Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
GUIA
GRAMATICAL
2015
Pgina 1
INTRODUCCION
Las palabras pertenecen a distintas clases gramaticales. En algunas lenguas, la
palabra misma nos dice a que clase pertenece. Pero en ingls hay muy pocas
pistas en la palabra misma, y con frecuencia tenemos que mirar el contexto.
Adjetivo
Ej.
The
sustantivo
little
Articulo
child
ran
verbo
quickly
preposicin
up
adverbio
another
hill.
cuantificador
Pgina 2
Sustantivos
Adjetivos
Adverbios
Verbos
PALABRAS FUNCIONALES
Establecen relaciones entre conceptos. Dependen de otras palabras para su
significado. Forman un sistema cerrado
Determinantes
Pronombres
Preposiciones
Conectores
Pgina 3
Pgina 4
POSMODIFICADORES
Ver tabla
Frase preposicional
(Adverbio +) Adjetivo
Sustantivo
Clusulas
Sustantivo
Verboide
Ejemplos:
Como sujeto: A food guide pyramid is
Como objeto: ... published nutrition suggestions in pyramidal representation
Como complementode una preposicion: percentages of the daily diet
Pgina 5
DETERMINANTES Y PRONOMBRES
DETERMINANTES (preceden al
sustantivo)
ARTCULOS
Definido: the
Indefinido: a / an
PRONOMBRES =
REFERENTES
CONTEXTUALES (reemplazan
al sustantivo)
---------------Indefinido: one, ones
DEMOSTRATIVOS
POSESIVOS
CUANTIFICADORES
WHNUMERALES
GENITIVOS
s (Toms is blue)
Personales y reflexivos: ver tabla
siguiente
PERSONALES
PRONOMBRES
Sujeto
Objeto
REFLEXIVOS
1ra
persona
Singular
me
myself
Plural
we
us
ourselves
2da
persona
Singular
you
you
masc.
he
him
Himself
Singular fem.
3ra
persona
neutro
she
her
Herself
it
it
Itself
they
them
themselves
Plural
Plural
Pgina 6
yourself
yourselves
AFIJOS
PREFIJOS (marcan
opuestos)
SUSTANTIVOS
Dis
(disproportion)
Under
(underground)
De
(deforestation)
Mal
(malformation)
(amoral)
Pre
(prerequisite)
Post
(postgraduate)
ADJETIVOS
In (incomplete)
Im (impossible)
Un (unnatural-unconscious)
Ir (irregular)
Il (illegal)
Dis (disobedient)
Non (non-technical)
Ex (exterritorial)
Over (overactive)
Under (underestimated)
VERBOS
ADVERBIOS
Pgina 7
SUFIJOS (marcan la
categora de la unidad
lexical)
Er-or (driver-insulator-doctor)
Ist (biologist)
Ian (mathematici an)
Hood (neighbourhood)
Ship (friendship)
Ness (weakness)
Ance-ence(importance-confidence)
Ment (investment-government)
Tion (production)
Ity (productivity- necessity)
Al (refusal-rehearsal)
Age (storage)
Dom (freedom)
Acy (democracy)
Are (failure)
Ism (idealism)
Th (depth-growth)
Able ible (reasonable)
Ory (compulsory)
Al (natural)
Ic (authentic)
Ive (creative)
Ant-ent (important-confident)
Ese (Chinese-Japanese)
Ian (Colombian-Australian)
Ish (foolish)
Y (creamy-hairy)
Ful (useful)
Less (useless)
Ed (distracted)
Er (comparativo: longer)
+
Est (superlativo: smallest) ++
Ate (to activate-to confiscate)
Ify (to intensify-to simplify)
Ize (to specialize)
En (to lenghten-to shorten)
Ly (quickly-friendly)
Ward (upward-toward-backward)
Wise (clockwise-likewise)
GRUPO VERBAL
Bioethics
The next technological revolution will
probably be in the field of genetic
research and engineering. Cloning, the
name popularly given to these
technologies, is often associated with
science fiction horror stories, because
it suggests the creation of identical
people. In reality, it is impossible to
create two identical people. Personality,
character and behaviour are not
determined only by genetic factors.
The real aims of cloning technology are
to help in the development of tissue for
transplantation, in genetic diagnosis and
in biological research. But cloning
technology raises some very difficult
bioethical questions.
El grupo verbal est formado por un verbo principal, o un verbo principal precedido
por uno o ms auxiliares, que combina con un sujeto para decir lo que alguien o
algo hace, o lo que les sucede. Aunque generalmente los verbos se identifican
primariamente con una accin tambin pueden expresar existencia, condiciones y
procesos, y relaciones.
Normalmente debe haber al menos un verbo en cada oracin.
Ejemplos de grupos verbales:
formado por un verbo principal: raises
formado por un verbo principal precedido por uno o ms auxiliares: will be,
is associated, are not determined
Pgina 8
Clases de verbos
Verbos principales:
no necesitan estar acompaados por otros verbos.
expresan el sentido principal del grupo verbal.
Verbos auxiliares
Se utilizan para:
formar los tiempos verbales.
formular preguntas y negar.
dar nfasis.
evitar repetir una frase completa (substitucin).
hacer una evaluacin, juicio o interpretacin acerca de los que estamos
diciendo o escribiendo; o para expresar nuestra actitud hacia ello.
