Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
a m b i e n t a l
3URIHVRUDVRFLDGRGHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH$QWURSRORJtD3RQWLFLD8QLYHUVLGDG-DYHULDQD
Direccin electrnica: cdelcairo@javeriana.edu.co
Ivn Montenegro-Perini
$QWURSyORJRGHOD3RQWLFLD8QLYHUVLGDG-DYHULDQD
Direccin electrnica: i.montenegro@javeriana.edu.co
(VWXGLDQWHGH$QWURSRORJtDHQWUDEDMRGHJUDGRGHOD3RQWLFLD8QLYHUVLGDG-DYHULDQD
Direccin electrnica: jvelezt@javeriana.edu.co
(VWHDUWtFXORHVUHVXOWDGRGHOSUR\HFWR,PSHUDWLYRVYHUGHV\VXEMHWLYLGDGHVDPELHQWDOHVFDPSHVL
QDVHQWUHVUHJLRQHVGH&RORPELD0RQWHVGH0DUtD1RUWHGHO&DXFD\1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFR
QDQFLDGRSRUOD9LFHUUHFWRUtDGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQGHOD3RQWLFLD8QLYHUVLGDG-DYHULDQD3UR\HFWR
,'(OSUR\HFWRHVWiDGVFULWRDGRVJUXSRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ,GHQWLGDGHV\3UiFWLFDVGH
3RGHU\(VWXGLRV&XOWXUDOHV\DO&HQWURGH(VWXGLRVHQ(FRORJtD3ROtWLFD&((3$JUDGHFHPRV
DQXHVWURVFROHJDVGHOSUR\HFWR\GHO&((3SRUVXVYDOLRVRV\DJXGRVFRPHQWDULRV
Introduccin
/RVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVVHYLHQHQLQWHQVLFDQGRUHFLHQWHPHQWHHQ&RORPELD
DPHGLGDTXHVHFRQVROLGDQODVORFRPRWRUDVGHOGHVDUUROORGHFRUWHQHROLEHUDO
(V XQD QHFHVLGDG FDGD YH] PiV DFXFLDQWH FRPSUHQGHU OD YDULHGDG GH IRUPDV HQ
TXHHPHUJHQ\VHDJXGL]DQHVRVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVHQHOSDtV/DVLQYHV
WLJDFLRQHVDQWURSROyJLFDVDERUGDQODFRQJXUDFLyQ\ODH[SUHVLyQGHORVFRQLFWRV
VRFLRDPELHQWDOHV GHVGH GLYHUVRV HQFXDGUHV WHyULFRFRQFHSWXDOHV \ HVWUDWHJLDV
PHWRGROyJLFDVGHVGHHOPDWHULDOLVPR*yPH]KDVWDHOSRVWHVWUXFWXUDOLVPR
(VFREDUSDVDQGRSRUORVTXHGHVWDFDQODVHVWUDWHJLDVJXEHUQDPHQWDOHVTXH
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 15
(QWHQGHPRV HVWH WLSR SDUWLFXODU GH FRQLFWRV FRPR OD H[SUHVLyQ GH LQWHUHVHV GLIHUHQWHV R
GHVLJXDOHVTXHGHWHQWDQGLVWLQWRVDJHQWHVFRPXQLGDGHVHPSUHVDVHWFIUHQWHDOXVRHOPDQHMR
HOFRQWURO\ODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHDVSHFWRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQORVTXHDOJXQRVSHUFLEHQFRPR
UHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVHFRVLVWHPDVRQDWXUDOH]D7DOHVFRQLFWRVSXHGHQHVFDODUGHXQDFRQGLFLyQ
ODWHQWHKDVWDODYLROHQFLDItVLFD
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 17
(ODERUGDMHGHORVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVDSDUWLUGHODDUWLFXODFLyQGH
HVDVFXDWURGLPHQVLRQHVVXSRQHXQGHVDItRVLJQLFDWLYRSDUDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQDQ
WURSROyJLFD&RPRDUJX\H3DLJH:HVWDSURSyVLWRGHODFRQYHUJHQFLDGHDOJXQDV
de esas dimensiones,
>@HO UHWR SDUD ORV DQWURSyORJRV HV PDQWHQHU HO HQIRTXH PXOWLHVFDODU GH OD HFRORJtD
SROtWLFDSHURFRPSUHQGHUTXHKD\DJHQFLDHQRGHQWURGHFDGDHVFDOD\KDFHULQYHVWLJD
FLyQHWQRJUiFDTXHVHDPXOWLHVFDODU\PXOWLVLWXDGDGHPDQHUDTXHSRGDPRVWHQHUXQD
FRPSUHQVLyQPiVULFDGHORVSURFHVRVWUDQVQDFLRQDOHV:HVW
)LJXUD
(Q OD EDVH GH OD HFRORJtD SROtWLFD VH HQFXHQWUD HO LQWHUpV SRU UHLYLQGLFDU
TXH OD QDWXUDOH]D HV IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH XQD FRQVWUXFFLyQ VXMHWD D FRQGLFLRQD
PLHQWRVGHSRGHUGHWHUPLQDGRVKLVWyULFD\VRFLDOPHQWH(VRV FRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRV
VRQDIHFWDGRVSRUXQDFRQVWHODFLyQGLIHUHQFLDOGHSURFHVRVVRFLRHFROyJLFRV\DF
WRUHV GH ODV PiV GLYHUVDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV LQWHUHVHV \ SURFHGHQFLDV ,QYHVWLJDFLR
nes en esa lnea articulan crticamente esas cuatro dimensiones para comprender
FRQWH[WXDOPHQWH4DORVPRGRVHQTXHODVSREODFLRQHVKXPDQDVVLJQLFDQVXHQ
WRUQRHLQWHUDFW~DQFRQpODSDUWLUGHSUiFWLFDVFRWLGLDQDVVLPEyOLFDV\PDWHULDOHV
$XQTXHDOJXQDVGHODVSXEOLFDFLRQHVTXHVHxDODPRVSDUDHMHPSOLFDUHVWDVFXDWURGLPHQVLRQHV
QRVHLQVFULEHQGLUHFWDPHQWHHQHOFDPSRGHODHFRORJtDSROtWLFDHOWLSRGHDQiOLVLV\ODVDSUR[L
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 19
DOFDQFH\VHUHHMDHQIRUPDVTXHPDUFDQWHQGHQFLDVVREUHORVSURFHVRVKLVWyUL
FRVTXHSURGXFHQQDWXUDOH]DVOXJDUHV\SREODFLRQHVHOVHJXQGRHVPiVFLUFXQV
WDQFLDO\GHSHQGHVREUHWRGRGHODVWUD\HFWRULDVELRJUiFDVTXHWLHQHQVXMHWRV
IDPLOLDV \ FRPXQLGDGHV SDUD LQVHUWDUVH UHH[LYDPHQWH HQ HO VHQWLGR TXH OH
DWULEX\H*LGGHQVHQORVSURFHVRVKLVWyULFRVTXHORVLQXHQFLDQ
\ TXH VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH HVWRV D\XGDQ D FRQVWLWXLU 'H HVWD PDQHUD OD GLIHUHQ
cia entre lo estructural y lo coyuntural no debe pensarse como una oposicin
VLQRPiVELHQFRPRXQDUHODFLyQFRFRQVWLWXWLYD6HWUDWDGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDSDUD
FRPSUHQGHU SURFHVRV GH ODUJD GXUDFLyQ FRQ DTXHOORV TXH VRQ PiV HItPHURV \
TXHJXDUGDQUHODFLRQHVHQWUHVtDSHVDUGHHVDVGLIHUHQFLDVHQVXVHVFDODVWHPSR
UDOHV(VWDSHUVSHFWLYDUHVSRQGHSULQFLSDOPHQWHDOHQIRTXHPXOWLWHPSRUDOGHOD
HFRORJtDSROtWLFD\SHUPLWHKLVWRUL]DUODVFRQGLFLRQHVTXHDOLHQWDQ\GDQIRUPD
DORVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHV7DPELpQHVLPSRUWDQWHSDUDXQHQIRTXHDQWUR
SROyJLFRGHODHFRORJtDSROtWLFDSRUTXHD\XGDDUDVWUHDUODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGH
los modos de representacin simblica de la naturaleza, entendida, en un sentido
DPSOLRFRPRHOUHVXOWDGRGHUHODFLRQHV\GLVSRVLWLYRVGHSRGHU\GHODVSUiFWLFDV
VRFLRFXOWXUDOHVTXHOHVHVWiQDVRFLDGDV
El primero de esos niveles temporales lo podemos relacionar, por ejemplo,
FRQODVHVWUXFWXUDVGHODUJDGXUDFLyQTXHSURGXFHQFLHUWDVUHJLRQHVFRPRXQWLSR
SDUWLFXODUGHJHRJUDItDVXMHWDDOGRPLQLRGHGLVSRVLWLYRVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ\GHVD
UUROORTXHVHLPSRQHQXVXDOPHQWHHQFRQWUDGHORVLQWHUHVHVGHVXVSREODGRUHV3RU
VXSDUWHHOQLYHOFR\XQWXUDOORDVRFLDPRVFRQDTXHOORVUHSHUWRULRVELRJUiFRVGH
VXMHWRVIDPLOLDV\FRPXQLGDGHVTXHDWUDYpVGHODFRQJXUDFLyQ\ODUHFRQJXUD
FLyQGHVXVDFFLRQHVFRWLGLDQDV\GHODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVREUHHOHQWRUQRTXHODV
soportan, buscan interpelar o ajustarse a esos dispositivos de desarrollo y conserva
cin enunciados en el nivel estructural.
(OXVRGHKLVWRULDVGHYLGDODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHWUD\HFWRULDVELRJUiFDVD
WUDYpVGHFRQYHUVDFLRQHVLQIRUPDOHVODFDUWRJUDItDVRFLDO\ODVOtQHDVGHWLHPSR
VRQ DOJXQDV GH ODV WpFQLFDV PiV DSURSLDGDV SDUD UHFRQVWUXLU HVWD SHUVSHFWLYD
KLVWyULFDSRUTXHSHUPLWHQSHQHWUDUHQODGHQVLGDGGHORVVHQWLGRVKLVWyULFRVTXH
FRQVWUX\HQORVSURSLRVVXMHWRVDOUHGHGRUGHVXVWUD\HFWRULDVYLWDOHVIDPLOLDUHV
y comunitarias.
