI (1) nigGaMgetRkal f ( x).dx kugEvsg; b DIEvsg;RBmKa .
Gnuvtn_ cUrsikSaesrI Dirichlet ( n1 ) ?
III-esrIrbs;tlr
k>BnatGnuKmn_mYyCaesrIKt;
-RbsinebIGnuKmn_ f (x) mankgvrsINa | x a | R ncMnuc a .
eKfaBnatCaesrIKt;nsVyKuNrbs; ( x a) eRkamTRmg;
n2
n2
n 1
n 1
n 1
f ' ' (a)

f ( n ) (a)
2
f ( x) f (a ) f ' (a) ( x a )
( x a ) ....
( x a) n ....
n!
2!
ehAfaCaBnatesrItlr .
-ebI a 0 enaHeK)anBnatrbs;m:ak;LraMg
x
x2
x n (n)
f ( x) f (0) f ' (0)
f ' ' (0) ....
f (0) ....
n!
1!
2!
-smPaBtlr
f ' ' (a)
f ( n ) (a)
2
f ( x) f (a ) f ' (a) ( x a )
( x a ) ....
( x a) n ....
n!
2!
n
f (k )
| x a | R
R f ( x) f (a)
( x a) k 0
k 1 k!
EdlsMNl
vaBitcMeBaH
kalNa n .
- 41 -
Mathematics
]TahrN_
!>cUrBnatGnuKmn_ f ( x) 1 1 x tamBnattlrRtg;cMnuc x 1 ?
@> cUrBnatGnuKmn_ f ( x) ln(1 x) tamBnatm:ak;LraMg ?
x>rUbmnBnatGnuKmn_sMxan;
!> e 1 1x! x2! x3! ....... xn! ................
@> sin x 1x! x3! x5! ...... (1) (2xn 1)! ............
#> cos x 1 x2! x4! .......... (1) (2xn)! ............
K>Gnuvtn_esrIkgdMeNaHRsaybBaamYycMnYn
!>KNnalImItxageRkam
k> lim x xsin x
2
2 n 1
2n
x 0
x2 x4
1
cos x
2
24
lim
x 0
x6
x>
1
@> KNnaGaMgetRkal xageRkamyktmRbEhlRtwm 1000
k> I sinx x dx
x> I e x 1
#> RsaybBaak;rUbmnGWEl cos x i.sin x e , x IR , i 1
$> KNna lim 1 11! 21! 31! ...... n1!
%> edayminBnatcUrkMnt;rkelxemKuNmuxtY x rbs; ( x x 1) .
2
ix
2007
- 42 -
Mathematics
cUrsikSaPaBrIk b rYmnesrIxageRkamenH
!> (3n 21)(3n 1)
@> n(n 11)(n 2)
#> 210n 1
$> n7 1
II-cUrsikSaPaBrIk b rYmnesrIxageRkamenH
!> 12 32 2 5 2 ...... 2n 1 .....
2
......(3n 1)
@> 12 12..55 12..55..98 ......... 12..55..98.....(
4n 3)
#> 1 21! 31! ..... n1! ......
$> 2 3.3 3 5.4 4 7.5 ......... (n 12)n(n1 2) .....
%> 21 51 81 ...... (3n 1 1) ........
1
ka
II-cUrbgajfaesrI cos CaesrIbRgYm .
n
n
III-cUrsikSaesrIxageRkam
k!
!> 10k!
@> 2007
I-
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
2 n 1
k 1
k 1
#> k
k 1
k 1
k 1 (k 1) k
$> ln nn
3
3
2k 1
k
k 1 10
n2
^>
%> ln(1 x ), | x | 1
IV-cUrBnatGnuKmn_xageRkamtam m:ak;LraMg
!> f ( x) 1 1 x
@> f ( x) tan x
$> f (x) chx
#> f ( x) ln(1 x)
2n
n 0
- 43 -
Mathematics
-niymny
k>smIkarDIepr:g;Esl ( Differential Equationns )
smIkarEdlmanTRmg; F(x, y, y', y'', y' ' ',....., y ) 0 ehAfasmIkarDIepr:g;
EsllMdab;TI n .
]TahrN_ y' 'x y'2 sin x 3 0 ehAfasmIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TImYy.
x>cemIyrbs;smIkar
GnuKmn_ y (x) Edlepgpat;smIkar F(x, y, y', y' ', y'' ',....., y ) 0
ehAfacemIyrbs;smIkar .
]TahrN_ GnuKmn_ y sin x CacemIyrbs;smIkar y' ' y 0
BIeRBaH y' cos x , y' ' sin x naM[ y' ' y sin x sin x 0 Bit .
sMKal; cemIyrbs;smIkar F(x, y, y', y'', y' ' ',....., y ) 0 GacmanTRmg;
( x , y, C) 0 , C : cons tan ce ehAfacemIyTRmg;GaMBIsIut .
]TahrN_ bgajfa 3x xy y 1 0 CacemIymYyrbs;smIkar
(E) : (3y x ) y'6 x y 0 ?
II-smIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TImYy
I
(n)
(n)
(n)
( First Order Differential Equationns )
k>niymny
smIkarEdlmanTRmg; F(x , y , y') 0 ehAfasmIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TI1>
]TahrN_ y'2xy 4x 0 CasmIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TImYy.
2
- 44 -
Mathematics
x>smIkarDIepr:g;EslGefrpac;
(Separable Equationns )
-smIkarEdlmanTRmg; f (x).dx g(y).dy ehAfasmIkarGefrpac; .

