COMPILED BY SRIVINAY PGDTD 2009, NTTF BANGALORE

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COMPILED BY SRIVINAY PGDTD 2009, NTTF BANGALORE

S.No
NTTF Company Name Press No NUMBER SYSTEM H1 H2 G4 G2 Godrej GE1-40-IG-51B Godrej
GE1-40-I-C5 Godrej FBI-63-S-1008/C Godrej GE1-63-IG-421-A GodrejGE1 100 N16 FC
691 HMT V-100OBPRE SG Godrej GE1-100-IGFC191/E Godrej EB1-100-S-1013 SEYI SN 1-1
00 HMT P160 OBPR Godrej GE1-160-NIGFCFB-784/C SEYI SN 2-250
Capacity(tons)
Shut Ht(mm) 280 355 420 315 400 400 355 490 350 500 425 450
Stroke Stroke/min Ram (mm) Adjustment(mm) 8-80 8-80 125 8-100 15-125 8-125 8-125
160 180 160 25-160 180 50 100 65 50 45 40 40 50 35-65 35 40 30-50 63 63 70 63 9
0 80 80 80 90 125 100 120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
40 40 63 63 100 100 100 100 110 160 160 250
F1 F2 F4 E1 E2
PRESS TOOL MATERIALS:
COMPONENT
1) Bottom pate 2) Top plate 3) Parallel block 4) Punch plate (Punch Holder) 5) S
hank 6) Guide Pillar/ Guide Bush C-Clamps Or L-Clamps 7) Die 8) Punch
MATERIAL
MS MS MS MS MS (STD) MS K100, D2=K110 K100, D2=K110
COMPONENT
8) Pilot 9) End stopper 10) Finger stopper 11) Box stripper 12) Traveling stripp
er 13) Strip guides 14) Punch back plate 15) Guide pillar/Guide bush 16) Spacer
sleeve/Washer
MATERIAL
K100, D2=K110 K720 K720, OHNS, EN31 K720 K720 K720 K720, EN8 E230 E230

PRESS DETAILS
PRESS
40 (1) S [52452] 40 (2) S 63 (1) S 63 (2)* S 63 (3) S 63 (4) 63 (5) 100 (1)* S [
BRACKET II STAGE] [52450, 52457, 52697] 100 (2) S 100 (3) 100 (4)* 160 (1)* [524
49, 52696] 160 (2) 315*
*- WITH DIE-CUSHION
SHUT HEIGHT (mm)
200 240 225 225 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 370
STROKE (mm)
75 75 60 60 90 125 125 125 100 160 160 160 125 140
PLATE THICKNESS TO BE CONSIDERED
COMPONENT
TOP PLATE BACK PLATE PUNCH HOLDER STRIPPER PLATE STRIPPER INSERT DIE PLATE - AIS
I BOTTOM PLATE PARALLEL BLOCKS PIERCING PUNCH SHANK STRIP GUIDE SETTING BLOCK GU
IDE PILLAR GUIDE BUSH
MATERIAL
MS EN31 EN8 EN8 EN31 D2 MS MS AISI-D2 EN8 D2 EN8 EN36 D2
THICKENSS
36,46,56,66 12 (HRC 52-56) 22 (SOFT) 22,32 (SOFT) 16 (HRC 54-56) 26,32,36,40 (HR
C 58-60) 36,46,56,66 36,46,56,66 60,70,80 (HRC 58-60) (SOFT) (HRC 52-56) (HRC 45
-50) (SOFT) (HRC 60-62) (HRC 52-56)

PITCH CUTTER / SIDE CUTTER

SHANK

SHANK TYPE - 2

GUIDE PILLAR

GUIDE BUSH

SLEEVE GUIDE BUSH

STRIPPER PLATE GUIDE BUSH

DEMOUNTABLE GUIDE PILLAR

DEMOUNTABLE GUIDE BUSH

MATERIAL : AISI 1040

CLAMP

STANDARD DIE SETS

STANDARD DIE SETS

STANDARD DIE SETS

FINGER STOP

SETTING BLOCK -1

SETTING BLOCK -2

RUN STOPPER

RUN STOPPER

DIE BUTTON

SHEAR STRENTH - MAX / USS

DRAWS

NUMBER OF DRAWS

DRAW CLERANCE

DRAW REDUCTION PERCENTAGE FOR STEEL

DRAW REDUCTION PERCENTAGE FOR BRASS

DRAW REDUCTION RATIO FOR ALUMINIUM

DRAW RADIUS DIAGRAM

PRESSURE PADS PRESSURE

BEND

MINI ALLOWABLE BEND RADIUS FOR DIFERENT MATERIAL.

BEND ALLOWANCE FOR 90 BEND.

BENDING FORCE IN V - DIE

WIDTH OF A V DIE FOR SHEET THICKNESS AND RADIUS.

SPRING BACK IN BENDING.

BEND ALLOWANCE FOR 90 BEND FOR STEEL

BEND ALLOWANCE FOR 90 BEND FOR STEEL

BEND ALLOWANCE FOR 90 BEND FOR STEEL.

NEUTRAL FIBRE FACTOR

PUR SPRING

PUR SPRING

COMPRESSION SPRING

COMPRESSION SPRING

EYE BOLT

PLATE LIFTING BOLT

THREAD LENGTHS FOR ALLEN SCREWS

C / SK SCREWS STDS

C / SK HOLES

ALLEN KEY STDS

PREFERRED SIZES OF SCREWS, DOWELS,PIPE THREADS

ALLEN SCREWS STDS

ALLEN SCREWS STDS

C / BORE FOR ALLEN SCREWS

COMPILED BY SRIVINAY PGDTD 2009, NTTF BANGALORE

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THREAD CONVERSION CHARTS

DIAMETER/THREAD PITCH COMPARISON
INCH SERIES Size #0 Dia. (In.) 0.060 TPI 80 M1.6 #1 0.073 64 M2 #2 0.096 56 M2.5
#3 #4 0.099 0.112 48 40 M3 #5 #6 0.125 0.138 40 32 M4 #8 #10 0.164 0.190 32 24
M5 M6 1/4 5/16 0.250 0.312 20 18 M8 3/8 0.375 16 M10 7/16 0.437 14 M12 1/2 0.500
13 M14 5/8 0.625 11 M16 3/4 0.750 10 M20 7/8 0.875 9 M24 1 1.000 8 M27 1.063 3
8.5 0.945 3 8.5 0.787 2.5 10 0.63 2 12.5 0.551 2 12.5 0.472 1.75 14.5 0.393 1.5
17 0.315 1.25 20 0.196 0.236 0.8 1.00 32 25 0.157 0.7 36 0.118 0.5 51 0.098 0.45
56 0.079 0.4 64 0.063 0.35 74 Size Dia.(In.) METRIC Pitch (mm) TPI (Approx)
34

TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNBRAKO Socket Screw Products (Metric) Page Metric Standards. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Socket Head Cap Screws. . . . . . . Standards Al
loy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Low H
eads Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Flat Head Socket Screws . . . . . . Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Button Head Socket Screws
. . . . Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Shoulder Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alloy Stee
l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 42 Dowel Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standards Alloy Steel. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Socket Set Screw
s . . . . . . . . . . . . Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Low Head Cap Screws . . . . . . . .
. Low Heads Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 46 Hex Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alloy Steel . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ISO
Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Conversion C
hart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
35

UNBRAKO Metric Fasteners

UNBRAKO Metric Fasteners are the strongest off-the-shelf threaded fasteners you
can buy. Their exclusive design features and closely controlled manufacturing pr
ocesses insure the dimensional accuracy, strength and fatigue resistance needed
for reliability in todays advanced technology. They are manufactured with the sam
e methods and features as their inch-series counterpart. Strength UNBRAKO metric
socket head cap screws are made into property class 12.9 with a minimum ultimat
e tensile strength of 1300 or 1250 MPa depending on screw diameter. Precision in
manufacturing and careful control in stress areas insure strength in such criti
cal areas as heads, sockets, threads, fillets, and bearing areas. When you purch
ase UNBRAKO metric socket screw products, you can be sure that they meet or exce
ed the strength levels of all current standards, including the three most common
-ANSI, ISO and DIN. Unbrako is represented on several ASME, ANSI, ASTM and ISO c
ommittees. ANSI (American National Standards Institute) documents are published
by ASME (The American Society of Mechanical Engineers) and are familiar to almos
t all users of socket screw products in the U.S.A. ASTM (American Society for Te
sting and Materials). Many ANSI documents list dimensional information but refer
to ASTM specifications for materials, mechanical properties, and test criteria.
ISO (International Standards Organization) is a standards group comprising 70 m
ember nations. Its objective is to provide standards that will be completely uni
versal and common to all countries subscribing. DIN (Deutsche Industries Normen)
is the German standards group. NOTE: The proper tightening of threaded fastener
s can have a significant effect on their performance.
36

A WARNING TO METRIC FASTENER USERS Metric socket cap screws are NOT sold in a si
ngle strength level like U.S. inch socket screws.
Property Class
General Material International Standards Organization, ISO
Strength Level, UTS min. MPa (KSI)
Property Class 8.8 Property Class 10.9 Property Class 12.9 USA Standards ASTM A5
74M Unbrako Standards ASTM A574M
Carbon Steel Alloy Steel Alloy Steel
800 (116) < M16 830 (120) M16 1040 (151) 1220 (177)
Alloy Steel
1220 (177)
Alloy Steel
1300 (189) M16 1250 (181) > M16
STANDARDS The use of metric fasteners in the worldwide market has led to the cre
ation of many standards. These standards specify the fastener requirements: dime
nsions, material, strength levels, inspection, etc. Different standards are the
responsibility of various organizations and are not always identical. Unbrako su
pplies metric fasteners for maximum interchangeability with all standards. This
Engineering Guide was published with the most current values, which are however
subject to change by any standards organization at any time.
37

METRIC SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS

Dimensions
Threads: ANSI B1.13M, ISO 261, ISO 262 (coarse series only) Property Class: 12.9
-ISO 898/1
D A H J T G L
THREAD LENGTH SEE STOCK TABLE APPROX 45
THREAD SIZE
30
NOTES 1. Material: ASTM A574M, DIN ENISO4762-alloy steel 2. Hardness: Rc 38-43 3
. Tensile Stress: 1300 MPa thru M16 size. 1250 MPa over M16 size. 4. Yield Stres
s: 1170 MPa thru M16 size. 1125 MPa over M16 size. 5. Thread Class: 4g 6g
LENGTH TOLERANCE
nominal screw diameter M1.6 thru M10 M12 thru M20 tolerance on lgth., mm
7 1.0 2.0 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.5 2.5 0.7 1.5 2.0 3.0 over 20

0.3 0.4 0.

nominal screw length Up to 16 mm, incl. Over 16 to 50 mm, incl. Over 50 to 120 m
m, incl. Over 120 to 200 mm, incl. Over 200 mm
DIMENSIONS
thread size nom. M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 *(M14) M16 M20 M24 *M30 *M3
6 *M42 *M48 A pitch 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 max. 3.0 3.8 4.5 5.5 7.0 8.5 10.0 13.0 16.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 30.0
36.0 45.0 54.0 63.0 72.0 D max. 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
16.0 20.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 H max. 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 1
2.0 14.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 J nom. 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6
.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 17.0 19.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 36.0 G min. 0.54 0.68 0.85 1.02 1
.52 1.90 2.28 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.4 8.0 9.6 12.0 14.4 16.8 19.2 T min. 0.80 1.0 1.
25 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
UTS min. MPa 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1300 1250 12
50 1250 1250 1250 1250 tensile strength min. kN 1.65 2.69 4.41 6.54 11.4 18.5 26
.1 47.6 75.4 110 150 204 306 441 701 1020 1400 1840 lbs. 370 605 990 1,470 2,560
4,160 5,870 10,700 17,000 24,700 33,700 45,900 68,800 99,100 158,000 single she
ar strength of body min. kN 1.57 2.45 3.83 5.5 9.8 15.3 22.05 39.2 61 88 120 157
235.5 339 530 lbs. 352.5 550 860 1240 2,205 3,445 4,960 8,800 13,750 19,850 27,
000 35,250
APPLICATION DATA
recommended ** seating torque plain finish N-m 0.29 0.60 1.21 2.1 4.6 9.5 16 39
77 135 215 330 in-lbs. 2.6 5.3 11 19 41 85 140 350 680 1,200 1,900 2,900 5,750 9
,700 19,900 34,100 55,580 75,800
53,000 650 76,500 1100 119,000 2250 171,500 3850 233,500 6270 305,000 8560
229,000 756 315,000 1040 413,000 1355
All dimensions in millimeters. Sizes in brackets not preferred for new designs.
*Non-stock diameter. **Torque calculated in accordance with VDI 2230, Systematic
Calculation of High Duty Bolted Joints, to induce approximately 800 MPa stress in
screw threads. Torque values listed are for plain screws. (See Note, page 1.)
38

SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS

LG LB
Metric
Body and Grip Lengths
LG is the maximum grip length and is the distance from the bearing surface to th
e first complete thread. LB is the minimum body length and is the length of the
unthreaded cylindrical portion of the shank.
LENGTH
BODY and GRIP LENGTHS
BODY AND GRIP LENGTH DIMENSIONS FOR METRIC SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS
Nominal Size Nominal Length 20 25 30 35 40 45
M1.6 LG
4.8 9.8 14.8 ... ... ...
M2 LG
4.0 9.0
M2.5 LG LB
M3 LG LB
M4 LG LB
M5 LG LB
M6 LG LB
M8 LG LB
M10 LG LB
M12 LG LB
M14 LG LB
M16 LG LB
M20 LG LB
M24 LG LB
LB
3.0 8.0 13.0 ... ... ...
LB
2.0 7.0
8.0 13.0 18.0 23.0 28.0
5.7 10.7 15.7 20.7 25.7
7.0 12.0
4.5 9.5 10.0 6.5 13.0 18.0 23.0 9.0 14.0 19.0 11.0 6.0

14.0 12.0 19.0 17.0 24.0 22.0 ... ...

17.0 14.5 22.0 19.5 27.0 24.5
15.0 11.5 20.0 16.5 25.0 21.5
16.0 11.0 21.0 16.0 17.0 10.7
50 55 60 65 70
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
33.0 ... ... ... ...
30.7 ... ... ... ...
32.0 29.5 37.0 34.5 42.0 39.5 47.0 44.5 ... ...
30.0 26.5 35.0 31.5 40.0 36.5 45.0 41.5 50.0 46.5
28.0 33.0 38.0 43.0 48.0
24.0 29.0 34.0 39.0 44.0
26.0 21.0 31.0 26.0 36.0 31.0 41.0 36.0 46.0 41.0
22.0 27.0 32.0 37.0 42.0
15.7 20.7 25.7 30.7 35.7
18.0 10.5 23.0 15.5 28.0 20.5 33.0 25.5 38.0 30.5 24.0 15.2 29.0 20.2 34.0 25.2
25.0 15.0 30.0 20.0 26.0 16.0
80 90 100 110 120
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
60.0 56.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

58.0 68.0 78.0 ... ...

54.0 64.0 74.0 ... ...
56.0 51.0 66.0 61.0 76.0 71.0 86.0 81.0 96.0 91.0
52.0 62.0 72.0 82.0 92.0
45.7 55.7 65.7 75.7 85.7
48.0 40.5 58.0 50.5 68.0 60.5 78.0 70.5 88.0 80.5
44.0 35.2 54.0 45.2 64.0 55.2 74.0 65.2 84.0 75.2
40.0 30.0 50.0 40.0 60.0 50.0 70.0 60.0 80.0 70.0
36.0 26.0 46.0 36.0 56.0 46.0 66.0 56.0 76.0 66.0 38.0 48.0 58.0 68.0 25.5 35.5
45.5 55.5 40.0 50.0 60.0 25.0 35.0 45.0
130 140 150 160 180
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
102.0
95.7
98.0 90.5
94.0 85.2
90.0 80.0
86.0 76.0 96.0 86.0

78.0 88.0 98.0

65.5 75.5 85.5
70.0 80.0 90.0
55.0 65.0 75.0 85.0
112.0 105.7 108.0 100.5 104.0 95.2 100.0 90.0
122.0 115.7 118.0 110.5 114.0 105.2 110.0 100.0 106.0 96.0
132.0 125.7 128.0 120.5 124.0 115.2 120.0 110.0 116.0 106.0 108.0 ... ...
95.5 100.0
148.0 140.5 144.0 135.2 140.0 130.0 136.0 126.0 128.0 115.5 120.0 105.0
200 220 240 260 300
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
168.0 160.5 164.0 155.2 160.0 150.0 156.0 146.0 148.0 135.5 140.0 125.0 ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... 184.0 175.2 180.0 170.0 176.0 166.0 168.0 155.5 160.0 14
5.0 204.0 195.2 200.0 190.0 196.0 186.0 188.0 175.5 180.0 165.0 ... ... ... ...
220.0 210.0 216.0 206.0 208.0 195.5 200.0 185.0 ... ... 256.0 246.0 248.0 235.5
240.0 225.0
SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS (METRIC SERIES) PER ASME/ANSI B18.3.1M-1986

