Lt 1.1 The fore, F, of the wind blowing against a building is given by F = CopV7A/2, where Vis the wind speed, p the density ofthe air, ‘A the cross-sectional area of the building, and Cpis a constant termed the drag coefficient. Determine the dimensions of the drag coefficient. FeQeVA or Cy =2F/eWA , where F=MLT™* ez mL* VeLT Thos, AeL* Cy 2(MLT™*)/ [OME ML (LY) = MPT? Hence , Cy is dimensionless.FE 1.2 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, Of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) vol lume, (b) acceleration, (e) mass, (4) moment of inertia (area), and (e) work. (a) volume = (6) acceleration = time rade of change of velocity (¢) mass = or with F=2mir? masse FLT? (A) moment sf inertia (area) = second moment of area SL G2)es Ln (e@) work = fore x distance 2 fk er with F2Mm.r7* works ML? T7?13 1.3 Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, for (a) the product of force times acceleration, (b) the prod- uct of force times velocity divided by area, and (©) momentum divided by volume. (a) force x acceleration = (F)(LT~?) = FLT? Since F3MLT™, Force x acceleration = (ogiT ALT?) 2 M77 * (h) force x velocity emt) 2 feTo area ye Me Cet Nit) = pgzm3 a auuaeeet ce) Rementum | mass x velocity volume volume.Je 1.4 Verify'the dimensions. in both the FLT system and the MLT system, of the following ‘quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) fre~ quency, (b) stress, (€) strain, (€) torque, and (e) work, (4) treguency = 6) shess = aes £ = FL? Since F# LT, i stress = war gg, COL fae ce) strain = characte lets 2 L © 1° Cbmegsimles) length Se on (4) torgue = force x disteonce = FL ©) work = force x distance = OT Yt) 2 mez 1-4LS 15 Ifwisavelocity, xalength, and atime, ‘what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) au/at, (b) Pulaxat, and (c) f (au/at) dx? Cel acd @ sx oe ff &) CS A “2 axed yr) 2 lta) 7 = ©) ie dx = oe1.6 If pis a pressure, Va velocity, and p a fluid density, ‘what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) p/p, (b) Vp, and (c) p/pV*? MicaiTiaer ae eT t= (a) Tei aaa SS 2,724 (b) pVp= Gren? (ut) (c?)= MeL eae GP ATR Tage MULT? (dunensinless ) ORE? Gla”17 If Vis a velocity, €a length, and v a fuid propery (the kine- matic viscosity) having dimensions of L°T~', which of the fol- Jowing combinations are dimensionless: (a) Vév,(b) Ve/v, (e) V¥r, @ ven car VAY = CLT MeMAT) = LIT * (oud dimensionless) Mele BD) 3 EMO os LT? (dinansionlng) le) Vv = V1) = LT go dimensianlesa) a) Vo. Gt) . y« @) 7 gen” L* (not dimensionless)18. If Vis a velocity, determine the dimensions of Z, a, and G, ‘which appear in the dimensionally homogeneous equation V=Za-1)+G Vv Z@&-i)+6 Ler] * [a][<-"] + [6] Since each term im the eguatwn must have the same diimensiins, (£ follows that ea of = FPL? C dimensionless since Combined with 4 number) eeEA 44 The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing a slowly moving liquid is given by the equation aRAp Bul where isthe pipe radius, Ap the pressure drop along the pipe, +a fluid property called viscosity (FL~*7), and £ the length of pipe. What are the dimensions of the constant 7/8? Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equation? Explain. . fry Lt] [Fe eae lis pre Pr ber] The Constant Tg is dimensionless, and the equation 13 @ general homogeneous Cguatibn That is valid in Un'+ system. Yes. tes. any Consistent1.10 According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy loss per unit weight of fuid flowing through nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula = 0.04 to 0.09(D/d'V7/2g ‘where i is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter, d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and 8g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid in any system of units? Explain. R= (0.04 f eos) (B)* Mt [Fes [oor oof) SEINE] [L | a [0.0% tb 00] [L] Since each term in The eguation must have the Same dimensions, the Constend Herm (0.04 40,09) must be di mensienless. Thus, The eguatiy 4 & general homogeneous ep uatien that 1s Valid pa any system of anit. Yes. | LAL The pressure difference, Ap, across a cosity (FL-*7), p the blood density (ML~*), D’| partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) isthe artery diameter, Ay the area of the unob- approximated by the equation structed artery, and A, the area of the stenosis. ee Vet Determine the dimensions of the constants K, spa KD +K fpr! ev? where V is the blood velocity, s1 the blood vis- ™ of units? tps ky Aes kel] PY Dec) = fe, CENSNE)] ES -] ETS] ec’) = [k][ecd + (k)(Fct] Since each term must have the same dimensions, K, and K, are dimensionless. Thus, the equation is a general homogeneous eguation that would be valicl ta ang Consistent system ef units. Yes I-10LL fl’) aie 1.12 Assume that the speed of sound, c, in a fluid depends ‘on an elastic modulus, £,, with dimensions FL~, and the fluid density, p, in the form c = (E,)"(p)’. If this is to be a dimen- sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values fora and 5? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq, 1.19.) (e.)*6)* c= (E,)*(@) Sime C2LT' £,3FL* p= Petr? [sje (EL) fee a) TI” | £24] | ae For a climensionally homogeneous efuakion each term jn fhe eguation must have the same dimensions. Thus, the right hand side of £3.(1) must have the dimensions of LT There hre, arh=o0 (te elimnate F) 2b Ct sabisty condition on T) Lat¢b=-! Che atsty enditen on L) Lt flows Tht a=4 ana b= So That This result is consistent with The shandend Aornula hr the Speed of sound. Yes.1.13 A formula to estimate the volume rate of the dam (called the head). This formula gives of flow, Q, flowing over a dam of length, B, is Qin ft/s when B and #f are in feet. Is the con- given by the equation stant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation s pa be valid if units other than feet and seconds were Q = 3.09BH’ aoe where H is the depth of the water above the top GER on eiuie |. furr-]= Boru] LI" (u37-] = [zoe] [1 Since each term in the eguation must have the same dimensions the constant 3.04 cnust have dimensions of LAT-' and is therefore not dimensionless . Na. Since the constant has dimensions its value will chenpe with « change in units. No. 1-12.1.15 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (¢) 3.02 Ib, (d) 73-1 ft/s", (e) 0.0234 Ib-s/ft’, () /o2 ae " (v2 # 2) (esx 2) Ein} Gos = 442x107 St = 432 20m (6) 48) slags= (49 shgs ) (1489 £10 3 4) (6) 3.02 = (3028 )(44ne X)= san 70,2 be ch) 73) = (732) 4) (4 04720" ot) = lbes | lb-s ce) o.oz3e BS « (0. cnay GE ‘- NS = “4/2 a I-13 cf ¢Ceq 1.16 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m’, (¢) 1.61 kg/m’, (@) 0.0320 N-m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/hr. (4) 142 hm = (42.210 %m) (3.201 )= 466 x0! Ht Jb () 80 By = (84S ) (6 306x10? we )q sexi i. picseneimeiemaaEly fm te da: i ce) fay 48 = (167 4) (. 