-dMeNaHRsaysmIkar f (x)dx g(y)dy
eKTaj)an f (x).dx g(y).dy
naMeGay F(x) G(y) C , C IR .
]TahrN_
!> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl x 2x 1 dx e dy
eK)an x 2x 1 dx e dy
ln(x 1) e C b y ln | ln(x 1) C | , C IR .
@> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl 1 x x dx (4y 9y 4y)dy
eK)an 1 x x .dx (4y 9y 4y)dy
y
1 x 2 y 4 3y 3 2 y 2 C
dUcenH y 3y 2y 1 x C 0 .
#> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl (tan x cot x) .dx (sin y cos y) dy
4
eKman
eK)an
dUcenH
1
1
2
2
2
(tan x cot x ) tan x 2 cot x

cos 2 x sin 2 x
(sin y cos y) 2 sin 2 y 2 sin y cos y cos 2 y 1 sin 2 y

1
1
( cos 2 x sin 2 x )dx (1 sin 2 y)dy
1
tan x cot x y cos 2 y C
2
1
y cos 2 y tan x cot x C 0
C IR
2
Edl
- 45 -
Mathematics
K>smIkarDIepr:g;EslGUm:UEsnlMdab;TImYy
-smIkarDIepr:g;EslEdlmanTRmg; P(x, y)dx Q(x, y)dy 0 (E)
CasmIkarGUm:UEsn kalNaGnuKmn_ P(x, y) nig Q(x, y) CaGnuKmn_GUm:UEsn
EdlmandWeRkesIKa .
-smIkar (E) CaTUeTAeKGacsresrCaTRmg; y' f xy (E )
-edIm,IrkcemIyrbs;smIkarenHeKRtUvtagGnuKmn_ y u.x y' u u'.x
smIkar (E ) Gacsresr u u' x f (u) eday u' du
dx
du
dx
eK)an u x du
f (u ) naM[
f (u ) u x
dx
eFIVGaMgetRkal f (udu) u dxx ln | x | C Edl C IR .
]TahrN_
edaHRsaysmIkar (x 2xy 3y )dx (x 2xy)dy 0
dy
dy x 2 xy 3y
edaytag
y ux
u u' x
eK)an dx
dx
x 2 xy
eK)an u u' x x x2xu2x 3uu x 1 12u 2u3u eday u' du
dx
1 2u 3u
du 1 2u 3u
1 u u
u
eK)an u x du
b
dx
1 2u
dx
1 2u
1 2u
naM[ u 2u u 1 1 du dxx
1
2u 1
dx
du
u 1
x
2
ln | u u 1 | ln | x | ln | C | ln | Cx |
y
u 2 u 1 Cx
y ux u
x
2
y
y
1 Cx
(C 1) x 2 xy y 2 0 , C IR
2
x
x
eKTaj
eK)an
Et
naM[
.
- 46 -
Mathematics
X>smIkarDIepr:g;EslTRmg;
ax by c
y' f
a
'
x
b
'
y
c
'
- ebI det aa' bb' ab'a' b 0

edIm,IedaHRsaysmIkarenHeKRtUvtag U ax by .
-ebI det aa' bb' ab'a' b 0
edIm,IedaHRsaysmIkarenHeKRtUvtag x X x , y Y y
smIkarGacsresr Y' f aa' ((XX xx )) bb'((YY yy ))cc'
0
0
0
aX bY (ax 0 by 0 c)
Y' f
a
'
X
b
'
Y
(
a
'
x
b
'
y
c
'
)
0
0
ax 0 by 0 c 0
x0
y0
a
'
x
b
'
y
c
'
0
0
0
ebI
enaHeKGacrkeXIjtm nig
kgkrNIenHsmIkarkayCa Y' f aaX' X bY
b' Y
edaytag Y U.X Y' U U'.X enaHsmIkarGacsresr
dU
aX bU.X a bU
U U'.X f
eday U'
f
dX
a ' X b' U.x a ' b' U
dU
dX
a bU
eK)an U X. dU
.
f
b
X
dX
a bU
a ' b' U
f
U
a ' b' U
]TahrN_ edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EslxageRkam
!> y' 2xx24yy41
@> y' 42xx2yy13
#> y' 2xxyy51
$> y' xx yy 62
- 47 -
Mathematics
g>smIkarDIepr:g;EslTRmg; (E) : y'P(x).y Q(x)

edIm,IedaHRsaysmIkarenHeKRtUvGnuvtn_dUcteTA
-KuNGgTaMgBIr nwg e eK)an
P ( x ).dx
y' e
P ( x ).dx
P( x ) y e
P ( x ).dx
Q( x ). e P ( x ).dx
-tagGnuKmn_ U y e U' y' e P(x) y e

eK)an U' Q(x).e naM[ U Q(x) e .dx C , C IR
P ( x ).dx
P ( x ).dx
P ( x ).dx
P ( x ).dx
P ( x ).dx
P ( x ).dx
Q ( x ) e
dx C
P ( x ) dx
P ( x ).dx
P ( x ).dx
ye
Q
(
x
)
e
dx
C
e
-eKTaj y e
P ( x ).dx
.
dUcenH
]TahrN_ edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EslxageRkam
!> y'2xy e sin x
@> y' 1x y 3x
#> y'3x xe1 x
c>smIkarDIEbnUyI (E) : y'P(x).y Q(x).y , IR
-EckGgTaMgBIrnsmIkarnwg y eK)an y' y P(x) y Q(x)
-tag U y U' (1 ) y' y b y' y 1 1 U' , 1
smIkarGacsresr 1 1 U'P(x).U Q(x)
naM[ U'(1 )P(x).U (1 )Q(x) CasmIkarGacedaHRsay)an .
]TahrN_ edaHRsaysmIkar y'2x y (14xyx ) .
x2
x3
- 48 -
Mathematics
Q>smIkarrIkkaTI ( Riccati Equations )

