READING TUTORIAL: VOCABULARY BUILDIN' This section of the text provides synonyms for more than 500 words, together with practice exercises designed to improve your ability to use context to choose the word that best fits into a sentence, ‘VOCABULARY EXERCISE 1 188 abandon « desert, leave behind able adj. capable, qualified, fit abolish v, end, eliminate abrupt ad}. sudden, hasty, unexpected acclaim 1 applaud, praise, honor; n. applause, praise, honor accommodating adj, helpful, welcoming, cooperative acrid adj. bitter, sharp, biting adapt » adjust, modify adept ad}. skillful, expert adhere 1 stick, cling admonish 1 warn, caution, advise adorn v decorate, ornament advent 1, coming, arrival adverse adj. hostile, negative, contrary affluent adj rich, wealthy, prosperous, well-to-do, thriving aggravate 1 (1) annoy, irritate; (2) intensify, worsen aggregate adj. entire, total, combined agile adj, graceful, nimble, lively ailment x. sickness, iliness, disease allot v, divide, distribute amazing adj. astonishing, estounding, surprising, startling amiable adj. agreeable, congenial, pleasant, friendly anticipate 1 foresee, expect, predict anxious adj. (1) wortied, nervous, apprehensive; (2) eager, avid appraise v. evaluate, estimate, assess apt adj. (1) appropriate, suitable, correct, relevant, proper; (2) likely, prone arduous adj, difficult, strenuous, exhausting atid adj. dry, barren aroma n, fragrance, smell, odor, scent axtificial adj. synthetic, imitation, man-made astonishing ad) surprising, amazing, astoundingReading Tutorial: Vocabulary Building 189 astute adj. intelligent, clever, perceptive attain 1. accomplish, achieve ipplement, increase, strengthen, expand austere adj strict, harsh, severe, stem authentic adj. genuine, true averse adj. opposed to, against, hostile to aversion 7. dislike, hostility, fear awkward adj. clumsy augment »:s Directions: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- Jary items (A), (B), or (C), according to the context of the sentences, The first one is done for you as an example. 1. Penicillin can have an_A__ effect on a person who is allergic to it. (A) adverse (B) anxious (OC) awkward 2. Bumingrubber produces an___ smoke. adept arid acrid 43. Rationing is a system for _ scarce resources. allotting adapting appraising 4, Anthrax is generally an transmitted to humans. of sheep and cattle, but it can also be ailment aroma aversion 5. Lawrence Gilman is admired for his _, scholarly musical criticism, austere astute abrupt 6 sport. austere arduous anxious 7. Turtles __ their eggs after they lay them and never see their young. abandon appraise adorn &. Scholarships allow some students from less_ families to attend college. artificial affluent amiable 9. Jewelers are sometimes asked to _ jewelry for insurance purposes. attain abandon appraise 10, Acrobats must be extremely. awkward afflzent agile190 Section 1 Guide to Reading LL. Southern Arizona hasan ___ climate. arid astute acrid 12, Aperson suffering from claustrophobia has an __ to confined spaces. ailment aversion acclaim 13, Pethaps the most ___ evolutionary development in penguins is a gland that, can remove salt from seawater, arid astonishing amiable 14, Readers in the eighteenth century found Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense extremely persuasive, in part because it contained many _ quotations apt anxious awkward 15. Some lakes are natural, but others are streams. i acrid aggregate ‘artificial , formed by damming rivers or 16. Twas told that the librariaas here were not very helpful, but I found them quite accommodating averse austere ‘VocCABULARY EXERCISE 2 baiile 1. confuse, puzzle, mystify balmy adj, mild, warm ban u, prohibit, forbid bar 1. prevent, obstruct, block barren adj.sterile, unproductive, bleak, lifeless barter x: trade, exchange beckon u summon, call, signal belligerent ad}. hostile, aggressive beneficial adj, helpful, useful, advantageous benevolent adj, benign, kind, compassionate, good bias n. prejudice blanched adj. whitened, bieached, pale bland adj mild, tasteless, dull blatant adj. flagrant, obvious, overt blend u. mix, mingle, combine; n. mixture, combination i bloom x. blossom, flower, flourish blow up 1. (1) explode; (2) become angry; (3) magnify, expand blunder v, make a mistake; n. error, mistakeReading Tutorial: Vocabulary Building 191 blunt adj. (1) unsharpened, dull; (2) rude, abrupt, curt blurry adj. unfocused, unclear, indistinct bold adj. brave, courageous bolster » support, sustain, boost, buttress bond 2: join, connect; n. tie, link, connection boom ». expand, prosper; n. expansion, prosperity, growth brace u support, reinforce brilliant adj (1) bright, shiny, radiant, dazzling; (2) talented, gifted, intelligent brisk adj. (1) lively, quick, vigorous; (2) cool, chilly, invigorating brittle adj. fragile, breakable, weak bulky adj. huge, large, clumsy bully v. torment, bother, force others to do things; n. a person who torments others buttress x support, bolster, boost Directions: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (Al, (B), or (C), according to the context of the sentences. 