39

METRIC SOCKET FLAT HEAD CAP SCREWS

Dimensions
Threads: ANSI B1.13M, ISO 262 (coarse series only) Applicable or Similar Specifi
cation: DIN ENISO10642 General Note: Flat, countersunk head cap screws and butto
n head cap screws are designed and recommended for moderate fastening applicatio
ns: machine guards, hinges, covers, etc. They are not suggested for use in criti
cal high strength applications where socket head cap screws should be used. NOTE
S 1. Material: ASTM F835M 2. Dimensions: B18.3.5M 3. Property Class: 12.9 4. Har
dness: Rc 38-43 (alloy steel) 5. Tensile Stress: 1040MPa 6. Shear Stress: 630 MP
a 7. Yield Stress: 945 MPa 8. Sizes: For sizes up to and including M20, head ang
le shall be 92/90. For larger sizes head angle shall be 62/60. 9. Thread Class: 4g 6
g
L J T
APPROX 45
D A
THREAD SIZE
S
Head Angle See Note 8
LT
H
LENGTH TOLERANCE
nominal screw diameter nominal screw length Up to 16 mm, incl. Over 16 to 60 mm,
incl. Over 60 mm M3 thru M24 tolerance on lgth., mm 0.3 0.5 0.8
DIMENSIONS
A nom. thread size M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 *M24 D H T S LT J
APPLICATION DATA
recommended seating torque** plain
pitch 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00
max.*** 6.72 8.96 11.20 13.44 17.92 22.40 26.88 33.60 40.32 40.42
max. 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24
ref. 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 14.0
min. 1.10 1.55 2.05 2.25 3.20 3.80 4.35 4.89 5.45 10.15
ref. 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.85 1.20 1.50 1.85 1.85 1.85 2.20
min. 18 20 22 24 28 32 36 44 52 60
nom. 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14
N-m 1.2 2.8 5.5 9.5 24 47 82 205 400 640
in-lbs. 11 25 50 85 210 415 725 1800 3550 5650
All dimensions in millimeters. *Non-stock Diameter **Torque calculated to induce
420 MPa in the screw threads. Torque values are for plain screws. (See Note, pa
ge 1.)

***Maximum to theoretical sharp corner

40

METRIC SOCKET BUTTON HEAD CAP SCREWS

Dimensions
Threads: ANSI B1.13M, ISO 262(coarse series only) Similar Specifications: ISO 73
80 General Note: Flat, countersunk head cap screws and button head cap screws ar
e designed and recommended for moderate fastening applications: machine guards,
hinges, covers, etc. They are not suggested for use in critical high strength ap
plications where socket head cap screws should be used. NOTES 1. Material: ASTM
F835M 2. Dimensions: ANSI B18.3.4M 3. Property Class: 12.9 4. Hardness: Rc 38-43
5. Tensile Stress: 1040 MPa 6. Shear Stress: 630 MPa 7. Yield Stress: 945 MPa 8
. Bearing surface of head square with body within 2. 9. Thread Class: 4g 6g
H J T S
L
APPROX 45
A
THREAD SIZE
R
LENGTH TOLERANCE
nominal screw diameter nominal screw length Up to 16 mm, incl. Over 16 to 60 mm,
incl. Over 60 mm M3 thru M16 tolerance on lgth., mm 0.3 0.5 0.8
DIMENSIONS
A nom. thread size M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 *M16 H T R S J
APPLICATION DATA
recommended seating torque** plain pitch 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.285 1.50 1.75 2.0 max
. 5.70 7.60 9.50 10.50 14.00 18.00 21.00 28.00 max. 1.65 2.20 2.75 3.30 4.40 5.5
0 6.60 8.60 min. 1.05 1.35 1.92 2.08 2.75 3.35 4.16 5.20 ref. 2.95 4.10 5.20 5.6
0 7.50 10.00 11.00 15.00 ref. .35 .35 .45 .45 .45 .60 .60 .60 nom. 2.0 2.5 3.0 4
.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 N-m 1.2 2.8 5.5 9.5 24.0 47.0 82.0 205.0 in-lbs. 11 25 50 85
210 415 725 1800
All dimensions in millimeters. *Non-stock Diameter **Torque calculated to induce
420 MPa in the screw threads. Torque values are for plain screws. (See Note, pa
ge 1.)
41

METRIC SOCKET HEAD SHOULDER SCREWS

Threads: ANSI B 1.13 M, ISO 262 Similar Specifications: ANSI B18.3.3M, ISO 7379,
DIN 9841 NOTES 1. Material: ASTM A574M alloy steel 2. Hardness: Rc 36-43 3. Ten
sile Stress: 1100 MPa based on minimum thread neck area (G min.). 4. Shear Stres
s: 660 MPa 5. Concentricity: Body to head O.D. within 0.15 TIR when checked in a
V block. Body to thread pitch diameter within 0.1 TIR when checked at a distance
of 5mm from the shoulder at the threaded end. Squareness, concentricity, paralle
lism, and bow of body to thread pitch diameter shall be within 0.05 TIR per cent
imeter of body length with a maximum of 0.5 when seated against the shoulder in
a threaded bushing and checked on the body at a distance of 2.5 D from the undersi
de of the head. 6. Squareness: The bearing surface of the head shall be perpendi
cular to the axis of the body within a maximum deviation of 2. 7. Thread Class: 4
g 6g
+.25 -0.00
H J T
LENGTH
45 0.8
E
APPROX 45
30
A
K
D
G J
THREAD SIZE
30
F
I
DIMENSIONS
A nom. size 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 thread size M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 pitch 0.8 1.
0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 max. 10.00 13.00 16.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00 T min. 2.
4 3.3 4.2 4.9 6.6 8.8 10.0 max. 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 D* min. 5.982 7
.978 9.978 11.973 15.973 19.967 23.967 K min. 5.42 7.42 9.42 11.42 15.42 19.42 2
3.42 H max. 4.50 5.50 7.00 8.00 10.00 14.00 16.00 G min. 3.68 4.40 6.03 7.69 9.3
5 12.96 16.30 F max. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 I max. 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 4.00
4.80 5.60 E max. 9.75 11.25 13.25 16.40 18.40 22.40 27.40 J nom. 3 4 5 6 8 10 1
2
APPLICATION DATA
recommended seating torque** N-m 7 12 29 57 100 240 470 in-lbs. 60 105 255 500 8
85 2125 4160
All dimensions in millimeters. *Shoulder diameter tolerance h8 (ISO R 286)
**See Note, page 1.