smIkarEdlmanrag y' u(x) y v(x) y w(x) ehAfa Riccati Equations.
-rkGnuKmn_ y CacemIyedayELkrbs;va
-tag y y 1z Edl z 0 CaGnuKmn_RtUvrktamsmIkarlIenEGmYy.
j>smIkarEkr:U ( Clairaut Equations )
smIkarEdlmanrag y xy'f (y') ehAfasmIkarEkr:U
dy
edIm,IedaHRsayrkcemIysmIkarenHeKRtUvtag y' dx
t .
III-smIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TIBIr
2
( Second Order Differential Equationns )
k>niymny
smIkarEdlmanTRmg; F(x , y , y', y' ' ) 0 ehAfasmIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TI@>
]TahrN_ y' '(x 1)y'2xy 4x 0 CasmIkarDIepr:g;EsllMdab;TIBIr.
x>smIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGlMdab;TIBIr
smIkarTRmg; (E) ay''by'cy f (x) ehAfasmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEG
Edl a 0 , a , b , c CacMnYnBitefr .
a / ebIGnuKmn_ f ( x ) 0 enaHsmIkarkayeTACa
2
ay' ' by'cy 0 , a 0 , a , b, c IR
smIkarenHeKehAfaCasmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGGUm:UEsnlMdab;TIBIr .
-smIkarsMKal;
smIkarsMKal;rbs;smIkarDIepr:g;Esl ay' 'by'cy 0 , a 0, a, b, c IR
CasmIkardWeRkTIBIrEdlmanrag ar br c 0 .
2
- 49 -
Mathematics
-cMelIysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
edIm,IrkcMelIysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl ay' 'by'cy 0 , a 0, a, b, c IR
eKRtUvedaHRsaysmIkarsMKal; ar br c 0 .
-ebI b 4ac 0 enaHsmIkarsMKal;manbsBIr r nig r
kgkrNIenHsmIkarDIepr:g;EslmancMelIyTUeTACaGnuKmn_
y f x A.e B.e
Edl A, B IR .
-ebI b 4ac 0 enaHsmIkarsMKal;manbsDub r r 2ba r
y f x Ax B.e Edl A, B IR .
-ebI b 4ac 0 enaHsmIkarsMKal;manrwsBIrCacMnYnkMpicqas;KaKW
r i nig r i .
y f x A cos x B sin x .e Edl A, B IR .
b / ebIGnuKmn_ f ( x ) 0 enaHeK)an (E) ay' ' by'cy f ( x )
smIkarenHeKehAfaCasmIkarDIepr:g;EsllIenEGminGUm:UEsnlMdab;TIBIr .
edIm,IrkcemIysmIkarenHeKRtUvGnuvtn_dUcteTA
-rkcemIyBiess y mYyrbs;smIkar
-eK)an ay' 'by'cy f (x) (1) nig ay' 'by'cy f (x) (2)
-dksmIkar (1) & (2) eK)an a(y' ' y'' ) b(y' y' ) c(y y) 0
-tag Z y y eK)an az''bz'cz 0 CasmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
lIenEGGUm:UEsnlMdab;TIBIr .
2
r1x
r2 x
r0 x
- 50 -
Mathematics
-smIkarDIepr:g;Eslsrub nighVak;TrGaMgetRkal
k>smIkarDIepr:g;Eslsrub
]bmafamansmIkar P(x, y)dx Q(x, y)dy 0 (1)
ebIeKman P(xy, y) Q(xx, y) enaHsmIkar (1) GacsresreRkamTRmg;
dU( x , y) 0 EdleKehAfasmIkarDIepr:g;Eslsrub .
cemIyTUeTArbs;smIkar (1) KWCaGnuKmn_ U(x, y) C , C IR .
]TahrN_ edaHRsaysmIkarxageRkam
!> (3x 6xy )dx (6x y 4y )dy 0
@> (x 3xy 2)dx (3x y y )dy 0
#> (4x 3x y 2xy )dx (2x y 3x y 8y )dy 0
x>hVak;TrGaMgetRkal
]bmafamansmIkar P(x, y)dx Q(x, y)dy 0 (1)
ebIeKman P(xy, y) Q(xx, y) enaHeKnwgGacrkGnuKmn_ (x, y) mYyEdl
kMnt;[ (x, y)P(x, y)dx Q(x, y)dy dU eKfa (x, y) CahVak;TrGaMgetRkal EdlkMnt;[ y (x, y)P(x, y) x (x, y)Q(x, y) .
cMeBaHGnuKmn_ (x, y) eKGacrktamBIrkrNI
!> Q1 Py Px F(x) enaH (x)
IV
1 P P
G ( y)
P y x
enaH (y)
@>
]TahrN_ edaHRsaysmIkar (2xy x y y3 )dx (x
3
y 2 )dy 0
?
- 51 -
Mathematics
1> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;EslxageRkam
!> y'2xy x
^> y' '2y'2y 8x
&> y' '2y' y e
@> y' 2xx 1 y 1
*> y' ' y'2y sin 2x
#> y' y cos x sin x cos x
9. y' '4 y (2 x 3)e
$> xy' y xy ln x
10. y' ' y e cos x
%> y y' cos x
2> edaHRsaysmIkarDIepr:g;Esl
!> y' 2xx63yy 5
^> y' ' y 2x sin x
&> y' '4y e sin 2x
@> y' 3xx 2yy37
#> (x y)dx (x 2y)dy 0
*> y' '4y 2 sin 2x 3cos 3x
$> (x y 2x)dx 2xydy 0
(> y' ' xe y
y 3x
dy 0
!0> y' '9y x(1 e )
%> 2xdx
y
y
3> edaHRsaysmIkar
!> xx 11 dx 1ydy
y
3
3x
2x
2x
2
4
@> x dx 1 e sin y cos y .dy

