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Nicole Schielzo
Final Research Paper
Internship

Environmental Impact of Mass Graves and the Smoke and Ashes of Crematoria and Open Pits

World War Two. A time when the world experienced some of the worst forms of human
immorality and brutality. 1933 was arguably the year that the war started; Adolf Hitler was
appointed Chancellor of Germany but then took on the title of Fhrer. From that moment in time
Germany was forever scared, antisemitism was on the rise, and the Third Reich was taking hold
in Germany. Hitler thought many different groups of people to be unfit to live. Although Jews
were the main focus of his reign, he also persecuted homosexuals, Gypsies, people who were
challenged mentally or physically, and Jehovah Witnesses among others. To gain control over
these different groups he appealed to the people of the Aryan Race, people with blue eyes,
blonde hair, fair skin, and tall stature. Hitler tried many different forms of discrimination against
his groups of focus. He ordered a boycott of all Jewish owned businesses. He also organized a
countrywide book burning, burning books that were written by Jews, spoke of Judaism, or were
associated with communism. Hitler also made all Jews wear yellow Stars of David on every
piece of clothing they had as a form of public humiliation and to further their segregation from
society. Hitler began to build an empire and wanted to rid Germany of anyone who wasnt fit to
live. Hitler used his power as Fhrer on Jews by imprisoning them in ghettos, concentration
camps, work camps, and death camps. Each of the camps are different by title but they all have
the same end results: Death. There were different forms of extermination that the Nazi party
utilized such as gassing, forced malnourishment, burning alive, or shooting. Most people were
then cremated either in mass graves, open pits, or in crematoriums.

My paper will focus on the effects of crematoriums, as well as the effects of open pits
and mass graves, specifically at Treblinka, Auschwitz- Birkenau, and Blizyn. I will identify the
trace elements, particularly metals and bone fragments that were introduced into the areas from
the ashes, smoke (emissions), and decomposing bodies (that were not completely burned). I
believe that there were numerous harmful chemicals introduced into the air, local water ways,
and soil near the sites of Treblinka, Blizyn, and Auschwitz-Bureau. There are many different
variables that can affect the composition of ashes such as the diet of the victims (in this case),
where the person lived or worked, acid rain in highly industrialized areas which would affect the
water which would then be drunk, and the elements that are present in most humans. In the
Auschwitz-Birkenau crematorium there would also be the residual elements of Zyklon-B.
I am not taking the deaths of millions of people lightly or trying to dishonor them in
anyway, rather I am focusing on the effects of the Nazis murders and what the environmental
effects of these murders has been in the short term and long term.
The most environmentally harmful element of the cremation procedure are the emissions.
Today there are heavy restrictions and regulations on the emissions of the cremation process, but
these were definitely not in effect during WWII. The emissions from the cremation process that
go up through the cremators exhaust, both harmless and harmful, are the following: harmless:
water vapor; harmful: carbon dioxide (which is classified now as a greenhouse gas), carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide (all three are pollutants and carcinogens), hydrogen
chloride, and hydrogen fluoride (which are volatile acids), mercury, and many other complex
chemicals that are prone to bioaccumulation. Accompanying the emissions are the calcified
compounds within cremains (blend of cremated and remains)which contain metals such as lead,
boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, tin, lithium, magnesium, manganese, nickel and

