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LINK1
2-D Spar (or Truss)
MP ME ST <> <> PR <> <> <> PP ED
Figure 1.2: "LINK1 Stress Output" illustrates several items. A general description of solution
output is given in Solution Output. See the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for ways to view
results.
Figure 1.2 LINK1 Stress Output
Definition
O R
EL
Element Number
Y Y
NODES
Y Y
MAT
Y Y
VOLU:
Element volume
XC, YC
Y 2
TEMP
Y Y
FLUEN
Y Y
MFORX
Y Y
SAXL
Y Y
EPELAXL
Y Y
EPTHAXL
Y Y
EPINAXL
Y Y
SEPL
1 1
SRAT
1 1
- Y
Name
Definition
O R
EPEQ
1 1
HPRES
Hydrostatic pressure
1 1
EPPLAXL
1 1
EPCRAXL
1 1
EPSWAXL
1 1
SAXL
LS
EPELAXL
LEPEL
EPTHAXL
LEPTH
EPSWAXL
LEPTH
EPINAXL
LEPTH
EPPLAXL
LEPPL
EPCRAXL
LEPCR
SEPL
NLIN
SRAT
NLIN
HPRES
NLIN
EPEQ
NLIN
MFORX
SMISC
FLUEN
NMISC
TEMP
LBFE
The spar element assumes a straight bar, axially loaded at its ends, of uniform
properties from end to end.
The length of the spar must be greater than zero, so nodes I and J must not be
coincident.
The spar must lie in an X-Y plane and must have an area greater than zero.
The temperature is assumed to vary linearly along the length of the spar.
The displacement shape function implies a uniform stress in the spar.
The initial strain is also used in calculating the stress stiffness matrix, if any, for the
first cumulative iteration.
BEAM3
2-D Elastic Beam
MP ME ST <> <> PR <> <> <> PP ED
Node and Element Loads describes element loads. You can specify pressures as surface loads
on the element faces, shown by the circled numbers in Figure 3.1: "BEAM3 Geometry".
Positive normal pressures act into the element. You specify lateral pressures as a force per
unit length. End "pressures" are input as a force. KEYOPT(10) allows tapered lateral
pressures to be offset from the nodes. You can specify temperatures as element body loads at
the four "corner" locations shown in Figure 3.1: "BEAM3 Geometry". The first corner
temperature T1 defaults to TUNIF. If all other temperatures are unspecified, they default to
T1. If only T1 and T2 are input, T3 defaults to T2 and T4 defaults to T1. For any other input
pattern, unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF.
KEYOPT(9) is used to request output at intermediate locations. It is based on equilibrium
(free body of a portion of the element) considerations and is not valid if:
"BEAM3 Input Summary" summarizes the element input. Element Input contains a general
description of element input.
Note
SHEARZ goes with the IZZ. If SHEARZ = 0, there is no shear
deflection in the element Y direction.
Material Properties
EX, ALPX (or CTEX or THSX), DENS, GXY, DAMP
Surface Loads
Figure 3.2: "BEAM3 Stress Output" illustrates several items. Solution Output gives a general
description of solution output. See the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for ways to view results.
Figure 3.2 BEAM3 Stress Output
Definition
OR
EL
Element Number
Y Y
NODES
Element nodes - I, J
Y Y
MAT
Y Y
VOLU:
Element volume
N Y
XC, YC
Y 3
TEMP
Y Y
Name
Definition
OR
PRES
SDIR
1 1
SBYT
1 1
SBYB
1 1
SMAX
1 1
SMIN
1 1
EPELDIR
1 1
EPELBYT
1 1
EPELBYB
1 1
EPTHDIR
1 1
EPTHBYT
1 1
EPTHBYB
1 1
EPINAXL
1 1
MFOR(X,
Y)