#> (2x 1)(1 y ) dx y x x 4dy
$> x 1 y dx y 1 x dy
%> y tan xdx dy
2
- 52 -
Mathematics
m:aRTIs
( MATRICES )
!> viucTr
niymny sMNMumYyman n cMnYnBiterobtamlMdab;mYykMnt; a , a ,....., a
ehAfaviucTr n DIm:g;sgEdleKkMnt;sresr
1
A a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ...., a n
a1

a2
T
A a3

...

an
Edl a ehAfakMub:UhSg;TI i .
i
]TahrN_ eK[ A 25, 35, 45, 75,125, 225 CaviucTrman ^ DIm:g;sg .

@> niymnym:aRTIs
taragmYyEdlman m viucTr nig n DIm:g;sgkMnt;sresrkgvg;RkckCarag
A (a ij ) mn
a 11 a 12 a 13
a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33

a
m1 a m 2 a m 3
.....
.....
.....
.....
a 1n
a 2n
a 3n

a mn
ehAfam:RTIslMdab; m.n .
ehAfacMnYnlIj , n :ehAfacMnYnkUeLan nig a CaFatuenAelIlIjTI i

kUeLanTI j .
m:
ij
- 53 -
Mathematics
]TahrN_ eK[
1
A 7
4
3
5 3
6 4
2 1
1 9
8 7
Cam:aRTIslMdab; 5 3 .
#> RbePTnm:aRTIs
a / Zero matrix :
ma:RTIsTaMgGs;EdlmanFatuTaMgGs;esIsUn ehAfam:aRTIssUn tageday

O .
mn
]TahrN_
0
A 0
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
ehAfam:aRTIssUnlMdab; 5 4 .
b / Square matrix :
m:aRTIsmYyEdlmancMnYnlIjsInwgcMnYnkUeLanehAfa m:aRTIskaer
EdleKkMnt;sresr
]TahrN_
3
A
1
a 11 a 12 a 13
a 21 a 22 a 23
A (a ij ) nn a 31 a 32 a 33

a
n1 a n 2 a n 3
7 3 0
0 4 2
2 5 4
8 1 3
.....
.....
.....
a 1n
a 2n
a 3n

a nn
ehAfam:aRTIskaer .
c / Triangular matrix :
m:aRTIskarmYyEdlmanFatu a
EdleKkMnt;sresr
.....
ij
0 , i j or i j
ehAfa m:aRTIsRtIekaN
- 54 -
Mathematics
a 11
0
A (a ij ) nn 0
0
A
0
]TahrN_
a 12
a 13
.....
a 22
a 23
.....
a 33
.....
a 1n
a 2n
a 3n

a nn

0
0 .....
5 3 9
7 1 6
0 4 8
0 0 5
ehAfama:RTIsRtIekaN .
d / Diagonal matrix :
m:aRTIskaermYyEdlmanFatu a
EdleKkMnt;sresr A (a )
ij
]TahrN_
0
A 0
0
0
nn
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 7
0 0 0
ij
0 ,i j
0
0
a 11
0
0 a 22
0
0 a 33

0
0
0
0
0
3
EdleKkMnt;sresr
a ii 0
.....
.....
.....
0
0

a nn
ehAfa m:aRTIskta
0
0
1
1
0
0
I n (a ij ) nn 0
0
1

0
0
0
.....
ehAfam:aRTIsGgt;RTUg .
e / Indentity matrix :
m:aRTIsGgt;RTUgEdlmanFatu
ehAfa m:aRTIsGgt;RTUg
.....
.....
.....
.....
0
0
- 55 -
Mathematics
]TahrN_
0
I
0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
ehAfam:aRTIskta .
f / Transpose of matrix :
m:aRTIsRtg;s,:nm:aRTIs A (a ) KWCam:aRTIsEdltageday
.
ij
]TahrN_ ebI
1 3
A 2 5
4 7
naM[
mn
1 2 4
A T
3 5 7
A T (a ji ) nm
g / Equality of matrix :
m:aRTIs A (a ) nig B (b ) Cam:RTIsBIresIKakalNaFatu a

eK[m:aRTIsBIr A 23xa 13 4yb25 32zc 23 nig B 75 98 109
kMnt;cMnYnBit a , b , c , x , y nig z edIm,I[ A B

ij
mn
eK)an A B kalNa
ij
mn
ij
b ij
3a 1 7
4b 5 9
2c 3 9
2x 3 5
naM[
y 28
3z 2 10
a 2 , b 1, c 3 , x 4 , y 6 , z 4
$> RbmaNviFInm:aRTIs
a / Addition of matrices :
-ma:RTIsBIrGacbUk b dkKa)an kalNavaCam:aRTIsmanlMdab;dUcKa .