90x10? #2 Je 3.12 416° sls 4é? pears aie mm (d) 0.0320 ©” = (0,030 8") (1 s1ex10"' a ) Mm s = 236x110" Ft db (2) 5,67 7A = (507x107 =) (320; #) whe Sse ek BESSMAR ERE SEREC isLE. 1.17 Express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 160 acre, (b) 15 gallons (U.S), (€) 240 miles, (4) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 °F, (a) 160 are = (lod allan xo Se E) (9.2% x2) = 6.47 xl0om (b) 15 gallons = (15 gallons 3, tas See se) (if nd ) 56,8 x1 nn? so (4) 240 mé = (240 mi) (e200;5: ) (048 ai) (4) 79.1 hp = (74.1 hp)(s50 * es ee abe 2). saxo! 2 and |2= \w Bonen 79.1 hp= 5.90 x10" W. we) hes (bo.3°F -32) = 15.7°C 2 I9.7°C 4273 = 294 ie418 1.18 For Table 1.3 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (¢) velocity, and (4) specific weight. Use the basic conversion. relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 Ib = 4.4482 N; and 1 slug = 14.594 kg. (a) | f= (140){(0so1)'20"|- 0,09290 am* Thus, rrultigly £47 by 9.290 E-2 +o convert tom. th) y Sug s slug ea) fe 1 (/ ) (45% a) ape Re = StS ee Thus, multiply slug tt? bg S.1S¥ E+2 40 convert to kg/m? ce) | . (| 4) (0.30% &)- As0ne & Thus, multiply ft/s by 3.048 E-I + comert to m/s. Lee? @) if: V2 Be) ) (4422 & [Atom] = 1st & Thus, multiply Ib/ft? by [S71 Et2Z + convert to N/m,(one) ail PEE ee ee lationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density, (©) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1m = 3.2808 ft; 1N = 0.22481 Ib; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug. (a) 1% (1%) (3.2808 #)= 3.28) # Thus, rrultiply m/s? by 3.28) to convert to #t/s2, &. as, besa) slugs)[ Lan | yap a «(Bs , )(0.0 sal ar a = 23:-ish = 1. Go x10 SS Thus, multiply 2y/m? by 440 E-3 to convert to slug/t3. EN 0.2248) 1 po cele Ne (lege ut noe a Ce aregy* fe = 2.089 x07 BL Thus, multiply N/mm? by 2.084 E-2 to comert to Ib/ Fe, fd) | ne i (1 wt) [Gres 35:3! a? Thas, multiply m/s by 3.531 Etl to convert to £t%s. Pig Ci ae7.20 1.20 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 1300 gal/min. What is this volume rate of flow in (a) m/s, (b) liters/min, and (¢) £0 /s? (a) 3 5 MN Flowrate = (1202 92! ) (4 zo9 aid? “F ) Zl min S759 naeaee (6) Since | Miter = 10 m3, tlowrate = (757 xJo* a ) (122 lhe liters min = ¥540 2 ft3 (©) flowrate = (757x102) (3531x100 F_) = ia = Se reel ast 18 oO1.24 An important dimensionless parameter the Froude number using SI units for V, g, and in certain types of fluid flow problemsis the Froude. Explain the significance of the results of these number defined as V/Vgt, where Vis a velocity, calculations. g the acceleration of gravity, and (a length, De- termine the value of the Froude number for V = 10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s’, and f = 2 ft, Recalculate In 86 units, fe EE ce eePrrerertee Las: a 2.2 &)(24) In SI units: V= (lo € \(as009 BH). 05 F g2 48! ce Ve (2 te) (o3048 0.b10 m Thas, ee 3.05 5 = 25 meV , Wge Vai %) vim The value of a dimensienless Parameter 1s Independent of The unit system. I-19 oO123 1.23 Atak conains 500 kg of gud whos speci ravi 2. Determine the volume of the liquid in the tank. = ery m=eV = $6 Cag V Thus, V= M(SG Pyy) = 500kg M2)( 999 28 )) = 0.250m? 124 1.24 Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liguid water content. Often this content is measured in grams per cubic meter (g/m). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies a volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is 0.2 g/m?. (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic ~ miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in a) pounds? Folume = 1 Bam) = 10" m? Since Lm = 3.281 £4 { t 3 Vilma (1otmt) C8201 8) | S2m xi? £ FEN S ea G _ rsep- (043 )a' Sf aus Ota. x aw. )Cotm’) = | Ett | 2 J=[ gern th x10 N Mead xn )(z.268 110 2!) = 44) x10" |b 1-2025 | 125 A tank of oil has a mass of 25 slugs (a) Determine its weight in pounds and in new- tons at the earth's surface. (b) What would be its “amass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if lo- cated on the moon’s surface where the gravita- tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that at the earth’s surface? ca) weight = mass x 9 = (25 slugs) (22.2 ah 5054 = (25 slugs) (14. sp At L ) (491 % a 66) rmass = 25 slugs (rmass dots mot depend on gravitationa| attraction ) weight: (ar slugs ) ia #) = 134 Ib = ger”. ETI 1.26 A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth’s surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in newtons) when lecated on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal to 4.0 fi/s? — weight Mass = “3 Png OC ALLL ee 3064 31 =u: ar anemE for gs #0 ii weight = (30.643) (40 2) (0.3048 2) 33723441.27 The density of a certain type of jet fuel is 775 kg/m. Determine its specific gravity and specific weight. 4 = 7538 e eo = = 0.775 6 Ree ie, yepg = (175 44) (44 %)= 760 24 1-22123 1.28. A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liq- uids. (See Video V2.8.) For a certain liquid a hydrometer read- ing indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liguid’s den- sity and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units teas a 3 aN = 1.348 ——1:24 An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 1° of water at 40 °F. Over a 24-hour period of time the water temperature varies from 49 °F to 90 °F. Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine how miich the volume of water will ‘change. For a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding ‘change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain, inass of water = BARE Where 6 tre volume and / The densrly. Since The mass mast remath constant @s The temperature changes Woe = 4, Cpoe i, - sh From Table 8.1 Hee 1440 Sees z igs Jap @ gore = 1 P81 aa Therelore, tron Eg.) ne te Ce oe? a es ed Tay Thus, The increase th volume ss : 4 o19l -Kooo= Ooh ft The change wi weber dept, AL, 2 gue ~~ AY, oot 3 . eae carers = 592410 FL= 0.07/0in G This small change 1 clephn would mt be very hotceable. No. Mote: A slightly ditterent value for AL will be obtained if specifee weignt of water Is used reTher Than density. This 13 due te the fact tot there is seme ancertuitty It the fourth significant figure oF these, two Values, and The soluben + Sensitive ty This uncerfeinty [241.31 A mountain climber's oxygen tank contains 1 Ib of oxygen ‘when he begins his trip at sea level where the acceleration of grav- ity is 32.174 fUs*. What is the weight of the oxygen in the tank when he reaches to top of Mt, Everest where the acceleration of gravity is 32.082 fs"? Assume that no oxygen has been removed from the tank; it will be used on the descent portion of the climb, We mg Let ( ),, denote sea level and (ye denotethe top of Mt. Everest Thus, Wey = 115 = my 95s andl Wate = ng Gone However Mm.) = My, so that since m pee _ me wpa = Mate ~~ og of Vue * 2M, ge vl Pel 1b 32,082 ft/s* 32.174 Fis 251.3% The information on a can of pop indicates that the can contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C. Express your results in SI units. weight of Flurl a) Y= plume of Fluid tobe! weight = mass xg = (0364 by )(2812 ) = £42V weight ef can= O/53N Volume of Fluid = (955x102 L)(0722)= B55.10 ot? Thus, fron Eg.) = 2462 ~ 2153N _ 977, a P55 410m? — Be 2 Pa Sale 9970 LS. ga AE 3) 2 me 4 se: = Thm. paul fierce 1m #E For water af 20°C (see Table B.2 1% Appendic B) nv E de. S ope 7787-*, i‘ aa 798.28 SG =0.9982 md A. comparison of These Values hr water with Those for The pop shows Thad The gpecitre Weight, density, aad qpecite gravity of The pop are all Slightly Jower Than The corresponding Values tor wader. 