1. Many flowers __ in the spring. blend brace bloom 2, The Virgin Islands, located in the Caribbean, havea __ climate, blurry brittle balmy 3. Before currency came into use, people used the _ system. Darter blunder bias 4, The airline ___ It sent me to Atlanta but my luggage to Montreal, buttressed baffled blundered . People with ulcers should eat __ foods. bold Bland bulky 6. Steel isnot as__as cast iron; it doesn't break as easily. brisk brittle brilliant 7, Atone time, the city of Boston _ Walt Whitman's poetry because it was con- sidered immoral. banned, boomed braced 8 Many people think of deserts as animals have adapted to lite there. bland parren balmy regions, but many species of plants and 9, An autocratic ruler who serves his people well is sometimes called a dictator. blatant belligerent benevolent192 Section 1 Guide to Reading 10. If you __ this little photo of the team, you will be able to see the players’ faces more clearly. bloom boom low up 11, Robert Goddard was a__ pioneer in the field of rocketry. brilliant balmy brisk 12, Lenjoy taking walks on ___ auuman mornings. barren brisk blurry 13, The victhm was apparently struck by a club or some other object. bland brite Blunt 14. Some geese ate____, attacking anyone who comes near them. beneficial biased belligerent 15, The glass factories of Toledo, Ohit after Michael Owens invented a process that could tum out bottles by the thousands. barred bolstered boomed VOCABULARY EXERCISE 3 calamity nr. disaster, catastrophe candid adj. honest, truthful, realistic capable adj. competent, able, efficient, skillful carve 1 cut, sculpt, slice casual ad. (1) informal, relaxed; (2) accidental, chance categorize x classify, sort caustic ad, biting, harsh, sarcastic cautious adj, careful, alert, prudent celebrated adj distinguished, famous, prominent charming adi) delightful, lovely, attractive cherish 1, appreciate, esteem, treasure choice 1. selection, option; adj exceptional, superior cite u, quote, mention, refer to, list clash x argue, dispute, quarrel: 1. argument, conflict, dispute classify’ x. categorize clever adj. smart, sharp, witty, bright cling t: stick, adhere, hold clog u: block, obstruct clumsy adj. awkward, inepe clue n. hint, suggestion, sign, piece of evidence i cluster n, group, bunch, collectionReading Tutorial: Vocabulary Building 193 coax u, persuade, urge colossal adj huge, enormous, gigantic commence », begin, initiate, start commerce n. trade, business commodity 1 product, good, merchandise compel 1 force, require, coerce competent adj. adept, skillful, capable, able Directions: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (A), (B), of (C), according to the context of the sentences. 1. The Red Cross and the Red Crescent provide relief in case of___ such as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, clashes commodities calamities 2. Spoken language is generally more __ than written language. casual capable cautious 3, When writing research papers, writers must____ the sources they use. coax site clog 4, Monkeys are _as primates, compelled classified cherished remaris can offend people. Channing Caustic Clever statues from stone. 6. Sculptors use hammers and chisels to. cherish compel carve 7. The Space Age __ in October, 1957, when Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, vas launched by the Soviet Union. gommenced coaxed cited 8. Workers must be very _ when dealing with toxic substances, caustic clumsy cautious 9. Some fruit such as grapes growin __. clashes choices clusters 10. Microorganisms on the surface of separate particles of soil _ together, making the particles themselves cohere. tling clash compel 11, With the growth of international___, the economies of the world have become more interdependent. commodity yommerce choice194 Section 1 Guide to Reading 12. 3B. 4. 15. 