strontium. Metals such as arsenic and selenium, which are volatile. (Cremains; Metals in
Medicine and the Environment)
Through research I have found that because of the high temperatures of the cremation
process no organic material is left. As such, absolutely no organic material remains after
cremation, human ashes do not present any sort of health hazard to the living or the
environment but that does not account for the probable tons of crushed bone that were then put
with the ash into the environment. (All about cremation)
Below are the different elements that can be found post cremation; in the emissions and ashes
(bone fragments).
Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas): it was determined in 2009 by the EPA (the environmental
protection agency) that carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas pollutant, accounting for
nearly three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions and 84% of U.S. greenhouse gas
emissions. Because carbon dioxide is considered a greenhouse gas, it is special to this situation
because we are now in a time that greenhouse gases are really affecting our earth because of the
lack of care in earlier years. Some public health risks include heat waves, drought, smog
(worsening), increased intensity of natural disasters, increasing bug populations which can lead
to the spread of Lyme disease and West Nile virus. Environmentally, it contributes to climate
change. (carbon dioxide)
Carbon monoxide (greenhouse gas/carcinogen/criteria pollutant): carbon monoxide is classified
as one of the six criteria pollutants for which the Clean Air Act required the EPA to set National
Ambient Air Quality Standards. Carbon monoxide is an odorless and colorless gas. It inhibits
oxygen from getting into your blood stream and proceeding to vital organs. In high levels carbon

monoxide can cause death. Environmentally, it attributes to climate change. (Carbon

monoxide)
Nitrogen Oxide (criteria pollutant): Contributes to the formation of ground level ozone or smog
and also contributes to particle pollution. The health effects of nitrogen oxide are mainly focused
around the respiratory system. (Nitrogen oxide)
Sulfur Oxide (criteria pollutant): Comes from burning of any sort. Sulfur oxide is the foundation
to the formation of sulfates which contribute to the acidification of bodies of water and the
erosion on buildings and monuments. Sulfur oxide affects the respiratory system; if ingested, it
can lead to different lung problems and diseases. (Sulfur oxide)
Hydrogen Chloride (volatile acid): Hydrogen chloride is a colorless gas, but has a pungent smell.
Hydrogen chloride also has corrosive factors. Interestingly, hydrogen chloride mixes with water
in the air and makes it hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen chloride also affects the lungs and in high
levels can lead to death. (Hydrogen chloride)
Hydrogen Fluoride (volatile acid): Environmentally hydrogen fluoride is horrible. Hydrogen
fluoride is highly corrosive. If it comes in contact with water or soil, it acidifies it and can kill
organism and plant materials. It can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. In high levels
hydrogen fluoride can affect the heart and lungs. (Hydrogen fluoride)
Mercury: Elemental mercury affects the respiratory system through inhalation. Elemental
mercury is in the form of a gas or vapor. Environmentally, the cons are that there are actually
really high concentrations, which are affecting wildlife, and some of the high concentrations
arent dissolving because atmospheric deposition is increasing. (Mercury)

Lead (criteria pollutants): Specifically, lead can effect children neurologically, hampering their
development. Lead tends to grab on to dust and travel through the air and land in the soil or
water and accumulate. Healthwise lead can cause high blood pressure, kidney damage,
miscarriages, brain damage, and agitation. (Lead)
Boron: Environmentally, boron can be released into air, water, and soil sources. When Boron is
introduced into the environment, it never goes away, because boron attaches to particles in the
air, soil, or water. (Boron)
Cadmium: Cadmium accumulates in the kidneys and then doesnt break down once ingested.
Among other health risks cadmiums main source of ingestion is through produce which is
grown in cadmium contaminated soil. Cadmium accumulates in soil which is harmful for the soil
and whoever comes in contact with it. (Cadmium)
Chromium: The health effects of chromium are skin rashes, stomach ulcers, respiratory
problems, weakened immune system, kidney and liver damage, lung cancer or death. Chromium
also attaches to soil and water particles and never fades. The possibility of its reaching
groundwater is strong. (Chromium)
Cobalt: Cobalt can be found in soil, water, and air. It can be beneficial to humans who are
anemic, and it is a part of vitamin B12, essential for humans. Adversely cobalt in high levels has
negatives. It can damage the thyroid, provoke eye and heart problems, and vomiting and nausea
may ensue. Cobalt in dust form can cause asthma-like diseases. Cobalt can also be associated
with radioactivity which can lead to hair loss, sterility, vomiting, coma, or even death. Cobalt
can cause cancer in its carcinogenetic state. Environmentally, cobalt occurs naturally and will