- 56 -
Mathematics
-sntfaeKmanma:RTIsBIr A ( a ) nig B ( b )
eK)anrUbmnplbUk A B a b nigpldk A B a
ij
mn
ij
ij
ij
mn
mn
ij
b ij
mn
17 11 95
23 10 83
A 34 25 57 , B 21 14 35
68 71 75
15 50 46
17 23 11 10 95 83 40 21 188
A B 34 21 25 14 57 35 55 36 92
68 15 71 50 75 46 83 121 121
17 23 11 10 95 83 6 1 12

A B 34 21 25 14 57 35 13 11 22
68 15 71 50 75 46 53 21 29
]TahrN_ eK[m:aRTIs
eK)an
nig
b / Scalair multiplication;
plKuN ma:RTIs A a
. A .a ij
ij
mn
nwgcMnYnefr KWCam:aRTIskMnt;eday
]TahrN_ ebI
5 3 4
A 4 9 7
7 4 6
eK)an
35 21 28
7 A 28 63 49
49 28 42
c / Multiplication of matrices:
ma:RTIsBIrGacKuNKa)anluHRtaEtm:aRTITImYymancMnYnkUeLanesInwgcMnYnlIjn
m:aRTIsTIBIr . ]bmafaeKmanma:RTIsBIr A a nig B b
plKuNma:RTIs A nig B KWCam:aRTIs C kMnt;eday C A.B c
Edl c a .b a b a b a b ..... a b .
ij
ij
mn
ij
np
mp
ij
k 1
ik
kj
]TahrN_ eK[m:aRTIs
i1
1j
i2
2j
i3
3j
in
nj
4 2 9
1 3
A 1 5 4 , B 2 4
2 7 3
3 5
- 57 -
Mathematics
eK)an
dUcenH
4 2 9 1 3 4.1 2.2 9.3 4.3 2.4 9.5
C A.B 1 5 4 . 2 4 1.1 5.2 4.3 1.3 5.4 4.5

2 7 3 3 5 2.1 7.2 3.3 2.3 7.4 3.5
35 65
C 23 43
25 49
d / Powers of matrices:
ebI A a Cama:RTIskaerenaHeKkMnt;sVyKuNnm:aRTIseday
!> A A.A , A A .A , A A .A , ....., A A .A , p IN * , P 2
@> A .A A
#> A A
$> A I Edl I Cam:aRTIskta .
ij
nn
np
np
p 1
]TahrN_ eK[m:aRTIs A 24
eK)an
nig
A2
A3
5
2 3 2 3 2.2 3.4 2.3 3.5 16 21

.

A 2 A.A
4
5
4
5
4
.
2
5
.
4
4
.
3
5
.
5
28
37
cUrKNna
nig
16 21 2 3 16.2 21.4 16.3 21.5 116 153

.

A 3 A 2 .A
28
37
4
5
28
.
2
37
.
4
28
.
3
37
.
5
204
269
16 21
116 153
, A 3
A 2
28 37
204 269
dUcenH
e / Properties of matrix operations
ebI A , B, C ma:RTIs nig , , CabIcMnYnBitbsaElenaHeKman

!> A B B A
^> A.(B.C) (A.B).C
@> A (B C) (A B) C
&> A.(B C) A.B A.C
- 58 -
Mathematics
#> (A B C) A B C
$> ( ) A A A A
%> O A A O A
%> edETmINg;nm:aRTIskaer
a / Determinant of order
*> (A B).C A.C B.C

(> A.B B.A
!0> A . I I . A A
n
2 2
a
A 11
a 21
a 12
a 22
eK[ma:RTIslMdab; 2 2 kMnt;eday
edETmINg;nm:aRTIs A kMnt;eday
| A | det(A)
a 11
a 21
a 12
a 11 .a 22 a 12 .a 21
a 22
]TahrN_ KNnaedETmINg;nm:aRTIs A 73
eK)an | A | det(A) 73 85
dUcenH | A | det(A) 41 .
7.8 3.5 56 15 41
b / Minors and Cofactors :
eK[ma:RTIskaer A ( a ) .
Minor nFatu a CaedETmINg;nm:aRTIsEdlbnab;BIlublIjTI i
nigkUeLanTI j ecj EdleKkMnt;tag Minor nFatu a eday M .
Cofactor nFatu a kMnt;tageday C (1) .M .
ij
nn
ij
ij
ij
i j
ij
]TahrN_ eK[ma:RTIs
a 21
ij
2 1 4
A 5 3 7
9 6 8
ij
cUrKNnamINrnigkUhVak;TrnFatu
?
eK)an
M 21
1 4
6 8
8 24 16
nig C
21
(1) 21 .16 16
.
- 59 -
Mathematics
c / Determinant of order 3 3
eK[ma:RTIslMdab; 3 3 kMnt;eday
a 11
A a 21
a
31
a 12
a 22
a 32
a 13
a 23
a 33
edETmINg;nm:aRTIs A kMnt;eday
a 11
| A | det(A) a 21
a 31
a 12
a 22
a 32
a 13
a 23 a 11C11 a 12 C12 a 13 C13
a 33
d / Determinant of order
eK[ma:RTIskaer A a
ij
nn
nn
. edETmINg;nm:aRTIsenHkMnt;tageday
| A | det(A) a i1C i1 a i 2 C i 2 a i 3 C i 3 ........ a in C in a ik .C ik

n
k 1
n
| A | det(A) a i1C i1 a i 2 C i 2 a i 3 C i 3 ........ a in C in a ik .C ik

k 1
^> smIkarnm:aRTIs
a / Matix Cofactors :
ma:RTIskUhVak;Trnm:aRTIskaer A a KWCam:aRTIskMnt;eday C C
Edl C (1) .M .
ij
nn
ij
nn
i j
ij
ij
b / Adjoint Matix :
ma:RTIs Adjo int nm:aRTIskaer