1-26FW, 33 "1.33 The variation in the density of water, p, with tem- erature, 7, in the range 20°C = T= 50°C, is given in the following table. Density n/m) | 9982 | 9971 | 9957 | 9541 | 9922 | 9902 | suR Tenperaweo) 20 Tas Tao Tas Fao bas | wo ‘Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the form b= ¢; + GT + oT? which can be used to predict the density ‘over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1 °C? Fit tre deta to a secone order pelynomia! Using & stendard curve-Fitiig Prejrim such as found In EXCEL, Thus, (= (201 = 0.0539T ~ 0.00%) T* a) Set 8 OSPF T = 0007 TT As shown im the table below , 2 (predicted) tron E.l0 13 1a geod agreement with p (aren). TC p,koIm"S _p, Predicted ‘e982 20 998.3 5 997.1 997.1 0 9957 995.7 6 994.1 994.1 40 992.2 992.3 45 9902 9903 0 988.1 988.1 AL 7s vopee : , foo) ~ 0.0533 (42.)°¢)~ 0.0041 (42) tC) = TALS = /? — I-271.34 If 1 cup of cream having a density of 1005 kg/m’ is tamed into 3 cups of whipped cream, determine the specific gravity {and specific weight of the whipped cream. Mass of cream, mm = (1 005 44) « (om) where 4 ~ volume. Since am, Bee CaN ae e Whi a alg cree s “bina whipped for oxygen ana R= 1242x109 Fb Ay helium Slapee Thus, From £g.U1) sf tne gas 1s oxygen Beales slugs _ 1554108 Ae” and ter el ei -+ ee h2y2xio* oo &. sl 4S BX ae 4 Comparison of These Values with The actual dens ty of the gas ii the tank inavcates That The Gas rust be Ofggen. le3¢[ 240 J 1.40 A compressed air tank contains 5 kg of air at a temperature of 80 °C. A gage on the tank reads 300 kPa. Determine the volume of the tank. valume =a e 3 , BP _ Goor s0l)*10 ame eee es 2 ey pelican: 213.90 Oe, RT (aze.d =, ) [foo + 473) k] ay k 5 4n 3 ee ee ee 3% &E in $5 Tl 1.11 A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 90 psia and a temperature of 60 °F. By how much will the pressure increase ts the temperature is iesgcd to 110F? C&q, 1.8) ear For @ rigia closed tank The ath mass and Volume are Constant go f= Constant. Thus, From £9.18 (wits R constant) | TA et fe Eo Fa where ps Go pia, T= bo +Y¥b0 = 520°R, and 5 10°F +460 = 51% From ER.) ee pe 570°! ) Cr psia) = 98.7 psia Sz0°R442 1.42 ‘The hetium-flled blimp shown in Fig. P1.A2 is used at var- ious athletic events, Determine the number of pounds of helium Within it if its volume is 68,000 ft? and the temperature and pres- sure are 80 °F and 14.2 psa, respectively. M@FIGURE pta2 W=EV where Y= 66,0008" and d-09=(p/RT)g Thos, v= [2 By (aes 10" EE Naot 460)'R)] (32.24) = 9,820" ptt ([b/ (slug #/s*)) = 9, 82 0B Hence, W- genni? tt (68000f!*) = 668 Ib }-33Master Typing Shee 10% Reduction 1.43 Develop a computer program for calculating the density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the tem- perature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in J/kg K are ‘specified. Plot the density of helium as a function of temperature ie from 0 °C to 200 °C and pressures of $0, 100, 150, and 200 kPa (abs), SESE er Hier tend gas. peprt EH: se That 4 Cnet Where p is| abselute pressure sara aistant, and 7 Ee Is absolute Femperature. Thus, 1 The temperd ture tea eG Then fF = He ae i spreadsheet (Exce.) Program fr caleulating follows . | | | [This program calculates the density of an ideal gas I _ fuhen the absolute pressure in Pasoals, the temperature lin degrees C, and the gas constant in J/kgrK are specified, [To use, replace current values with desired values of| | temperature, pressure, and gas constant. Ama eB, hel |go00, is | Pressure, |Temperature,| Gas constant, Density. | Pals eaeito) wikgk | kgim' Pp 4.01E+05 15, 286.9 423° | Rowi0 | a ! He ot Formula erga =A10/((B10+273,15)°C10) Example. Calculate ~ for = aeasia ig demperature = 20°C, ana R= 287 S/d k, i | A” B casa aor | Pre ‘Temperature, | Gas constant, | Density, | Pa zl wikgK | _kgim® 2.00E+05| 20 267 | 2.38 | Row 10*143_| (con'h) The density of helivm is plotted inthe graph below. Density of Helium 04 -——____— . a 0.35 _ 03} — kg/m? 0.25 P= nee = 200kPa labs) SSS=s = f50. = 00 1-35L458 1.45 For flowing water, what is the magnitude of the velocity gra- dient needed to produce a shear stress of 1.0 ae “uf where 4 = 1.12 x10? MS aye and Telok Thus, deere manos 1 dy & 12x10? WS = 373) 5 me 1.46 1.46 Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the dynamic viscosity of glycerin at 85 °F. Express your answer in, both SI and BG units Te? $ (Ty -32)2 $ (esp -32) = 29.4°C Frome BI sa tA ppendie B: FB Glyeeria at BSF (atu) x 06 MS (55 units) PROG &) (2.069 xlo* 36L47 1.47 One type of capillary-tube viscometer is shown in Video V1.5 and in Fig. PLAT. For this device the liquid to Glass be tested is drawn into the tube to a level above the top suenatheing ‘etched line. The time is then obtained for the liquid to drain ee to the bottom etched line. The kinematic viscosity, v, in m4/s is then obtained from the equation v = KR‘: where K is. a constant, R is the radius of the capillary tube in mm, and ¢ is the drain time in seconds. When glycerin at 20°C is used as acalibration fluid ina particular viscometer the drain time is 1,430s, When a liquid having a density of 970 kg/m? is ooay tested in the same viscometer the drain time is 900 s. What 7 is the dynamic viscosity of this liquid? v= KR m FIGURE P1.41 For glycerin @ 20°C V= L19x)0 Imi, a hex mh = Keel, 4305) KR 832x107 mre For un&nown ligaid with t= Tos Ve (3.2220 m2) G00 5) = 749 x)0' m*/s Since fz Ppy = G70 *fa)(1.99x0' mf ) Bs R = M5 = 0.727 SE = 0,127 3 ™m — 37Master Typing S (0% Reduction 1.48 The viscosity ofa soft drink was determined by using scometet similar to that shown in Fig. P1.47 f this device the kinematic viscosity, v, is directly proportional to the time, 1, that it takes for a given amount of liquid to flow through a small capillary tube. That is, v = Ke. The following data were obtained from regular pop and diet pop. The corresponding measured specific gravities | are also given. Based on these data, by what percent is the I absolute viscosity, 4, of regular pop greater than that of diet Pop? Regular pop Diet pop cr as) 3778 300.3 SG 1.044 1.003 y neg Pcie | | th greater = Hires fies X1op = Mees =]. |x 100 Aer iF] Pact | Sie vs ye dike, am P= CYing oe 8 Fleas | that — | | | oh Greater = I} x 100 x 100 =| (E36 )rey I Cx Sl Jace | =/(377.85)(.049) 1) 18 | (CPee: ears Cn 205) | Pee aa boot Es 1-381.49 Determine the ratio ofthe dynamic vis- cosity of water to air at a temperature of 60 °C. Compare this value with the corresponding ratio ‘of kinematic viscosities. Assume the aris at stan- dard atmospheric pressure. From Table 8.2 i» Appendiz B: : 4 if 3m? (for water af bore) f= 4665 aid WE 5 V/=4796x10'% From Table 2.4 in Appendia 8: z se Chr ar at Go'e) p= Lata BE 5 y= Lebxio” Thus, i. so 4bbS X10 = oe = 437 alr Lars io’. uo . 