Fluid Mechanics I

MAE 308 (Dr. Echekki)

HW # 6 Solution (Corrected)
Problem 1. (The Material Derivative) The temperature distribution in a fluid is given by
T = 10 x + 5 y, where x and y are the horizontal and vertical coordinates in meters and T is in
degrees centigrade. Determine the time rate of change of temperature of a fluid particle traveling:

1. Horizontally with u = 20 m/s, v = 0, or

2. Vertically with u = 0, v = 20 m/s.
References: 1) class notes, 2) Section 4.2.1 in the textbook.
Hints: 1) write the material derivative, 2) express it in terms spatial and temporal derivatives, 3)
substitute the values for x and y in the right-hand side as a function of time (based on solution for
a pathline of a fluid particle).
Solution:

The time rate of change of temperature of a fluid particle is the material derivative (derivative
with respect to time as a fluid particle moves in space at the fluid velocity). Therefore, given the
profiles of the temperature and the velocity field, we can use the expression for the material
derivative (note that there is no component in the z-direction in either profile given and that
neither
the
flow
field
nor
the
temperature
is
time
dependent):
DT T
T
T
T
T
T
=
=u
+v
= u (10 ) + v ( 5 ) = 10 u + 5 v
+u
+v
+w
Dt
t
x
y
x
y
z
1. Horizontally with u = 20 m/s, v = 0:

2. Vertically with u = 0, v = 20 m/s:

DT
= 10 u + 5 v = 200 C/s.
Dt

DT
= 10 u + 5 v = 100 C/s.
Dt

Problem 2. (The Reynolds Transport Theorem) A 2D bend has a linear velocity profile at the
y
inlet (section 1), u ( y ) = U max . The flow is uniform at the outlet (section 2) with a velocity,
h1
u ( x ) = U 0 . The inlet and outlet channel widths are different (h1 for the inlet and h2 for the outlet).

The bend has a uniform depth, b. The fluid is incompressible and the flow is steady.

2
h2

h1
1

1. Determine the mass flux across the inlet:

( v in ) dA in terms of , Umax, h1, and b

CS1

2. Determine the mass flux across the outlet:

( v in ) dA in terms of , U0, h2, and b.

CS 2

3. Using the Reynolds transport theorem and mass conservation, express the maximum inlet
velocity, Umax, in terms of U0, h1 and h2.
References: 1) class notes, 2) Section 4.4 in the textbook.
Hints: 1) Determine the flame normal for each surface, 2) Express dA in terms of only one
variable (you end up with a single integral, not a double integral), 3) evaluate the integrals for the
mass fluxes, 4) Use RTT and mass conservation to find Umax.
Solution:
1. The mass flux across the intlet:

( v in ) dA .

Given that the density is a constant, we can

CS1

y
take it out of the integral. Also, dA = b dy, n = ( 1, 0, 0 ) , v = U max , 0, 0 . Therefore,
h2

y
v in = U max .
Evaluating,
h2

CS1

( v in ) dA = U max
0
h1

U max h1
U max h12
1
y
d
d
b
y
b
y
y
b = U max b h1 = ( v in ) dA
=

0
2
2
h1
h1
h1
CS1

2. The mass flux across the outlet:

( v in ) dA . Given that the density is a constant, we can

CS 2

take it out of the integral. Also, dA = b dx, n = ( 0,1, 0 ) , v = ( 0, U 0 , 0 ) . Therefore, v in = U 0 .

Evaluating,

( v in ) dA = ( +U ) b dx = U b
h2

CS 2

h2

dx = U 0 b h2 =

( v in ) dA

CS 2

3. Using the Reynolds transport theorem and mass conservation and given that the flow is steady
(there is no storage term), then:
1
h
CS ( v in ) dA = 0 = CS ( v in ) dA + CS ( v in ) dA = 2 U maxb h1 + U 0 b h2 = 0 U max = 2U 0 h12
1
2