/D SHUVSHFWLYD SROtWLFD VXSRQH UDVWUHDU OD GLPHQVLyQ PXOWLHVFDODU TXH LQWH
UHVDDODHFRORJtDSROtWLFDFRQWHPSRUiQHD/DGHQLFLyQGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHHQOD
SROtWLFDS~EOLFDUHVXOWDXQFDPSRGHDQiOLVLVVXVWDQFLDOVREUHORVPRGRVGHDUWLFX
ODFLyQGHHVFDODVJOREDOHVQDFLRQDOHVUHJLRQDOHV\ORFDOHV/DDQWURSRORJtDTXHVH
LQWHUHVDSRUHVWRVWHPDVDPHQXGRORKDFHDSDUWLUGHXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQHWQRJUiFD
D OD SROtWLFD S~EOLFD SDUD GHVHQWUDxDU GRV DVSHFWRV SULQFLSDOHV SRU XQ ODGR ODV
9pDQVHHVWXGLRVGHFDVRTXHDSOLFDQDOJXQDVGHHVWDVHVWUDWHJLDVHQ(VFREDU\3DODFLR
9pOH]5iWLYD\9DUHOD
UDFLRQDOLGDGHVTXHRSHUDQHQODVGLVSXWDVHQWRUQRDODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVTXH
UHEDVDQHOFRQWHQLGRWiFLWRGHODSROtWLFDS~EOLFD63RURWURODGRORVHIHFWRVTXHODV
SROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVSURGXFHQODVUHODFLRQHVTXHFUHDQ\ORVVLVWHPDVGHSHQVDPLHQWR
PiVDPSOLRVHQODVTXHHVWiQLQPHUVDV6KRUH/DHWQRJUDItDGHODVSROtWLFDV
S~EOLFDV VXSRQH FRPSUHQGHU HVDV SROtWLFDV FRPR IRUPXODGRUDV \ IRUPDOL]DGRUDV
GHUHJODVGHMXHJRTXHUHVSRQGHQDORVLQWHUHVHVGHXQDUHGGHDFWRUHVHVWDWDOHV
\QRHVWDWDOHVTXHLQFOXVRSXHGHQHVWDUDOPDUJHQGHODOHJDOLGDG\TXHHQWUDQHQ
IULFFLyQSDUDLPSRQHUVXVYLVLRQHVVREUHODVIRUPDVOHJtWLPDVTXHGHEHDVXPLUHVH
FXHUSRGHSROtWLFDV5RWK3DUD5RWKTXLHQIRUPXODODSROtWLFDQRQHFHVDULD
PHQWHODHMHFXWD'HPDQHUDTXHVHDEUHODSRVLELOLGDGGHH[SORUDUODGHQVLGDGGH
ODVDUWLFXODFLRQHVPXOWLHVFDODUHVREVHUYDQGRODUHGHQLFLyQ\ODDGDSWDFLyQGHOD
SROtWLFDS~EOLFDDWUDYpVGHODVP~OWLSOHVUHGHVGHDFWRUHVHLQWHUHVHVTXHVHOWUDQ
\ PDWHULDOL]DQ HQ FRQWH[WRV VRFLRKLVWyULFRV SDUWLFXODUHV (VWH KHFKR VXSRQH
TXHORVEHQHFLDULRVGHODSROtWLFDS~EOLFDQRVRQVXVUHFHSWRUHVSDVLYRVVLQRTXH
LQWHUYLHQHQHQGLVWLQWRJUDGRHQVXFRQJXUDFLyQ\DTXHVRQSDUWHGHODVUHGHVGH
DFWRUHVTXHODVD\XGDQDSURGXFLURDDMXVWDUDHQWRUQRVHVSHFtFRV5RWK
(QVXPDXQDQiOLVLVGHODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVGHVGHODDQWURSRORJtDTXH
SULYLOHJLHODVUDFLRQDOLGDGHV\ORVHIHFWRVTXHHQWUDxDSHUPLWHHQWUHRWUDVFRVDV
LGHQWLFDU FyPR ODV SROtWLFDV S~EOLFDV D VLUYHQ FRPR GLVFXUVRV GLVSRVLWLYRV \
UDFLRQDOLGDGHV GH JRELHUQR TXH SUHWHQGHQ UHJXODU OD YLGD VRFLDO E MXVWLFDQ HO
VWDWXTXRDODGDSWDUORVFRQWHQLGRVGHODSROtWLFDDODVYROXQWDGHVGHORVTXHWLHQHQ
ODIDFXOWDGGHUHJODUODRDSOLFDUODHQHVFHQDULRVKLVWyULFRVRFLDOHVFRQFUHWRVSDUD
VDWLVIDFHUVXVH[SHFWDWLYDVSDUWLFXODUHV\FWUDGXFHQLQWHUHVHVLGHROyJLFRVHQXQ
GLVFXUVRTXHVHSUHVHQWDFRPRREMHWLYRQHXWUDO\FLHQWtFR6KRUH
3DUDHIHFWRVPHWRGROyJLFRVGLYLGLPRVHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDSROtWLFDHQODFDUDFWH
UL]DFLyQGHDOPHQRVGRVHVIHUDVODPDFURHVIHUD\ODHVSHFtFD/DSULPHUDSULYL
OHJLDODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVHVFDODVPiVDEVWUDFWDV\JHQHUDOHVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQ
XQDGLQiPLFDVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVSHFtFD\TXHVHDVRFLDQFRQPDUFRVQRUPDWLYRV
PXOWLODWHUDOHV\QDFLRQDOHVFRQRUJDQLVPRV\HQWLGDGHVGHRUGHQJXEHUQDPHQWDO
\QRJXEHUQDPHQWDOFRQDFWRUHVSULYDGRVGHLQXHQFLDPiVJHQHUDO\FRQUHGHV
VRFLDOHV\FRPXQLWDULDVTXHUHEDVDQHOiPELWRHVWULFWDPHQWHORFDO(VWRVHORJUDD
WUDYpVGHHVWUDWHJLDVDVRFLDGDVFRQHOHVWXGLRGHODVUDFLRQDOLGDGHVTXHVXVWHQWDQOD
SROtWLFDS~EOLFD\FRQHODQiOLVLVGHDUFKLYRV\FHQWURVGHGRFXPHQWDFLyQLQVWLWX
(VWR LQFOX\H XQ DPSOLR HVSHFWUR GH DFWRUHV JXEHUQDPHQWDOHV FLYLOHV H LQFOXVR LOHJDOHV TXH
interactan en escenarios sociopolticos determinados.
(VWRVXSRQHXQDFRQVWDWDFLyQHOHPHQWDOTXHQRHVWiGHPiVLQGLFDUDTXtHOFRQRFLPLHQWRH[SHUWR
HVWiOHMRVGHFRQJXUDUVHFRPRXQGLVFXUVRSROtWLFDPHQWHDVpSWLFRHLGHROyJLFDPHQWHQHXWUR
&RPRUHFXHUGD0LWFKHOOHOFRQRFLPLHQWRH[SHUWRHVPiVXQhbridoHQOXJDUGHFRQJXUDUXQD
LQWHOLJHQFLDH[WHULRUDSOLFDGDDOPXQGR
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 21
FLRQDOHV$GHPiVHVSUHFLVRDVRFLDUODHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVHVSHFt
FDVFRQHOFRQWH[WRVRFLRSROtWLFRHQHOFXDOHPHUJHQGHPDQHUDTXHODGLPHQVLyQ
PXOWLHVFDODUFRQYHUJHFRQODPXOWLWHPSRUDO
/DHVIHUDHVSHFtFDGHHVWDSHUVSHFWLYDVHRFXSDGHODQiOLVLVGHOFRQMXQWRGH
actoresDQLYHOORFDOFRQIRUPDGRSRUDTXHOORVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQGHPDQHUDH[SOtFLWD
\GLUHFWDHQODFRQJXUDFLyQGHORVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHV(VWDHVIHUDH[DPL
QDSULQFLSDOPHQWHODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHORVDFWRUHVORFDOHVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVRFRPXQL
tarios, civiles o privados, en sus interacciones con las dinamicas de orden macro, a
travs de un conjunto de tcnicas como las entrevistas abiertas, semiestructuradas o
DSURIXQGLGDGJUXSRVIRFDOHVHKLVWRULDVGHYLGDHQWUHRWUDV6LQHPEDUJRHODERU
GDMHGHHVWDVGLQiPLFDVGHVGHODREVHUYDFLyQSDUWLFLSDQWHDUURMDXQWLSRVLQJXODU
GHFRPSUHQVLyQGHHVWDHVFDODWRGDYH]TXHDSDUWLUGHHOODHVSRVLEOHREVHUYDUOR
TXHODVSHUVRQDVGHKHFKRKDFHQDGLIHUHQFLDGHORTXHGLFHQTXHKDFHQ6KRUH
La perspectiva econmica, por su parte, intenta comprender los condicio
QDPLHQWRVHFRQyPLFRSROtWLFRVTXHURGHDQORVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHV&RPR
PHQFLRQDPRVDQWHVODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVLQWURGXFHQDUJXPHQWDFLRQHVLGHROyJLFDV
IRUPXODGDVHQXQOHQJXDMHSUHWHQGLGDPHQWHQHXWUDO\FLHQWtFR6LQHPEDUJRHQHO
FDPSRGHODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHVHYLGHQWHTXHHQDOJ~QJUDGRHVWDVSROtWLFDV
SURPXHYHQODPRUDOL]DFLyQGHODVSUiFWLFDVHFRQyPLFDVGHORVVXMHWRVDTXLHQHVVH
GLULJHQ\ODVLQVHUWDQHQXQVLVWHPDFODVLFDWRULRXVXDOPHQWHELQDULRHQHOTXHUH
VXOWDQPDUFDGDVFRPRDGHFXDGDVLQDGHFXDGDVOHJDOHVLOHJDOHVEHQpFDVQRFLYDV
FRQVHUYDFLRQLVWDVSUHGDWRULDVHWF(VWRVSDUHVGHRSRVLFLyQWHUPLQDQUHGXFLHQGR
DODVSUiFWLFDVFRPRLOHJtWLPDVOHJtWLPDV6HJ~QHOFDVRHVWDVSUiFWLFDVVRQUHSX
GLDGDVRDSUREDGDVSRUODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\VXVIXQFLRQDULRV\WDPELpQSRUDPSOLRV
VHFWRUHVGHODVRFLHGDGUHJLRQDODOLQHDGRVFRQHVDVYLVLRQHVRFLDOHVGHOGHEHUVHU
TXHSHUPHDQODVH[SHFWDWLYDVVRFLDOHVIUHQWHDORVSREODGRUHVGHODViUHDVGHFRQ
VHUYDFLyQDPELHQWDO&RPRSODQWHDQ9DOFXHQGH4XLQWHUR\&RUWpVODV
QDUUDWLYDV>@HQWRUQRDODQDWXUDOH]DGHQHQGHUHFKRV\UHVWULFFLRQHVPDUFDQOt
PLWHVHQWUHORVTXHVDEHQ\QRVDEHQHQWUHORVTXHWLHQHQGHUHFKRVREUHHOWHUULWRULR
\ORVTXHQR'HPRGRTXHVXMHWRV\FRPXQLGDGHVGHYLHQHQHQREMHWRVOHJtWLPRV
GHFRQWURO\UHJXODFLyQHVWDWDOFXDQGRODVSROtWLFDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQDPELHQWDOORV
FODVLFDQHQXQRGHORVH[WUHPRVGHHVRVSDUHVGHRSRVLFLyQ(QRWUDVSDODEUDVHVDV
SROtWLFDVXELFDQDVXMHWRV\FRPXQLGDGHVHQXQSODQRGHDOWHULGDGHQHOTXHVXV
SUiFWLFDVVHFODVLFDQFRPRGLVIXQFLRQDOHV\SRUORWDQWRPHUHFHQVHUFRUUHJLGDV
6LPXOWiQHDPHQWHODFRUUHFFLyQGHSUiFWLFDVLOHJtWLPDVMXVWLFDODSURPHVDTXH
subyace a la poltica de materializar el mejoramiento de la vida de los intervenidos
(VWRVDFWRUHVHVWiQDUWLFXODGRVHQUHGHVTXHYDUtDQHQFREHUWXUDLQWHQVLGDG\SUR[LPLGDG
DWUDYpVSULQFLSDOPHQWHGHUHJXODUVXVIRUPDVGHVXEVLVWHQFLD(VHPHMRUDPLHQWR
RSHUDDFHUFDQGRODVFUHHQFLDVGHORVSREODGRUHVORFDOHVHQWHQGLGDVGHVGHODV
OyJLFDVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVFRPRHUUyQHDVHPRWLYDVRDERPLQDEOHV9DORVVDEHUHV
H[SHUWRV\REMHWLYRVTXHSURPXHYHODSROtWLFDTXHVHOHVSUHVHQWDFRPRFRUUHFWRV
UDFLRQDOHV\SXURV)DVVLQ$OUHLYLQGLFDUODFRQWH[WXDOL]DFLyQGHODQiOLVLV
GHODHFRORJtDSROtWLFDODH[SORUDFLyQGHODSHUVSHFWLYDHFRQyPLFDFRQWULEX\HSULQ
cipalmente a comprender las dimensiones multiescalar y multisituada. Tambin,
HVWDSHUVSHFWLYDFRQWULEX\HDFDUDFWHUL]DUODGLPHQVLyQPXOWLDJHQWHGHODHFRORJtD
SROtWLFDDOGHVWDFDUODPDQHUDHQTXHGLVWLQWRVDJHQWHVUHVLJQLFDQHOVHQWLGRGHODV
SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQFRQWH[WRVVLWXDGRV
/DQHXWUDOLGDGTXHVHOHDWULEX\HDODSROtWLFDS~EOLFDVHUHODWLYL]DFXDQGRVH
ODFRQWH[WXDOL]DHQHVFHQDULRVFRQFUHWRVDOOtVHSXHGHFRQVWDWDUTXHORVIXQFLRQD
rios implementan a su manera las racionalidades institucionales y las acomodan
FRQXQPDUJHQUHODWLYRGHPDQLREUDDVXVVHQVLELOLGDGHVHLQWHUHVHVSDUWLFXODUHV'H
PRGRTXHQRHVH[WUDxRTXHODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVWHUPLQHQVLHQGRUHGHQLGDV
HQDOJXQRVRPXFKRVGHVXVFRPSRQHQWHVGHDFXHUGRFRQODVGLQiPLFDVVRFLRHFR
QyPLFDV\SROtWLFDVHVSHFtFDVHQVXiUHDGHLPSOHPHQWDFLyQ6XHOHRFXUULUTXHD
ODVSROtWLFDVVHOHVUHLQWHUSUHWD\UHFRQWH[WXDOL]DGHPDQHUDVXWLOSHURHIHFWLYDSDUD
SRU HMHPSOR LQFOXLU EHQHFLDULRV TXH QR WHQGUtDQ SRU TXp VHUOR R SDUD H[FOXLU D
DTXHOORVTXHWHQGUtDQOHJtWLPRGHUHFKRDHVRVEHQHFLRV(VWRQRTXLHUHGHFLUTXH
ORV IXQFLRQDULRV ORFDOHV QHFHVDULDPHQWH IXQMDQ XQ SDSHO PDTXLDYpOLFR PiVELHQ
VXJLHUHTXHHOORVHVWiQLUUHPHGLDEOHPHQWHLQVHUWRVHQXQVLVWHPDGHUHODFLRQHVHFR
QyPLFDV\GHSRGHUTXHORVFRQPLQDDUHGLULJLUODVSROtWLFDVSDUDVDWLVIDFHUFLHUWRV
LQWHUHVHV TXH LQFOXVR SXHGHQ OOHJDU D FRQVLGHUDU FRPR PRUDOPHQWH GHVHDEOHV \
VRFLDOPHQWHOHJtWLPRV2WURDVXQWRHVTXHHVDPRUDOLGDGVHDFRQJUXHQWHFRQODTXH
VXE\DFHHQODSROtWLFDS~EOLFDHQXQDHVFDODPiVDPSOLDRFRQODTXHLPDJLQDQORV
VHFWRUHVPiVYXOQHUDEOHVGHODVRFLHGDG
3DUDGHVHQWUDxDUODPRUDOL]DFLyQGHODSUiFWLFDVHFRQyPLFDVGHORVSREOD
GRUHVORFDOHVHVLPSRUWDQWHDERUGDUHWQRJUiFDPHQWHFyPRODUDFLRQDOLGDGGHOD
SROtWLFDS~EOLFD\ODGHORVIXQFLRQDULRVHVWDWDOHVDFDUJRGHLPSOHPHQWDUODFODVL
FDQODVSUiFWLFDVGHVXEVLVWHQFLDFRPRLOHJDOHVOHJDOHV$GLFLRQDOPHQWHUHVXOWD
LPSRUWDQWHDSUR[LPDUVHDODVGLQiPLFDVHFRQyPLFDVUHJLRQDOHVSDUDFRPSUHQGHU
FyPRODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVVHDSOLFDQVHOHFWLYDPHQWHSDUDTXHUHVXOWHQIXQ
FLRQDOHV D ORV SRGHUHV HFRQyPLFRV GRPLQDQWHV )LQDOPHQWH HV DSURSLDGR FRP
SUHQGHUDWUDYpVGHHQWUHYLVWDVDSURIXQGLGDGFyPRORVIXQFLRQDULRVMXVWLFDQOD
WUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODVSUiFWLFDVHFRQyPLFDVORFDOHVHQWpUPLQRVGHTXpWDQWRVH
DMXVWDQDODVIRUPDOLGDGHVOHJDOHVDOWLHPSRTXHKD\TXHH[SORUDUFyPRGLVSXWDQ
0DU\'RXJODVVHxDODTXHODVDQRPDOtDV\ODVSHUFHSFLRQHVDQyPDODVVREUHREMHWRV\VLWXDFLRQHV
UHVSRQGHQDXQVLVWHPDGHFODVLFDFLyQFRQVWLWXLGRVRFLDOPHQWH(VGHFLUFDGDVRFLHGDGFODVLFD
TXpHOHPHQWRVGHEHQVHUFRPSUHQGLGRVGHWDORFXDOPDQHUD
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 23
HLQWHUDFW~DQFRQHVDSUHWHQVLyQORVSREODGRUHVORFDOHVTXHVRQREMHWRVGLUHFWRVR
indirectos de esas polticas de conservacin.