2 Y
MMOMZ
2 Y
1. The item repeats for end I, intermediate locations (see KEYOPT(9)), and end J.
2. If KEYOPT(6) = 1.
3. Available only at centroid as a *GET item.
The following tables list output available through the ETABLE command using the Sequence
Number method. See The General Postprocessor (POST1) of the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide
and The Item and Sequence Number Table of this manual for more information. Table 3.2:
"BEAM3 Item and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 0)" through Table 3.7: "BEAM3 Item
and Sequence Numbers (KEYOPT(9) = 9)" all use the following notation:
Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 3.1: "BEAM3 Element Output Definitions"
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
I,J
sequence number for data at nodes I and J
ILN
SDIR
LS
SBYT
LS
SBYB
LS
EPELDIR
LEPEL
EPELBYT
LEPEL
EPELBYB
LEPEL
EPTHDIR
LEPTH
EPTHBYT
LEPTH
EPTHBYB
LEPTH
EPINAXL
LEPTH
SMAX
NMISC
SMIN
NMISC
MFORX
SMISC
MFORY
SMISC
MMOMZ
SMISC
12
P1
SMISC
13
14
OFFST1
SMISC
15
16
P2
SMISC
17
18
OFFST2
SMISC
19
20
P3
SMISC
21
P4
SMISC
22
The beam element must lie in an X-Y plane and must not have a zero length or area.
The beam element can have any cross-sectional shape for which the moment of inertia
can be computed. However, the stresses are determined as if the distance from the
neutral axis to the extreme fiber is one-half of the height.
The element height is used only in the bending and thermal stress calculations.
The applied thermal gradient is assumed linear across the height and along the length.
The moment of inertia may be zero if large deflections are not used.
ANSYS Professional.
of orientation () about the element x-axis, the torsional moment of inertia (IXX), and the
material properties. If IXX is not specified or is equal to 0.0, it is assumed equal to the polar
moment of inertia (IYY + IZZ). IXX should be positive and is usually less than the polar
moment of inertia. The element torsional stiffness decreases with decreasing values of IXX.
An added mass per unit length may be input with the ADDMAS value.
The element x-axis is oriented from node I toward node J. For the two-node option, the
default ( = 0) orientation of the element y-axis is automatically calculated to be parallel to
the global X-Y plane. Several orientations are shown in Figure 4.1: "BEAM4 Geometry". For
the case where the element is parallel to the global Z axis (or within a 0.01 percent slope of
it), the element y axis is oriented parallel to the global Y axis (as shown). For user control of
the element orientation about the element x-axis, use the angle (THETA) or the third node
option. If both are defined, the third node option takes precedence. The third node (K), if
used, defines a plane (with I and J) containing the element x and z axes (as shown). If this
element is used in a large deflection analysis, it should be noted that the location of the third
node (K), or the angle (THETA), is used only to initially orient the element. (For information
about orientation nodes and beam meshing, see Meshing Your Solid Model in the ANSYS
Modeling and Meshing Guide.)
The initial strain in the element (ISTRN) is given by /L, where is the difference between
the element length, L, (as defined by the I and J node locations) and the zero strain length.
The shear deflection constants (SHEARZ and SHEARY) are used only if shear deflection is
to be included. A zero value of SHEAR_ may be used to neglect shear deflection in a
particular direction. See Shear Deflection for details.
KEYOPT(2) is used to activate the consistent tangent stiffness matrix (i.e., a matrix composed
of the main tangent stiffness matrix plus the consistent stress stiffness matrix) in large
deflection analyses [NLGEOM,ON]. You can often obtain more rapid convergence in a
geometrically nonlinear analysis, such as a nonlinear buckling or postbuckling analysis, by
activating this option. However, you should not use this option if you are using the element to
simulate a rigid link or a group of coupled nodes. The resulting abrupt changes in stiffness
within the structure make the consistent tangent stiffness matrix unsuitable for such
applications.
KEYOPT(7) is used to compute an unsymmetric gyroscopic damping matrix (often used for
rotordynamic analyses). The rotational frequency is input with the SPIN real constant
(radians/time, positive in the positive element x direction). The element must be symmetric
with this option (e.g., IYY = IZZ and SHEARY = SHEARZ).