42

METRIC DOWEL PINS

Hardened and Ground
Applicable or Similar Specifications: ASME B18.8.5M, ISO 8734 or DIN 6325. NOTES
1. Material: ASME B18.8.5M-alloy steel 2. Hardness: Rockwell C60 minimum (surfa
ce) Rockwell C 50-58 (core) 3. Shear Stress: Calculated values based on 1050 MPa
. 4. Surface Finish: 0.2 micrometer maximum
Dimensions
Installation warning: Dowel pins should not be installed by striking or hammerin
g. Wear safety glasses or shield when pressing chamfered point end first.
A
0.2
+0 L -0.5
C
B
1016
R
DIMENSIONS
nominal size 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 A pin diameter max. 3.008 4.009 5.009 6.01
0 8.012 10.012 12.013 16.013 20.014 25.014 min. 3.003 4.004 5.004 6.004 8.006 10
.006 12.007 16.007 20.008 25.008 B point diameter max. 2.9 3.9 4.9 5.8 7.8 9.8 1
1.8 15.8 19.8 24.8 min. 2.6 3.6 4.6 5.4 7.4 9.4 11.4 15.3 19.3 24.3 C R crown he
ight crown radius max. min. 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0
APPLICATION DATA
calculated single shear strength kN 7.4 13.2 20.6 29.7 52.5 82.5 119.0 211.0 330
.0 515.0 pounds 1,670 2,965 4,635 6,650 11,850 18,550 26,700 47,450 74,000 116,0
00 recommended hole size max. 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 16.000
20.000 25.000 min. 2.987 3.987 4.987 5.987 7.987 9.987 11.985 15.985 19.983 24.
983
All dimensions in millimeters.
43

METRIC SOCKET SET SCREWS

Threads: ANSI B 1.13M, ISO 261, ISO 262 (coarse series only) Grade: 45H
Knurled Cup Point and Plain Cup Point
NOTES 1. Material: ASTM F912M 2. Hardness: Rockwell C45-53
Dimensions
Applicable or Similar Specifications: ANSI B 18.3.6M, ISO 4029, DIN 916, DIN 915
, DIN 914, DIN 913
3. Angle: The cup angle is 135 maximum for screw lengths equal to or smaller tha
n screw diameter. For longer lengths, the cup angle will be 124 maximum 4. Threa
d Class: 4g 6g
KNURLED CUP POINT
PLAIN CUP POINT
LENGTH TOLERANCE
nominal screw diameter nominal screw length Up to 12 mm, incl. Over 12 to 50 mm,
incl. Over 50 mm M1.6 thru M24 tolerance on lgth., mm 0.3 0.5 0.8
DIMENSIONS
nom. thread size D pitch max. J max. plain cup knurled cup K max. L min. preferr
ed plain cup knurled cup W nom.
APPLICATION DATA
recommended* seating torque N-m in-lbs.
MICROSIZE Plain Cup Only M1.6 M2 M2.5 0.35 0.40 0.45 1.0 1.32 1.75 0.80 1.00 1.2
5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.7 0.9 1.3 0.09 0.21 0.57 0.8 1.8 5.0
STANDARD SIZE Knurled Cup Point Supplied Unless Plain Cup Point Is Specified M3
M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.10 2
.75 3.70 4.35 6.00 7.40 8.60 12.35 16.00 18.95 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 5.00 6.00 8.0
0 10.00 14.00 16.00 1.40 2.10 2.50 3.30 5.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 14.00 16.00 2.06 2.
74 3.48 4.14 5.62 7.12 8.58 11.86 14.83 17.80 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 12.0 1
6.0 20.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 14.0 18.0 20.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
8.0 10.0 12.0 0.92 2.2 4.0 7.2 17.0 33.0 54.0 134 237 440 8.0 19.0 35.0 64 150.
0 290 480 1190 2100 3860
All dimensions in millimeters. *Not applicable to screws with a length equal to
or less than the diameter. See Note, page 1.
44

METRIC SOCKET SET SCREW

Flat Point, Cone Point, Dog Point Styles Dimensions
REF. ISO 4026
FLAT POINT
REF. ISO 4027
CONE POINT
REF. ISO 4028 ISO 7435
DOG POINT
DIMENSIONS
flat point nom. thread size M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 D pitch 0.5 0.7 0
.8 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00 max. 2.10 2.75 3.70 4.25 6.00 7.40 8.60 12
.35 16.00 18.95 J max. 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 12.0 15.0 18.0 L min. preferr
ed 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 12.0 14.0 20.0 J max. 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
4.0 6.0 8.0 cone point L min. preferred 4.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 14.0 18.0
20.0 H nom. short lgth. 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 long l
gth. 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 dog point L min. preferred 5.0 5.
0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 22.0 V max. 2.00 2.50 3.50 4.00 5.50 7.00 8.50
12.00 15.00 18.00
45

METRIC LOW HEAD CAP SCREWS

Threads: ANSI B 1.13M, ISO 262 (coarse series only) Property Class: 10.9 Similar
Specifications: DIN 7984, DIN 6912 NOTES 1. Material: ASTM A574M-alloy steel 2.
Hardness: Rc 33-39 3. Tensile Stress: 1040 MPa 4. Yield Stress: 940 MPa 5. Thre
ad Class: 4g 6g
J
H G T
L
APPROX 45
D A
THREAD SIZE
LT
DIMENSIONS
A nom. thread size M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 D G T H LT J
APPLICATION DATA
recommended* seating torque plain
pitch 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5
max. 7 8.5 10 13 16 18 24 30
max. 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20
min. 1.06 1.39 1.65 2.24 2.86 3.46 4.91 6.10
min. 1.48 1.85 2.09 2.48 3.36 4.26 4.76 6.07
max. 2.8 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.5 8.0 10.0 12.5
min. 20 22 24 28 32 36 44 52
nom. 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14
N-m 4.5 8.5 14.5 35 70 120 300 575
in-lbs. 40 75 130 310 620 1060 2650 5100
All dimensions in millimeters. *Torque calculated to induce 620 MPa in the screw
threads. Torque values are for plain screws. (See Note, page 1.)
46