only start to attach to soil or water in acidic conditions. Thankfully once a plant that is in cobalt
rich soil is eaten by an animal the cobalt does seem to go up the food chain. (Cobalt)
Copper: Copper is essential to human health; a daily consumption is key. However, long term
exposure can cause irritation of the nose, mouth, or eyes. High levels of copper can also cause
stomachaches, dizziness, and vomiting. Copper in extremely high levels of ingestion can also
cause kidney damage or death. It isnt yet known if copper causes cancer. Copper bonds strongly
to organic materials in nature. Once it is exposed into an environment, it can travel far distances
floats in sludge, but it hasnt been found to be able to get into the ground water. Copper affects
the soil and the worms specifically in the soil which slows the important work that the worms do.
(Copper)
Tin: Short-term tin can affect a persons health by causing eye and skin irritations, headaches,
stomachaches, sickness/ dizziness, and breathlessness. Long-term, tin can cause depression, liver
damage, lower or weakened immune system, genetic damage, shortage of red blood cells, or
brain damage. Tin in the form of a single atom is not harmful, but tin in its organic form is
harmful. It takes long amounts of time to dissolve, and isnt absorbed easily. The most harmful
part of tin is when it reaches aquatic situations. It harms the phytoplankton which supply other
ecosystems with oxygen. (Tin)
Lithium: Lithium is in high demand today, being used in electronics for long use batteries. But
lithium is not easy to dispose of. Lithium is flammable, and when it burns it gives off toxins that
are toxic to breath. Lithium can also explode when it comes in contact with a heat source.
Environmentally, Lithium when mixed with nitrogen, oxygen, and water in the air can be very
corrosive in the outdoor environment. (Lithium)

Magnesium: Magnesium does have many health effects known at this time. If it is the chemical
magnesium, then it has a tendency of spontaneously combusting, and producing toxic fumes.
Magnesium doesnt seem to have much of an effect on the environment either. This evidence,
though, doesnt make free form magnesium good for a persons health or for the environment.
(Magnesium)
Manganese: Manganese is essential for human survival, but it is also very harmful when in high
concentrations or levels. Manganese can cause glucose intolerance, blood clotting, skin
problems, lowered cholesterol levels, bone disorders, birth defects, and neurological symptoms.
Manganese occurs naturally in the environment, but it can cause toxicity and deficiency in plant
life. Manganese is important because it is a large part of a plants mechanism process, turning
water into hydrogen, and then into oxygen. (Manganese)
Nickel: Nickel in high levels can increase the chances of lung cancer, nose cancer, larynx cancer,
and prostate cancer. It can also cause lung embolisms, respiratory failure, birth defects, asthma,
chronic bronchitis, and heart disorders. Nickel can be found in the air, and can take a long time to
be brought to the ground by rain. (Nickel)
Strontium (carcinogenic): Strontium in its stable form doesnt have many health risks, but
radioactive strontium can cause anemia and oxygen shortages, or in really high levels can cause
cancer. Environmentally strontium is not a problem today, but when it wasnt regulated or
understood it did get into water sources but didnt seem to harm the water or the people drinking
it. (Strontium)
Arsenic: Arsenic is one of the most toxic elements. It is not common to find arsenic, but when
found in high concentrations it can cause irritation of the stomach or intestines, decreased red