Element loads are described in Node and Element Loads. Pressures may be input as surface
loads on the element faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 4.1: "BEAM4
Geometry". Positive normal pressures act into the element. Lateral pressures are input as a
force per unit length. End "pressures" are input as a force. KEYOPT(10) allows tapered
lateral pressures to be offset from the nodes. Temperatures may be input as element body
loads at the eight "corner" locations shown in Figure 4.1: "BEAM4 Geometry". The first
corner temperature T1 defaults to TUNIF. If all other temperatures are unspecified, they
default to T1. If only T1 and T2 are input, T3 defaults to T2 and T4 defaults to T1. If only T1
and T4 are input, T2 defaults to T1 and T3 defaults to T4. In both cases, T5 through T8
default to T1 through T4. For any other input pattern, unspecified temperatures default to
TUNIF.
A summary of the element input is given in "BEAM4 Input Summary". A general description
of element input is given in Element Input.
KEYOPT(9)
Output at intermediate points between ends I and J:
N -Output at N intermediate locations (N = 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
KEYOPT(10)
Load location, used in conjunction with the offset values input on the SFBEAM
command):
0 -Offset is in terms of length units
1 -Offset is in terms of a length ratio (0.0 to 1.0)
Table 4.1 BEAM4 Real Constants
No.
Name
Description
AREA
Cross-sectional area
IZZ
IYY
TKZ
TKY
THETA
ISTRN
Initial strain
IXX
SHEARZ
10
SHEARY
11
SPIN
12
ADDMAS
1. SHEARZ goes with IZZ; if SHEARZ = 0, there is no shear deflection in the element
Y direction.
2. SHEARY goes with IYY; if SHEARY = 0, there is no shear deflection in the element
Z direction.
Definition
OR
EL
Element number
Y Y
NODES
Y Y
MAT
Y Y
VOLU:
Element volume
- Y
XC, YC, ZC
Y 3
TEMP
Temperatures at integration points T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8
Y Y
PRES
SDIR
1 1
Name
Definition
OR
SBYT
1 1
SBYB
1 1
SBZT
1 1
SBZB
1 1
SMAX
1 1
SMIN
1 1
EPELDIR
1 1
EPELBYT
1 1
EPELBYB
1 1
EPELBZT
1 1
EPELBZB
1 1
EPTHDIR
1 1
EPTHBYT
1 1
EPTHBYB
1 1
EPTHBZT
1 1
EPTHBZB
1 1
EPINAXL
1 1
MFOR(X, Y,
Z)
2 Y
1. The item repeats for end I, intermediate locations (see KEYOPT(9)), and end J.
2. If KEYOPT(6) = 1.
3. Available only at centroid as a *GET item.
.
.
The beam must not have a zero length or area. The moments of inertia, however, may
be zero if large deflections are not used.
The beam can have any cross-sectional shape for which the moments of inertia can be
computed. The stresses, however, will be determined as if the distance between the
neutral axis and the extreme fiber is one-half of the corresponding thickness.
The element thicknesses are used only in the bending and thermal stress calculations.
The applied thermal gradients are assumed to be linear across the thickness in both
directions and along the length of the element.
If you use the consistent tangent stiffness matrix (KEYOPT(2) = 1), take care to use
realistic (that is, to scale) element real constants. This precaution is necessary
because the consistent stress-stiffening matrix is based on the calculated stresses in the
element. If you use artificially large or small cross-sectional properties, the calculated
stresses will become inaccurate, and the stress-stiffening matrix will suffer
corresponding inaccuracies. (Certain components of the stress-stiffening matrix could
even overshoot to infinity.) Similar difficulties could arise if unrealistic real constants
are used in a linear prestressed or linear buckling analysis [PSTRES,ON].
Eigenvalues calculated in a gyroscopic modal analysis can be very sensitive to
changes in the initial shift value, leading to potential error in either the real or
imaginary (or both) parts of the eigenvalues.
The SPIN real constant (R11) is not available. Input R11 as a blank.
The DAMP material property is not allowed.
KEYOPT(2) can only be set to 0 (default).