METRIC HEXAGON KEYS

Dimensions
These UNBRAKO keys are made to higher requirements than ISO or DIN keys, which m
ay not properly torque Class 12.9 cap screws. The strength and dimensional requi
rements are necessary to properly install the products in this catalog. Material
: ANSI B18.3.2.M alloy steel Dimensions: ANSI B18.3.2.M Similar Specifications:
DIN 911, ISO 2936
Mechanical Properties
Socket Applications
W
C B
METRIC KEY APPLICATION CHART
socket cap screws size W 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 1
4.0 17.0 19.0 22.0 27.0 32.0 36.0 M1.6/M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M2
0 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16
M20 M24 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 std. head height l
ow head socket cap screws flat head socket cap screws button head shoulder screw
s socket set screws M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
DIMENSIONS
key size W max. 0.711 0.889 1.270 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 8.00
0 10.000 12.000 14.000 17.000 19.000 22.000 24.000 27.000 32.000 36.000 min. 0.6
98 0.876 1.244 1.470 1.970 2.470 2.960 3.960 4.960 5.960 7.950 9.950 11.950 13.9
30 16.930 18.930 21.930 23.930 26.820 31.820 35.820 B mominal 5.5 9 13.5 14 16 1
8 20 25 28 32 36 40 45 55 60 70 80 90 100 125 140 C nominal short arm 31 31 42 4
5 50 56 63 70 80 90 100 112 125 140 160 180 *200 *224 *250 *315 *355 long arm *6
9 71 75 78 83 90 100 106 118 140 160 170 212 236 250 280 *335 *375 *500 *630 *71
0
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
torsional shear strength minimum N-m 0.12 0.26 0.73 1.19 2.9 5.4 9.3 22.2 42.7 7
4 183 345 634 945 1,690 2,360 3,670 4,140 5,870 8,320 11,800 In-lbs. 1.1 2.3 6.5
10.5 26 48 82 196 378 655 1,620 3,050 5,610 8,360 15,000 20,900 32,500 36,600 5
1,900 73,600 104,000 torsional yield strength minimum N-m 0.1 0.23 .63 1.02 2.4
4.4 8. 18.8 36.8 64 158 296 546 813 1,450 2,030 3,160 3,560 5,050 7,150 10,200 I
n-lbs. 0.9 2. 5.6 9. 21 39 71 166 326 566 1,400 2,620 4,830 7,200 12,800 18,000
28,000 31,500 44,700 63,300 90,300
All dimensions in millimeters. *Non-stock sizes
47

ISO TOLERANCES FOR METRIC FASTENERS

nominal dimension over 0 1 3 6 10 18 30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 to 1 3 6 10 18
30 50 80 120 180 250 315 400 500 h6 h8 h10 tolerance zone in mm (external measu
rements) h11 h13 0 0.14 0 0.14 0 0.18 0 0.22 0 0.27 0 0.33 0 0.39 0 0.46 0 0.54 h14
16 js14 js15 js16 js17 m6 H7 tolerance zone in mm H8 H9 H11 H13 H14

0 0 0 0 0.006 0.014 0.040 0.060 0 0 0 0 0.006 0.014 0.040 0.060 0 0 0 0 0.008 0.018
075 0 0 0 0 0.009 0.022 0.058 0.090 0 0 0 0 0.011 0.027 0.070 0.110 0 0 0 0 0.030 0
84 0.130
0 0.25 0 0.30 0 0.36 0 0.43 0 0.52 0 0.62 0 0.74 0 0.87
0 0.40 0 0.48 0 0.58 0 0.70 0 0.84 0 1.00 0 1.20 0 1.40

0 0.125 0.20 0.30 0.60 0 0.15 0.24 0.375 0.75 0 0.18 0.29 0.90 0 0.215 0.35 1.1
0 0 0.31 0.50 1.60 0 0.37 0.60 1.90 0 0.435 0.70 2.20 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.80 0.95
+0.002 +0.010 +0.0014 +0.025 +0.060 +0.14 +0.008 0 0 0 0 0 0.50 +0.002 +0.010 +0.
014 +0.025 +0.060 +0.14 +0.008 0 0 0 0 0 0.60 +0.004 +0.012 +0.018 +0.030 +0.075
+0.18 +0.012 0 0 0 0 0 .075 +0.006 +0.015 +0.022 +0.036 +0.090 +0.22 +0.0015 0 0
0 0 0 0.90 +0.007 +0.018 +0.027 +0.043 +0.110 +0.27 +0.018 0 0 0 0 0 1.05 +0.008 +
0.021 +0.033 +0.052 +0.130 +0.33 +0.021 0 0 0 0 0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.30 2.60
5 +0.39 0 +0.46 0 +0.54 0

2.85

+0.25 0 +0.30 0 +0.36 0 +0.43 0 +0.52 0 +0.62 0 +0.74 0 +0.87 0

0.50 0.80 1.25

0.575 0.925 1.45

0.65 1.05

1.60

0.70 1.15

0.775 1.25

ISO TOLERANCES FOR SOCKET SCREWS

nominal dimension over to 3 3 6 10 18 30 50 6 10 18 30 50 80 C13 +0.20 +0.06 +0.
24 +0.06 C14 +0.31 +0.06 +0.37 +0.07 D9 +0.045 +0.020 +0.060 +0.030 D10 +0.060 +
0.020 +0.078 +0.030 D11 +0.080 +0.020 +0.115 +0.030 +0.130 +0.040 tolerance zone
in mm D12 +0.12 +0.02 +0.15 +0.03 +0.19 +0.40 +0.2 +0.05 +0.275 +0.065 +0.33 +0
.08 +0.40 +0.10 EF8 +0.024 +0.010 +0.028 +0.014 +0.040 +0.018 E11 +0.074 +0.014
+0.095 +0.020 +0.115 +0.025 +0.142 +0.032 E12 +0.100 +0.014 +0.140 +0.020 +0.115
+0.025 +0.212 +0.032 Js9 0.0125 0.015 0.018 K9 0 -0.025 0 -0.030 0 -0.036
References ISO R 286 ISO 4759/I ISO 4759/II ISO 4759/III
Notes ANSI standards allow slightly wider tolerances for screw lengths than ISO
and DIN. The table is intended to assist in the design with metric fasteners. Fo
r tolerances not listed here refer to the complete standards.
48