Este conjunto de perspectivas se complementa con la perspectiva de las sub
jetividades. Como su nombre lo indica, esta se orienta a la comprensin de las
SUiFWLFDV H LPDJLQDULRV TXH WDQWR IXQFLRQDULRV FRPR SREODGRUHV WLHQHQ VREUH OD
QDWXUDOH]DHQFRQWH[WRVVRFLRKLVWyULFRVHVSHFtFRV\TXHVHH[SUHVDQHQFyPRSHU
FLEHQORVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVHQODGLPHQVLyQPiVVXEMHWLYDGHVXVFRWL
GLDQLGDGHV/DVSROtWLFDV\ORVSURJUDPDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQVRQSHQVDGRVIRUPX
ODGRVDSOLFDGRV\UHFLELGRVSRUGLVWLQWRVDFWRUHVTXHHQ~OWLPDVVRQLQGLYLGXRV
FRQVWLWXLGRVVRFLDOPHQWH\SRUORWDQWRVXVLQWHUHVHV\YROXQWDGHVQRHVWiQDMHQRV
DSURFHVRVVRFLRSROtWLFRV\HFRQyPLFRVPiVDPSOLRV6KRUH/DVUHSUHVHQ
WDFLRQHVLPSHUDQWHVGHODQDWXUDOH]DGHVGHODVSROtWLFDV\SURJUDPDVDPELHQWDOHV
UHVSRQGHQDXQDVUDFLRQDOLGDGHV\DXQDVIRUPDVGHRUGHQDUHOPXQGRDVRFLDGDVD
LGHDVPRGHUQDV\QHROLEHUDOHVTXHHVWDEOHFHQXQDGLYLVLyQWD[DWLYDHQWUHFXOWXUD
DFWLYD\QDWXUDOH]DSDVLYD*RQ]iOH]$GHPiVFRPRPXHVWUD'HVFROD
HVWHGXDOLVPRHQWUHFXOWXUD\QDWXUDOH]DQRHVPiVTXHXQDFRVPRORJtD
SDUWLFXODUDXQTXHXQDHVSHFLDOPHQWHSRGHURVD\SHUVXDVLYD&RQHVWR'HVFROD
GHVWDFDTXHODRSRVLFLyQHQWUHODQDWXUDOH]D\ODFXOWXUDHV~QLFDGHODPRGHUQLGDG
RFFLGHQWDO SRUTXH QR FRQVWLWX\H OD IRUPD GH RUGHQDU HO PXQGR TXH WLHQHQ RWUDV
VRFLHGDGHV(VWRKDFHTXHPXFKDVYHFHVODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVVHDQDSOLFDGDVVREUH
\SRUPHGLRGHVXMHWRVTXHSLHQVDQ\RUGHQDQHOPXQGRGHIRUPDVPX\GLIHUHQWHV
DTXLHQHVODVIRUPXODQ
7HQHUHVWRFODURDODKRUDGHKDFHULQYHVWLJDFLRQHVVREUHORVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDP
ELHQWDOHVLPSOLFDLQHYLWDEOHPHQWHTXHDGHPiVGHKDFHUXQDQiOLVLVGHODVSROtWLFDV
S~EOLFDV HQ WRGDV VXV HVFDODV FRPR VH H[SOLFy HQ OD SHUVSHFWLYD SROtWLFD WDPELpQ
UHVXOWDLPSUHVFLQGLEOHKDFHUXQDQiOLVLVGHQVR\ULJXURVRGHODVIRUPDVSURSLDVGH
HQWHQGHUODQDWXUDOH]DTXHWLHQHQORVVXMHWRVEHQHFLDULRVGHHVWDVSROtWLFDV(VHQ
HVWHQLYHOGRQGHVHSXHGHQDSUHFLDUFRQPiVFODULGDGFyPRFROLVLRQDQODVQDWXUDOH
]DV LPDJLQDGDV GH XQRV SREODGRUHV \ RWURV SROtWLFDVH[SHUWRVIXQFLRQDULRV TXH
VXHOHQVHUGLYHUJHQWHV(VQHFHVDULRH[DPLQDUODVUHODFLRQHVTXHVHGDQHQWUHHVWDV
IRUPDVSURSLDVGHHQWHQGHUODQDWXUDOH]D\ODIRUPDHQTXHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVOR
KDFHQLGHQWLFDQGRODVWHQVLRQHVORVSOLHJXHV\ODVQHJRFLDFLRQHVTXHGDQIRUPDD
HVWHSURFHVR(VGHFLUWRGDVHVWDVUDFLRQDOLGDGHVWHFQRORJtDV\SUiFWLFDVHQODVTXH
FRQYHUJHQ GLVWLQWRV DFWRUHV VH DUWLFXODQ HQ HQWUDPDGRV GH UHODFLRQHV GH SRGHU HQ
GRQGHVHGDQSURFHVRVGHSHUPDQHQWHQHJRFLDFLyQ\UHVLJQLFDFLyQTXHDVXYH]
SURGXFHQQXHYDVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVHQWUHTXLHQHVUHFLEHQODVSROtWLFDV\HQWUHTXLHQHVODV
IRUPXODQ\ODVDSOLFDQ8OORD'HHVWDPDQHUDODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVQRSXHGHQ
(Q HO DUJXPHQWR GH 'HVFROD OD FRVPRORJtD VH UHHUH GH PDQHUD JHQHUDO D OR TXH HVWDPRV
HQWHQGLHQGRDTXtFRPRUDFLRQDOLGDGHVHVGHFLUDODVGLVWLQWDVPDQHUDVGHUHSUHVHQWDUSHQVDU\
ordenar el mundo.
FRPSUHQGHUVHSRUIXHUDGHOPDUFRGHUHODFLRQHVHVWUXFWXUDOHVTXHODVFRQGLFLRQDQ
\ODVGHQHQDOWLHPSRTXHODVWHFQRORJtDVGHJRELHUQRVRORSXHGHQHQWHQGHUVHHQ
VX FRQWUDSXQWHR FRQ DTXHOODV VXEMHWLYLGDGHV TXH ODV SURGXFHQ (VWR VXJLHUH TXH
OD SHUVSHFWLYD GH ODV VXEMHWLYLGDGHV KDFH SRVLEOH OD DUWLFXODFLyQ GH OD GLPHQVLyQ
PXOWLHVFDODUFRQODHVIHUDPLFURVRFLDOGHORVVXMHWRV(VGHFLUODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVQR
VHFRQJXUDQHQHOPDUFRGHODRSRVLFLyQHVWUXFWXUDDJHQFLDVLQRTXHWRPDQIRUPD
HQODUHODFLyQFRFRQVWLWXWLYDTXHORVGHWHUPLQDQWHVHVWUXFWXUDOHVPDQWLHQHQFRQOD
DJHQFLDGHODVSREODFLRQHV\VXMHWRVTXHSUHWHQGHQGHWHUPLQDU11
8QDDSUR[LPDFLyQPHWRGROyJLFDDODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVDP
ELHQWDOHVTXHVHFRQVWLWX\HQHQODFRPSOHMLGDGGHODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHODVORFDOLGD
GHV\ODHVIHUDLQVWLWXFLRQDOGHRUGHQORFDOUHJLRQDORJOREDOSRGUtDHQIRFDUVH
SULQFLSDOPHQWHHQODLQWHUDFFLyQGHGRVSURFHVRVSRUXQODGRFyPRORVSURJUDPDV
ODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHV\ORVVHFWRUHVQRLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVTXHGHWHQWDQXQDSRVLFLyQ
GHSRGHUEXVFDQWUDQVIRUPDUDODVSREODFLRQHVORFDOHVLQX\HQGRHQVXVPRGRVGH
construccin y representacin del mundo desde perspectivas invariablemente ra
FLRFpQWULFDV\WHFQRFUiWLFDV3RUHORWURFyPRODVSREODFLRQHVFRQVWUX\HQ\UHSUH
VHQWDQHOPXQGRGHVGHVXVSURSLRVSDUiPHWURVFXOWXUDOHVHKLVWyULFRVTXHSXHGHQ
LQFOXVR FRQJXUDU FRVPRORJtDV QR GXDOLVWDV (VWR UHHUH D OD PDQHUD HQ TXH ODV
SREODFLRQHVVHSLHQVDQFRPRSDUWHDFWLYD\FRQVWLWXWLYDGHXQHQWRUQRQDWXUDOTXH
OODPDUHPRVGHPDQHUDPiVSUHFLVDFRPRHQWRUQRYLWDO12
3DUDGDUFXHQWDGHODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHODREVHUYDFLyQSDUWL
FLSDQWHGHULYDGDGHXQWUDEDMRGHFDPSRLQWHQVLYRHVXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQPHWRGROy
JLFDGHVLQJXODUYDORUSRUTXHSHUPLWHLGHQWLFDUHQWUHRWUDVFRVDVORVFRPSOHMRV
PRGRV GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ \ DFFLyQ TXH HVWDEOHFHQ ODV SHUVRQDV SDUD FRQVWUXLU VX
HQWRUQRYLWDO7DPELpQSHUPLWHLQGDJDUFRQWH[WXDOPHQWHORVSURFHVRVGHIULFFLyQ
entre la dimensin subjetiva y la estructural,13TXHFRQVWLWX\HODVSUiFWLFDVGHODV
11 (OFDPSRGHODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVTXHVHPRGHODQDSDUWLUGHODLQFLGHQFLDGHLQLFLDWLYDVDPELHQWDOHV
HVREMHWRGHLQWHUHVDQWHVGHEDWHV6HLGHQWLFDQSRVWXUDVTXHX\HQHQWUHORVTXHUHLYLQGLFDQOD
IRUPDFLyQGHVXEMHWLYLGDGHVDPELHQWDOHV$JUDZDO\ORVTXHDUJXPHQWDQTXHHVDIRUPDFLyQ
GHVFRQRFHODFDSDFLGDGGHORVVXMHWRVSDUDGHVDDUWDOHVSUHVLRQHVHVWUXFWXUDOHV&HSHN
12 6LJXLHQGRODVLGHDVGHDXWRUHVFRPR'HVFROD\9LYHLURVGH&DVWURHQWUHRWURVSDUDTXLHQHVODV
FRVPRORJtDVQRPRGHUQDVXELFDQHQXQFRQWtQXXPHQOXJDUGHXQDRSRVLFLyQDODQDWXUDOH]D
\ODFXOWXUDODFDWHJRUtDGHOHQWRUQRYLWDOQRVSHUPLWHFRQVLGHUDUTXHLQFOXVRHQVRFLHGDGHVTXH
HVWiQDOWDPHQWHLQXHQFLDGDVSRUODUDFLRQDOLGDGPRGHUQDVHSXHGHUDVWUHDUTXHVXVLQGLYLGXRV
QRPDQWLHQHQUHODFLRQHV~QLFDPHQWHFRQSHUVRQDVVLQRWDPELpQFRQHQWLGDGHVQRKXPDQDVFRPR
ODVHOYD\ORVVHUHVTXHODKDELWDQ>GHPRGRTXHHVWDFDWHJRUtDLQFOX\H@ODVGLYHUVDVUHODFLRQHV
TXHVHGDQQRVRORHQWUHODVSHUVRQDVVLQRHQWUHWRGRVORVVHUHVTXHSDUWLFLSDQHQVXFRWLGLDQLGDG
VHDQKXPDQRVRQRKXPDQRV9pOH]
13 &RPRKHPRVYHQLGRSODQWHDQGRHQHVWDVHFFLyQHOQLYHOHVWUXFWXUDODOTXHQRVUHIHULPRVHQOD
GLPHQVLyQGHODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVHVWiDVRFLDGRDODHVIHUDLQVWLWXFLRQDOTXHDWUDYpVGHSODQHV
SURJUDPDVSROtWLFDVSUHVXSXHVWRV\SDTXHWHVWHFQROyJLFRV\ODVUDFLRQDOLGDGHV\SUiFWLFDVTXH
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 25
SHUVRQDVIUHQWHDVXHQWRUQR$GHPiVHVDREVHUYDFLyQSDUWLFLSDQWHSXHGHDSR\DUVH
HQODHODERUDFLyQGHKLVWRULDVGHYLGD\GHHQWUHYLVWDVDSURIXQGLGDGRULHQWDGDVD
UHFRQVWUXLU ODV WUD\HFWRULDV ELRJUiFDV GH FLHUWDV SHUVRQDV &RQ HVDV WUD\HFWRULDV
VHSXHGHQH[SORUDUORVPRGRVHQTXHORVQXHYRVOHQJXDMHV\VHQVLELOLGDGHVLQVWL
WXFLRQDOHVIUHQWHDOPHGLRDPELHQWHLQXHQFLDQVXVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVHQGLVWLQWRVPR
mentos y de diversas maneras, con la pretensin de convertirse en imperativos de
FRQVHUYDFLyQSDUDORVEHQHFLDULRVGHODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHV/DWDEODVLQWHWL]D
OD DUWLFXODFLyQ HQWUH ODV SHUVSHFWLYDV ODV GLPHQVLRQHV \ ODV DSUR[LPDFLRQHV PiV
DSURSLDGDVTXHKHPRVVXJHULGR
Las tensiones por la conservacin ambiental en una regin
del Noroccidente amaznico14