4 45 x10" | » ae Vly L2b x10 [3%Master 1 g Sheet 10% Reducti Foor T 1.50 The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5 x 10~ poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and BG units. lo Frem Appendix E, 10' 4, pp (5 210" poise ) (Ces and From Table |. 4 1.51 The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20 °C and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes. Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this temperature and pressure. ao Asx wit, RT = &,loy stokes = Of = (0.104 & P) (ee = Qosujo” AL fas = = / poise, HS 2 S410 Polse (5x10 "hes 4,089 X10 fos (ae, V[(co’e +413)k| ae 0/04 Thus, my 97. om? y(n 42) o Nes amn® 2.05 £10 10.4 «10 TMs f 3 oT Ibs eeMaster Typing Sheet 10% Reduction 8 1/2 x 11 trim size “L.52 Fluids for which the shearing stress, 7, is not linearly = related to the rate of shearing strain, 7, are designated as non- Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit ‘unusual behavior as shown in Video V1.6, Some experimental data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 °F are shown below. bE rdbife?) | 0 | 241 | 782 | 185 x) To Tso T100 Viso Plot these data and fita second-order polynomial to the data using | |. suitable graphing program, What is the apparent viscosity of this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70 s~"? Is this. apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for water at the same temperature? Rate of Shearing shearing stress, (ee a strain, 4/s_Ibisq ft £40 =0,0008 7? +.0,0035 5, | 0 0 ie) 244 | 230 | 100 7.82 Boo 150185 5 200 317 gz Zo ca 0 50 100 150 200 250 Rate of shearing strain, Is. Om the graph tis 0.000857 4 0.003-% where ts the sheanng Stress ia |b/$t* and ¥ 13 the rate Shearing strain in st. z : | | Aapperea = 92 = 2910-0008) +-0.0035- | At $5705" i I HH sgeSr coneemameny | feapparns = (2)t0.d00b a5 ) (105 ') + 0.0088 EEE EEE et OL hel teat san } = =F ib im Table Bl 1a A ppendrs B, My ne@sorr = I TIKXI0 fae, ce waters a Newtonian Fluid this value is \Thus, The unknown non-NewLonay data has-a-tmuch| larger Value. | | — peanMaster Typing Sheet 10% Reducti 812x 1 t size — 1.53 Water flows near a flat surface and some measure 483 ments ofthe water velocity, u, parallel to the surface, at different T heights, y, ove the surface are obtained. At the surface y= 0. | After an analysis of the data the lab technician reports thatthe velocity distribution in the range 0 < y <0.1 ft is given by | the equation, | | t 4 = 081 +92) +41 x 10 | — with w in fs when y isin ft. (@) Do you think that this equation ‘would be valid in any system of units? Explain. (b) Do you [think this equation is correct? Explain. You may want to look at Video 14 to help you arrive at your answer. 1 1 x Gay Oa ea ere y fire (ails Ig LL] + [revel [2] tr ezuation must |have the same dimensions, rave dimensions of LT — TS and 1X17 dimensyons of LT! in The €puation Have ae Meir wign a change tH units, Vo. ch would Viglate tne —‘no=sli eat | } rreck since at yo erat ie : / { | |1.54 Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water and for air through a 4-mm-diameter tube, ifthe mean velocity — is3 m/sand the temperature is 30 °C in both cases (see Example 1.4) Assume the ai is at standard atmospheric pressure. |For water at 30°C (trom Table 8.2 14 Appendix B): Ps P957 ae: ne 7.975 x10" ae Et Sear (7957 4 =f) (3 2) (2.004 m) - | For adr at Sore (From Table B.4 in AppendixB) : rieiatoT Mee 7m = /5,000 752_ Ee Pues at Zee bbb xi Lae Le pe AYO tt ERIC 2) Case) ee 7 I-43,[44 ° OQ 455 1.55. Forair at standard atmospheric pressure the values of the constants that appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C = 1.458 x 10°* kg/(m: and S = 110.4 K. Use these values to predict the viscosity of air at 10 °C and 90 °C and compare with values given in Table B.4 in Appendix B 3 = CT? _ (a4se 04s, fara Tr ho4k For, T= 10°C = /0°C + A73, 15 = 28215K, ab 34, 453 XID A283 i5K SI rn Ce. usar ws Ae31S K + 110,4 pmecaseeene ee NE From Table 84 A Te x10” Mes For T= 90°C-=. FOC + AIRE = 203,15K, ath weg x10~*)( 303, bae\re ve 563,15 K + MO.4 -5 = 2410 MS ee yn From Table 8.4, - = Qiyxjor Ms20 hs? 156* 1 Use the values of viscosity of air given in Table B.4 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100°C to determine the constants C and $ which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10). Compare your results with the values given in Problem 1.55, (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form 7 1 Ss Pee and plot 7°%/y: versus T. From the slope and in- tercept of this curve C and S can be obtained.) Equation 410 Can be written 14 the form ae. = e =(¢)T+ ck 0) and with The data from Table BY: % ah Tl) Tk) Abuser) — TY [KL dgfors)] ° A735 111 £10°* 2beecn?® ao AGBIE bean 2758x108 Yo 31315 ABT XI eewoe bo 333,15 lar xe TAI 80 35815 aorKne 9. 20610 foo 37315 21741oS 3. 322 X10 A plot of rip te Ti shown babu: 35x10" SEE dhe 280 Bao 360 as (cont) [4s aCe!)ESES (Con't) Since the deta plot as an approxmede straight Iie Fg.) can be represented by an eguetion of The form y= bx ta where yu TY, xX~T, b~ We, and an S/C Fit the dete +o a linear eguation using a Standard eurve~f tiny program such as found In EXCEL. Thus, Y= b.%9X 10% 4 7. yy) x10" and gabe 6.969x 10> ~6 so tut = C= 143 x10 bi fim.s K*) treatin oa aha Sela l= 7 4ey x lo" Cc and therehre S= /07 K These values hr Cand S are in good agreement wth values given in Problem |. 55 .Reduction “57 Hee Assume al ote factors rman constant. 