and white blood cells, and skin and lung irritations. Extremely high concentrations of inorganic
arsenic can cause infertility and miscarriages with women, and can also cause heart problems,
brain damage, and decreased resistance to infections in both men and women. Once arsenic is
introduced into the environment it cannot be destroyed. Plants take arsenic easily, so it will then
be in food, and from there it goes through multiple ecosystems and up the food chain.
(Arsenic)
Selenium: Selenium occurs naturally in the environment, but due to fertilizers that are high in
selenium the levels have sky rocketed. Selenium that is ingested through the air can cause
dizziness, fatigue and irritations of the throat. Since humans need selenium to survive it needs to
be in our food, but there can be shortages even though they are rare. If there is a shortage, it can
cause heart and muscle problems. Once it has been ingested Selenium has been found to move
up the food chain. It can also cause reproductive failure and birth defects in animals when in high
levels. (Selenium)
Particulate matter (Criteria pollutant): Particulate matter are microscopic particles or liquid
droplets that are in the air. These particles can get deep into the lungs and cause premature death
in people with heart or lung disease. It can also increase the chances of nonfatal heart attacks,
asthma, decreased lung function, and respiratory irritations. The particles can be taken by wind
very long distances and then land in water or on soil. The particles can make bodies of water
acidic. The particles can change the nutrient balance in different bodies of water and deplete the
nutrients in the soil which can affect the biodiversity of many ecosystems. (Particulate matter)
The elements described above contribute as a whole to many health and environmental
problems. Though the elements explained above have many environmental and health effects,
there havent been any studies in the grounds near areas of the crematoria or mass graves or open

pits to get any solid results. Explained below are the sites where many of these elements should
be found. However, because of the lack of environmental testing in the area of crematoriums
such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, the results are, not distinctive.
Another topic to focus on are the effects of human bodies decomposing in open pits or
mass graves without being cremated. The human body holds many fluids and is comprised of
many different organic compounds. The decomposing process also has many variables that
contribute to the addition of harmful compounds into the environment. For example, the
temperature or humidity of the surrounding area affect the process immensely. While living, the
lining in our intestinal tract protects our body from the acids and bacterium that would otherwise
be harmful. Upon death, the protective coating in our intestines breaks down releasing the
bacteria to begin feeding and consuming our body. The bacterium in the gastrointestinal tract
produces gas as a waste product which causes the body to bloat. When the bloating has reached a
maximum, the body ruptures and fluids drain out. (Human Decomposition Fact Sheet)
Below are some of the chemicals that would be the by-product of decomposition. The
people who were murdered and put into the mass graves and open pits were not buried in
caskets. So there is a greater chance that because of the volume of casualties put into the graves
that the environment has been affected, but we presently do not know. Phosphorus, Potassium,
calcium, and magnesium could possibly all be found in high concentrations at the sights of the
mass killings. The elements would most commonly come from the liquids that the body leeches
out during the decomposition process.
Phosphorus: Phosphorus is extremely important to the environment and to human health. It can
be harmful causing kidney damage and osteoporosis. Phosphorus is harmful to human health and
the environment, if ingested in extremely high levels it can cause death. Phosphorus is used in rat

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poison, pesticides, industry work, and in ammunition for the army. When used there is potential
for it to get into the wastewater and subsequently into the surface water. Phosphorus reacts
quickly with oxygen, so it doesnt stay in one place for a long time. But in the case of extremely
deep water sources phosphorus will stay in an area for years. Environmentally the phosphorus
cycle is dramatically altered because of human activity. It is being overused in farming and is
getting into water sources and wreaking havoc. (Phosphorus)
Potassium: Potassium is needed for survival but if our kidneys malfunction, the potassium can
accumulate and cause numerous health problems. Inhalation of potassium can lead to death.
Potassium is needed for a plant to grow which then affect all living things because most plants
are at the bottom of the food chain so they supply the required nutrients for many predators. If
there is shortage of potassium in an area, this can cause restricted plant growth, reduced
flowering, and lower yields and lower quality produce. (Potassium)
Calcium: Calcium is key for human survival; it is the main component of our bones. Lacking
calcium can cause osteoporosis, which is basically when a persons bones become brittle and
sometime the person shrinks. Environmentally only calcium phosphide is toxic and only to
aquatic organisms. (Calcium)
Magnesium: (as stated above)
The Nazis deployed different sub departments to exterminate Jews, Communists, and
Gypsies but one that gained a horrible reputation for being extremely brutal to the people they
murdered was the Einsatzgruppen or the special action squads (mobile killing units). They
were known as the mobile killing unit because they would move into territory is behind the
German army.Mobile killing units were made up of SS and police officers. The brutality was