16, ‘The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., features a___ statue of the six- tgenth president created by Daniel Chester French. colossal caustic casual Corn, cotton, sugat, and many other goods are bought and sold in markets, choice commerce commodity Artists of the so-called “Ashcan School" of art portrayed their subjects in a fashion that concealed none of their flaws. candid choice charming Water hyacinths grow so profusely that they may ___ waterways. clog cling carve ‘The police detectives searched the scene of the crime looking for____. clashes clues clusters VOCABULARY EXERCISE 4 complement «, supplement, complete; n. supplement, addition compliment » praise, flatter, commend; m. praise, flattery comprehensive adj complete, thorough, exhaustive ‘compulsory adj necessary, obligatory, mandatory concede u admit, acknowledge, recognize concise adj. brief, short, abbreviated concrete adj, tangible, specific, real conflict n. (1) disagreement, argument; (2) battle, war congregate x. assemble, gather conspicuous adj. noticeable, obvious, prominent constant adj. continuous, steady contemplate t: think about, ponder, speculate controversial «dj. disputable, debatable convenient adj. accessible, available, handy conventional adi, standard, ordinary, normal cope with » deal with, manage, handle copious adj. abundant, ample, plentiful cordial adj. congenial, warm, friendly cosmopolitan adj. (1) sophisticated, worldly, urbane, well traveled: (2) intema- onal, worldwide, universal courteous adj. polite, refined, gracious covert adj. secret, hiddenReading Tutorial: Vocabulary Bullding 195 cozy adj. (1) comfortable, warm; (2) friendly, intimate, close crave 11 desire, long for, hope for craving n. desire, need, craze n. fad, popular (but short-lived) fashion critical adj, (1) unfavorable, fautt-finding, disapproving; (2) important, crucial, vital, key; (3) serious, grave, dangerous; (4) analytical, judgmental crooked adj. (1) curved, twisted, zigzag; (2) dishonest, corrupt crucial adj critical, decisive, key crude adj, (1) rude, impolite, vulgar; (2) unprocessed, ravi, unrefined cruel adj. brutal, vicious, ruthless cryptic adj secret, mysterious curb u, restrict, imit, conteol curious adj. (1) inquisitive, fascinated; (2) oda, strange, unusual curt adj. abrupt, blunt, impolite Dintcrons: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabn- lary items (A), (8), or (©), according to the context of the sentences. 1. The use of seat belts is_in many states; failure to wear them may result in fines. constant entel ‘compulsory 2, Every summer, black bears ‘torn all over southern Alaska _along the ‘MeNeil River to fish for salmon, crave curb congregate 3, An abstractis a____ form of an academic article. Many journals publish abstracts s0 readers can decide if it is worthwhile to read the full version of the article. concise comprehensive concrete 4, Before 1754, Britain and the North American colonieshad a_rek but after thet, their relationship became strained, conspicuous weory curt 5. Automated teller machines providea_ means of banking twenty-four hours a day, cordial crooked convenient 6. Lombard Street in San Francisco, which zigzags up Nob Hill, s known as the world’s most__ street, controversial lerooked cryptic 7. Alice had such a strong ____for ber favorite kind of ice cream that she drove across town at rush hour to get some. craze raving conftict196 Section 1 Guide to Reading 8, Agood writer supports generalizations with __examples. concrete curious, crude 9, Many himters wear orange and other bright colors in order to be as _as possible, and therefore avoid being shot by other hunters by mistake, covert crucial tonspicuous 10. Movie directors use music to__ the action on the screen. contemplate complement compliment 11. Workers in the service sector should be trained to act as ___as possible, crudely courteously curly 12, Trouble-shooting is the prgcess of Identifying and ___ problems. conceding coping with craving 13, Spies often engage in__ activities, covert concrete cordial 14, The Hurricane 3000 appears to be a very __ automobile, but ithas avery unusual engine. conventional copious cryptic 15, Professor Davenport is z very__ person. He has lived and taught in France, Italy, Japan, and Australia. conspicuous ‘cosmopolitan covert 16. Everyone in the audience expected the governor's speech to be very _ of bis opponent, but in fact the governor was rather complimentary. crucial ‘comprehensive teritieal 17, World War Twas the first major ___of the twentieth century. conflict craze complement 18, The Barth is__ being bombarded by cosmic ravs. curiously conspicuously constantly VOCABULARY EXERCISE 5 damp adj, moist, wet, humid daring adj. bold, courageous, brave dazzling adj. shining, sparsling, blinding, bright debris n, wreckage, ruins, broken pieces declare v. announce, proclaim defective adj. flawed, faulty, broken, malfunctioning defiant adj. rebellious, insubordinateReading