KEYOPT(7) can only be set to 0 (default).
The only special features allowed are stress stiffening and large deflections.
PLANE42
2-D Structural Solid
MP ME ST <> <> PR <> <> <> PP ED
The nodal forces, if any, should be input per unit of depth for a plane analysis (except for
KEYOPT(3) = 3) and on a full 360 basis for an axisymmetric analysis. KEYOPT(2) is used
to include or suppress the extra displacement shapes.
KEYOPT(5) and KEYOPT(6) provide various element printout options (see Element
Solution).
You can apply an initial stress state to this element through the ISTRESS or ISFILE
command. For more information, see Initial Stress Loading in the ANSYS Basic Analysis
Guide. Alternately, you can set KEYOPT(9) = 1 to read initial stresses from the user
subroutine USTRESS. For details on user subroutines, see the Guide to ANSYS User
Programmable Features.
You can include the effects of pressure load stiffness in a geometric nonlinear analysis using
SOLCONTROL,,,INCP. Pressure load stiffness effects are included in linear eigenvalue
buckling automatically. If an unsymmetric matrix is needed for pressure load stiffness effects,
use NROPT,UNSYM.
A summary of the element input is given in "PLANE42 Input Summary". A general
description of element input is given in Element Input. For axisymmetric applications see
Axisymmetric Elements.
Axisymmetric
2 -Plane strain (Z strain = 0.0)
3 -Plane stress with thickness input
KEYOPT(5)
Extra stress output:
0 -Basic element solution
1 -Repeat basic solution for all integration points
2 -Nodal stress solution
KEYOPT(6)
Extra surface output:
0 -Basic element solution
1 -Surface solution for face I-J also.
2 -Surface solution for both faces I-J and K-L also. (Surface solution available for linear
materials only)
3 -Nonlinear solution at each integration point also.
4 -Surface solution for faces with nonzero pressure
KEYOPT(9)
Initial stress subroutine option (available only through direct input of the KEYOPT
command):
0 -No user subroutine to provide initial stress (default)
1 -Read initial stress data from user subroutine USTRESS (see the Guide to ANSYS User
Programmable Features for user written subroutines)
A colon (:) in the Name column indicates the item can be accessed by the Component Name
method [ETABLE, ESOL]. The O column indicates the availability of the items in the file
Jobname.OUT. The R column indicates the availability of the items in the results file.
In either the O or R columns, Y indicates that the item is always available, a number refers to
a table footnote that describes when the item is conditionally available, and a - indicates that
the item is not available.
Table 42.1 PLANE42 Element Output Definitions
Name
Definition
O R
EL
Element Number
Y Y
NODES
Nodes - I, J, K, L
Y Y
MAT
Material number
Y Y
THICK
Average thickness
Y Y
VOLU:
Volume
Y Y
XC, YC
Y 3
PRES
Y Y
TEMP
Y Y
FLUEN
Y Y
S:X, Y, Z, XY
Y Y
S:1, 2, 3
Principal stresses
Y -
S:INT
Stress intensity
Y -
S:EQV
Equivalent stress
Y Y
EPEL:X, Y, Z, XY
Elastic strains
Y Y
EPEL:1, 2, 3
Y -
EPEL:EQV
- Y
EPTH:X, Y, Z, XY
Y Y
EPTH:EQV
- Y
EPPL:X, Y, Z, XY
Plastic strain
1 1
EPPL:EQV
- 1
EPCR:X, Y, Z, XY
Creep strains
1 1
EPCR:EQV
- 1
EPSW:
Swelling strain
1 1
NL:EPEQ
1 1
NL:SRAT
1 1
NL:SEPL
1 1
NL:HPRES
Hydrostatic pressure
- 1
FACE
Face label
2 2
2 2
TEMP
2 2
Name
Definition
O R
S(PAR, PER, Z)
2 2
SINT
2 2
SEQV
2 2
LOCI:X, Y, Z
- Y
1.
2.
3.
4.