A a KWCam:aRTIsRtg;s,:nm:aRTIskUhVak;Tr
nm:aRTIskaer A a EdleKkMnt;sresr Adj(A) C .
c / ma: RTIseTal
EdlehAfam:aRTIseTalKWCam:aRTIskaerEdlmanedETmINg;esIsUn .
ij
nn
ij
]TahrN_ cUrbgajfa
nn
1 2 3
A 4 5 6
7 8 9
Cam:aRTIseTal .
- 60 -
Mathematics
d / Invers of Matix :
ebI A minEmnCama:RTIseTalenaH cMras;nma:RTIskaer

A a Cam:aRTIsEdl
tageday A nigepgpat; A . A A . A I .
ij
nn
2
1 1
A 2 3
5
1 3 5
]TahrN_ eK[ma:RTIs
cUrepgpat;fama:RTIsRcas; ( Matrix inverses ) nm:aRTIs A kMnt;eday

0 1 1
A 1 5 3
1
3 2 1
e / rUbmnk Mntr; kma: RTIsRcas;

A 1
1
Adj(A )
|A|
f / rUbmnr kmaR: TIsRcas; nma: RTIskaerlMdab;
ebIeKman
2 2
a b
d b
1
A 1
.
A
ad bc c a
c d
]TahrN_ cUrrkm:aRTIsRcas;nm:aRTIs
g / smIkarma: RTIs
7 8
A
5
6
]bmafaeKmanm:aRTIsbI A , B , X Edl det(A) 0 .

TMnak;TMng A .X B ehAfasmIkarm:aRTIs
ebIeyIgKuNGgTaMgBIrnsmIkarnwg A eK)an
A . A . X A . B eday A . A I nig I . X I Edl I Cam:aRTIskta
1
- 61 -
Mathematics
dUcenH X A .B .
&> RbBnsmIkarlIenEG
k-niymny
RbBnman n smIkarlIenEGman n GBaatEdlmanTRmg;Ca
1
a 11 x 1 a 12 x 2 a 13 x 3 .......... a 1n x n b1
a x a x a x .......... a x b
22 2
23 3
2n n
2
21 1
(S) : a 31 x 1 a 32 x 2 a 33 x 3 .......... a 3 x x n b 3

a n1 x 1 a n 2 x 2 a n 3 x 3 ........... a nn x n b n
ehAfaRbBnsmIkarlIenEGman n GBaat nig n smIkar .

x-cemIyRbBns mIkarlIenEG
ebIsinCaeKtag
a 11 a 12 a 13
a 21 a 22 a 23
A a 31 a 32 a 33

a
n1 a n 2 a n 3
.....
.....
.....
.....
a 1n
x1
b1

x
a 2n
2
b2
a 3 n , X x 3 and B b 3

....
.....
a nn
x4
bn
RbBnsmIkar (S) GacsresreRkamTRmg;smIkarm:aRTIs A .X B .

ebI det(A) 0 eKTaj)an X A . B .
1
- 62 -
Mathematics
lMhat;TI1
eK[m:aRTIs
1
A (a ij ) 4
0
5
1 3 4 1
3 1 0 2
2 3 1 2
1 4 3 1
1 2 7 4
k-cUrbBaak;RbePT nig lMdab;nm:aRTIs A .

x-cUrkMnt;tmnFatu a , a , a , a .
K-cUrsresrFatuTaMgGs;EdlenAelIGgt;RTUgBiess .
dMeNaHRsay
k-ma:RTIs A Cam:aRTIskaerlMdab; 5 5 .
x-kMnt;tmnFatu
eK)an a 2 , a 1 , a 1 , a 4 .
K-FatuenAelIGgt;RTUgBiessman
a 2,a 3,a 3,a 3,a 4 .
lMhat;TI2
cUrkMnt;tm x , y , z , t edIm,I[ e2 logln yt 82 32
25
25
11
34
22
34
52
52
33
43
43
44
55
eK)an
e x 2
ln y 3
x ln 2 , y e 3 , z 3 , t 9
z
2 8
log 3 t 2
- 63 -
Mathematics
lMhat;TI3
kMnt;rkm:aRTIs X and Y Edlepgpat;
3 5
4 5
and 3X 2Y
X Y
7
9
6
7
dMeNaHRsay
eKman X Y 73
5
6 10
2X 2Y
(1)
9
14 18
4 5
2
3X 2Y
6 7
2 3
6 10 4 5 10 15
X

5X
14
18
6
7
20
25
4
5

3 5
3 5 2 3 1 2
X

Y
7
9
7
9
4
5
3
4
1 2
2 3
and Y
X
3 4
4 5
. bUksmIkar ! nig @ eK)an
nig
ehIy
.
dUcenH
lMhat;TI4
edaHRsayRbBntamm:aRTIs 32xx 43yy 107
148
dMeNaHRsay
tag A 23 43 , X xy , B 107

148
RbBnsmIkarGacsresr A.X B X A .B
tamrUbmn A ac db A ad 1 bc . dc ab
1
eK)an
4 3
4 3 4 3
1

A 1
.
2.4 3.3 3 2
3 2 3 2
4 3 107 4(107) 3(148) 16

.

