Electron Shells __—_fleton sells | | The fact thet electrons occupy "shells" around the nucleus is what causes the whole of chemi Remember that, and watch how it applies to each bit of it. It's ace. Electron Shell Rules: eee ee en a Peer ese 2) The lowest energy levels ate alwaus filled first. PORE a eee ee) Pe es A Si a COS 4) Atoms are much happier when they have full Petre ye Rimes te eer mel ey RC Ou ROC mee 4th shell still filling Working out Electron Configurations You need to know the electron configurations for the first 20 elements. But they're not hard to work out. For a quick example, take Nitrogen. Follow the steps. 1) The periodic table (see below) tells us Nitrogen has seven protons... so it must have seven electrons. 2) Follow the ‘Electron Shell Rules' above. The first shell can only take 2 electrons and the second shell can take @ maximum of 8 electrons. 8) 8o the electron configuration for Electrons rule... There's some really important stuff on this page and you really do need to learn all of it. Once you have, itll make all of the rest of the stuff in this book an awful lot easi calculating electron configurations and drawing electron shell diagrams. FY Boer Nitrogen must be 2,5. Easy peasy. He tesa a 4) Now you ry it for Argon. a On o | 2 |cprean dase proenia.=2 Li oie [Be ence IB em Nev seen © @y ©] © 2 22 WP 20 29 roisis 3 | poutine | poe 8 reid | Na Sear |g uei@lBAY Aria IAP feo & : & Se SS 28 288 288 pounded fate onsen ani anen sa oe nea | tules. 1's got 18 protone, eo it muet have 18 eloctrone. The first i shell must have 2 elecirone, the second chall must have 8, and eo i the third shell must have 8 as well. H's es easy ae 2.8.8. ! ! i 1 i | ‘Module Ejght — Structures and Bonding‘ AQA Movvtar SyzsaBus| Electron Shells and lons Ez Simple lons — Groups 1 & 2 and 6 & 7 1) Remember, atoms that have lost or gained an electron (or electrons) are ions. 2) The elements that most readily form ions ere those in Groups 1, 2, 6, and 7. 3) Group Land 2 elements are metals end they lose elecirons to form -tve ions or cations. 4) Group 6 and 7 elements are non-metals. They gain electrons to form 5) Make sure you know these easy ones: COLAO Nhs} ANIONS ao § (oa yesy LT M 6) When any of the above elements react together, they form ionic bonds. 7) Only elements at opposite sides of the periodic table wil form ionic bonds, e.g. Na and Cl, where one of them becomes @ cation (++ve) and one becomes an anion (-ve). ‘Remember, the + and ~ oharges we talk about, e.g. Na* for sodium, just fell you what type of ion the atom WILL FORM in @ chemical reaction. In sodium metal there are only neutral sodium atoms, Na. The Ne* ions will only appear if the sodium metal reacts with something like water or chlorine. Electronic structure of some simple ions ‘A useful way of representing ions ie by specifying the ion’s name, followed by its electron configuration tend the charge on the fon. For example, the electronic structure of the sodium ion Na* can be represented by [2,8]*. That's the electron configuration followed by the charge on the ion. Simple enough. A few ions and the ionic compounds they form are shown below. Mg (2.8]** 0 [2,8] MgO. (Megnesium Oxide) C1 (2.8.8) Ca (2,8,8)** cl [2,8,8)" Cally (Calcium Chloride) Simpl looks simple enough to me... Yet again, more stuff you've got to know. LEARN which atoms form 1+, I-, 2+ and 2- ions, and why. You need to know how to represent ions both in [x,y] notation and by diagrams. When you think you've got it, cover the page and start scribbling to see what you really know. Then look back, lear the bits you missed, and iry again. And again. _ AOA Moputar SyiaBus Module Eight — Structures and Bonding