1.80 2.00

ISO TOLERANCES
Tolerances for Metric Fasteners The tolerances in the tables below are derived f
rom ISO standard: ISO 4759 The tables show tolerances on the most common metric
fasteners. However, occasionally some slight modifications are made.
Item
DIN
Item
DIN 913 914 916
912
7991
915 966
Notes Product grade A applies to sizes up to M24 and length not exceeding 10 x d
iameter or 150 mm, whatever is shorter. Product grade B applies to the sizes abo
ve M24 and all sizes with lengths, greater than 10 x diameter or 150 mm, whichev
er is shorter.
Feature Hexagon Sockets s 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 >14 Tolerance
* EF8 JS9 K9 D9 D10 D11 D10 D11 E11 **
*Tolerance zones for socket set screws **Tolerance zones for socket head cap scr
ews Note: For S 0.7 to 1.3 the actual allowance in the product standards has bee
n slightly modified for technical reasons.
E11
E12
D12
49

CONVERSION CHART
SI UNITS & CONVERSIONS FOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANICAL FASTENERS conversion pr
operty length unit meter centimeter millimeter kilogram gram tonne (megagram) ki
logram per cubic meter deg. Celsius square meter square millimeter cubic meter c
ubic centimeter cubic millimeter newton kilonewton meganewton megapascal newtons
/sq.m newton-meter symbol m cm mm kg g t kg/m3 C m2 mm2 m3 cm3 mm3 N kN MN MPa N/
m2 Nm from inch inch foot once pound ton (2000 lb) pounds per cu. ft. deg. Fahr.
sq. in. sq. ft. cu. in. cu.ft. cu. yd. ounce (Force) pound (Force) Kip pound/in2
(psi) Kip/in2 (ksi) inch-ounce inch-pound foot-pound to mm cm mm g kg kg kg/m C
mm2 m2 mm3 m3 m3 N kN MN MPa MPa N-m N-m N-m multiply by 25.4 2.54 304.8 28.35 .
4536 907.2 16.02 (F 32) x 5/9 645.2 .0929 16387 .02832 .7645 .278 .00445 .00445 .
0069 6.895 .00706 .113 1.356 approximate equivalent 25mm = 1 in. 300mm = 1ft. 1m
= 39.37 in. 28g = 1 oz. 1kg = 2.2 lb. = 35 oz. 1t = 2200 lbs. 16kg/m = 1 lb/ft.
3 0C = 32F 100C = 212F 645mm2 = 1 in.2 1m2 = 11 ft.2 16400mm3 = 1 in.3 1m3 = 35 ft.3
1m3 = 1.3 yd.3 1N = 3.6 ozf 4.4N = 1 lbf 1kN = 225 lbf 1MPa = 145 psi 7MPa = 1
ksi 1Nm = 140 in. oz. 1Nm = 9 in. lb. 1Nm = .75 ft. lb. 1.4 Nm = 1 ft. lb.
mass
density temperature area volume
force
stress torque
50

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Technical Section Page Screw Fastener Theory and Application . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Join
t Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 The Torque-Ten
sion Relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Stripping Strength of Tapped Holes .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 64 High-Temperature Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68 Corrosion In Threaded Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Impact Performance
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Product Engineering Bulletin . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Metric Threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 80 Through-Hole Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82 Drill and Counterbore Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Hardness-Tensi
le Conversion Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Thread Stress Area . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Optional Part Numbering System. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 thru 8
9
IMPORTANT
The technical discussions represent typical applications only. The use of the in
formation is at the sole discretion of the reader. Because applications vary eno
rmously, UNBRAKO does not warrant the scenarios described are appropriate for an
y specific application. The reader must consider all variables prior to using th
is information.
51

INSTALLATION CONTROL
Several factors should be considered in designing a joint or selecting a fastene
r for a particular application.
Single Shear
JOINT DESIGN AND FASTENER SELECTION.
Joint Length The longer the joint length, the greater the total elongation will
occur in the bolt to produce the desired clamp load or preload. In design, if th
e joint length is increased, the potential loss of preload is decreased. Joint M
aterial If the joint material is relatively stiff compared to the bolt material,
it will compress less and therefore provide a less sensitive joint, less sensit
ive to loss of preload as a result of brinelling, relaxation and even loosening.
Thread Stripping Strength Considering the material in which the threads will be
tapped or the nut used, there must be sufficient engagement length to carry the
load. Ideally, the length of thread engagement should be sufficient to break th
e fastener in tension. When a nut is used, the wall thickness of the nut as well
as its length must be considered. An estimate, a calculation or joint evaluatio
n will be required to determine the tension loads to which the bolt and joint wi
ll be exposed. The size bolt and the number necessary to carry the load expected
, along with the safety factor, must also be selected. The safety factor selecte
d will have to take into consideration the consequence of failure as well as the
additional holes and fasteners. Safety factors, therefore, have to be determine
d by the designer. Double Shear
OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Application Temperature For elevated temperature, standard alloy steels are usef
ul to about 550F600F. However, if plating is used, the maximum temperature may be l
ess (eg. cadmium should not be used over 450F. Austenitic stainless steels (300 S
eries) may be useful to 800F. They can maintain strength above 800F but will begin
to oxidize on the surface. Corrosion Environment A plating may be selected for
mild atmospheres or salts. If plating is unsatisfactory, a corrosion resistant f
astener may be specified. The proper selection will be based upon the severity o
f the corrosive environment.
FATIGUE STRENGTH
S/N Curve Most comparative fatigue testing and specification fatigue test requir
ements are plotted on an S/N curve. In this curve, the test stress is shown on t
he ordinate (y-axis) and the number of cycles is shown on the abscissa (x-axis)
in a lograthmic scale. On this type curve, the high load to low load ratio must
be shown. This is usually R =.1, which means the low load in all tests will be 1
0% of the high load.
Typical Unbrako Socket Head Cap Screws S-N Curve for Finite Fatigue Life Curve r
epresents 90% probability of survival 100,000 90,000 80,000 Maximum Stress (psi)
70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 104
SHEAR APPLICATIONS
Shear Strength of Material Not all applications apply a tensile load to the fast
ener. In many cases, the load is perpendicular to the fastener in shear. Shear l
oading may be single, double or multiple loading. There is a relationship betwee
n the tensile strength of a material and its shear strength. For alloy steel, th
e shear strength is 60% of its tensile strength. Corrosion resistant steels (e.g
. 300-Series stainless steels) have a lower tensile/shear relationship and it is
usually 50-55% Single/Double Shear Single shear strength is exactly one-half th
e double shear value. Shear strength listed in pounds per square inch (psi) is t
he shear load in pounds multiplied by the cross sectional area in square inches.
SPS
R=0.1