OR
Y -
1 -
Note
For axisymmetric solutions with KEYOPT(1) = 0, the X, Y, Z, and XY stress
and strain outputs correspond to the radial, axial, hoop, and in-plane shear
stresses and strains, respectively.
Table 42.3: "PLANE42 Item and Sequence Numbers" lists output available through the
ETABLE command using the Sequence Number method. See The General Postprocessor
(POST1) in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide and The Item and Sequence Number Table of
this manual for more information. The following notation is used in Table 42.3: "PLANE42
Item and Sequence Numbers":
Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 42.1: "PLANE42 Element Output Definitions"
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
E
sequence number for single-valued or constant element data
I,J,K,L
P1
SMISC
P2
SMISC
P3
SMISC
P4
SMISC
S:1
NMISC
11
16
S:2
NMISC
12
17
S:3
NMISC
13
18
S:INT
NMISC
14
19
S:EQV
NMISC
10
15
20
FLUEN
NMISC
21
22
23
24
THICK
NMISC
25
J
1
4
3
-
5
-
See Surface Solution of this manual for the item and sequence numbers for surface output for
the ETABLE command.
SHELL63
Elastic Shell
MP ME ST <> <> PR <> <> <> PP ED
The elastic foundation stiffness (EFS) is defined as the pressure required to produce a unit
normal deflection of the foundation. The elastic foundation capability is bypassed if EFS is
less than, or equal to, zero.
For certain nonhomogeneous or sandwich shell applications, the following real constants are
provided: RMI is the ratio of the bending moment of inertia to be used to that calculated from
the input thicknesses. RMI defaults to 1.0. CTOP and CBOT are the distances from the
middle surface to the extreme fibers to be used for stress evaluations. Both CTOP and CBOT
are positive, assuming that the middle surface is between the fibers used for stress evaluation.
If not input, stresses are based on the input thicknesses. ADMSUA is the added mass per unit
area.
Element loads are described in Node and Element Loads. Pressures may be input as surface
loads on the element faces as shown by the circled numbers on Figure 63.1: "SHELL63
Geometry". Positive pressures act into the element. Edge pressures are input as force per unit
length. The lateral pressure loading may be an equivalent (lumped) element load applied at
the nodes (KEYOPT(6) = 0) or distributed over the face of the element (KEYOPT(6) = 2).
The equivalent element load produces more accurate stress results with flat elements
representing a curved surface or elements supported on an elastic foundation since certain
fictitious bending stresses are eliminated.
Temperatures may be input as element body loads at the "corner" locations (1-8) shown in
Figure 63.1: "SHELL63 Geometry". The first corner temperature T1 defaults to TUNIF. If all
other temperatures are unspecified, they default to T1. If only T1 and T2 are input, T1 is used
for T1, T2, T3, and T4, while T2 (as input) is used for T5, T6, T7, and T8. For any other input
pattern, unspecified temperatures default to TUNIF.
KEYOPT(1) is available for neglecting the membrane stiffness or the bending stiffness, if
desired. A reduced out-of-plane mass matrix is also used when the bending stiffness is
neglected.
KEYOPT(2) is used to activate the consistent tangent stiffness matrix (that is, a matrix
composed of the main tangent stiffness matrix plus the consistent stress stiffness matrix) in
large deflection analyses [NLGEOM,ON]. You can often obtain more rapid convergence in a
geometrically nonlinear analysis, such as a nonlinear buckling or postbuckling analysis, by
activating this option. However, you should not use this option if you are using the element to
simulate a rigid link or a group of coupled nodes. The resulting abrupt changes in stiffness
within the structure make the consistent tangent stiffness matrix unsuitable for such
applications.
KEYOPT(3) allows you to include (KEYOPT(3) = 0 or 2) or suppress (KEYOPT(3) = 1)
extra displacement shapes. It also allows you to choose the type of in-plane rotational stiffness
used:
Using the Allman stiffness will often enhance convergence behavior in large deflection (finite
rotation) analyses of planar shell structures (that is, flat shells or flat regions of shells).