1.57 The viscosity of a fluid plays a very important role in determining how a fluid flows. (See Video V1.4) The value of the viscosity depends not only on the specific fluid but also on the fluid temperature, Some experiments show that when a liquid, under the action of a constant driving pressure, is forced with a low velocity, V, through a small horizontal tube, the velocity is given by the equation V = X/. In this equation K is a constant fora given tube and pressure, and is the dynamic viscosity, For a particular liquid of interest, the viscosity is given bby Andrade's equation (Eq 1.11) with D = 5 X 107" Ib s/f? and B = 4000 °R. By what percentage will the velocity increase as the liquid temperature is increased from 40 °F 10 100 °F? K Poo oh increase in V = [Mes ee { ‘and From F4.l)&(2) cs Inevease tt vo ee ~' ew = | | Ee "From Bndnades Gquacion ‘ooo Myg 2 Bxt0 le | Care me Yooo iat Cov F 460) any cz) (@)0° Y LiSee 7 ASe0 tea aumenaieaae viscosity of water given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 *C to determine the constants D and B which appear in Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11), Calculate the value ofthe viscosity at $0 °C and compare with the value given in Table B.2. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form 1 Ing = (B)2+InD and plot In y versus 1/7. From the slope and intercept of this curve B and D can be obtained. If a nonlinear curve fitting program is available the constants can be obtained directly from Eq, 1.11 without rewriting the equation.) © gua tion Li can be written in The form Inj =(B)% + InD and wits the deta trom Table B.2° Te) TK) Tt) (stn?) sn 3 o ARIE 3Bbb/ £10" L787 x07 6.527 to 93,15 24 L107 1.002 £10 ~6%6 ho 31315 2193 2107 6529 Kp" — ~ 7.334 60 33315 Boozxo? = K bE KW * = 7. bio 90 353.15) a.03z0? = 2 S47 Kio * — ~ 7.944 (00 37315 piévecwo™ = 2.80R x10" = - 8.174 A plot of Inn vs. W/T 15 shown below: ~ 7.0 Fars a)58 Ceen't ) Since the deta plot as an approximate Straignt line, &§.U) Can be wsed to represent These deta. Te obtain Bana D, At the dade bo an exponen tia / Cig ant ten of the form 4=aEé such as fund 14 EXCEL bx Ths, , D=4@= 1. 767x10~ N.s/an? SRS EOE Son and 3 Bz b= L890 XK so That 1870 ~ Pa bTbT Ke At 50°C (323.15k), ‘ L870. ‘ ig hye7 410° @ EE 5.76 x10 sf? From Table B.2 , p= 5: 46X10 "W.s/m% 1-58La 1.59 For a parallel plate arrangement of the type shown in Fig. 1.Sit is found that when the distance between plates is 2 mm, a shearing stress of 150 Pa develops at the upper plate when it is pulled at a velocity of 1 m/s. Determine the vis- cosity of the fluid between the plates. Express ‘your answer in SI units. Tap due Ue ay we “a Te 150 Za ee J-S01.60 1.60 Two flat plates are oriented parallel abowe a fixed lower plate ‘as shown in Fig, P1.60. The top plate, located a distance b above the fixed plate, is pulled along with speed V. The other thin plate is located a distance cb, where 0 < c < 1, above the fixed plate This plate moves with speed Vj, which is determined by the vis- tom. The fluid on the top is twice as viscous as that on the bot- tom, Plot the ratio VyV as a function of ¢ for 0 in, oe Sa pee im Poured BFIGURE P1687 Fe shear force on head =A, where, if the velocity profile in the gap between the disc and head is linear and uniform across the head, then Ve fh ae ont, where a 2 rev ¢ |min)/ 20 rad T= wR= 19 000 2% ( Lmit)( 2h rad) (2 4) 2 j 75 Ht rev mz Thus, T (374x107 so that Fe 7Ah=(ts7qa)E (22H) = 3.43210", ls =1s7H, 1-S81.68 The space berween two 6-in-long concentric cylinders is filled with glycerin (viscosity = 8.5 X 10"? Ib- s/f). The inner cylinder has a radius of 3 in. and the gap width between cylinders, is 0.1 in. Determine the torque and the power required to rotate the inner cylinder at 180 rev/min, The outer eylinder is fixed, As- sume the velocity distribution in the gap to be linear, Torgue, dT, due +o shearing shess on taner cylinder 13 egual * a7= TAA where dh =(h.d6)h, Thus, aT RAT 6 and torque veguired to rotate inner cylinder is 4. 2 qT. Ree r[v Bear top view ° (L~ cylinder length ) For a@ linear velocity distribution in the gap Rew Uae oe Tne Re ff Re and with ws (80 6 (ar ca (poe = em rad - 3 2)'(,6 r0) (4.5010? BE (or "*!) ve coe = 0,744 feelk (s ! £4) res 2 Since power = Tew ct Lllows that Power = (0.944 fellow ea) . fil 74 = 1-59169 1.69 A pivot bearing used on the shaft of an electrical instrument is shown in Fig. P1.69. An oil with a viscosity of = 0,010 Ib-s/ff? fills the 0.001-in. gap between the rotating shaft and the station- ary base. Determine the frictional torque on the shaft when it ro- tates at 5,000 rpm. = 0.010 sat? Let d®= torgve on area element dA, where dA =29rdé = an Thus, df =rdF=rTd where reph YX so that, df= (HE) (20rdr Asin 8) = 2T uw Ur b sind Hence, reR = _ 2Thw (,3 Ty w T= Sak = a eae oe R" w Now, 4 Ib R=O.lin., b=0.001in,, 40 = 0.010 ee 9 =30de9 and Thus, Jel a I 7. rowley a0 ) ( 224)" 9.534107" FH-lb 2( %281 #4) singo" anaes170 41.70. The viscosity of liquids can be measured through the use of a Freed rotating cylinder viscometer of the type illustrated in Fig. P70. In outer this device the outer cylinder i fixed and the inner cylinder is rotated oninder ‘with an angular velocity, The torque T required to develop w is ‘measured and the viscosity i calculated from these two measurements, (a) Develop an equation relating 4, w, J, £, Rp. and R, Neglect end effects and assume the velocity distribution in the gap is lin- ear, (b) The following torque-angular velocity data were obiained ‘with a rotating cylinder viscometer ofthe type discussed in part (a). Torgue(ft-Ib) | 13.1 | 260 | 395 | 52.7 | 649 | 786 ‘Angular velocity (rad/s) 201 301 ao! so For this viscometer R, = 2.50in., R, = 2.45 in., and € = 5.00 in, Make use of these data and a standard curve-fitting program to de~ termine the viscosity of the liquid contained in the viscometer, FIGURE P1.70 (\Torgue, dT, due to shearing shess en faner cylinder + egual + 47+ RTA where JA=(k.de)k, Thas, d7= RL T do and forgne veguired to rotate inner cylinder is Peel Vatu Sine Te fe Hand br a ber Iinear Velocity distri bution Cove tijure) a ere dus. Ye @ AS ays) S Thus, . ; 5, a ’ Velocrty distribubicn ope pe fren = Me(E) ana with The date given eal? 7. 2 (0, 0313 4s \e Be (er ted) Lou #) Sf re) C4) = 6.0772 F4-h +63173 1.73 Some measurements on a blood sample at 37 °C (98.6 °F) indicate a shearing stress of 0.52 N/m for a corresponding rate of shearing strain of 200s", Determine the apparent viscosity of the blood and compare it with the viscosity of water at the same temperature, ee Oe oe Pateca = pF SE = neon” ME From Table 8.2 1a Append's B: ° ae = MN. @ 30% Wy = 475 x10” We °¢ ‘ —¥ N. @ Yo Mugo? 6-524 x10” NS Thus, with lineur inberpelaboin , Mg lite) = bite x8 “ws ‘20 an and —4 NS Me ZbOXI ae 274 Pizo 6.46 xiv* Nes a 1-6417s 1.78 A sound wave is observed to travel through a liguid with a speed of 1500 m/s. The specific gravity of the liquid is 1.5, De- termine the bulk modulus for this fluid. i {® , where 0 =S6Q,, and SG=15 This, E,=c'e = © S60 no =(5002)'(.5)(999 44) = 9 kgm = 3,37 10 sat or - 9M Ej = 3.37% 10" a3176 Estimate the inerease in pressure (in psi) 10 decrease a unit volume of mercury —~ db wy (£5.12) eat aah ieas (4m xp B)E 0.001) - Speer 4I¢ x10" psd A > e 1.77 A 1-m’ volume of water is contained in a rigid container. Estimate the change in the vol- ‘ume of the water when g piston applies a pressure of 35 MPa. dp ( -_ 4 &g. 12 bh : d Thus, 4 Ch am? on ae ~ att = — Um )(a5x0tf,) = - 0.0463 m> v 215K 107%, er c decrease in volume ze 0, 0163 m31.78 J.78 Determine the speed of sound at 20°C in (a) air, (b) helium, and (¢) natural gas. Express your answer in mis. c= VRRT (£9. 