A continuacin desarrollaremos una descripcin concisa alrededor de las tensio
QHVVRFLDOHVTXHYLHQHRFDVLRQDQGRODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHXQDVHULHGHLQLFLDWLYDV
institucionales de conservacin ambiental en distintas veredas del municipio de
6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH*XDYLDUHDOQRURFFLGHQWHGHOD$PD]RQLDFRORPELDQD(Q
SDUWLFXODUVHWUDWDGHDOJXQDVYHUHGDVORFDOL]DGDVHQOD6HUUDQtD/D/LQGRVD\VX
]RQDGHLQXHQFLD(VWDGHVFULSFLyQDXQTXHGHVSURYLVWDGHWRGDODGHQVLGDGTXH
SDUWLFXODUL]DHVWHHVWXGLRGHFDVRLQWHQWDHMHPSOLFDUODDUWLFXODFLyQGHODVFXDWUR
SHUVSHFWLYDVH[SXHVWDVHQODVVHFFLRQHVDQWHULRUHV
(OGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO*XDYLDUHIXHGHFODUDGRFRPRSDUWHGHOD=RQDGH5H
VHUYD )RUHVWDO GH OD$PD]RQLD FRQ OD /H\ GH (Q SDUWH GH OD ]RQD
QRUWH GHO GHSDUWDPHQWR IXH VXVWUDtGD SDUD OHJDOL]DU OD WLWXODFLyQ GH ODV WLHUUDV \D
FRORQL]DGDV\GHVWLQDUPiVWLHUUDVSDUDODFRORQL]DFLyQ3RFRGHVSXpVHO'HFUHWR
/H\GHHVWDEOHFLyTXHJUDQSDUWHGHHVWDiUHDVHLQFOXLUtDHQHO'LVWULWR
GH0DQHMR,QWHJUDGR'0,$ULDUL*XD\DEHURTXHHVXQDGHODV]RQDVTXHFRQVWL
WX\HQHOUHDGH0DQHMR(VSHFLDOGH/D0DFDUHQD$0(0$SDUWLUGHHVWHPDUFR
OHJDOGLIHUHQWHVLQVWLWXFLRQHVJXEHUQDPHQWDOHV\QRJXEHUQDPHQWDOHVFRPHQ]DURQD
GHVDUUROODU\JHVWLRQDUSROtWLFDV\SURJUDPDVDPELHQWDOHVTXHIXHUDQFRQJUXHQWHVFRQ
los principios de conservacin y manejo delineados por esas leyes. Durante la dcada
GHVHLPSOHPHQWDURQSROtWLFDV\SURJUDPDVWDOHVFRPRHO3ODQGH0DQHMRGHOD
=RQDGH3UHVHUYDFLyQGHOD6HUUDQtD/D/LQGRVD=36//GHTXHIXHUHIRU
PXODGRSRUHO3ODQGH&RPDQHMRGHODLQLFLDWLYDGHODV5HVHUYDV1DWXUDOHV
ORVDFRPSDxDQLQWHQWDQHVWDEOHFHUHQORVEHQHFLDULRVGHDTXHOODVSROtWLFDVQXHYDVVHQVLELOLGDGHV
\IRUPDVGHDFFLyQ\SHQVDPLHQWRIUHQWHDOPHGLRDPELHQWH
14 (VWDVHFFLyQGHODUWtFXORVHIXQGDPHQWDHQORVGDWRVHWQRJUiFRVUHFDEDGRVSRUGRVGHORVDXWRUHV
GHODUWtFXOR,YiQ0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL\-XDQ6HEDVWLiQ9pOH]FX\RVWUDEDMRVGHJUDGRVHOOHYDURQ
DFDERHQHOPDUFRGHOSUR\HFWR,PSHUDWLYRVYHUGHV\VXEMHWLYLGDGHVDPELHQWDOHVFDPSHVLQDV
HQWUHVUHJLRQHVGH&RORPELDEDMRODGLUHFFLyQGH&DUORV'HO&DLUR
0XOWLHVFDODU
0XOWLWHPSRUDO
0XOWLHVFDODU
0XOWLVLWXDGR
0XOWLDJHQWH
0DFUR*OREDOPXOWLODWHUDOQDFLRQDO
(VSHFtFR5HJLRQDOORFDO
0RUDOL]DFLyQGHPRGRVORFDOHVGH
VXEVLVWHQFLD-XVWLFDFLyQSDUDLQWHUYHQLU
PRGRVORFDOHVGHVXEVLVWHQFLD$SOLFDFLyQ
selectiva de polticas
Poltica
Econmica
3UiFWLFDVGHUHODFLRQDPLHQWRFRQQDWXUDOH]D 0XOWLHVFDODU
6XEMHWLYLGDGHV
,PDJLQDULRVVREUHODQDWXUDOH]D
0XOWLDJHQWH
0XOWLWHPSRUDO
Principales
dimensiones de
anlisis
(VWUXFWXUDO3URFHVRVGHODUJDGXUDFLyQ
&R\XQWXUDO7UD\HFWRULDVELRJUiFDV
IDPLOLDUHV\FRPXQLWDULDV
Principales campos
)XQFLRQDULRV\RUJDQL]DFLRQHVFRPXQLWDULDV
,QIRUPHVS~EOLFRV
$QiOLVLVGHDUFKLYRV
)XQFLRQDULRV\EHQHFLDULRV
Polticas pblicas
3UiFWLFDVGHUHODFLRQDPLHQWRFRQHOHQWRUQR
vital
Pobladores locales
Pobladores locales
(QWUHYLVWDVDSURIXQGLGDG
5HYLVLyQGRFXPHQWDO
2EVHUYDFLyQSDUWLFLSDQWH
+LVWRULDVGHYLGD
7UD\HFWRULDVELRJUiFDV
(WQRJUDItD
3REODGRUHVORFDOHV\IXQFLRQDULRV
*UXSRVIRFDOHV
)XQFLRQDULRVEHQHFLDULRV\WDOOHUHVGH
capacitacin
3REODGRUHVORFDOHV\IXQFLRQDULRV
Pobladores, instituciones, actores privados
3REODGRUHVORFDOHV\IXQFLRQDULRV
Entrevistas semiestructuradas
$QiOLVLVGHUHGHVVRFLDOHV
3REODGRUHVORFDOHV\IXQFLRQDULRV
Entrevistas abiertas
(QWUHYLVWDVDSURIXQGLGDG
2EVHUYDFLyQSDUWLFLSDQWH
+LVWRUL]DFLyQGHSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV &RQWH[WXDOL]DUSROtWLFDV
3ROtWLFDVIXQFLRQDULRV\EHQHFLDULRVGH
polticas
(WQRJUDItDGHSROtWLFDS~EOLFD
5HYLVLyQGHIXHQWHVGRFXPHQWDOHV $UFKLYRVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVHLQIRUPHVS~EOLFRV
3REODGRUHVORFDOHV\IXQFLRQDULRV
)XQFLRQDULRV\RUJDQL]DFLRQHVFRPXQLWDULDV
&DUWRJUDItDVRFLDO
Pobladores locales
7UD\HFWRULDVELRJUiFDV
Dirigida especialmente a
+LVWRULDVGHYLGD
Tcnica
6tQWHVLVGHODDUWLFXODFLyQHQWUHGLPHQVLRQHV\SHUVSHFWLYDVSDUDXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQDQWURSROyJLFDDORVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVHQ
clave de ecologa poltica.
+LVWyULFD
Perspectiva
7DEOD
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 27
(QSRFRWLHPSRHVWDUHJLyQSDVyGHVHUXQODERUDWRULRGHGLYHUVDVHVWUDWH
JLDVGHFRORQL]DFLyQGLULJLGDDUPDGDIRU]DGD\HVSRQWiQHD0RODQR6DO
JDGRDXQRGHFRQVHUYDFLyQDPELHQWDO\GHGHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOHVXVWHQ
WDGRHQXQDFRQVWUXFFLyQVLPEyOLFDGHOD$PD]RQLDSDUWLFXODUPHQWHSRGHURVDTXH
ODKDFHXQSDUDtVRYHUGHTXHGHEHVHUFRQVHUYDGR16/DVUDFLRQDOLGDGHVGHJRELHUQR
\ORVVDEHUHVH[SHUWRVIXHURQGHWHUPLQDQWHVHQHVDWUDQVLFLyQHOLPSDFWRGHOHVWX
GLR3URUDGDPD\XGyDJHQHUDUHVHSXQWRGHLQH[LyQWRGDYH]TXHLQGLFy
FRQFULWHULRVFLHQWtFRVTXHODPD\RUSDUWHGHOD$PD]RQLDWHQtDXQDYRFDFLyQQH
WDPHQWHIRUHVWDO(VWRSURGXMRXQDMXVWHHQODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVTXHLQWHUYLQLHURQ
ORVWHUULWRULRV\ODVJHQWHVGHOD$PD]RQLD'HO&DLUR/DHPHUJHQFLD\OD
WUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHODVSROtWLFDV\ORVSURJUDPDVHVWDWDOHVHPSH]DURQDHVWUXFWXUDUVH
VREUHODEDVHGHOLQHDPLHQWRVFLHQWtFRVTXHSURGXMHURQXQDVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGH
ORVVXMHWRVDTXLHQHVGLULJHQVXVWHFQRORJtDVDVtFRPRORVXVWHQWiEDPRVFXDQ
GRSUHVHQWDPRVODVSHUVSHFWLYDVHFRQyPLFD\SROtWLFDHQODVHFFLyQDQWHULRU\
D\XGDURQ D MXVWLFDU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVSHFtFDV TXH WRPDURQ HVRV SURJUDPDV
HQFRQWH[WRVFRPR*XDYLDUH&RQHOORVLDQWHVGHODGpFDGDGHODVSROtWLFDV
WHQGtDQDH[DOWDUDORVFRORQRVTXHVHVXPDEDQDORVSURJUDPDVGHFRORQL]DFLyQGL
/DSULRULGDGGHODDJHQGDGHFRORQL]DFLyQGLULJLGDSRUHO(VWDGRJUDYLWyDOUHGHGRUGHOOHYDUHO
GHVDUUROORDODUHJLyQDSDUWLUGHODH[SDQVLyQGHODIURQWHUDDJUtFROD
16 (VWDLPDJHQLGtOLFDGHOD$PD]RQLDFRPSLWH\FRH[LVWHFRQRWUDVTXHFRQWLHQHQYDORUDFLRQHV
QHJDWLYDVRQHIDVWDVVREUHHVWDUHJLyQ\VXVSREODGRUHVYpDVH7RYDU
3URUDGDPIXHXQSUR\HFWRFLHQWtFRGHFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRV\GLQiPLFDVVRFLRHFRQyPLFDV
GHOD$PD]RQLDFRORPELDQDFRQDQFLDGRSRUHO*RELHUQRKRODQGpV
ULJLGDFRPRKpURHVTXHFLYLOL]DUtDQOD$PD]RQLDGHVSXpVFRPHQ]DURQDYDORUDUORV
QHJDWLYDPHQWH(QHIHFWRODUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDLPSHUDQWHHQDTXpOPRPHQWR
FODVLFy VXV HFRQRPtDV FRPR H[WUDFWLYDV \ SRU HQGH GHVWUXFWRUDV GHO PHGLRDP
ELHQWH HQ FRQWUDSRVLFLyQ D ODV SREODFLRQHV LQGtJHQDV FRQVLGHUDGDV FRPR SRUWD
GRUDVQDWXUDOHVGHSUiFWLFDV\VDEHUHVFRPSDWLEOHVFRQODFRQVHUYDFLyQ'HO&DLUR
5XL]19&RPRDVHJXUDED3URUDGDPODFXOWXUDLQGtJHQDVLJXHVLHQGR
ODPiVLPSRUWDQWHHQFXDQWRDOFRQRFLPLHQWR\PDQHMRGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\
VXFRQYLYHQFLDFRQpVWRV'HHVWDPDQHUDORVFDPSHVLQRVGHODIURQ
WHUDDJUtFRODDPD]yQLFDHPSH]DURQDVHUUHSUHVHQWDGRVGHVGHODVpOLWHVSROtWLFDV\
DFDGpPLFDVDFWRUHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQODIRUPXODFLyQGHSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVHQFOD
YHQHJDWLYDDOHTXLSDUDUORVFRQGHSUHGDGRUHVGHODQDWXUDOH]D0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL
9pOH]
/DSHUFHSFLyQGHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV\ORVVDEHUHVH[SHUWRVVREUHORVFR
ORQRVVHFRPSOHML]yDSDUWLUGHODGpFDGDGHFXDQGRVHOHVHPSH]yDFDWDOR
JDU FRPR LOHJDOHV DO YLQFXODUORV FRQ HO QDUFRWUiFR \ DGMXGLFDUOHVXQD VXSXHVWD
VLPSDWtDFRQODVJXHUULOODVFRPXQLVWDV(QHVWDpSRFDHOQRURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFR
VH FRQVROLGy MXQWR FRQ ORV /ODQRV 2ULHQWDOHV FRPR XQD ]RQD GH SURGXFFLyQ GH
FRFDSURSLFLDSDUDODFRQVROLGDFLyQGHHFRQRPtDVLOHJDOHV\GHJUXSRVLQVXUJHQWHV
SURQWRODVSHUVRQDVTXHYLYtDQHQHVWRVOXJDUHVIXHURQHVWHUHRWLSDGDVFRPRVXMHWRV
LOHJDOHV0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL5DPtUH]
(OVLJXLHQWHIUDJPHQWRGHPXHVWUDHVWDDWULEXFLyQHVWRPDGRGHXQDHQWUHYLV
WDDXQDOWRIXQFLRQDULRGHOJRELHUQRQDFLRQDOSXEOLFDGDHQXQGLDULRGHFLUFXODFLyQ
QDFLRQDOHQODGpFDGDGH(OIXQFLRQDULRVHUHIHUtDDVtDODVFDXVDVTXHHVWDEDQ
GHWUiVGHXQDQXPHURVDPRYLOL]DFLyQFDPSHVLQDKDFLD6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUHTXH
UHFODPDEDVXVGHUHFKRV\SHGtDODGHVPLOLWDUL]DFLyQGHODVDFFLRQHVHVWDWDOHV
1DWXUDOPHQWHFRPRHQHVD]RQDKD\JHQWHHQVXJUDQPD\RUtDDOPDUJHQGHODOH\SXHVOD
QRSUHVHQFLDGHODDXWRULGDGOHVFRQYLHQHDORVQDUFRWUDFDQWHV(VRHVREYLR>@3XHGH
H[LVWLUXQDDOLDQ]DVLQRRUJiQLFDVtIXQFLRQDO>HQWUHODJXHUULOODORVQDUFRWUDFDQWHV\
los campesinos] El Espectador,ViEDGRGHGLFLHPEUHGHFLWDGRHQ0RQWHQHJUR
3HULQL
&RPRHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRIXHHVFHQDULRGHGLYHUVDVHVWUDWHJLDVGHFRORQL]DFLyQFDEH
SUHFLVDUTXHQRWRGRVORVFRORQRVHUDQLJXDOPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDGRVHQODVSROtWLFDVHVWDWDOHV(Q
HIHFWRDTXHOORVFDPSHVLQRVDVRFLDGRVFRQODFRORQL]DFLyQDUPDGDIXHURQWLOGDGRVGHFRPXQLVWDV
\HQHPLJRVGHODSDWULD\IXHURQSHUVHJXLGRVSRUODOH\9pOH]
19 $PDQHUDGHHMHPSORFDEHPHQFLRQDUTXH3URUDGDPDVHJXUDEDTXHDGLIHUHQFLDGHORVEODQFRV
TXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUYDORUHVLQGLYLGXDOLVWDVSRUWUDQVIRUPDUODQDWXUDOH]D\SRUSULYLOHJLDU
HOYDORUGHFDPELRVREUHHOYDORUGHXVRHQVXHFRQRPtDODFXOWXUDLQGtJHQDVHDGDSWDDOD
QDWXUDOH]DQRHVDFXPXODWLYD\VHVXVWHQWDHQWHFQRORJtDVFRPSDWLEOHVFRQHOPHGLRDPELHQWH
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 29
(QHVHIUDJPHQWRVHDGYLHUWHFyPRGHVGHODOyJLFDGLVFXUVLYDGHODOWRIXQFLR
QDULRHVQDWXUDOTXHORVKDELWDQWHVGHOD]RQDHVWpQDOLDGRVDODJXHUULOODSRUTXH
ORVFRQVLGHUDHQVXPD\RUtDJHQWHLOHJDO
&RPR VH KD HYLGHQFLDGR HQ HVWH FRUWR UHFXHQWR KLVWyULFR OD FRQJXUDFLyQ
GH HVSDFLRV \ JHQWHV QR SXHGH VXVWUDHUVH GH ODV FXDWUR SHUVSHFWLYDV TXH KHPRV
enunciado. Estas perspectivas, pensadas en abstracto y presentadas separadamente
FRQ QHV DQDOtWLFRV VH DSOLFDQ FRQMXQWDPHQWH HQ OD SUiFWLFD LQYHVWLJDWLYD (VWR
KDFHSRVLEOHLGHQWLFDUORVFDPELRVTXHKDWHQLGRODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQTXHKDFHQORV
DJHQWHV HVWDWDOHV \ DFDGpPLFRV VREUH HO WHUULWRULR DPD]yQLFR \ ODV SHUVRQDV TXH
ORKDELWDQ(QHVWHFDVRSDUWLFXODURSHUDQVLPXOWiQHDPHQWHGRVWUDQVLFLRQHVHQOD
ptica institucional: por un lado, el territorio amaznico deja de ser uno salvaje,
YDFtR\SUHVWRDVHUFRORQL]DGRSDUDFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQSDUDtVRYHUGHTXHUHTXLHUH
VHUFRQVHUYDGR<SRUHORWURORVFDPSHVLQRVGHMDQGHVHUORVKpURHVFLYLOL]DGRUHV\
IRUMDGRUHVGHQDFLyQHQOD$PD]RQLD\SDVDQDVHUSRWHQFLDOHVJXHUULOOHURVDOLDGRV
GHHFRQRPtDVLOHJDOHV\SULQFLSDOHVGHSUHGDGRUHVGHOPHGLRDPELHQWH(VWR~OWLPR
GHPXHVWUD DGHPiV TXH DVt FRPR OR SODQWHiEDPRV HQ OD SHUVSHFWLYD HFRQyPLFD
ODVSUiFWLFDVGHORVFDPSHVLQRVHQFRQWH[WRVKLVWyULFRVGHWHUPLQDGRVIXHURQ\VRQ
REMHWRGHFULWHULRVGHPRUDOL]DFLyQTXHIXQFLRQDQDSDUWLUGHGLVSRVLWLYRVGHFRQWURO
RSHUDGRVSRUSURJUDPDVVDEHUHVH[SHUWRV\IXQFLRQDULRVS~EOLFRV(VWDSUHRFXSD
cin de las lites acadmicas y polticas por la conservacin ambiental del territorio
DPD]yQLFRGHWHUPLQDQWHGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVFDPSHVLQRV\DGHVFULWDVHKD
LGRIRUWDOHFLHQGR\OHJLWLPDQGRHQODV~OWLPDVGRVGpFDGDVGHELGRDODFUHFLHQWH
SXHVWDHQODHVFHQDJOREDOGHODFULVLVHFROyJLFDHQODFXDOORVLQGtJHQDVDQWDJR
QLVWDVGHDTXHOORVHQHVWDHVWUXFWXUDGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVHSLHQVDQFRPRDOLDGRV
HVWUDWpJLFRVSDUDORVQHVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQRFFLGHQWDO&RQNOLQ\*UDKDP
/DSHUFHSFLyQHVWDWDOGHORVFDPSHVLQRVFRPRLOHJDOHVHQWUHVQLYHOHVGHSUH
GDGRUHVFRFDOHURV\VLPSDWL]DQWHVGHODJXHUULOOD\ODPDQHUDHQTXHHVWDVUHSUH
sentaciones inciden en las polticas ambientales, demuestran cmo las iniciativas
GHFRQVHUYDFLyQDPELHQWDOUHJXODGDVSRUHO(VWDGRVHLQVHUWDQHQHOFDPSRGHOD
SURGXFFLyQJXEHUQDPHQWDOGHVXMHWRVFRPXQLGDGHV y territorios. En el caso con
FUHWRGHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH*XDYLDUHORVSURJUDPDV\SROtWLFDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQGHO
PHGLRDPELHQWHYLJHQWHVGHVGHODGpFDGDGHUHVSRQGHQDODQHFHVLGDGVLPXO
WiQHDGHLQVHUWDUDOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHQWURGHODHFRQRPtDFRORPELDQDDWUDYpVGHOGH
/D XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO WpUPLQR GH FRPXQLGDG R FRPXQLWDULR QR HV IRUWXLWR HQ HVWH WUDEDMR /DV
UDFLRQDOLGDGHVGHJRELHUQRFRQWHPSRUiQHDVGHODVTXHHVWDPRVKDEODQGRRSHUDQHQXQOHQJXDMH
TXHHVWiLQYHVWLGRPRUDOPHQWH\VHFRQVWLWX\HQHQODVGLQiPLFDVGHOPHUFDGRDFWXDOGLULJLHQGR
VXVWHFQRORJtDVDORTXHKR\OODPDPRVFRPXQLGDGHV/DVFRPXQLGDGHVVRQSRUWDQWRXQWHUULWRULR
QXHYRSDUDODJHVWLyQGHODH[LVWHQFLDLQGLYLGXDO\FROHFWLYDXQDVXSHUFLHRSODQRHQHOTXHODV
UHODFLRQHVPLFURPRUDOHVHQWUHSHUVRQDVVRQFRQFHSWXDOL]DGDV\DGPLQLVWUDGDV5RVH
VDUUROORVRVWHQLEOH\GHFXPSOLUFRQODVREOLJDFLRQHVOHJDOHVDPELHQWDOHVTXHULJHQ
sobre todo su territorio.216LQHPEDUJRQLODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVSHQVDGDVGHVGHHO
LQWHULRUGHOSDtVVHDSOLFDQVLQPHGLDULQWHUHVHVYROXQWDGHV\HVWUDWHJLDVUHJLRQD
OHVQLODVSREODFLRQHVORFDOHVRVXMHWRVREMHWRVGHHVDVSROtWLFDVSHUPDQHFHQ
DSDFLEOHVIUHQWHDHVHSURFHVR(VWRHYLGHQFLDTXHODVUHDOLGDGHVTXHVHH[SUHVDQD
travs de la perspectiva poltica se ponen a prueba cuando se analiza la manera en
TXHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV\ODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVVREUHORVFDPSHVLQRVPHQFLRQDGDV
anteriormente, entran en tensin con la vida cotidiana de los sujetos y las maneras
HQTXHHVWRVVHUHODFLRQDQFRQHOPHGLRDPELHQWHFRPRKHPRVSURSXHVWRFRQOD
DSUR[LPDFLyQDWUDYpVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV
/D QRUPDWLYLGDG DPELHQWDO VH KD DSOLFDGR VHOHFWLYDPHQWH VREUH SHTXHxRV
SURSLHWDULRVGHWLHUUDVXELFDGRVHQ]RQDVHVWUDWpJLFDVSDUDODDFXPXODFLyQGHFDSL
WDOHQYDULRVOXJDUHVGHO*XDYLDUHGHPDQHUDTXHVHKDXWLOL]DGRSDUDIDYRUHFHUSUR
FHVRVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ\GHVSRVHVLyQGHWLHUUDV0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL9pOH]
/RVFDPSHVLQRVXELFDGRVHQGLVWLQWDV]RQDVGHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO*XDYLDUH
GHEHQUHVSRQGHUDXQDVQRUPDVDPELHQWDOHVTXHRSHUDQVREUHVXVWHUULWRULRVEDMR
HOULHVJRGHVHUFDVWLJDGRVFRQVDQFLRQHVTXHYDQGHVGHPXOWDVKDVWDODSpUGLGDGH
WtWXORVGHSURSLHGDGVREUHVXVSUHGLRV(QGLVWLQWDVYHUHGDVGHOD=36//\GHOD
=536ORVFDPSHVLQRVVHxDODQTXHODVDXWRULGDGHVDSOLFDQHOUpJLPHQQRUPDWLYR
DPELHQWDOVRODPHQWHVREUHORVSHTXHxRVSURSLHWDULRVGHWLHUUDVPLHQWUDVTXHORV
JUDQGHVWHUUDWHQLHQWHV\QXHYRVULFRVHVWiQEOLQGDGRV
&XDQGRXQRGHQRVRWURVQHFHVLWDWXPEDUXQSDOR>iUERO@WHQHPRVTXHSHGLUOHSHUPLVRDOD
FRUSRUDFLyQDPELHQWDOGHORFRQWUDULRVRPRVSHQDOL]DGRVFRQPXOWDVRGHEHPRVVHPEUDU
FLHQYHFHVPiVHOQ~PHURGHiUEROHVWXPEDGRV6LQHPEDUJRFXiQWDVYHFHVXQRQRYH
SDVDUYROTXHWDVOOHQDVGHPDGHUDVDFDGDVGHORVWHUULWRULRVGHORVTXHWLHQHQSODWD"&XiQ
WDVKHFWiUHDVWXPEDQ\TXHPDQORVTXHWLHQHQGLQHURSDUDSUDGHUL]DUVLQTXHODDXWRULGDG
ORVMRGD"$TXtWRGRVHDUUHJODFRQGLQHURSRUGHEDMRGHFXHUGD\XQEXHQwhisky sobre la
