Leased Lines

Leased Lines are Circuits (From Chapter 1)

Often goes through multiple switches and trunk lines
Looks to user like a simple direct link
Trunk
Switch
Line
Leased
Line

Leased Lines
Leased lines
Limited to point-to-point communication
Limits who you can talk to

Carriers offer leased lines at an attractive price

per bit sent to keep high-volume customers
Leased Line

Leased Line Meshes

If you have several sites, you need a mesh
of leased lines among sites

Mesh
Leased Line

Leased Line Speeds

Largest Demand is 56 kbps to a few Mbps
56 kbps (sometimes 64 kbps) digital leased lines
DS0 signaling

T1 (1.544 Mbps) digital leased lines

24 times effective capacity of 56 kbps
Only about 3-5 times cost of 56 kbps
DS1 signaling

Fractional T1
Fraction of T1s speed and price
Often 128, 256, 384 kbps

Leased Line Speeds

T3: is the next step
44.7 Mbps in U.S.

Europe has E Series

E1: 2.048 Mbps
E3: 34 Mbps

SONET/SDH lines offer very high speeds

156 Mbps, 622 Mbps, 2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps

SONET/SDH

Created as Trunk Lines for Internal Carrier

Traffic
As were other leased lines

The Trunk Line Breakage Problem

Problem: unrelated construction products often break
carrier trunk lines, producing service disruptions
The most common cause of disruptions

SONET/SDH Uses a Dual Ring

Normally, Traffic Travels in One Direction
on One Ring
If Trunk Line Breakage, Ring is Wrapped;
Still a Ring, So Service Continues
Switch

Normal Operation

Wrapped

Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs)

Saw DSLs in Chapter 5
Can Use Instead of Traditional Leased Lines
Less expensive

HDSL (High-Speed DSL)

Symmetrical: Same speed in each direction
HDSL: 768 kbps (Half a T1) on a single twisted pair
HDSL2: 1.544 Mbps (T1) on a single twisted pair

Digital Subscriber Line

Normal Leased Lines Used Data Grade Wires
High-quality, high-cost
Two pairs (one in each direction)

DSLs Normally Use Voice Grade Copper

Not designed for high-speed data

So sometimes works poorly
Usually one pair (ADSL, HDSL)
Sometimes two pairs (HDSL2)

Problems of Leased Lines

With many sites, meshes are expensive and
difficult to manage
With N sites, N*(N-1)/2 leased lines for a
mesh
May not need all links, but usually use many
Sites
5
10
25

Lines
10
45
300

Problems of Leased Lines

User firm must handle switching and ongoing
management
Expensive because this requires planning and the
hiring, training, and retention of a WAN staff

T1 Leased Lines
Voice Requirements
Analog voice signal is encoded as a 64 kbps
data stream (see Chapter 5)
8 bits per sample
8,000 samples per second

T1 Leased Lines
T1 lines are designed to multiplex 24 voice
channels of 64 kbps each
T1 lines use time division multiplexing (TDM)
Time is divided into 8,000 frames per second
One frame for each sampling period

Each frame is divided into 24 8-bit slots

One for each channels sample in that time period
(24 x 8) 192 bits
Plus one framing bit for 193 bits per frame

T1 Leased Lines
Speed Calculation
193 bits per frame
8,000 frames per second
1.544 Mbps

Framing Bit
One per frame
8,000 per second
Used to carry supervisory information (in groups of 12
or 24 framing bits)