Machining Processes

Submitted by :

Tanzeel Ur Rehman
Roll Number :

IE-13-11
Submitted to :

Ms. Sana Hassan

ISTITUTE OF QUALITY & TECHNOLOGY

MANAGEMENT

SHAPER MECHANISMS:

Rack and Pinion

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears
which convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the
pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational
motion applied to the pinion causes the rack to move relative to the pinion,
thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion into linear motion.
Rack and pinion combinations are often used as part of a simple linear
actuator, where the rotation of a shaft powered by hand or by a motor is
converted to linear motion.
The rack carries the full load of the actuator directly and so the driving pinion
is usually small, so that the gear ratio reduces the torque required. This
force, thus torque, may still be substantial and so it is common for there to
be a reduction gear immediately before this by either a gear or worm gear
reduction. Rack gears have a higher ratio, thus require a greater driving
torque, than screw actuators. As shown below it is used in car steering.

Bevel Gear
Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the
tooth-bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel
gears are most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can
be designed to work at other angles as well. The pitch surface of bevel gears
is a cone.
This gear makes it possible to change the operating angle.
Differing of the number of teeth (effectively diameter) on each wheel allows
mechanical advantage to be changed. By increasing or decreasing the ratio
of teeth between the drive and driven wheels one may change the ratio of
rotations between the two, meaning that the rotational drive and torque of
the second wheel can be changed in relation to the first, with speed
increasing and torque decreasing, or speed decreasing and torque
increasing. In shaping bevel gear is used to provide power from motor to Bull
gear.

Eccentric Drive
In mechanical engineering, an eccentric is a circular disk (eccentric sheave)
solidly fixed to a rotating axle with its Centre offset from that of the axle
(hence the word "eccentric", out of the Centre.

It is most often employed in steam engines and used to convert rotary into
linear reciprocating motion in order to drive a sliding valve or a pump ram. In
order to do so an eccentric usually has a groove at its circumference around
which is closely fitted a circular collar (eccentric strap) attached to which an
eccentric rod is suspended in such a way that its other end can impart the
required reciprocating motion.

Quick Return Mechanism

The Whitworth quick return mechanism converts rotary motion into
reciprocating motion, but unlike the crank and slider, the forward
reciprocating motion is at a different rate than the backward stroke. At the
bottom of the drive arm, the peg only has to move through a few degrees to
sweep the arm from left to right, but it takes the remainder of the revolution
to bring the arm back. This mechanism is most commonly seen as the drive
for a shaping machine.

Lead screw Mechanism

A leadscrew (or lead screw), also known as a power screw or translation
screw, is a screw used as a linkage in a machine, to translate turning motion
into linear motion. Because of the large area of sliding contact between their
male and female members, screw threads have larger frictional energy
losses compared to other linkages. They are not typically used to carry high
power, but more for intermittent use in low power actuator and positioner
mechanisms. Common applications are linear actuators, machine slides
(such as in machine tools), vises, presses, and jacks.

Crank and Connecting rod

A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which
reciprocating motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. It is used to
convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or vice versa. In a
reciprocating piston engine, the connecting rod connects the piston to the
crank or crankshaft. Together with the crank, they form a simple mechanism
that converts reciprocating motion into rotating motion. Connecting rods may
also convert rotating motion into reciprocating motion.

Worm Wheel Mechanism

A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the

form of a screw) meshes with a worm gear (which is similar in appearance to
a spur gear). The two elements are also called the worm screw and worm
wheel. The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the term worm
gear to refer to the worm, the worm gear, or the worm drive as a unit. Worm
drives are used in presses, rolling mills, conveying engineering, mining
industry machines, on rudders, and worm drive saws. In addition, milling
heads and rotary tables are positioned using high-precision duplex worm
drives with adjustable back.

Ratchet and Pawl System

A ratchet mechanism is based on a wheel that has teeth cut out of it and a
pawl that follows as the wheel turns. Studying the diagram you will see that
as the ratchet wheel turns and the pawl falls into the 'dip' between the teeth.
The ratchet wheel can only turn in one direction.