Tutorial: Vocabwary Building 197 delicate adj exquisite, fragile delightful adj. charming, attractive, enchanting delusion 7, illusion, dream, fantasy demolish v. tear down, destroy, wreck dense adj. thick, solid, packed desist v. stop, cease, dis detect x observe, spot, sense, perceive determine v. (1) decide, agree on; (2) control, shape, govern device n. instrument, tool, mechanism, devise ». invent, plan, figure out dim adj, unclear, faint, indistinet din 7, noise, clamor, commotion ‘ontinue dire adj. desperate, grievous, serious discard 1. abandon, leave behind dismal adj. gloomy, depressing, dreary disperse x scatter, distribute, spread dispute n. argument, quarzel, debate, dash, feud, coniliet distinet adj discrete, separate, different distinguished adj. celebrated, notable, famous, well known diversity n, variety, assortment divuige u reveal, admit, disclose dogged adj. stubborn, determined, persistent domestic adj. (1) home, household, residential; (2) national dominate 1 rule, control, govern dominant adj. strongest, main, ruling, leading dot ». ate located in, are scattered around; 2, spot, point downfall r. collapse, defeat doze v. sleep, nap drab adj. dull, plain, uninteresting, dreary draw v. (1) sketch, make a picture; (2) pull, attract drawback n, disadvantage, weakness, flaw dreary adj. dismal, gloomy, bleak, drab drench u wet, soak drowsy adj sleepy, tired dubious adj. doubiful, skeptical, uncertain durable adj lasting, enduring, resistant dusk n. evening, sunset, twilight dwell x: live, reside, inhabit dwelling 1, house, home, residence dwindle v, decrease, diminish dynamic adj. energetic, forceful, active, vibrant198 Section 1 Guide to Reading DIRECTIONS: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (A), (B), or (C), according to the context of the sentences. 1, The snow on the mountaintop was __ in the bright morning sun, dazzling dogged dim 2. A person who has been accused of a crime cannot be forced to___ any infor mation that is solf-incriminating. divulge desist disperse 3, Roseshavea __beautu, dense Welicate dire 4, Anodometeris a___ for measuring distance. \device delusion dwelling 5. The amount of open space has___as more and more land has been developed. dominated windled dispersed 6, Hermit crabs live in shells that have been _ byother animals, declared civulged Biscarded 7. Richard Byrd and his pilot Floyd Bennett undertook a__ flight to the North Pole in May of 1926. daring defiant distinct 8, Steep, round hills calied knobs ___ southerm Indiana. demolish bot dwell 9. Artists Nathaniel Currier and James Merritt Ives produced some ___prints of nineteenth-century New England scenes that are prized for their charm. areary im, aelightful 10, Economists define ___ goods as ones intended to last more than four months. durable dense delicate 11. One cause of the American Revolution was @___over taxation, drawback in dispute 12, Florida hes a humid climate, Summers there are particulauly hot and_ dynamic damp . dogged 13, All bookkeeping systems have certain advantages and certain drawbacks delusions downfalls 14, A,person suffering from hypothermia, the extreme loss of body heat, may first feel dogged distinguished drowsy16. 16. 16. 18. 20, 21 Reading Tutorial Vocabulary Building 199 Handwriting experts try to compare a__ signature against at least three genuine specimens before judging its authenticity. dubious dismal dim Bats help seeds in tropical forests. devise disperse drench, Acarburetor__ air into an engine and mixes it with fuel. desists raves dots ‘Most nocturnal animals become active at __ and go to sleep at dawn. dusk dwelling dot Seoul has two airports, one for international flights and one for_ flights, domestic dominant distinguished When drivers begin to feel___, they shauld pull off the read and gat some rest. dogged dim drowsy It was impossible to drive across the island after the hurricane because the roads were blocked with downfall dwelling debris VOCABULARY EXERCISE 6 eerie ad}. strange, odd, unnsual, mysterious, frightening elderly adj. od, aged electrify v. excite, thrill, exhilarate elegant adj. sophisticated, polished, stylish eligible adj, suitable, qualified, acceptable elude x escape, avoid, evade, stay away from ‘eminent adj. celebrated, distinguished, famous emit », send out, discharge enchanting adj. delightful, charming, captivating ‘encounter 2 meet, find, come across; n. meeting, confrontation endeavor n, attempt, venture endorse v, authorize, approve, support enhance v intensify, amplify, strengthen ensue & follow, result entice «lure, attract, tempt era n. period, age, stage essential adj