KEYOPT(7) allows a reduced mass matrix formulation (rotational degrees of freedom terms
deleted). This option is useful for improved bending stresses in thin members under mass
loading.
KEYOPT(8) allows a reduced stress stiffness matrix (rotational degrees of freedom deleted).
This option can be useful for calculating improved mode shapes and a more accurate load
factor in linear buckling analyses of certain curved shell structures.
KEYOPT(11) = 2 is used to store midsurface results in the results file for single or multi-layer
shell elements. If you use SHELL,MID, you will see these calculated values, rather than the
average of the TOP and BOTTOM results. You should use this option to access these correct
midsurface results (membrane results) for those analyses where averaging TOP and
BOTTOM results is inappropriate; examples include midsurface stresses and strains with
nonlinear material behavior, and midsurface results after mode combinations that involve
squaring operations such as in spectrum analyses.
A summary of the element input is given in "SHELL63 Input Summary". A general
description of element input is given in Element Input.
Note
For models with large rotation about the in-plane direction,
KEYOPT(3) = 0 results in some transfer of moment directly to ground.
1 -Suppress extra displacement shapes, and use spring-type in-plane rotational stiffness
about the element z-axis (the program automatically adds a small stiffness to prevent
numerical instability for non-warped elements if KEYOPT(1) = 0).
2 -Include extra displacement shapes, and use the Allman in-plane rotational stiffness
about the element z-axis). See the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference.
KEYOPT(5)
Extra stress output:
0 -Basic element printout
2 -Nodal stress printout
KEYOPT(6)
Pressure loading:
0 -Reduced pressure loading (must be used if KEYOPT(1) = 1)
2 --
Note
See the Guide to ANSYS User Programmable Features for user written
subroutines
KEYOPT(11)
Specify data storage:
0 -Store data for TOP and BOTTOM surfaces only
Name
Description
TK(I)
TK(J)
TK(K)
TK(L)
EFS
THETA
RMI
CTOP
CBOT
10, ..., 18
(Blank)
--
19
ADMSUA
Several items are illustrated in Figure 63.2: "SHELL63 Stress Output". Printout includes the
moments about the x face (MX), the moments about the y face (MY), and the twisting
moment (MXY). The moments are calculated per unit length in the element coordinate
system. The element stress directions are parallel to the element coordinate system. A general
description of solution output is given in Solution Output. See the ANSYS Basic Analysis
Guide for ways to view results.
Figure 63.2 SHELL63 Stress Output
Definition
OR
EL
Element Number
Y Y
NODES
Nodes - I, J, K, L
Y Y
MAT
Material number
Y Y
AREA
AREA
Y Y
XC, YC, ZC
Y 1
PRES
Pressures P1 at nodes I, J, K, L; P2 at I, J, K, L; P3 at J, I; P4 at Y Y
K, J; P5 at L, K; P6 at I, L
TEMP
Y Y
T(X, Y, XY)
Y Y
M(X, Y, XY)
Y Y
FOUND.PRESS
Y -
LOC
Y Y
S:X, Y, Z, XY
Y Y
Name
Definition
OR
S:1, 2, 3
Principal stress
Y Y
S:INT
Stress intensity
Y Y
S:EQV
Equivalent stress
Y Y
EPEL:X, Y, Z,
XY
Y Y
EPEL:EQV
- Y
EPTH:X, Y, Z,
XY
Y Y
EPTH:EQV
- Y
O R
1
Item
TX
SMISC
TY
SMISC
TXY
SMISC
MX
SMISC
MY
SMISC
MXY
SMISC
P1
SMISC
10
11
12
P2
SMISC
13
14
15
16
P3
SMISC
18
17
P4
SMISC
P5
SMISC
P6
SMISC
23
S:1
NMISC
11
16
S:2
NMISC
12
17
S:3
NMISC
13
18
S:INT
NMISC
14
19
S:EQV
NMISC
10
15
20
S:1
NMISC
21
26
31
36
S:2
NMISC
22
27
32
37
S:3
NMISC
23
28
33
38
S:INT
NMISC
24
29
34
39
S:EQV
NMISC
25
30
35
40
20
19
-
22
21
-
24
Top
Bot
Zero area elements are not allowed. This occurs most often whenever the elements are
not numbered properly.