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demonstrated most often when they were rounding up and murdering people. The
Einsatzgruppen would rush into towns, gather people, take their valuables, make them strip
naked, and then the killing squad members marched their victims to open fields, forests, and
ravines on the outskirts of conquered towns and cities. There they shot them or gassed them in
gas vans and dumped the bodies into mass graves (mobile killing squads). Now it is known
that mass graves can have a substantial effect on the soil near the mass grave.
The effect that the above stated elements and metals can have on the environment are
possibly infinite or at least for generations to come. Because, in this case the Einsatzgruppen
normally had smaller mass graves, the overall effect would not be as great as the mass graves at
Treblinka, which will be discussed later. I suspect, that if the pits were dug deep enough to hit
ground water, then there would have been many problems in the surrounding area, such as on the
trees and bushes but by now the condition might have diminished greatly.
The concentration camp crematoria also affected the environment. The biggest
concentration camp to be occupied during the Holocaust was the death camp AuschwitzBirkenau. Auschwitz- Birkenau is known to also have chimneys of smoke and flames, day in and
day out. The smoke was from the constant use of their seven (at certain times) crematoriums. I
believe that the crematoriums had three main forms of effects on the environment: One, the
emissions from the chimney, the smoke affected the surrounding area and the air quality; two, the
ashes: the location, distribution, and composition; and three, the location of the open pits for
burning victims.
Many chemicals from the crematories were released into the air basically 24/7. Many of
the chemicals have qualities that make it very easy for them to connect to soil, water, and air
particles. I gather that there wouldnt be much life in the immediate area because of the fumes.

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Birds for example are very sensitive to the air quality of an area, and many trees are also
sensitive to the composition of soils.
I spoke to a few different Holocaust survivors and their recollection of the smoke is that it
wasnt hard to breathe, but they could actually see the soot coming down as if it was raining.
They also told me that the smell was horrible, all the time the smell of death.
Second, is the location, distribution, and composition of the ashes. I found with research
that today we have very efficient cremation systems that rid the ashes of all organic material.
During the Holocaust the furnaces were efficient, but they did not rid the ashes of all bone
fragments. Location is extremely important in this case, there were tons of ash dispersed
throughout the concentration camps. At Auschwitz-Birkenau they put many of the ashes into
ponds that were later named the White Ponds because of the vast amount of ash that was in it.
This is a serious environmental problem! These ponds provide sources for the ashes and the
above mentioned chemicals to be introduced into the groundwater system which can then spread.
The distribution of the ashes is important because if the ashes were concentrated in one area then
that area would have higher levels of toxins that were mentioned above. Lastly, the bone
fragments were a serious problem for Auschwitz-Birkenau, environmentally speaking. Once the
creation process was complete, the bones would sometimes be scattered around the camp,
crushed, and used as gravel. This led to not just one area of the camp being compromised by the
presentation of human by-products but to almost the entire camp. Bone does not break down
easily, it take large amounts of time, and the large amount put in one place definitely contributes
to the increased decomposition time.
Thirdly, the open pits created another problem. Because they were open and normally
used for burning victims there was no added soil to help the decomposition process along, and