critical, vital, crucial, key INIGVEY200 Section 1 Guide to Reading esteem 1: cherish, honor, admire evade u. escape, avoi exhaustive adj. thorough, complete, comprehensive exhilarating adj. exciting, thrilling, stimulating, electrifying extravagant adj. excessive, lavish fable n. mythical story, tale fabled adj. legendary, mythical, famous facet n. aspect, point, feature faint adj. dim, pale, faded, indistinct falter : hesitate, waver faney adj. decorative, omate, elaborate fasten 1. attach, socure fatal adj. mortal, lethal, deadly fatigue tire, exhaust; n. exhaustion, weariness faulty adj. flawed, inferior feasible adj. possibie fee n, payment, fate feeble adj. weak, fragile, frail ferocious adj. fierce, savage, violent feverish adj. (1) running a temperature, having a fever, hot; (2) intense, busy fiery adj (1) blazing, burning; (2) passionate, fervent fitting adj suitable, propes, apt, appropriate flagrant adj, blatant, obvious flaw n, defect, imperfection, fault flee v escape, go away, elude fleeting adj. short-lived, quick Simsy adj. fragile, frail, weak, feeble foe n. enemy forage v. hunt, look for, search forego u abandon, give up foremost adj. chief, principal, leading, dominant forge (1) create, form, make; (2) falsify, fake, copy improperly fragment n. particle, piece, bit fragrant adj, aromatic, scented fraudulent adj. false, deceptive, deceitful fundamental adj. basic, integral, elemental fuse join, combine, unite fusion 2, blend, merger, union futile aelj. useless, pointless, vain fuzzy adj. (1) furry, hairy; (2) unclear, blurry, unfocused, hazy; (3) uncertain, indefinite elude y, opponentReading Tutorial: Vocabulary Bullding 201 Direcrons: Compiete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (A), (B), or (C), 2ccording to the context of the sentences. 1. In 1906 much of San Francisco was destroyed by an earthquake and the fires, that evaded ensued encountered 2, The writer Il. P Lovecraft wrote many __ stories about the supernatural, essential verie extravagant 3. Anew____of aviation began in 1947 when Chuck Yeager became the first pilot to fly faster than the speed of sound. fable endeavor era 4, Vance Packard’s book The Hidden Persuaders deals with the tactics advertisers use to__ consumers, endorse entice enhance 5. Riding a roller coaster is____ experience. an exhilarating a fancy afechle 6. Riveting is a means of ___ metal plates together with hot metal bolts. enhancing fleeing fastening 7. Inthe United States, citizens are __to vote at the age of eighteen. firing ~ elderly eligible 8, Barracudas are__ predators, sometimes called the “tigers” of tropical waters faulty futile ferocious 9. Certain gases such as neon ___light when exnosed to an electrical current. emit evade esteem 10. People make more mistalces when they are__ than when they are fresh, exhaustive eminent fatigued AL, A___ ina jewel makes it less valuable, fragment facet flaw 12, Honeysuckle is a plant thathas ite or yellowish blossoms, eleerly fragrant fiery 13. Some insects can detect the ultrasonic pulses that bats use to detect their prey and can therefore__the bats. evade orego electiify 14. The snowy egret builds a faint an extravagant flimsy nest from a few twigs and pieces of grass.202 Section 1 Guide to Reading 15, When lightning strikes sand, the intense heat sometimes __ the grains of sand into thin glass tubes called fulgurites. falters fastens fuses 16. A common carrier is a company that provides public transportation fora fee fable flaw 17, Someone stole Robert's checkbook from his car and then _ his name on his checks. forged fastened evaded 18, The escaped prisoner was able to___police for several weeks before he was finally caught elude forego falter 19. During the hunter-gatherer stage of human development, people had to ____for their food. fuse forage forge 20. I didn't focus the camera properly so this photo of you is a little . futile busy feverish VocaBULARY EXERCISE 7 ‘gag 1. (1) joke, trick; (2) something that prevents someone from speaking; & (1) choke for a moment, feel momentarily sick; (2) prevent someone from speaking gala adj. festive, happy, joyous gap n. break, breach, opening garrulous adj, talkative, chatty gaudy adj, showy, flashy, conspicuous genial adj pleasant, cordial, agreeable gentle adj. mild, kind, considerate, nice genuine adj, authentic, real, valid glitter x. sparkle, shine, glisten glory 1. grandeur, majesty, fame gorgeous adj. attractive, beautiful grade n. quality, value, worth graphic adj. (1) related to visual images; (2) clear, explicit, vivid grasp u. (1) grab, seize, grip; (2] understend grave adj serious, grievous gregarious