PHVD'LDULRGHFDPSR0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL
(OWHVWLPRQLRLOXVWUDODLQVDWLVIDFFLyQGHSREODGRUHVORFDOHVTXHSDGHFHQOD
DSOLFDFLyQVHOHFWLYDGHODOHJLVODFLyQDPELHQWDOSRUSDUWHGHFLHUWRVIXQFLRQDULRV
FRUUXSWRVTXHEXVFDQVDWLVIDFHUORVLQWHUHVHVGHJUXSRVSULYLOHJLDGRV(VDPDQH
UD GH KDFHU UHVSHWDU ODV QRUPDV KD WHUPLQDGR SRU FDQVDU D PXFKRV FDPSHVLQRV
VDFiQGRORV GH VXV WHUULWRULRV \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH EHQHFLDQGR HFRQyPLFDPHQ
WH D DTXHOORV JUXSRV SRGHURVRV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH OD GHVSRVHVLyQ GH ORV SHTXHxRV
SURSLHWDULRVFX\RVIXQGRVKDQSDVDGRDHQJURVDUODVKDFLHQGDVGHDOJXQDVGHODV
21 9DOHODSHQDDQRWDUTXHHVWDVUHVSRQGHQDODOHJLVODFLyQDPELHQWDOQDFLRQDOTXHDVXYH]HVWiVXMHWD
DFRQYHQLRV\WUDWDGRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVVREUHPHGLRDPELHQWH(VGHFLUH[LVWHXQDDUWLFXODFLyQ
PXOWLHVFDODUTXHOHVGDIRUPD\VHQWLGR
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 31
SHUVRQDV PiV SRGHURVDV GH OD UHJLyQ$OJXQRV FDPSHVLQRV LQFOXVR KDQ GHFLGLGR
YHQGHUVXVWLHUUDVDPX\EDMRFRVWRSDUDOLEHUDUVHGHDOJ~QPRGRGHODJRELRTXH
VREUHHOORVHMHUFHQODVDXWRULGDGHVDPELHQWDOHV0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL(VWDV
IRUPDVSDUWLFXODUHVGHDSOLFDU\XWLOL]DUODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVVHJ~QLQWHUHVHVSDUWL
FXODUHVQRHVWiQH[SOtFLWDVHQODVSROtWLFDVPLVPDV(VRKDFHQHFHVDULRFRQRFHUORV
WHVWLPRQLRVGHORVIXQFLRQDULRVTXHODVLQWHUSUHWDQ\ODVDSOLFDQORVWHVWLPRQLRVGH
TXLHQHVVRQREMHWRVGHVXDSOLFDFLyQ\ODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVFRQFUHWDVHQODYLGDFRWL
diana de estos ltimos. Es decir, se trata de dimensionar las percepciones subjetivas
GHTXLHQHVDSOLFDQODVSROtWLFDV\GHVXVEHQHFLDULRV&RQHVWRTXHUHPRVUHVDOWDU
HOSDSHOIXQGDPHQWDOTXHFXPSOHQODHWQRJUDItD\HODQiOLVLVDQWURSROyJLFRGHODV
SROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVDOPRPHQWRGHLGHQWLFDUODVIRUPDVHQTXHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDV
medioambientales se reinventan y adaptan en escenarios concretos.
2WURVHMHPSORVVREUHODDGDSWDFLyQGHORVSURJUDPDV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHV
DODVGLQiPLFDVVRFLRSROtWLFDVWLHQHQTXHYHUFRQODDUWLFXODFLyQGHVHFWRUHVSD
UDPLOLWDUHVHQODVHVWUXFWXUDVGHSRGHUSROtWLFRUHJLRQDO'HVGHKDFHXQRVDxRVHQ
*XDYLDUHVHKDQOOHYDGRDFDERYDULDVLQLFLDWLYDVGHHFRWXULVPRSDUDSURPRYHUHO
GHVDUUROORVRVWHQLEOH\UHVSRQGHUDODVH[LJHQFLDVGHODOHJLVODFLyQDPELHQWDO6LQ
HPEDUJRYDULDVGHHVWDVLQLFLDWLYDVKDQVLGROLPLWDGDVSRULQWHUHVHVSULYDGRVTXH
HQPXFKRVFDVRVUHVSRQGLHURQDORVOLQHDPLHQWRVGHJUXSRVTXHIRU]RVDPHQWHR
QRHVWDEDQLQYROXFUDGRVGHGLYHUVDVPDQHUDVFRQJUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHV9DULDVGH
ODVHVWUDWHJLDVGHSULYDWL]DFLyQGHLQLFLDWLYDVGHHFRWXULVPRHQPDQRVGHJUDQGHV
HPSUHVDVVHPDWHULDOL]DURQSRUFXHQWDGHORVLQWHUHVHVGHDOJXQRVGLULJHQWHVSR
OtWLFRVTXHOXHJRIXHURQFRQGHQDGRVSRUODMXVWLFLDSRUVXVSUREDGRVYtQFXORVFRQ
JUXSRVSDUDPLOLWDUHV'HDOOtTXHDGHPiVGHVDFDUSURYHFKRGHODVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHV
HFRWXUtVWLFDVGHOWHUULWRULRUHJLRQDOHOLQWHUpVSRUOOHYDUD*XDYLDUHDLPSRUWDQWHV
HPSUHVDVGHOVHFWRUWXUtVWLFRQDFLRQDOKL]RSDUWHGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDGHDFXPXODFLyQ
GHFDSLWDOTXHEHQHFLDUtDDVHFWRUHVPX\HVSHFtFRVGHODpOLWHUHJLRQDODOLDGRV
FRQ HO SDUDPLOLWDULVPR 0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL (Q HIHFWR XQ FDPSHVLQR VH
xDODEDTXHDOJXQRVGHHVWRVSURFHVRVGHSULYDWL]DFLyQGHLQLFLDWLYDVHFRWXUtVWLFDV
HVWXYLHURQ SUHFHGLGRV SRU DPHQD]DV \ H[WRUVLRQHV D ORV FDPSHVLQRV DVRFLDGRV D
esas cooperativas:
&XDQGRXQRGHHVWRVGLULJHQWHVSROtWLFRVJDQyODJREHUQDFLyQGHO*XDYLDUHWUDMRDUHFR
QRFLGDVHPSUHVDVGHWXULVPR&XDQGRQRVRWURVQRDFHSWDPRVORTXHHOORVQRVRIUHFtDQ
HQWRQFHVVXWHVWDIHUURIXHHOHQFDUJDGRGHDPHQD]DUDORVFDPSHVLQRVSDUDTXHYHQGLpUDPRV
RDUUHQGiUDPRV 'LDULRGHFDPSR0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL
&RUURERUDPRVHVWDSHUFHSFLyQFRQODRSLQLyQGHXQIXQFLRQDULRTXHFRQRFLy
GHFHUFDHVWHSURFHVRTXLHQDVHYHUy
(VWDVLWXDFLyQLOXVWUDODPDQHUDHQTXHORVLPSHUDWLYRVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQTXHVH
KDQLGRFRQJXUDQGRKLVWyULFDPHQWHHQHVWDUHJLyQ\TXHHQODDFWXDOLGDGJR]DQGH
JUDQOHJLWLPLGDGVRFLDOVRQDSURSLDGRV\DGDSWDGRVDXQDOyJLFDTXHEXVFDKDFHUGH
ODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHXQDIXHQWHVHJXUDGHEHQHFLRVHFRQyPLFRV
SDUDSDUWLFXODUHV(QODFRPSUHQVLyQGHHVWDUHGGHLQWHUHVHV\DFWRUHVTXHVHWHMH
WUDVODVSROtWLFDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQVHKDFHHYLGHQWHTXHODVSHUVSHFWLYDVPHQFLRQD
GDVDGTXLHUHQXQDGLPHQVLyQFRPSUHKHQVLYDPiVSURIXQGDFXDQGRVHOOHYDQDFDER
GHPDQHUDFRQMXQWDSRUTXHORVIHQyPHQRVTXHFDGDXQDGHHOODVEXVFDGHVFLIUDU
REHGHFHQDFDXVDVPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOHVTXHLQYROXFUDQDODVGHPiVSHUVSHFWLYDV
/RVFDPSHVLQRV\ORVKDELWDQWHVGHODUHJLyQUHVSRQGHQGHGLYHUVDVPDQHUDV
DORVHIHFWRVGHODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHV8QRGHHOORVVHxDODEDTXHODVLQVWLWXFLR
QHV \ ORV IXQFLRQDULRV SUHWHQGHQ TXH FRQVHUYHPRV WRGR SHUR GH TXp YDPRV D
YLYLU"2WURDUJXPHQWDEDTXHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVQRHQWLHQGHQTXHQRSXHGHKDEHU
FRQVHUYDFLyQFRQODEDUULJDYDFtD0LHQWUDVTXHRWURDUJtDTXHORVIXQFLRQDULRV
QRVSLQWDQFRPRORVTXHGDxDPRVWRGRSHURQRVRWURVWDPELpQVDEHPRVFRQVHUYDU
'LDULRVGHFDPSR0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL9pOH]
(VWRGHPXHVWUDTXHORVGLVWLQWRVDFWRUHVLQYROXFUDGRVHQORVFRQLFWRV\ORV
SURJUDPDVDPELHQWDOHVHVWiQLQPHUVRVHQHVFHQDULRVKHWHURJpQHRV\FRPSOHMRVGH
LQWHUDFFLyQ(QQLQJ~QPRPHQWRHOGHVSOLHJXHGHORVSURJUDPDVDPELHQWDOHVVREUH
ORVFDPSHVLQRVGHYLHQHHQXQDGHWHUPLQDFLyQPHFiQLFD\HVWUXFWXUDOVREUHVXVYLGDV
WDPSRFRORVFDPSHVLQRVLQYROXFUDGRVHQHVWRVSURFHVRVVRFLRKLVWyULFRVVRQDFWRUHV
SDVLYRV3RUHOORDOGHQVRHQWUDPDGRGHSURFHVRVTXHVHORJUDQGLOXFLGDUGHVGHODV
SHUVSHFWLYDV KLVWyULFD SROtWLFD \ HFRQyPLFD VH VXPD OD GH ODV VXEMHWLYLGDGHV TXH
DSXQWDDGHYHODUODVFRPSOHMDVIRUPDVHQTXHORVFDPSHVLQRVLQWHUSUHWDQ\UHVLJQL
FDQHVWRVIHQyPHQRVGHVGHVXFRWLGLDQLGDG\GHVGHVXVSURSLRVLQWHUHVHV
(QHVWHFDVRGHHVWXGLRODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHO3ODQGH0DQHMRSDUDOD=36//
GHVDUUROODGRSRUODFRUSRUDFLyQDPELHQWDOUHJLRQDO&'$LOXVWUDFyPRORV
FDPSHVLQRV UHVSRQGHQ GH PDQHUD GLYHUVD D OD UHJXODFLyQ DPELHQWDO (O DJHQFLD
PLHQWRGHHVDVUHVSXHVWDVSXHGHDERUGDUVHDSDUWLUGHODQiOLVLVGHODPDQHUDFRPRVH
FRQJXUDQODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVGHHVWRVFDPSHVLQRVHQUHODFLyQFRQODVSROtWLFDVDP
ELHQWDOHV(QHVWDUHJLyQHVDFRQJXUDFLyQHVWiHVWUHFKDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDDODFRQ
JXUDFLyQGHODLQFHUWLGXPEUH\HOULHVJRTXHYLQFXODHVFDODVUHJLRQDOHV\VXEMHWL
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 33
YDVGHDQiOLVLV(QHIHFWRHVHSODQGHPDQHMREXVFDEDSURWHJHU\PLWLJDUHOLPSDFWR
antrpico sobre la serrana La Lindosa a travs del establecimiento de una zona de
PDQHMRHVSHFLDO\SURGXFFLyQVRVWHQLEOH(OSODQ]RQLFyPiVGHKHFWiUHDV
GHQWURGHODFDWHJRUtDGHSUHVHUYDFLyQHVWULFWDORTXHDIHFWyDJUDQFDQWLGDGGH
FDPSHVLQRVKDELWDQWHVGHOiUHDSRUODOLPLWDFLyQULJXURVDHQORVXVRVGHOVXHORTXH
VXE\DFHQHQODFDWHJRUtDGHSUHVHUYDFLyQ22 Como resultado, buena parte de esos cam
SHVLQRVUHFKD]DURQHOSODQSRUTXHYLHURQHQpOXQDWDTXHDVXLQWHJULGDGDVXSURSLH
GDG\DODVWUDGLFLRQHVTXHKDEtDQWHMLGRHQWRUQRDOWHUULWRULR8QRGHHOORVDUJXPHQWy