120) With T= doc +aT3 = 293K: CA)! Fortvan = an 4) For air, cc (40 (26.1 FV aes) = 3432 rE Fe jum, = J om (h) For helium, ¢ = Cae )Qa93k) = joo % ce) For natural gas, ¢ 7,31 am, si =|(0.31) (578,37, i 44 a ( 8.3 ) latsk) = 44, @ 1-671.79 Air is enclosed by a rigid cylinder con- taining a piston. A pressure gage attached to the cylinder indicates an initial reading of 25 psi. De- termine the reading on the gage when the piston has compressed the air to one-third its original volume. Assume the compression process to be isothermal and the local atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 psi For isothermal compression, = constant 50 thet UE AE A lerellcce initial iedale and Qe hola staze,, Thus, b.- Bye. Foy 7% ; _ mass sh y ie + RHEE IIE, 2 fo, come net) and therefore 2 = (3)[(A5 + 14.7) psilbs))= 117 psd Cabs) er & Cgege) =()19- M7po = 104 ps6 Gage)1.80 1.80 Repeat Problem 1.74 ifthe compression takes place without friction and without heat transfer (isentropic process) DP = constant so that For isentrepic compression, ae . aa where é~ initial state and eee fm Final state. Thus, & ’ o- &) t F(A & 5 amass Ze = thibiel volume | OS ae rslimer a ee nagialase! ao! bor come) ) and there fore 140 $e (3) [las+ 7) pse tats] = 1248. pse (ats) “ B Gpge)= (ee e-147 = 170 pst (gage) 1-641.81 1.81 Carbon dioxide at 30°C and 300 kPa absolute pressure expands isothermally to.an absolute pressure of 165 kPa. Deter- ‘mine the final density of the gas. For ‘sotnermal expansion , B= constant so That fy Pe aihepe =) initial sta¥el and LAG f£~ final state. Thus, een) Boon ld 2, (193.4 Zz )[Geerer 273)k] : so That me 5.24 & fos A \isav 38 = 293 48 ay Be, ft" | Geode Bas I-70For and er 1,82 Natural gas at 70 °F and standard atmospheric pressure ‘of 14,7 psi (abs) is compressed isentropically to a new absolute pressure of 70 psi, Detetmine the final density and temperature of the gas. /sentrepre compression , S = constant 50 thet %, a Where im inihal state and o ffx fina! state, (47 8, m4 ) 4 1 he MS. £129 116 shag re 3,094 x19? fé-lb 5 4 Sug A) [(ce%+H0 e] 1 ae te. oh NR) BER =3 sls 3th [425 416 sh! \(3, 09710 ee ) = 765 °R Ge 765% - Yeo = 305 A330 -3 slugs) Re | (129 x10 se) = 425 x10 slugs Fe3 Re }-71183 1.83 _ Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of air at 101 kPa (abs) with that of water at the same pressure. For alr (& 3,117), E,2 Rp =Ch4el(torx wh) = 14) «108 B For water (Tbh ie) £5 216 x10'R Thus, E, (water) _ DIE K 10" Pe 4 ee Ot ENO Ly (aur) L4¢1X 10°F —- 1-72has +1 OH *1.84 Develop a computer program for cal- culating the final gage pressure of gas when the initial gage pressure, initial and final volumes, atmospheric pressure, and the type of process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified. Use BG units. Check your progam against the results ob- tained for Problem 1.74. tT [eicompresnte a etpersion eee = Constont where k=! for isothermal process, and #+ specific het vali fer isentropic process. Thus, Ae Zs" ae where tm inital shite, £~ tinal stake, so That :(B)*g Bi(B)R a) Since ees P* Volume Then A. Me ye where Vi, Vy, are the initial and Fuel volumes, respectively Thus, trom © (1) k Bef Natl yt Bem * a) (454 fede ) Where the subscnpt g refers to gage pressure can be written as yy) ty (GB) by ten) - Ben es @ Eguation am A spreadsheet (Excel) program fr Caleulating the tial Gage pressure Follows. (con't )1 B4 Cont? [This program calculates the final gage pressure of an ideal gas when the intial gage pressure in psi the intial volume, the final volume, the jatmospheric pressure in psa, and the type of process (isothermal or isentropic) is specified. To use, replace current values and let k = 1 for isothermal process or k = specific heat for isentropie process. A 8 ci D E F ifal gage| Initial | Final | Atmospheric Final gage] pressure [volume | "volume | pressure pressure pats) [Vi Vi_ | Pan(psiay kT Pa(psi) 25 [03333 147 1 1044 [Row 10 4 Formula: =((B10/C10)%E10)"(A10+D10)-D10 Data from Problem 1.14 Wi The above table, giviig a Him! gage pressure of 104 psi. are included leat485 1.85 An important dimensionless parameter concemed with very high speed flow is the Mach number, defined as Vic, where V is the speed of the object such as’an airplane or projectile, and cis the speed of sound in the fluid surrounding the object. For a projectile traveling at 800 mph through sir at ‘50 °F and standard atmospheric pressure, what is the value of the Mach number? Mech number = ¥ From Table 8.3 in Appendix B ft = lo “aie @ 50°F s Thus _ Goo mph)(5280 :) (sur) Mach numbey = eee sceeegl I-75186 1.€6 Jet airliners typically fly at altitudes between approx- imately 0 to 40,000 ft. Make use of the data in Appendix C to show on a graph how the speed of sound varies over this range, c= ART Eg. 1.20) tor k= 1¥0 and R= 1716 Fb hag c= $40 Tee From Tee C1 si Appendic © at an altitude of 0 48 T= S¥.00+ $60 = SIPR 50 thet Cs ROWSE = 10 Similar calculations Can be made tor cher altitudes and the resulting graph is shown below. Atitude, ft Temp.°F _Temp.°R cs oO 59 519 1116 5000 41.47 801.17 1097 10000 23.36 483.36 1077 15000 5.55 465.55 1057 20000 12.26 487.74 1037 25000 -30.05 42995 1016 30000 47.83 41217 995 35000 -65.61 304.39 973, 40000 697 390.3968 ae eeeeeee reece Faso us Ga ae EE ‘5000 10000 15000, 20000 25000 s0000 35000 40000 Altitude, ft [-761.87 (See Fluids in the News article titled “This water jet is a blast.” Section 1.7.1) By what percent is the volume of water de- creased if its pressure;jis increased to an equivalent to 3000 at- ‘mospheres (44,100 psi}? Red AP: Eg. 112) noo te |S AY. — Ap 2 _ Hi t0o pola 17 pate yyy ar Ey Bla x10% psca Thus, ch decrease im volume = Ih 1% 1.88 During a mountain climbing trip it is observed that the wa- ter used to cook a meal boils at 90 °C rather than the standard 100 *C at sea level. At what altiude are the climbers preparing their ‘meal? (See Tables B.2 and C.2 for data needed to solve this prob- Jem.) When the water boils, Pari * far , Where from Table 8,2, at T= 90% fre 7.01x}0" 2 (abs) Also, from Table C.2, for a standard atmosphere pF zorxjo* (abs) af an altitude of 3000m bI71849 1.89 When a fluid lows through a sharp bend, low pres- sures may develop in localized regions ofthe bend. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in psi that can develop without * causing cavitation if the fuid is water at 160 °F. Cavitation may occur when the local pressure eguels the vaper pressure. For water at 10°F (ffam Teble 8.) 1 MpptadieB) B= 474 pst (abs) Thus, minimum pressure 474 psclabs) aa] 1.40 Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals) that can be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if the fluid is carbon tetrachloride at 20°C. Cavitation mag occur when the suction pressure at The Pump inlet eguals the Vapor pressure fer carbon betrachbide at 20°C p> 13 BR (obs) Thas, minimum pressure = (3 & Fa (abs )1.91 When water at 70 °C flows through a converging section of pipe, the pressure decreases in the direction of flow, Estimate the ‘minimum absolute pressure that can develop without causing cav- itation. Express your answer in bo BG and SI units. Caviteton may occur th The converging section of pipe when The pressure eguals the vapor pressure, From Table B2 1% Appentic B tor water at 70°C, Be 31.24 Cabs). Thus Minimum pressure = 31.2 &R Cabs) , Ln 86 anits -# Prmimum pressore = (Br2x we, be 450 x10 a ) xX = 452 psta na SI unts. HAG: 1.92 _ Atwhat atmospheric pressure will water boil at 35 °C? Express your answer in both ST and BG units. The vapor pressure of water of 35°C Is 5:91 42 (abs) (trom Table 6.a in Appendis B Using Vinear interpolation). Thus, if water beils ak ‘this temperatyre the atmospheric pressure must be Cgual to 5.8) 4Pe labs) th SL units, Ln BG wits, (a1 2107 4a senio" mn ) S42 pst (abs)144 1.94 When a 2-mm-diameter tobe is inserted into a liguid in an ‘open tank, the liquid is observed to rise 10 mm above the free sur- face ofthe liquid. the contact angle between the liquid andthe tube is zero, and the specific weight of the liquid is 1.2 x 10* Nim’ Determine the value ofthe surface tension for this liquid. 6 h= Sa , where 020 Ths, ehR __n2x0°hs (10%10%m) (2x10? m2) "20050 ~ 2 cos 0 /-801495 1.95 Small droplets of carbon tetrachloride at 68 °F are formed with a spray nozzle. If the av- erage diameter of the droplets is 200 jam what is the difference in pressure between the inside and ‘outside of the droplets? ao p= ze Since O* 269 X10. 7M at b8°F(=20'C) , = ” a (2osr0? BZ) _ Bah Joo x10‘ m P /-81146 1.46 A 12mm diameter jet of water discharges vertically into the atmosphere. Due to surface tension the pressure inside the jet will be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Determine this difference in pressure. For eguilibrium (see figure ), plee Sl): (2) p Se Thad - oo Year = 73x A EZ x10? m R pris pu excess pressure surface tension forces 280 eh I-82.1.97 As shown in Video VL, surface tension forces can be strong, enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade to “float” on wa- ter, but asingle-edge blade will sink. Assume thatthe surface ten- eae sion forces act at an angle 0 relative to the water surface as shown asec in Fig. P197. (a) The mass of the double-edge blade is 0,64 X 10 kg, and the total length of its sides is 206 mm. De- termine the value of 6 required to maintain equilibrium between the blade weight and the resultant surface tension force. (b) The mass of the single-edge blade is 2.61 x 10~*kg, and the tol = FIGURE P1.97 length of its sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks. Sup- port your answer with the necessary calculstions. r ae (ay 2 Areca ee e Ww = Tsing Ud where 2) = mK and T= ox length of sides, 2 (0.bH xa) (4.81 mgr) = (134 ait) (0, 204 m ) sin8 sine = OWS e=245° (b) For single-edge blade DW * Am pina ® FF (2.41 x13 bg) (4.3) mie) 0.0256 N " da es rele Ope lensnlet sade) sine = (7.34x 107? Mim) (0.154 ) sind = 0.0113 sinB In order for blade to “float” W< Tsino. Since maximum value for sine is |, 1+ follows tnat W>Tsine and single-edge blade will sink.498 ca) 1.48 To measure the water depth in a large open tank with ‘opaque walls, an open vertical glass tube is aitached to the side of the tank. The height of the water column in the tube is then used as a measure of the depth of water in the tank. (a) For 4 true water depth in te tank of 3 ft, make use of Ea. 1.22 (with @ = 0*) to determine the percent error due to capillarity as the diameter of the glass tube is changed. Assume a water temperature of 80 °F. Show your results on a graph of percent error versus tube diameter, D, in the range 0.1 in. < D < 1.0in, (b) If you want the error tobe less than 1%, what i the smallest, tube diameter allowed? The excess height, h, caused be the surface tensien us hz 25 6es8 Cg, 1.22) | rR For OF 0° with D=zR eee =e a) From Table B.{ in Appendix 8 for water at 30°F T= 4491 x10? Mbf/ft and = 62.22 1b/fe4, Thus From &¢.l1) h(t) = 4 (44x04) = ae xe? zy b) DGh) (2.22 Fes) BGA) x Since oh ebro = ee) x 100 (with inate depth E = 3 ft) (F follows from Eg (2) that -3 3.19, X10” vy 199 eb erroy = = 3 DGn.) = joni2e C3) DGn.) A plot of error versus tube chameter sé Shown en the ntct page.Diameter of tube, in ot 0.15 02 03 o4 05 06 07 08 09 1 &) Ctont? % Error 1.28 0.84 0.63 0.42 0.32 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13 , [Values obtained rom Eq. (3) For ls errer fom £g.(3)L9G 1.44 Under the right conditions itis possible, due to surface tension, to have metal objects float on water. (See Video V1.4.) Consider placing a shor length of a small diameter stel (sp. wt, = 490 Ib/ft}) rod on a surface of water, What is the maximum diameter that the rod can have before it will sink? Assume that the surface tension forces act vertically upward. ‘Note: A standard paper clip has a diameter of 0.036 in. Partially unfold a paper clip and see if you can get it to float on water. Do the results of this experiment support your analysis? rh rh Th order for rod +o float (see figure) it follows fnat 2h =W = fos Steel te i = rod Thas | sev. the lhiitrhg case eee De iS 20h eelereoe mes (EVE Vetes| TB stee| Vy, so That fot! a ty 3 (5.03 x10 FE = Drnaal f a)". su xib? ar C420 He) = 0.06/14 In. Since a standard steel paper clip fas 4 diameter of 0.036 in, Which is less than 0. 06/4 In, 1 should Float. A symple experiment will verify This. Yes./.100 1,100 Anopen, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm, is inserted vertically into a cish of mercury at 20 °C. How far will the column of mercury in the tube be depressed? Pe A: aoe (25.122) For 6 = 130% 2 Opec xm’ ° <3 4: zi ) Cos /30 = — 3.00 x/b m (133 «10°, )(o.o01s. m) Thus, column will be depressed 3.00 mm 1.404 1.101 An open, clean glass tube (0 = 0°) is inserted vertically into a pan of water. What tube diameter is needed if the water level in the tube is to rise one tube diameter (due to surface tension)? oF 20° Cos 8 Daze for 4=2R and O= 0° OR= ce Ch) wk -3 Ib = F03xI0 Fe 62.4 Es Gna 20 eae Re 8.99 xi Le diameter = 2R = 1,90 x10 ft (€ 4. 