adj. sociable, friendly grim adj. severe, dreary, bleak, somberReading Tutorial: Vocabulary Building 203 grip v hold, grasp, seize; n. hold, grasp, possession grueling adj exhausting, difficult, arduous gullible adi. innocent, naive, trusting, credulous hamper 2, delay, obstruct, hinder, block handful n, not many, only a few haphazard adj. random, chance, aimless, unplanned hardly acu. barely, scarcely hardship n. diffictlty, trouble harm u injure, damage harmful adj hurtful, destructive harmony n, accord, agreement, peace harmonious adj. agreeable, friendly, peaceful harness v. control, utilize harsh adj, severe, rough, strict hasty adj. quick, rushed, hurried hazardous adj. dangerous, risky hazy adj. (1) misty, cloudy, foggy; (2) unclear, fuz7y, obscure heed v. obey; listen to, mind, follow hinder v. block, obstruct, hamper hitherto adv: up to now, previously, so far hoist v lift, raise, pick up hue 7. color, tint, shade huge adj. enormous, giant, colossal, immense hurl x pitch, throw, fling Dinecrions: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (A), (B), or (C), according to the context of the sentences. 1. During the construction of skyscrapers, cranes are used 10___ building materials to the upper floors, burl hamess hoist 2, The 26-mile long Boston Marathon is a____ foot race. gorgeous grueling basty 3. Dams can ___ the power of rivers, but they may also destroy their beauty. heed Sharness bul 4. The more facets a diamond has, the more it glitters harms hinders 5. Many people celebrate the New Year with____ parties. gala grueling haphazard204 Section 1 Guide to Reading 6. Think it over for a while; don't make a__decision. genuine gullible hasty Bad weather __ the rescue crews trying to locate the life rafts. hampered grasped harnessed 8. Gorillas look ferocious but are actually quite _____crearures. hazardous gentle gorgeous 9. just got an e-mail from a stranger asking me to supply details about my bank account. I can't believe that some people are__ enough to respond to that kind of request, garrulous grim gullible 10. Commercial fishing is one of the mast __ occupations. hazardous genial haphezard 11. At Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, the Potomac River has cut a picturesque Uurough the Blue Ridge Mountains. sip eg gap 12. Wool fiom different sheep, or even wool from different parts of the same sheep, isnot all of the same_. harmony grade hardship 13. "Attack ads” are political commercials that say negative things about a candi- date’s political __. foes gaps hues 14, [twas hard to see the mountains today because the sky was so__. gaudy hazy grueling 15. The interior of Alaska has brief summers and long, _ winters. grave harsh huge 16. Animals that live in herds or packs are considered. hasty gregarious gullible VOCABULARY EXERCISE 8 idea n. concept, notion, thought ideal n. model, standard; adj. perfect, model idle adj. (1) inactive, unused, inert; (2) lazy illu mn ri. (1) fantasy, delusion; @) an erroneous perception or concept illustration n. picture, drawing, description imaginary adj. unreal, fantastic, fictitiousReading Tutorial: Vocabulary Building 205 imaginative adj. creative, original, clever immense adj, huge, enormous, massive, colossal impair damage, injure, spoil, interfere with impartial adj. fair, unbiased, neutral implement i: realize, achieve, put into practice, execute; n. tool, utensil, instrament incessant adj. constant, ceaseless, continuous increment 7. inctease, amount incurston 1. raid, attack, small-scale invasion indifferent adj, uncaring, apathetic, unconcerned indigenous adj, native indispensable adj. necessary, essential, vital, critical indistinct adj. unclear, blurry, hazy, fuzzy induce u persuzde, convince, cous inept adj. incompetent, awkward, clumsy inexorable adj. unstoppable infamous adj. notorious, shocking infinite ad}. imitless, endless, boundless infinitesimal ad}. tiny, minute, minuscule ingenious adj brilliant, imeginative, clever, inventive ingenuous adj. native, trusting, gullible inhabit 1 live, dwell, reside, populate inhibit u control, limit, restrain initial adj. original, frst, beginning, mtroductory innate adj, natural, inborn innocuous adj, harmless, inoffensive intense adj. powerful, heightened, concentrated intricate adj. complicated, complex, involved involved adj. complicated, intricate, complex, elaborate irate adj. angry, annoyed, upset Jagged adj. rough, rugged, uneven, irregular jeopardy n. danger, hazard, risk, threat jolly adj joyful, happy, cheerful jolt x shock, jar, shake up, surprise; n. blow, surprise, shack keen adj. (1) sharp; (2) shrewd, clever, bright; (3) eager, enthusiastic key adj crucial, important, critical knack n. skill, ability, aptitude, talent206 Section 1 Guide to Reading Directions: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu: lary items (A), (B}, of (C), according to the context of the sentences. 