TXHHVDDPHQD]DFRQVLVWLyHQ
>@SDVDUGHODQRFKHDODPDxDQDGHSRGHUKDFHUORTXHTXHUtDPRVDQRSRGHUKDFHU
QDGD>HQODVQFDV@<DQRSRGUtDPRVFRVHFKDUOD\XFDHOSOiWDQR\HOPDt]TXHGHWDQWRV
DSXURVQRVKDEtDQVDFDGR$GHPiVQDGLHQRVSUHJXQWyQDGDQLQRVGHMDURQSDUWLFLSDU
'LDULRGHFDPSR0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL
22 /DFDWHJRUtDGHSUHVHUYDFLyQVHHQWLHQGHFRPRODDFFLyQHQFDPLQDGDDJDUDQWL]DUODLQWDQJLELOLGDG
\ODSHUSHWXDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV&'$&LQGDSGHPRGRTXHODLQWHUYHQFLyQ
KXPDQDGHEHHYLWDUVH
$QWH HO ULHVJR TXH OHV VLJQLFDED VHU HVWHUHRWLSDGRV FRPR FXOWLYDGRUHV GH
FRFD\GHLPSOHPHQWDUVLVWHPDVDJUtFRODVLPSRUWDGRVGHOLQWHULRUGHOSDtVDP
bos concebidos en la ptica institucional como dos de las principales causas de la
GHJUDGDFLyQDPELHQWDOHQOD$PD]RQLDYDULRVFDPSHVLQRVFRQVLGHUDURQTXHVL
ORJUDEDQVLWXDUVHKiELOPHQWHIUHQWHDORVSURJUDPDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQHVWRVSRGUtDQ
FRQYHUWLUVHHQSDUWHGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDSDUDHYLWDUHOGHVSRMRGHVXVWLHUUDVSRWHQFLDU
QXHYDVDOWHUQDWLYDVHFRQyPLFDV\WUDQVIRUPDUGHHVHPRGRODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
QHJDWLYDVLOHJDOHV\GHSUHGDGRUHVGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHTXHKDFtDQGHHOORVODVSROt
WLFDVDPELHQWDOHV\ORVVDEHUHVH[SHUWRV0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL
$KRUD ELHQ FDEH DFODUDU TXH HO SURFHVR GH YHU OD FRQVHUYDFLyQ FRPR XQD
RSRUWXQLGDGQRVXSRQHXQDFRQYHUVLyQLUUHH[LYDGHORVFDPSHVLQRVDORVYDORUHV
TXHSURPXHYHODFRQVHUYDFLyQHVWDWDOQLWDPSRFRTXHYHDQHQHOORVODUHVROXFLyQ
GHORVSUREOHPDVTXHSDGHFHQ0iVELHQVXSRQHSURIXQGRVGLOHPDVIUHQWHDFyPR
SOHJDUVHDODVOyJLFDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQSDUDGLJQLFDUVXVYLGDV/DLQFHUWLGXPEUH
TXHOHVRFDVLRQDEDQORVULHVJRVTXHORVFDPSHVLQRVLGHQWLFDURQHQORVGLVWLQWRV
SURJUDPDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQSRWHQFLyVXDJHQFLDGHGLYHUVDVPDQHUDV3DUDFRP
SUHQGHUODFRPSOHMLGDGGHHVWDVDJHQFLDVDFRQWLQXDFLyQH[SRQGUHPRVGHPDQHUD
VXFLQWDDOJXQRVHMHPSORVFRQFUHWRV
3DUDDOJXQRVGHORVFDPSHVLQRVTXHVHRUJDQL]DURQHQFRRSHUDWLYDVHFRWX
UtVWLFDVODQDWXUDOH]DHQVXHVWDGRSUtVWLQRHVGHFLUVLQVRPHWHUODDSURFHVRV
SURGXFWLYRVVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQDSRVLELOLGDGSDOSDEOHGHDVHJXUDUHLQFUHPHQWDU
VXVLQJUHVRVHFRQyPLFRV(QRWUDVSDODEUDVSRGtDVDFiUVHOHSURYHFKRHFRQyPLFR
DODQDWXUDOH]DVLQQHFHVLGDGGHWUDQVIRUPDUOD'HPRGRTXHPiVTXHUHVSRQGHUD
ORVLQWHUHVHVHFRQyPLFRVTXHVXE\DFHQDODVSROtWLFDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQHQHOPRGHOR
QHROLEHUDOHVWDSRVLFLyQGHORVFDPSHVLQRVIUHQWHDSRUTXpFRQVHUYDUODQDWXUD
OH]DEXVFDEDGHVDFWLYDUODVDPHQD]DVTXHDWULEXtDQDODQRUPDWLYLGDGDPELHQWDO
7DPELpQOHVDEULUtDDOJXQDSRVLELOLGDGSDUDUHIXWDUVXFRQGLFLyQGHGHSUHGDGRUHV
GHOPHGLRDPELHQWHTXHVDEHUHVH[SHUWRVSROtWLFDV\IXQFLRQDULRVOHVUHFULPLQDEDQ
\TXHOHVKDEtDWUDtGRH[FOXVLyQPDUJLQDFLyQ\IDOWDGHRSRUWXQLGDGHV0RQWHQH
JUR3HULQL8QFDPSHVLQRVHxDODEDDOUHVSHFWR
&RQVHUYDPRVVLHPSUH\FXDQGRVLUYDSDUDDOJRSDUDVREUHYLYLU/DQDWXUDOH]DVLUYHSDUD
FRQVHJXLUDOJRGHGLQHURSDUDSRGHUFRPHU\VRVWHQHUDODIDPLOLD$GHPiVVLQRODFRQ
VHUYDPRVTXpOHVYDPRVDGHMDUDQXHVWURVKLMRV">@$QRVRWURVQRQRVLQWHUHVDJDQDU
PXFKDSODWDVLQRYLYLUELHQ\WUDQTXLORV1RTXHUHPRVYROYHUDYLYLUFRQORGHODFRFD
SRUTXHHVRHVXQULHVJRSDUDQRVRWURV\QXHVWURVKLMRVQRTXHUHPRVVHJXLUWUDEDMDQGR
FRPRMRUQDOHURVFRPRHQODpSRFDGHODFRFDJDQiQGROHODSODWDDRWUR4XHUHPRVTXH
QXHVWURVKLMRVSXHGDQYLYLUPHMRUTXHQRVRWURVVLQTXHVHWHQJDQTXHPHWHUFRQORVXQRV
JXHUULOODRFRQORVRWURVSDUDPLOLWDUHVTXHUHPRVTXHQRQRVTXLWHQQXHVWUDVWLHUUDV6L
FRQVHUYDPRVODVFRVDVYDQDHVWDUPHMRU'LDULRGHFDPSR0RQWHQHJUR3HULQL
(VWHWLSRGHDUJXPHQWRVGHPXHVWUDQTXHORVFDPSHVLQRVGHODUHJLyQVHVL
W~DQGHPDQHUDFRPSOHMDHQUHODFLyQFRQORVGHWHUPLQDQWHVHVWUXFWXUDOHVTXHOHV
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 35
TXLHUHQLPSRQHUDJHQWHVSDUWLFXODUHV1RWLHQHQXQUROSDVLYRIUHQWHDOGLVFXUVRGH
FRQVHUYDFLyQDPELHQWDOQLDODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVTXHORSURPXHYHQSHURWDPSRFRVH
RSRQHQLUUHH[LYDPHQWHDVXVFRQWHQLGRV\HVWUDWHJLDV(QVXOXJDUVXDUWLFXODFLyQ
DHVDFRPSOHMDUHGGHLQWHUHVHVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVSROtWLFDV\DJHQWHVTXHVHWHMHQ
HQWRUQRDORDPELHQWDORFXUUHGHPDQHUDVLQXRVD\SRFROLQHDOSRUTXHOHVH[LJH
P~OWLSOHVDGDSWDFLRQHVDOHQWDGDVSRUVXVSURSLRVLQWHUHVHV\VXVIRUPDVGHHQWHQGHU
HOPXQGR'HDOOtTXHORVFDPSHVLQRVYHDQODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVFRPRXQDDPH
QD]D\VLPXOWiQHDPHQWHFRPRXQDSRVLELOLGDGGHDVHJXUDUPHMRUHVFRQGLFLRQHVGH
YLGD/RTXHVHGHULYDGHHVDFRQVWDWDFLyQHVXQDSDUDGRMDTXHUHYHODODFDSDFLGDG
GHDJHQFLDGHORVVHFWRUHVFDPSHVLQRVPLHQWUDVTXHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVHQPDU
can a los campesinos en pares binarios de oposicin, estos interpretan esas polticas
HQFRQWH[WRVHVSHFtFRVPDWL]DGRVSRUXQDFHUYRGHH[SHULHQFLDV\VLWXiQGRODVHQ
una red densa de actores, relaciones y procesos. Desde all se puede comprender
mejor la articulacin entre dimensiones aparentemente tan disociadas como la mul
WLDJHQWH\ODGHODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV
2WURV WHVWLPRQLRV GH FDPSHVLQRV GH OD UHJLyQ QRV SHUPLWLHURQ FRQVWDWDU OD
GHQVLGDGGHODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVTXHKDQIRUMDGRHQUHODFLyQFRQVWDQWHFRQHOHQWRUQR
QDWXUDOTXHORVURGHD\TXHLQYROXFUDGLPHQVLRQHVFODYHHQFXDQWRDODFRQVHUYD
FLyQ\ORVEHQHFLRVHFRQyPLFRVWDQJLEOHVTXHSXHGHLPSOLFDU
<RVR\GHORVTXHWRGRVORVGtDVWXPEDXQSDOR3HURXQRSDUDTXpVHYDDSRQHUDLUD
FRPSUDUPDGHUDDOSXHEORSDUD>KDFHU@XQHVWDEORVLXQRODWLHQHHQODQFD"'HTXp
PHVLUYHFXLGDUHVRVSDOLWRVVLQROHVQDFHSODWDQLFRPLGD"3DUDTXHODJHQWHGHOFDPSR
FRQVHUYHHO(VWDGROHVWLHQHTXHSDJDURGDUXQLQFHQWLYRSRUTXHXQRGHKDPEUHQRVH
YDDPRULUSRUFXLGDUOHVORVSDOLWRV'LDULRGHFDPSR9pOH]
$GHPiVGHGHVFULELUDORVFDPSHVLQRVFRPRLOHJDOHV\GHSUHGDGRUHVODVSROt
WLFDVDPELHQWDOHVVXHOHQLJQRUDUIRUPDVDOWHUQDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQTXHHOORVUHDOL
]DQFRWLGLDQDPHQWH\TXHKDQGHVDUUROODGRSRUJHQHUDFLRQHV(VWDVIRUPDVUHHMDQ
PRGRVGHDUWLFXODFLyQHQWUHORQDWXUDO\ORFXOWXUDOTXHGLVXHOYHQODVFRQFHSFLRQHV
GXDOLVWDVTXHHVWiQHQODEDVHGHHVDVSROtWLFDV7DPELpQFRQWUDYLHQHQODVSUHVFULS
FLRQHVGHORVFDPSHVLQRVFRPRVXMHWRVTXHVRORPDQWLHQHQXQDUHODFLyQSURGXFWLYD
EDVDGDHQODH[SORWDFLyQFRQHOSDLVDMHTXHOHVURGHD3RUHOFRQWUDULRORVFDPSH
VLQRVWLHQHQXQDVHULHGHHVWUDWHJLDVGHVXVWHQWRTXHGLDORJDQGHP~OWLSOHVPDQHUDV
\HQGLVWLQWDVFODYHVFRQHOWHUULWRULRTXHORVURGHD/DVSUiFWLFDVHFRQyPLFDVGHORV
FDPSHVLQRVQRHVWiQGLVJUHJDGDVGHORVVLJQLFDGRVTXHOHVGRWDQDVXVWHUULWRULRV
$HVWHUHVSHFWRUHVXOWDLPSRUWDQWHH[SORUDUQRFLRQHVFRPRODVHOYDHOPRQWH
RODPRQWDxDTXHUHHMDQFyPRODQDWXUDOH]DHVDOJRPiVTXHXQVLPSOHHVSDFLR
GRQGHVHORFDOL]DQORVUHFXUVRVSRUTXHWLHQHODFDSDFLGDGGHFDVWLJDUDTXLHQHVOR
H[SORWDQVLQHQWUDUHQWUDQVDFFLRQHVVLPEyOLFDV\PDWHULDOHV9pOH]$OJXQRV
campesinos nos llamaban la atencin sobre cmo ciertas actividades aparentemente
7DPELpQDGYHUWLPRVTXHKD\FLHUWDVOyJLFDVFRPSHQVDWRULDVTXHEXVFDQOR
JUDUXQEDODQFHHQWUHORTXHHOFDPSHVLQRWRPDGHODQDWXUDOH]D\ORTXHOHGHYXHOYH
DHOOD$OWLHPSRTXHSURYHHDORVFDPSHVLQRVGHSHVFDGR\OHxDODVHOYDWDPELpQ
HVWiHQFDSDFLGDGGHFDVWLJDUDTXLHQH[WUDLJDPiVGHORQHFHVDULRHVWRUHYHODWUDQ
VDFFLRQHVVLPEyOLFDV\PDWHULDOHVHQWUHODVHOYD\ORVFDPSHVLQRV'RVSUiFWLFDV
LOXVWUDQHVWDUHODFLyQODSULPHUDWLHQHTXHYHUFRQHOKHFKRGHTXHORVFDPSHVLQRV