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there was no possible way of filtering or funneling the toxic smoke. The open pits at AuschwitzBirkenau were adjacent to the barracks. In there, victims were burning in new pits similar to the
crematoriums. The location is important because they were still in close proximity to the
surrounding tree line, and of course to the current survivors.
Treblinka II was another death camp. Its sister camp Treblinka I was a forced labor camp.
Treblinka II was not like Auschwitz-Birkenau though; it did not have crematoriums. At Treblinka
they had mass graves and open pits, but on a very large scale. As with the effects of the small
scale mass graves the Einsatzgruppen used, there are the same harmful toxin effects to the
surrounding area but on a much larger scale. Treblinka was run by about 25-35 members of the
SS, and members of the Sonderkommando (special detachment) -- a group of Jewish prisoners
selected to remain alive as forced laborers -- worked in the killing area. They removed bodies
from the gas chambers and initially buried them in mass graves. In late 1942 and 1943, the
Jewish forced laborers were ordered to exhume the already buried bodies and burn them in huge
trenches on makeshift ovens made of rail track. (Treblinka)
Blizyn was a forced labor camp in Poland. I chose to include Blizyn because before the
Nazis used Blizyn there was another concentration camp near-by that housed Soviet POWs.
Blizyn is unique because of the rats that infested it. Once a person died in the old POW camp, the
rats would eat the decomposing body. Because the rats had been accustomed to eating human
flesh, they ate all the bodies that were left in the area of the old camp. Later when the food
source (decomposing bodies) ran out, the rats infested Blizyn. Rats are carnivorous by nature and
would attack people. A survivor said that she was attacked by one of these rats and bit on the lip
when she was trying to get free of it. Rats come with other kinds of environmental and health
problem. First, rats are vermin, so they are not clean animals at all, and in this case they ate

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decomposing bodies which could have had diseases and could potentially spread through to the
entire rat population. Second, rats can live anywhere, cities, swamps, tunnels, caves, or
meadows. Rats can also swim, so they are completely capable of surviving in many different
environments. Rats as we know are animals and they produce waste just as humans do. This
poses another problem. Rats can urinate 12-15 milliliters and produce 50 fecal dropping a day.
(Health threats of rodent infestations) Also associated with rats are lice, mites, and fleas which
can also affect people and spread diseases.
Although my study of the environmental impact of mass graves and the smoke and ashes
of crematoria and open pits can be proven through findings from other studies, there is no sure
evidence that the environment or peoples health have been affected. I believe that only the very
strong bonding elements and metals will have long term effects on the environment at
Auschwitz-Birkenau, Blizyn, Treblinka, and the many open pit and mass grave sites. It has been
nearly 70 years or more since many of the toxic elements were put into the air, water, and soil. I
believe that many of the elements that were introduced were absorbed. Many of the harsher
elements for example that dont absorb quickly or easily may still be there and in high levels or
concentrations.
In summary, there is a possibility that approximately 25 varying elements were
introduced into the areas that contained open pits, mass graves, or open pits. Most chemicals
would have had an effect on the environment at the time of the Holocaust and the succeeding
years, and some could still have effects on the environment today.
As I reflect on the research I have done I want again to acknowledge that the atrocities of
the Holocaust will not be forgotten, by myself or millions of people who learn about it every
year. I was able to speak to one Holocaust survivor named Rosalie Simon. I told her I wouldnt

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have been able to survive the horrible treatment she went through at Auschwitz-Birkenau, and
that I was sorry that she had to go through what she had to during the Holocaust. She then replied
I survived because, I guess, Im supposed to be here, and thank you. I would also like to reflect
on the fact that in order to do my research I had to put aside the fact that the ashes and
decomposing bodies I have been writing about are people because I wouldnt be able to write a
paper about their bodies and their brutal murders if I didnt.
In closing, I would like to thank the survivors who visit schools and answer questions
about their numbers on their arms and their horrible experience during their lives, in order to
educate people to ensure that nothing like the Holocaust would ever occur again. I would also
like to add that my paper will probably never be totally complete because countries that have
concentration camps on their land dont want soil testing done because they dont want anyone to
know the results of the test. Many are ashamed of their countrys past, and for good reason.
Hopefully one day a group of scientists will be able to test the soil and discover the present day
effects of the cremation, mass graves, and open pits.

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