1. Many people feel that Hawaii has an almost__ climate, idle impartial ideal 2. Aplowis afarm used to break up soil and prepare the Jand for planting. increment knack raplement 3. Alaser uses a synthetic ruby to concentrate light into an extremely __high- energy beam. intense indistinct incessant 4, Jesse James was an inept ingenuous infamous outlaw, well known as a bank robber and gun fighter, Antibotics __ the growth of bacteria. inhabit jolt inhibit > < A < > . Line A appears to be slightly longer than line B, but this is an optical illusion incursion illustration 7. Stockholders may be too _ te vote in corporate elections, so they let man- agement vote for them by proxy. infamous indifferent ingenious &, The states of Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Florida are___states for any candidate in a presidential election Initial impartial key $. Avirus is so_____ that itcan be seen only with an.glectron microscope. infinite intricate infinitesimal 10. The __ character Falstaff is one of Shakespearc’s finest comic creations. keen jolly irate 11. Anyone can learn basic cooking skills; you don't need a spectal_. knack idea implement 12, Alcohol ___one's abil jolts inducesReading Tutorial: Vocabulary Building 207 13. The __ people of New Zealand are known as the Maori, indigenous ingenuous innate 14, The sbinoceros has a poor sense of sight but_sonse of smell. an immense an inept akeer 15. The equator is__line running around the center of the earth. 2 an imaginative a jagged an imaginary is 16. A glacier’s progress is slaw but__. = indispensable inexorable involved is 17. The____ garter snake, often spotted in yerds, parks, and gardens, is some- times mistaken for a venomous snake. irate ingenuous innocuous VocaBULARY EXERCISE 9 Jack v. need, require, not have; 2. shortage, absence, scarcity lag fall behind, go s lavish cdf luurious, plentiful, abundant lax acd}. careless, negligent, loose legendary adj. mythical, fabled, famous legitimate adj, proper, authentic, valid leisure 1. free time, spare me, nonworking hours leisurely adj slow, relaxed lethargic adj. slow, listless, sluggish, lazy Viable ad), degally) responsible likely ad}, probable, plausible, credible inger 1: remain, stay ink u join, connect, fasten, bind; n, connection, tie Tong 1: desire, wish for lucid aa. clear, plain, understandable lucrative adj. profitable, money-making ull x soothe, calm, quiet; n, pause, break luminous ad}. bright, shining, glowing lure u, attract, tempt, entice lurid adj. shocking, sensational, graphic lurk x prowl, sneak, hide luster 2, shine, radiance, brightness luxurious adj. lavish, elegant, plush magnificent adj. majestic, impressive, splendid lowly208 Section 1 Gulde to Reading magnitude n. size, extent, amount mandatory adj. necessary, obligatory, compulsory manipulate », contvol, influence mar 1: damage, ruin, deface, spoil massive adj. huge, giant, colossal, immense memorable ad/. unforgettable. impressive, striking mend «fix, repair mild adj. gentle, moderate, calra, temperate mingle » blend, combine, mix minute adj tiny, minuscule, infinitesimal mist n. fog, haze monitor v. observe, watch moral adj. honorable, ethical morale x. spirit, confidence, attitude mourn ¢ lament, cry, show sorrow murky adj. unclear, cloudy, foggy; dark mushroom «: expand rapidly, grow quickly mysterious adj. puzzling, strange mythical adj legendary, imaginary, fictional Directions: Complete the following sentences by filing in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (A), (B), oF (C), according to the context of the sentences. 1. Medieval books called bestiaries contained pictures and descriptions of creatures such as unicorns and dragons. mandatory lax aythical Tn Colonial times, fishing off the coast of New England was @ lusurious, lethargic lucrative ‘occupation. 