X
3 2 148 3(107) 2(148) 25
eK)an
naM[ x 16 , y 25 .
- 64 -
Mathematics
lMhat;TI5
edaHRsayRbBntamm:aRTIs
x 1 x 2 2 x 3 3
2 x 1 3x 2 5x 3 7
x 3x 5x 9
2
3
1
dMeNaHRsay
tag
x1
1 1 2
3

A 2 3 5 , X x2 , B 7
1 3
9
x
5
eK)an
A.X B X A 1 .B
bnab;BIKNnaeK)an
eKTaj
1
1
0
A 1 5 3 1
3 2
1
1
1 3 2
x1 0

x
1
2
. 7 3
x 3 2
1 9 4
3
dUcenH x 2 , x
lMhat;TI6
1
eK[m:aRTIs
3 , x 4 4
2 1 4
A 1 1 2
3 1 5
k-cUrrkm:aRTIskUhVak;Tr C nm:aRTIs A
rYcTajrk Adjo int Matrix : Adj(A) .
x-KNnaedETmINg; det(A) | A | .
K-Tajrkm:aRTIsRcas; A nm:aRTIs A
1
( Inverse of Matrix )
- 65 -
Mathematics
X-cUrTajbeBajcemIyRbBn
2 x y 4z 23
(S) : x y 2z 13
3x y 5z 29
dMeNaHRsay
k-rkm:aRTIskUhVak;Tr C nigm:aRTIsGahSg; adj(A)
eKman
C11
C C 21
C
31
C13
C 23
C 33
C12
C 22
C 32
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
11
C11 (1)11 .M 11 M11
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
12
1 2
523
1 5
C12 (1)1 2 .M 12 M 12
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
13
21
1 1
3 1
22
23
1 4
5 4 1
1 5
2 4
3 5
31
10 12 2
C 23 (1) 23 .M 23 M 23
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
1 3 2
C 22 (1) 2 2 .M 22 M 22
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
(5 6) 1
C 21 (1) 21 .M 21 M 21
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
3 5
C13 (1)13 .M 13 M13
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
1 2
2 1
(2 3) 1
3 1
- 66 -
Mathematics
C 31 (1) 31 .M 31 M 31
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
32
1 4
1 2
C 32 (1) 3 2 .M 32 M 32
-rkkUhVak;TrnFatu a
33
2 4
440
1 2
C 33 (1) 33 .M 33 M 33
dUcenH
2 4 2
2 1
2 11
1 1
1 2
3
C 1 2 1
2 0
1
nig
x-KNnaedETmINg; det(A) | A |
tamrUbmn det(A) | A | a C a
11
11
3 1 2
adj(A) C T 1 2 0
2 1
1
12
C12 a 13 C13
2(3) 1(1) 4(2) 6 1 8 1
dUcenH det(A) | A | 1 .
K-Tajrkm:aRTIsRcas; A nm:aRTIs A
1
tamrUbmneK)an
2
3 1
1
A 1
0
adj(A) 1 2
det(A)
2 1 1
X-TajbeBajcemIyRbBn (S)
tag
x
2 1 4
A 1 1 2 , X y
z
3 1 5
RbBnsmIkarGacsresrCa
2 x y 4z 23
: x y 2z 13
3x y 5z 29
23

and B 13
29

A.X B X A 1 . B
- 67 -
Mathematics
eday
eK)an
2
3 1
A 1 1 2
0
2 1 1
2 23 69 13 58 2
x 3 1

y
1
2
0
.
13
23
26
0
3

z 2 1 1 29 46 13 29 4

tamsRmayxagelI
dUcenH x 2 , y 3 , z 4 .
lMhat;TI7
eK[m:aRTIs
3
1 2
A 4 x
6
7 8 x 4
Edl x CacMnYnBit .
cUrkMnt; x edIm,I[ A Kanm:aRTIsRcas; ?

dMeNaHRsay
kMnt;cMnYnBit x
edIm,I[ A Kanm:aRTIsRcas;luHRtaEtvaCam:aRTIseTal mannyfa det(A) 0
eK)an det(A) 1. 8x x 6 4 2. 74 x 6 4 3. 74 x8
x 2 4 x 48 8x 32 84 96 21x
x 2 25x 100 0 x 1 5 , x 2 20
dUcenH
x 5 , 20
- 68 -
Mathematics
!>eK[m:aRTIs
4
A
2
3 9 7
2 7
1 2 8
5 1
and
B
1 2
4 5 1
7 6 4
4 2
k-cUrKNna M A B and N A B .
x-cUrKNna P 2A 3B and Q 3A 2B .
@> eK[m:aRTIsBIr
3 9
8 4
7 1
5 6
1 4 3
2 5 7
and B 2 3 4
A
3 4 1
3 5 4
cUrKNnaplKuNm:aRTIs A.B .
#> eK[m:aRTIs
4 2 3
1 8 3
A 1 3 5 and B 2 5 1
2 3 4
3 2 4
cUrKNna A.B nig B.A .

$> eK[m:aRTIs A 32 75 .
cUrKNna A , A and A .
2
%> eK[m:aRTIs
0
3
2
A 1 4 2
1 3 5
14 9 12
B 3
7
1
1 6
8
cUrKNnaplKuN A.B .
^> eK[m:aRTIs
1
2
1 1 2
0
A 2 3 5 B 5 3 1
1 3
3 2
5
1
cUrKNnaplKuN A.B . etIeKGacsnidan)andUcemc?