Verbos auxiliares
AUXILIARES
PRIMARIOS
MODALES
to be
am / is / are
was / were
to do
do / does
did
to have
have / has
had
Poder
can =to be able
could
(pudo/podra)
may = puede
por posibilidad
o permiso)
Deber
Futuro
must=have to
will
should(debera)
ought to
(debiera
moralmente)
might (podra)
Pgina 9
been /
being
done /
doing
had /
having
Condicin
would
TIEMPOS VERBALES
Al comunicarnos, generalmente necesitamos indicar si nos estamos refiriendo
a una situacin que existe ahora, que existi en el pasado o que puede existir
en el futuro. El punto en el tiempo al cual se relaciona nuestro mensaje se
indica generalmente en parte mediante el grupo verbal.
Se denomina tiempo al grupo de formas verbales que indican un punto en el
tiempo en particular o un perodo de tiempo en el pasado, presente o futuro.
El grupo de formas que pertenecen a un determinado tiempo generalmente se
obtienen agregando inflexiones a la forma del verbo tal como aparece en el
diccionario, o mediante la inclusin de auxiliares o modales en el grupo verbal.
Resumiendo, los verbos tienen varias formas. Estas formas pueden ser
utilizadas solas o combinadas con verbos especiales llamados auxiliares.
Los grupos verbales pueden ser personales o no personales. Si un grupo
verbal es personal entonces tiene tiempo.
Lisa Brown: Hello, listeners. Welcome to you all. Today in our weekly programme
Focus on Fact we are going to look at the huge changes in tourism in Western Europe
in recent years. I have with me Gerry Gordon, the local director of the International
Tourist Board. Hello, Gerry.
Gerry Gordon: Hello, Lisa. Good morning listeners.
LB: Well, the main reason for this interview today is that it is the beginning of the
holiday season in this part of the world. How has tourism changed recently and what
are the causes?
GG: Money, mobility and air transport these are the main factors that have caused
the changes.
LB: OK, lets start with money. How has it influenced our holiday choices?
GG: The main thing is that people in Western Europe generally now earn better wages
than in the past. Many workers get paid holidays, too. These are the reasons we can
spend more to go on holiday.
LB: And another thing you mentioned is mobility. Does this just mean we have more
cars?
Pgina 10
GG: Yes, thats one thing. Just think, in 1951, only 5 per cent of British families had a
car. By 2000 this had increased to almost 75 per cent! And we mustnt forget about the
families with two cars, or even more!
LB: So we can move about more easily, cant we?
GG: Yes, but greater mobility doesnt only mean we have more cars. There are also
better transport systems. This means we can travel further and its much easier to get
to popular tourist destinations. For example, better roads and motorways make it much
easier to travel long distances by car.
LB: How about other means of transport? How have they changed our holidays?
GG: OK, take air transport: reduced fares, more flights, easier booking systems, larger
and better airports
LB: Yes, but airports are still crowded, arent they, especially during the peak season.
Its often a nightmare, you know, with queues, delays, cancellations
GG: Yes, of course, there are two sides to every coin
This page has been downloaded from www.onestopclil.com.
Written by Aleksandra Zaparucha. Copyright Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2008.
Pgina 11
Presente simple
Voz activa
work(s)
Vos pasiva
am/is/are made
Presente continuo
am/is/are working
Presente perfecto
simple
has/have worked
Presente perfecto
continuo
Pasado simple
worked
was/were made
Pasado continuo
was/were eating
Pasado perfecto
simple
had worked
Pasado perfecto
continuo
Futuro Simple
will work
will be made
Futuro going to
am/is/are going to be
made
Futuro continuo
will be working
Futuro perfecto
continuo
Pgina 12
VERBOS NO PERSONALES
Los grupos verbales no personales no concuerdan con un sujeto, para formar una
oracin. No hay concordancia de nmero y persona entre el verbo y el sujeto.
VERBOS NO CONJUGADOS
TO -INFINITIVE
-ING
-ED (ADOIDO)
EXAMPLES
Pre modificador
Pgina 13
PREPOSICIONES
COMPUESTAS:
SIMPLES:
About
above
after
against
among
around
at
back
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
by
down
during
except
for
from
in
inside
into
like
near
of
off
on
opposite
out
outside
over
past
round
since
till
through
to
towards
under
underneath
until
up
with
within
without
According to
along with
as for
away from
because of
due to
except for
out of
owing to
up to
by means of
in comparison with
in front of
in relation to
acerca de
por encima
detrs
contra
entre
alrededor
a
atrs
antes
atrs
por debajo
al lado
entre
al lado
hacia abajo
durante
excepto
para - por
de-desde
en
dentro de
adentro de
como
cerca
de
fuera de
sobre
opuesto a
afuera
afuera
por encima
pasado
alrededor
desde
hasta
a travs de
a-hacia
hacia
debajo
por debajo
hasta
arriba
con
dentro de
sin
Pgina 14
de acuerdo a
junto a
como para
fuera de
a causa de
debido a
a excepcin de
fuera de
debido a
hasta
por medio de
en comparac...
frente a
en relacin a
CONECTORES
CONECTORES
de EJEMPLO
de SUMA
de CAUSA
de
EFECTO
de
CONTRASTE
for example
and
because (of)
as a result
but
for instance
in addition
since
consequently
while
e.g. (example
given)
i.e. (id est: that
is)
such as
furthermore
due to
whereas
moreover
owing to
for this
reason
therefore
otherwise
besides
as
hence
however
both...and
unless
thus
nevertheless
not only...but
also
on the
one/other
hand
...as well as...
if
so/ that
yet
whether...or
lead to
although
though
in order to
in spite of
instead
Pgina 15
PREGUNTAS
Comienzan con:
WHWHO?
WHAT?
WHERE?
WHEN?
WHY?
WHOSE?
WHOM?
HOW?
HOW much?
many?
often?
long?
far?
Pgina 16