3. Parents often sing to children to___ them to sleep. mourn lure lull 4, Julius Caesar is known not only for his military and political skills but also for his ___, informative writing. lucid hurid lavish 9. Acobbler dasmaged shoes. mars mends lacks 6. One of the Chicago. mildest most memorable most lucid exhibits of impressionist art is found at the Art Institute ofReading Tutorial: Vocabulary Building 209 7, Quarks are__ particles that are believed to be the fundamental unit of matter, massive minute mythical 8. Paperback novels in the 1940's and 1950's often had _covers to attract readers’ attention, even when their content was quite mild. lurid murky legitimate 9. One problem catised by ¢ rising crime rate is ¢___ of space in prisons. ag lack link 10, The ____ lumberjack Paul Bunyan and his giant blue ox Babe are two of the most famous figures in American folklore. legendary moral likely 11. The transcontinental railroad, the East Coast with the West Coast, was completed at Promontory Point, Utah, in 1868. linking monitoring mingling 12, Allover the world, urban populations have _ in recent decades. mushroomed, lurked Ungered 13, Compared to basketball or soccer, baseball is played at a pace. memorable leisurely luxurious: VOCABULARY EXERCISE 10 negligible adj. unimportant, trivial nightmarish adj. frightening, terrifying, horrible nimble adj. graceful, agile notable ad}. remarkable, conspicuous, striking notify «Inform, tell notion n. idea, concept, thought notorious adj infamous, disreputable novel adj new, innovative objective adj. fair, impartial, unbiased, neutral; n. goal, purpose, aim oblong adj. oval obscure adj, unfamiliar, ambiguous, little-known obsolete adj. antiquated, out of date, outmoded odd adj. strange, unusual, peculiar, curious offspring n. young, children, descendants ominous adj. threatening, menacing, dangerous opulent adj hecusious, plush, affluent ornamental adj. ornate, decorative, elaborate, showy INERT210 Section 1 Guide to Reading outgoing ad. {1) open, friendly; (2) departing, leaving outlook 7. (1) opinion, view; (2) prospect, forecast outstanding ad excellent, exceptional, notable, well known overall adj. general, comprehensive overeast adj. cloudy, gloomy overcome 1 subdue, defeat, overwhelm overlook u ignore, disregard, neglect oversee v. supervise, manage, direct oversight 7, error, mistake, omission overt adj, open, obvious, conspicuous overtake 2 catch up with, reach overwhelm v. (1) astonish, astound, shock; (2) conquer, defeat, overcome, overpower Directions: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with vocabu- lary items (A), (B), or (C), according to the context of the sentences, 1. The black clouds of a gathering thunderstorm look quite _ ominous negligible outgoing 2, Pulitzer Prizes are awarded to__ journalists, novelists, poets, and other writers. objective outstanding notorious 3, An___ plant is cultivated chiefly for its beauty. opulent obscure ‘ornamental 4, Franidin D. Roosevelt was able to_ his physica) handicaps; he didn't permit them to interfere with his living a vigorous life, oversee overcome overtake 5, The poetry of TS. Bliot is sometimes difficult to understand because it con- tains so many __ references. notable pbscure objective 6, The Bessemer process was once the most common method of making steel, but today this process is considered _. odd novel obsolete Dolley Payne Madison, the wife of President James Madison, impressed the city of Washington with her stylish clothes and warm, _ manner. nimble ominous pnigoing 8, The town planning commission said that their financial for the next fiscal year was optimistic; they expect increased tax revenues. outlook oversight notionReading Tutoriak Vocabulary Building 217 9, The new play was so successful that the demand for tickets was_. oad overwhelming negligible 10. A books table of contents provides readers with an__ idea of what the book is about. outgoing overt overall 11, Snails go out to feed only on rainy or__ days. obscure wertast overt 12, Although the accident appeared serious, only actually done. novel notable negligible amount of damage was 13. The Austrian writer Franz Kafka wrote a which aman tums into a gigantic insect. story called “Metamorphosis” in pightmarish nimble outgoing 14. Imade a few errors on my essay exam, but fortunately, my teacher decided to them, oversee overwhelm pverlook VocaBULARY EXERCISE 11 pace n. rate, speed painstaking adj careful, conscientious, thorough pale adj white, colorless, faded paltry adj. unimportant, minor, trivial paramount adj. chief, top, vital, supreme particle n. piece, bit, fragment path n. trail, track, way, route peculiar dj. (1) strange, odd, puzzling; (2) distinctive, characteristic, unique, special penetrate v. enter, go through, go into, pierce, puncture perceive 1 observe, sense, notice peril n. danger, hazard, risk, threat perilous adj, dangerous, risky, ominous, hazardous perpetual adj. constant, endless, eternal perplexing adj. puzzling, mystifying, confusing pierce 1, penetrate, puncture, stab, go into pivotal adj important, key, crucial plague n. epidemic; v, trouble, bother, harass, vex plausible adj, likely, credible, believable