Zero thickness elements or elements tapering down to a zero thickness at any corner
are not allowed.
The applied transverse thermal gradient is assumed to vary linearly through the
thickness and vary bilinearly over the shell surface.
An assemblage of flat shell elements can produce a good approximation of a curved
shell surface provided that each flat element does not extend over more than a 15 arc.
If an elastic foundation stiffness is input, one-fourth of the total is applied at each
node. Shear deflection is not included in this thin-shell element.
A triangular element may be formed by defining duplicate K and L node numbers as
described in Triangle, Prism and Tetrahedral Elements. The extra shapes are
automatically deleted for triangular elements so that the membrane stiffness reduces to
This element also supports uniform reduced (1 point) integration with hourglass control when
KEYOPT(2) = 1. Using uniform reduced integration provides the following advantages when
running a nonlinear analysis:
Less cpu time is required for element stiffness formation and stress/strain calculations
to achieve a comparable accuracy to the FULL integration option.
The length of the element history saved record (.ESAV and .OSAV) is about 1/7th as
much as when the full integration (2 X 2 X 2) is used for the same number of
elements.
Nonlinear convergence characteristic of the option is generally far superior to the
default full integration with extra displacement shape; that is, KEYOPT(1) = 0,
KEYOPT(2) = 0.
The analysis will not suffer from volumetric locking which can be caused by plasticity
or other incompressible material properties.
An analysis using uniform reduced integration can have the following disadvantages:
The analysis is not as accurate as the full integration method, which is apparent in the
linear analysis for the same mesh.
The analysis cannot capture the bending behavior with a single layer of elements; for
example, in the case of a fixed-end cantilever with a lateral point load, modeled by one
layer of elements laterally. Instead, four elements are usually recommended.
When the uniform reduced integration option is used (KEYOPT(2) = 1 - this option is the
same as SOLID185 with KEYOPT(2) = 1), you can check the accuracy of the solution by
comparing the total energy (SENE label in ETABLE) and the artificial energy (AENE label
in ETABLE) introduced by hourglass control. If the ratio of artificial energy to total energy is
less than 5%, the solution is generally acceptable. If the ratio exceeds 5%, refine the mesh.
The total energy and artificial energy can also be monitored by using the OUTPR,VENG
command in the solution phase. For more details, see the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference.
You can apply an initial stress state to this element through the ISTRESS or ISFILE
command. For more information, see Initial Stress Loading in the ANSYS Basic Analysis
Guide. Alternately, you can set KEYOPT(9) = 1 to read initial stresses from the user
subroutine USTRESS. For details on user subroutines, see the Guide to ANSYS User
Programmable Features.
You can include the effects of pressure load stiffness in a geometric nonlinear analysis using
SOLCONTROL,,,INCP. Pressure load stiffness effects are included in linear eigenvalue
buckling automatically. If an unsymmetric matrix is needed for pressure load stiffness effects,
use NROPT,UNSYM.
A summary of the element input is given in "SOLID45 Input Summary". A general
description of element input is given in Element Input.
Degrees of Freedom
UX, UY, UZ
Real Constants
HGSTF - Hourglass control factor needed only when KEYOPT(2) = 1.