1.22)1102. 1,102 Determine the height water at 60 °F will rise due to capillary action in a clean, }in-di- ameter tube. What will be the height if the di- ameter is reduced to 0.01 in.? a a aceee (eg. 1.22 4 rR ee 7 For weber at botF (From Table P./ th Apperdie B), sie x= 6237 4, Thug wit 70, w= S03x0" 2 and (hr R026.) 3 Hs 2 beer wt yay ee fe (62.37 #,) (#26 #) or = Fb I 4: (usexw fe)( 22 Similarly, (for R= 0.005 m) i m 0,125 in. i F A= (0.186 in) ( SOE ) = 4.65 in. I-884103 1.103. (See Fluids in the News article titled “Walking on waters" Section 1.9.) (a) The water strider bug shown in Fig. P1.103 is supported on the surface of a pond by surface tension acting along the interface between the water and the bug's legs, Determine the minimum length of this interface needed to support the bug. As- sume the bug weighs 10~*N and the surfice tension force acts vertically upwards. (b) Repeat part (a) if surface tension were to support a person weighing 750 N. BFIGURE Pi403 rh Fr equilibrium , We on a WwW (a) Ww. win : Ae S* Fae || WH ight ™m 7 ~ surface tension SG ies Dw length of interlice. ~3 3 (at xm) (lo mony) eaiha Liew (1) L ~ J90N = 1.02 xiolm (6.24 ani | 1.34 x10" N ca 3 1-89L104 1.40% Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer Objective: As discussed in Section 1.6, some fluids can be classified as Newtonian flu- ids; others are non-Newtonian. The purpose ofthis experiment is to determine the shearing stress versus rate of strain characteristics of various liquids and, thus, to classify them as Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids, Equipment: Stormer viscometer containing a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating, concentric inner cylinder (see Fig. PLI0M; stop watch; drive weights for the viscometer; three Afferent liquids (silicone oil, Latex paint, and corn syrup). Experimental Procedure: Fill the gap between the inner and outer eylinders with one of the three fluids to be tested. Select an appropriate drive weight (of mass m) and attach it to the end of the cord that wraps around the drum to which the inner cylinder is fastened. Release the brake mechanism to allow the inner cylinder to start to rotate, (The outer cylinder remains stationary.) After the cylinder has reached its steady-state angular velocity, measure the amount of time, t, that it takes the nner cylinder to rotate N revolutions, Repeat the measurements us- ing various drive weights. Repeat the entire procedure for the other fluids to be tested, Calculations: For each of the three fluids tested, convert the mass, m, of the drive weight to its weight, W = mg, where g is the acceleration of gravity, Also determine the angular ve- locity of the inner cylinder, w = N/t. Graph: For each fluid tested, plot the drive weight, W, as ordinates and angular velocity, ‘@, a8 abscissas. Draw a best fit curve through the data, Results: Note that for the flow geometry of this experiment, the weight, W, is propor- tional to the shearing stress, r, on the inner eylinder. This is true because with constant an- gular velocity, the torque produced by the viscous shear stress on the cylinder is equal to the torque produced by the weight (weight times the appropriate moment arm). Also, the angu- lar velocity, w, is proportional to the rate of strain, du/d. This is tue because the velocity gradient inthe fui is proportional to the inner eylinder surface speed (which is proportional to its angular velocity) divided by the width of the gap between the cylinders, Based on your graphs, classify each of the three luids as to whether they are Newtonian, shear thickening, ‘or shear thinning (see Fig. 1.7) Data: To procced, prntthis page for reference when you work the problem and cic here to bring up an EXCEL paze with the data for this problem Rotating Ine yinder ater tinder ive wie Fis @ FIGURE PIsoH (cont ) I-40; L104 | (cont) Probe 1.108 Problem 1.08 lg, wrve Angus velo, © voit ve nar Vly, ie ce stone on com Sy 80 49 100 | 400 a0 30 209 20 2250 220 | 2200 = 20 ‘0 v0 ‘0 to 080 om 000 oo 0000s) 101s) 200 om aa ost os eae a ste 1408 lg, wrve Agu Vly, © ce att Pa 1.20 ; 1.00 T _ 0.80 , z & 0.60 T 0.40 W = 1.466 0°” 020 000 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 a4105 1.105 Capillary Tube Viscometer Objective: The flowrate of a viscous fluid through a small diameter (capillary) tube is a function of the viscosity of the fluid, For the flow geometry shown in Fig. P1.05, the kine- ‘matic viscosity, v, is inversely proportional to the flowrate, Q. That is, » = K/Q, where K is the calibration constant for the particular device. The purpose of this experiment is to deter- ‘mine the value of K and to use it to determine the kinematic viscosity of water as a function of temperature Equipment: | Constan: temperature water tank, capillary tube, thermometer, stop watch, sraduated cylinder, Experimental Procedure: Adjust the water temperature to 15.6°C and determine the flowrate through the capillary tube by measuring the time, r, it takes to collect a volume, V, cof water in a small graduated cylinder, Repeat the measurements for various water temper” atures, 7. Be sure that the water depth, f, in the tank is the same for each trial. Since the flowrate is function ofthe depth (as well as viscosity), the value of K obtained will be valid for only that value of f, Calculations: For cach temperature tested, determine the flowrate, Q = V/t. Use the data for the 15.6°C water to determine the calibration constant, K, for this device. That is, K = v0, where the kinematic viscosity for 15.6°C water is given in Table 1.5 and Q is the measured flowrate at this temperature. Use this value of K and your other data to determine the vis- cosity of water as a function of temperature, Graph: Plot the experimentally determined kinematic viscosity, v, as ordinates and tem- perature, 7, as abscissas. Results: On the same graph, plot the standard viscosity-temperature data obtained from Table B.2. Data: To proceed, prin this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem. ater Capiy te le Graduted etnaer @ FIGURE P1105 (cont ) 1-924105 CCon't ) Solution for Problem 1,105 Capillary Tube Viscometer V,ml ts T.degc 92 198 156 97 158 263 92 168 213 a1 213 123 92 131 343 94 101 50.4 91 89 581 KiQ —-K,m*2mils*2 5.21E-07 Qmils — v,m*2/s 0465 1.12E-06 0614 8.49E.07 0.548 © 9.51E-07 0.427 1.22E-06 0.702 7.426-07 0.931 §.60E-07 1.022 5.10E-07 v (at 15.8 deg C), m*2/s 1.12E-06 K =v. Q = 1.126-6 m'2/s * 0.465 mils = 5.21E-7 m*2 mils2 From Table B.2 T,degC v, m/2is 10 20 30 40 50 60 1.31E-08 4.00E-08 8.01E-07 6 58E-07 5.53E-07 4,75E-07 1.8E-06 1.0E-06 v, mA2is 5.0E-07 0.0+00 Problem 1.105 Viscosity, v, vs Temperature, T | | 20 40 60 80 T, degC >xperimental | From Table B.2 1-98)