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DC GENERATOR
D.C generators may be classified as
A compound generator has two separate field coils wound over the field poles.
The coil having large number of turns and thinner cross sectional area is called
the shunt field coil and the other coil having few number of turns and large cross
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DC GENERATOR, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION, CONSTRUCTION & WORKING PRINCIPLE
sectional area is called the series field coil. Series coil is generally connected in
series with the armature while the shunt field coil is connected in parallel with
the armature. If series coil is left alone without any connection, then it becomes a
shunt machine with the other coil connected in parallel.
CONSTRUCTION
A simple D.C. generator consists of a rectangular coil ABCD which can be rotated
rapidly between the poles N and S of a strong horse-shoe type magnet M. The
generator coil is made of a large number of turns of insulated copper wire. The
two ends of the coil are connected to the two copper half rings (or split rings) R1
and R2 of a commutator. There are two carbon brushes B1 and B2 which press
lightly against the two half rings. When the coil is rotated, the two half rings R1
and R2 touch the two carbon brushes B1 and B2 one by one. So the current
produced in the rotating coil can be tapped out through the commutator half
rings and into the carbon brushes. From the carbon brushes B1 and B2 we can
supply current into various electrical appliances like radio, television, electric
bulb etc.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Let us suppose that the generator coil ABCD is initially in the horizontal position.
As the coil rotates in the anticlockwise direction between the pole N and S of the
magnet the side AB of the coil moves down cutting the magnetic lines of force
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DC GENERATOR, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION, CONSTRUCTION & WORKING PRINCIPLE
near the N-pole of the magnet and side DC moves up, cutting the lines of force
near the S-pole of the magnet. Due to this, induced current is produced in the
sides AB and DC of the coil. On applying Fleming's right hand rule to the sides AB
and DC of the coil we find that the currents in them are in the directions B to A
and D to C respectively. Thus the induced currents in the two sides of the coil are
in the same direction and we get an effective induced current in the direction
BADC. Due to this the brush B1 becomes the positive pole and brush B2 becomes
the negative pole of the generator.
After half revolution, the sides AB and DC of the coil will interchange their
positions. The side AB will come on the right hand side and starts moving up
whereas side DC will come on the left hand side and start moving down. But
when sides of the coil interchange their positions, then the two commutator half
rings R1 and R2 automatically change their contacts from one carbon brush to
the other. Due to this change, the current keeps flowing in the same direction.
Thus a DC generator supplies a current only in one direction.
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