Note
The valid value for this real constant is any positive number; default =
1.0. We recommend that you use a value between 1 and 10.
Material Properties
EX, EY, EZ, PRXY, PRYZ, PRXZ (or NUXY, NUYZ, NUXZ), ALPX, ALPY,
ALPZ (or CTEX, CTEY, CTEZ or THSX, THSY, THSZ), DENS, GXY, GYZ, GXZ,
DAMP
Surface Loads
Pressures -face 1 (J-I-L-K), face 2 (I-J-N-M), face 3 (J-K-O-N), face 4 (K-L-P-O), face 5 (L-I-MP), face 6 (M-N-O-P)
Body Loads
Temperatures -T(I), T(J), T(K), T(L), T(M), T(N), T(O), T(P)
Fluences -FL(I), FL(J), FL(K), FL(L), FL(M), FL(N), FL(O), FL(P)
Special Features
Plasticity
Creep
Swelling
Stress stiffening
Large deflection
Large strain
Birth and death
Adaptive descent
Initial stress import
KEYOPT(1)
Include or suppress extra displacement shapes:
0 --
Several items are illustrated in Figure 45.2: "SOLID45 Stress Output". The element stress
directions are parallel to the element coordinate system. The surface stress outputs are in the
surface coordinate systems and are available for any face (KEYOPT(6)). The coordinate
systems for faces IJNM and KLPO are shown in Figure 45.1: "SOLID45 Geometry". The
other surface coordinate systems follow similar orientations as indicated by the pressure face
node description. Surface stress printout is valid only if the conditions described in Element
Solution are met. A general description of solution output is given in Solution Output. See the
ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for ways to view results.
Figure 45.2 SOLID45 Stress Output
Definition
OR
EL
Element Number
Y Y
NODES
Nodes - I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P
Y Y
MAT
Material number
Y Y
VOLU:
Volume
Y Y
Name
Definition
OR
XC, YC, ZC
Y 3
PRES
Pressures P1 at nodes J, I, L, K; P2 at I, J, N, M; P3 at J, K, O, Y Y
N; P4 at K, L, P, O; P5 at L, I, M, P; P6 at M, N, O, P
TEMP
Y Y
FLUEN
Y Y
Y Y
S:1, 2, 3
Principal stresses
Y Y
S:INT
Stress intensity
Y Y
S:EQV
Equivalent stress
Y Y
Y Y
EPEL:1, 2, 3
Y -
EPEL:EQV
Y Y
EPTH:X, Y, Z,
XY, YZ, XZ
- 1
EPTH:EQV
- 1
1 1
EPPL:EQV
1 1
EPCR:X, Y, Z,
XY, YZ, XZ
1 1
EPCR:EQV
1 1
EPSW:
1 1
NL:EPEQ
1 1
NL:SRAT
1 1
NL:SEPL
1 1
NL:HPRES
Hydrostatic pressure
FACE
Face label
2 2
AREA
Face area
2 2
TEMP
2 2
EPEL
2 2
PRESS
Surface pressure
2 2
S(X, Y, XY)
2 2
S(1, 2, 3)
2 2
SINT
2 2
SEQV
2 2
Name
LOCI:X, Y, Z
1.
2.
3.
4.
Definition
OR
- Y
OR
1 -
2 -
3 -
1. Output at each of eight integration points, if the element has a nonlinear material and
KEYOPT(6) = 3
2. Output at each integration point, if KEYOPT(5) = 1
3. Output at each node, if KEYOPT(5) = 2
Table 45.3: "SOLID45 Item and Sequence Numbers" lists output available through the
ETABLE command using the Sequence Number method. SeeThe General Postprocessor
(POST1) in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide and The Item and Sequence Number Table of
this manual for more information. The following notation is used in Table 45.3: "SOLID45
Item and Sequence Numbers":
Name
output quantity as defined in the Table 45.1: "SOLID45 Element Output Definitions"
Item
predetermined Item label for ETABLE command
I,J,...,P
sequence number for data at nodes I,J,...,P
Table 45.3 SOLID45 Item and Sequence Numbers
Output Quantity Name
P1
SMISC
I
2
J
1
K
4
L
3
I
5
10
12
11
P2
SMISC
P3
SMISC
P4
SMISC
13
14
16
15
P5
SMISC
18
17
19
20
P6
SMISC
21
22
23
24
S:1
NMISC
11
16
21
26
31
36
S:2
NMISC
12
17
22
27
32
37
S:3
NMISC
13
18
23
28
33
38
S:INT
NMISC
14
19
24
29
34
39
S:EQV
NMISC
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
FLUEN
NMISC
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
See Surface Solution in this manual for the item and sequence numbers for surface output for
the ETABLE command.