- 69 -
Mathematics
&> eK[m:aRTIs
2 1 3
A 3 2 1
1 2 3
k- kMNt;rkma:RTIsRtg;s,: A nma:RTIs A .
x-KNnaplKuN A.A nig A .A .
T
*> eK[m:aRTIs
1 4 3
A 3 2 0
2 1 4
k-kMNt;ma:RTIskUhVak;Tr nma:RTIs A .
x-Tajrkma:RTIs Adj A .
(>eK[m:aRTIs
1 0 2
A 0 3 4
2 7 0
rkma:RTIsRcas;rbs;va .
!0> eK[m:aRTIs
k-kMNt;
x-kMNt;
0 2 7
A 1 6 2
2 3 4
Adj A
A 1
.
2 0 1 3
2 0 3 1
A
0 2 2 1
1
3
4
2
a b
1 2
14 13
, B
and C
A
c d
4 3
24 23
!!> kMnt;rkm:aRTIsRcas;nm:aRTIs
!@> eK[m:aRTIs
kMnt;cMnYnBit a , b , c , d edIm,I[ A.B C .
- 70 -
Mathematics
!#> eK[m:aRTIs
1 2 3
A 4 5 6
7 8 9
cUrbgajfa A Cam:aRTIseTal rYcKNna A nig ( A ) .

2
!$> eK[m:aRTIs
k-cUrKNna
x-KNna
1 4
2 5
, B
A
2 9
1 3
A 2 , B 2 , A.B
rYcTajrk A
2A.B B 2
A B and (A B) 2
K-eRbobeFob
(A B) 2
!%> eK[m:aRTIs
cUreRbobeFob
nig
A 2 2A.B B 2
1 4
A
0 1
A 2 .A 3 , A 3 .A 2 , A 4 .A and A.A 4
sin
!^> eK[m:aRTIs A cos

sin cos
k-cUrKNna A , A , A .
x-Tajrk A , n IN * .
2
!&> eK[ma:RTIs
0
A
0
0 0 0
b 0 0
0 c 0
0 0 d
k-cUrKNna A , A , A .
x-Tajrk A , n IN * .
K-KNnaplbUk S A A A
2
, a , b, c, d IR 0 , 1 , 1
..... A n
.
- 71 -
Mathematics
!*> eK[m:aRTIs
0
A
0
2 4 3
4 1 5
0 2 3
0 0 1
k-KNna A , ( A ) , A 2A.A (A )
x-eRbobeFob (A A ) and A 2A.A (A )
!(-eK[ A and B Cam:aRTIskaermanlMdab;dUcKa .
ebI A.B B.A cUrbgajfa A.B A .B .
2
A 2
1
0 1
A 1 5 3
3 2
@0> eKmanm:aRTIs
k-bgajfa
x-edaHRsaRbBntamm:aRTIs
3
5
3 5
1
1
1
x 1 x 2 2 x 3 2
2 x 1 3x 2 5 x 3 7
x 3x 5x 9
2
3
1
1
@!> edaHRsayRbBntamm:aRTIs
x 1 2 x 2 3x 3 20
2 x 1 3x 2 4 x 3 11
3x 5x 2 x 13
2
3
1
- 72 -

Integral PDF

Cargado por

Información del documento

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Integral PDF

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Mathematics

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

y' n.u '.u n 1

y' u ' v v' u

y' ' ( x ) f ' ( x )

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

18> x dx a 21a .ln xx aa c

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

g> f x gx .dx f x .dx gx .dx

eK)an I f x .' x .dx f u .du

S f ( x ).dx F( x )a F(b) F(a )

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

lIj nig pnnIv:Urbs;GnuKmn_

-ebI y minERbRbYlenaH Z kayCaGnuKmn_manmYyGefr x .

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

]TahrN_ ! eK[GnuKmn_ Z f ( x, y) 2 x 3x y 5xy

eK)an Z' 3x 3yz , Z' 3y 3xz , Z' 3z 3xyz .

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

]TahrN_ rkDIepr:g;EslsrubnGnuKmn_ z x 4xy 3y

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

]TahrN eKeGayGnuKmn Z f x, y 2x 5y 2xy 6x 6y 34

edrIevnGnuKmn_eFobnig u nig v GacKNnatamrUbmn

]TahrN_! > cUrKNna Zu nig Zv ebI Z sin x sin y

]TahrN_ cUrKNnaedrIevnGnuKmn_ Z 2 x 3 y kgTismYykMnt;

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

P( x, y ).dx Q( x, y ).dy P( x, y ).dx Q( x, y ).dy

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

]TahrN_ cUrbegItbg;b:H nig nrm:al;np

F ' x ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )( X x0 ) F ' y ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )(Y y0 ) F ' z ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )( Z z 0 ) 0

F ' x ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) F ' y ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) F ' Z ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

^> cUrKNna dudt Edl u x z y , x r cos t , y r sin t , z h .

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

!(> cUrkMnt;rkGnuKmn_ Z f ( x, y) EdlmanDIepr:g;EslsrubxageRkam

xdx ydy zdz

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

eKman f (x , y ).S Volume collonnette

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

eK)an V lim f (x , y ).S f (x, y).dS f (x, y).dxdy .

f ( x, y).dxdy dx f (x, y).dy

x>sntfa D (x, y) / c y d , (y) x (y)

f (x, y).dxdy dy f (x, y).dx

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

K>sMKal; ebI D (x, y) / a x b , c y d

k.f ( x, y).dxdy k . f (x, y)dxdy

f ( x, y).dxdy . f ( x, y)dxdy f ( x.y)dxdy

[f ( x, y) g( x, y)].dxdy . f ( x, y)dxdy g( x.y)dxdy

f ( x, y).dxdy f (u, v) ; (u, v). | J |.dudv

Prepared by Lim Phalkun

dUcenH f (x, y).dxdy f r cos , r sin .rdrd .

I (r cos ) 2 (r sin ) 2 .rdrd

]TahrN_2 KNna I xydxdy

Edl D kMnt;edayGkSkUGredaenn Astroide

]TahrN_3 KNna I ydxdy

Prepared by Lim Phalkun