FRQVLGHUDQTXHHQFDGDQFDVHGHEHUtDGHMDUXQHVSDFLRGHVHOYDTXHQRSXHGHVHU
FXOWLYDGR/DVHJXQGDFRQVLVWHHQTXHHOFDPSHVLQRGHEHGHMDUXQDSDUWHGHFDGD
FRVHFKDSDUDTXHORVDQLPDOHVGHODVHOYDVHDOLPHQWHQ4XLHQHVQRORKDJDQSXHGHQ
VHUREMHWRGHUHSUHVDOLDVGHODVHOYDTXHVHPDWHULDOL]DQHQSODJDVTXHDIHFWDQORV
FXOWLYRVHQVHTXtDVTXHGDxDQODVSODQWDFLRQHVHQHVSHFLHVGHPLFRV\ORURVTXH
GDxDQFXOWLYRVHQTXHODVHOYDQROHVGpPiVOHxDSDUDFRFLQDUHQTXHVHSRQJD
PDODODSHVFDHLQFOXVRHQTXHODVSHUVRQDVVHHQIHUPHQ8QFDPSHVLQRGHODYH
UHGD/DV'HOLFLDVH[SOLFDEDODVWUDQVDFFLRQHVFRQODVHOYDGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD
/RVPLFRVDYHFHVUREDQHOPDt]\GDxDQHOFDFDR\HOSOiWDQR7RGRORGDxDQ3HUR\R
QR ORV FXOSR D HOORV SRUTXH QRVRWURV VRPRV ORV TXH OHV KHPRV TXLWDGR VX HVSDFLR /D
QDWXUDOH]DHVWiUHFODPDQGRSRUTXH>ORVPLFRV@GHDOJRVHWLHQHQTXHDOLPHQWDU3RUHVR
VLHPSUHHVEXHQRGHMDUOHVXQRTXHRWURUDFLPLWRGHSOiWDQRVLQDUUDQFDUR>GHMDUOHV@XQ
SDUFKH>SRUFLyQGHWLHUUDFXOWLYDGD@GHPDt]SDUDTXHORVPLFRVFRMDQGHDKt\QRGDxHQ
HOUHVWR'LDULRGHFDPSR9pOH]
(VWHWLSRGHQDUUDFLRQHVHVIUHFXHQWH\UHYHODXQDGLPHQVLyQTXHVXHOHQGHVFR
QRFHUODVSROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVODVWUDQVDFFLRQHVVLPEyOLFDV\PDWHULDOHVTXHJXtDQ
GHGLYHUVDVPDQHUDVODVIRUPDVHQTXHORVFDPSHVLQRVLQWHUDFW~DQFRQHOPHGLRTXH
OHVURGHD\TXHORFRQYLHUWHQHQXQHQWRUQRYLWDO(VWRURPSHFRQODVFRQFHSFLRQHV
GXDOLVWDV\ODVSUiFWLFDVH[WUDFWLYDVTXHMXVWLFDQKDFHUGHORVFDPSHVLQRVHOREMHWR
SULYLOHJLDGR GH FRQYHUVLyQ GH ODV SROtWLFDV DPELHQWDOHV 'HVPLHQWHQ DGHPiV
ODQRFLyQTXHSHVDVREUHHOORVGHVHUSHUVRQDVTXHQRVDEHQFXOWLYDUQLFRQVHUYDU
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 37
(QORVSiUUDIRVDQWHULRUHVTXLVLPRVSUHVHQWDUGHPDQHUDDEUHYLDGDDOJXQRV
GHORVSURFHVRV\VLWXDFLRQHVTXHURGHDQODH[SHULHQFLDGHFDPSHVLQRVTXHHQDxRV
UHFLHQWHVKDQVLGRREMHWRGHXQFRQMXQWRGHLQLFLDWLYDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQDPELHQWDO
/RVSURFHVRVTXHSULYLOHJLDPRVREHGHFHQDODVSHUVSHFWLYDVKLVWyULFDSROtWLFDHFR
QyPLFD\GHODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVTXHSURSRQHPRVHQQXHVWUDUHH[LyQPHWRGROyJLFD
VREUHHODERUGDMHDQWURSROyJLFRDORVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVSULRUL]DQGRODV
GLPHQVLRQHVGHDQiOLVLVGHODHFRORJtDSROtWLFD1XHYDPHQWHHVDVSHUVSHFWLYDVGH
EHQFRPSUHQGHUVHHQVXHVWUHFKDDUWLFXODFLyQKHFKRTXHH[LJHXQFXLGDGRVRDERU
GDMHPHWRGROyJLFRWRGDYH]TXHODVSHUVSHFWLYDVQRVHSUHVHQWDQVHSDUDGDVHQOD
H[SHULHQFLDGHHVDVSHUVRQDVQLHQHOXMRKLVWyULFR\VRFLDOTXHIRUMyORVFRQLFWRV
VRFLRDPELHQWDOHVTXHOHVURGHDQ
5HH[LRQHVQDOHV
$SURSyVLWRGHODFRQJXUDFLyQGHORVUHJtPHQHVFRORQLDOHVGHDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGH
ODVVHOYDVGHOD,QGLD\VXVKDELWDQWHV6LYDUDPDNULVKQDQDUJXPHQWDTXH
(O LPSDFWR JHQHUDO GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRORQLDO IXH HO GH FUHDU PXFKDV GHVSR
VHVLRQHV (O SULPHUR IXH FUHDQGR 2WURV D WUDYpV GH HVWHUHRWLSRV GHVDUUROODGRV SDUD
FDUDFWHUL]DUDODVFXOWXUDVFRORQL]DGDV(OVHJXQGRIXHHVSDFLDOL]DQGRORTXHLQFOX\H
ODGHVWHUULWRULDOL]DFLyQ\UHWHUULWRULDOL]DFLyQGHODJHQWHFRORQL]DGD\GHVXSDLVDMHXQ
UHRUGHQDPLHQWRGHODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\HFROyJLFDV(OWHUFHURIXHODHQFXHVWD\OD
FODVLFDFLyQGHODQDWXUDOH]DFRORQL]DGD6LYDUDPDNULVKQDQ
/D FLWD FRQGHQVD YDULRV QLYHOHV TXH LQWHUYLHQHQ HQ OD FRQJXUDFLyQ GH OD
QDWXUDOH]D FRQRFLPLHQWR H[SHUWR FUHDFLyQ GH HVWHUHRWLSRV VREUH VXV KDELWDQWHV
dispositivos de espacializacin y produccin de la naturaleza. Guaviare es lejano
JHRJUiFDPHQWH \ WHPSRUDOPHQWH DO OXJDU \ D OD pSRFD TXH GHVFULEH HO DXWRUGH
RULJHQLQGLRSHURORVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVGHULYDGRVGHODLPSODQWDFLyQGH
LQLFLDWLYDVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQDPELHQWDOHQOD6HUUDQtD/D/LQGRVDFRQYHUJHQHQYD
ULRVDVSHFWRVFRQODVGHVSRVHVLRQHVVHxDODGDVSRU6LYDUDPDNULVKQDQ(VWDVFRQYHU
JHQFLDVUHYHODQTXHORVFRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVVXHOHQH[SUHVDUVHGHPDQHUDV
GHQVDVKLVWyULFDPHQWHVLWXDGDV\VRFLDOPHQWHFRPSOHMDV
(QWDOVHQWLGRHVWHDUWtFXORH[SXVRDOJXQDVUHH[LRQHVPHWRGROyJLFDVRULHQ
WDGDVDKDFHURSHUDWLYDVODVGLPHQVLRQHVDQDOtWLFDVTXHSULYLOHJLDODHFRORJtDSR
OtWLFDPXOWLHVFDODUPXOWLWHPSRUDOPXOWLVLWXDGD\PXOWLDJHQWHHQVXDUWLFXODFLyQ
FRQFXDWURSHUVSHFWLYDVKLVWyULFDSROtWLFDHFRQyPLFD\GHODVVXEMHWLYLGDGHVTXH
UHVXOWDQ SDUWLFXODUPHQWH ~WLOHV SDUD OOHYDU D FDER DERUGDMHV DQWURSROyJLFRV D ORV
FRQLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVFRQODLQWHQFLyQGHDSUR[LPDUVHDVXFDUiFWHUGHQVR\
multicausal.
5HIHUHQFLDVELEOLRJUiFDV
$JUDZDO$UXQEnvironmentality: Technologies of Government and the Making of Subjects.
'XNH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV'XUKDP
%HUPDQ(ORtVD\5RV7RQHQ0LUMDP'LVFRXUVHV3RZHU1HJRWLDWLRQVDQG,QGLJHQRXV3ROLWLFDO
2UJDQL]DWLRQLQ)RUHVW3DUWQHUVKLSV7KH&DVHRI6HOYDGH0DWDYHQ&RORPELD(QHuman
Ecology, Canberra, N.oSS
%LHUVDFN$OHWWD,QWURGXFWLRQ5HPDLQLQJ3ROLWLFDO(FRORJ\&XOWXUH3RZHU+LVWRU\1DWXUH
(Q%LHUVDFN$OHWWD\*UHHQEHUJ-DPHVHGVReimagining political ecology'XNH8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV'XUKDPSS
&'$&LQGDSDocumento Proyecto Comanejo Serrana de La Lindosa6DQ-RVpGHO*XDYLDUH
&RUSRUDFLyQSDUDHO'HVDUUROOR6RVWHQLEOHGHO1RUWH$PD]yQLFR6DQ-RVpGHO*XYLDUH
&D\yQ/XLV\7XUED\6DQGUD'LVFXUVRFKDPiQLFRRUGHQDPLHQWRWHUULWRULDO\iUHDVSURWHJLGDV
en la Amazonia colombiana. En: Journal of Latin American Anthropology, N.oSS
&HSHN 0LFKDHO )RXFDXOW LQ WKH )RUHVW 4XHVWLRQLQJ (QYLURQPHQWDOLW\LQ$PD]RQLD (Q
American Ethnologist, N.oSS
&ODUN -RKQ ,PDJLQHG (FRORJLHV &RQWULEXWLRQV WR WKH &ULWLTXH RI 3ROLWLFDO (FRORJ\ (Q
Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, N.oSS
&RQNOLQ%HWK\*UDKDP/DXUD(OSXQWRPHGLRFDPELDQWH,QGtJHQDVDPD]yQLFRV\HFRSROtWLFD
(Q&KDYHV0DUJDULWD\'HO&DLUR&DUORVFRPSPerspectivas antropolgicas sobre la Amazonia contempornea. ,&$1+38-%RJRWiSS
'HO&DLUR&DUORVEnvironmentalizing Indigeneity: A Comparative Ethnography on Multiculturalism, Ethnic Hierarchies and Political Ecology in the Colombian Amazon7KH8QLYHUVLW\
RI$UL]RQD7XFVRQ
'HVFROD3KLOOLSHMs all de naturaleza y cultura. Amorrortu, Buenos Aires.
BBB3KLOOLSH\3DOVVRQ*tVOLHGVNaturaleza y sociedad. Perspectivas antropolgicas. 6LJOR
;;,0p[LFRSS
'RXJODV0DU\). 7KH$ERPLQDWLRQVRI/HYLWLFXV(QPurity and danger: An Analysis of the
Concepts of Pollution and Taboo.5RXWOHGJH/RQGUHVSS
'RYH0LFKDHO\&DUSHQWHU&DUROHGVEnvironmental Anthropology. A Historical Reader.
0DOGHQ\2[IRUG%ODFNZHOO
(VFREDU$UWXUR Territories of difference: place, movements, life, redes. 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
'XUKDP
BBBMs all del Tercer Mundo. Globalizacin y naturaleza.,FDQK%RJRWi
(VFREDU9LYLDQ\3DODFLR'ROO\3DUWLFLSDFLyQVRFLDO\FRQVHUYDFLyQGHOERVTXHGHUREOHVHO
FDVRGH3DLSD\'XLWDPD(QRevista Colombia Forestal, N.oSS
)DVVLQ'tGLHUFaire de la sant publiqueeGLWLRQVGHOeFROHGHV+DXWHVeWXGHVHQ6DQWp
3XEOLTXH3DUtV
*DWW&DUROLQH(PSODFHPHQWDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOUHODWLRQVLQPXOWLVLWHGSUDFWLFHWKHRU\(Q
0DUN$QWKRQ\)DO]RQHGMulti-sited Ethnography: Theory, Praxis and Locality in Contemporary Research, $VKJDWH6XUUH\SS
*yPH]$XJXVWR,QGLRVFRORQRV\FRQLFWRV8QDKLVWRULDUHJLRQDOGHORV/ODQRV2ULHQWDOHV
1870-1970.38-,&$16LJOR;;, %RJRWi
1DWXUDOH]DVVXEMHWLYLGDGHV\SROtWLFDVDPELHQWDOHVHQHO1RURFFLGHQWHDPD]yQLFRUHH[LRQHV
/ 39