105 Cycles to Failure

106
107
Effect of Preload Increasing the R to .2, .3 or higher will change the curve sha
pe. At some point in this curve, the number of cycles will reach 10 million cycl
es. This is considered the
52

SCREW FASTENER THEORY & APPLICATIONS

endurance limit or the stress at which infinite life might be expected. Modified
Goodman/ Haigh Soderberg Curve The S/N curve and the information it supplies wi
ll not provide the information needed to determine how an individual fastener wi
ll perform in an actual application. In application, the preload should be highe
r than any of the preloads on the S/N curve. Therefore, for application informat
ion, the modified Goodman Diagram and/or the Haigh Soderberg Curve are more usef
ul. These curves will show what fatigue performance can be expected when the par
ts are properly preloaded.
MODIFIED GOODMAN DIAGRAM
UNBRAKO TYPICAL SHCS 5 x 106 Cycles Run-Out 90% Probability of Survival #832 3/816
180 VDI 2230 Prediction for #8 RTBHT (99% PS) VDI 2230 Prediction for 5/8 RTBHT
(99% PS) 160 3/824 5/811
Strain Since stress/strain is a constant relationship for any given material, we
can use that relationship just as the elongation change measurements were used
previously. Now, however, the strain can be detected from strain gages applied d
irectly to the outside surface of the bolt or by having a hole drilled in the ce
nter of the bolt and the strain gage installed internally. The output from these
gages need instrumentation to convert the gage electrical measurement method. I
t is, however, an expensive method and not always practical. Turn of the Nut The
nut turn method also utilizes change in bolt length. In theory, one bolt revolu
tion (360 rotation) should increase the bolt length by the thread pitch. There ar
e at least two variables, however, which influence this relationship. First, unt
il a snug joint is obtained, no bolt elongation can be measured. The snugging pr
oduces a large variation in preload. Second, joint compression is also taking pl
ace so the relative stiffnesses of the joint and bolt influences the load obtain
ed.
SPS
1/420 (2 x 106 cycles)
140
VARIABLES IN TORQUE
Coefficient of Friction Since the torque applied to a fastener must overcome all
friction before any loading takes place, the amount of friction present is impo
rtant. In a standard unlubricated assembly, the friction to be overcome is the h
ead bearing area and the thread-tothread friction. Approximately 50% of the torq
ue applied will be used to overcome this head-bearing friction and approximately
35% to overcome the thread friction. So 85% of the torque is overcoming frictio
n and only 15% is available to produce bolt load.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
120
Stress (ksi)
100
80
60
40
20
0 Mean Stress (ksi)

METHODS OF PRELOADING
Elongation The modulus for steel of 30,000,000 (thirty million) psi means that a
fastener will elongate .001 in/in of length for every 30,000 psi in applied str
ess. Therefore, if 90,000 psi is the desired preload, the bolt must be stretched
.003 inches for every inch of length in the joint. This method of preloading is
very accurate but it requires that the ends of the bolts be properly prepared a
nd also that all measurements be very carefully made. In addition, direct measur
ements are only possible where both ends of the fastener are available for measu
rement after installation. Other methods of measuring length changes are ultraso
nic, strain gages and turn of the nut. Torque By far, the most popular method of
preloading is by torque. Fastener manufacturers usually have recommended seatin
g torques for each size and material fastener. The only requirement is the prope
r size torque wrench, a conscientious operator and the proper torque requirement
.
If these interfaces are lubricated (cadmium plate, molybdenum disulfide, anti-se
ize compounds, etc.), the friction is reduced and thus greater preload is produc
ed with the same torque. The change in the coefficient of friction for different
conditions can have a very significant effect on the slope of the torque tensio
n curve. If this is not taken into consideration, the proper torque specified fo
r a plain unlubricated bolt may be sufficient to yield or break a lubricated fas
tener. Thread Pitch The thread pitch must be considered when a given stress is t
o be applied, since the cross-sectional area used for stress calculations is the
thread tensile stress area and is different for coarse and fine threads. The to
rque recommendations, therefore, are slightly higher for fine threads than for c
oarse threads to achieve the same stress. Differences between coarse and fine th
reads. Coarse Threads are more readily available in industrial fasteners. easier
to assemble because of larger helix angle. require fewer turns and reduce cross
threading. higher thread stripping strength per given length. less critical of t
ap drill size. not as easily damaged in handling. 53

Their disadvantages are lower tensile strength. reduced vibrational resistance. c

oarse adjustment. Fine Threads provide... higher tensile strength. greater vibra
tional resistance. finer adjustment. Their disadvantages are easier cross threade
d. threads damaged more easily by handling. tap drill size slightly more critica
l. slightly lower thread stripping strength. Other Design Guidelines In addition
to the joint design factors discussed, the following considerations are importa
nt to the proper use of high-strength fasteners. Adequate thread engagement shou
ld be guaranteed by use of the proper mating nut height for the system. Minimum
length of engagement recommended in a tapped hole depends on the strength of the
material, but in all cases should be adequate to prevent stripping. Specify nut
of proper strength level. The bolt and nut should be selected as a system. Spec
ify compatible mating female threads. 2B tapped holes or 3B nuts are possibiliti
es. Corrosion, in general, is a problem of the joint, and not just of the bolt a
lone. This can be a matter of galvanic action between dissimilar metals. Corrosi
on of the fastener material surrounding the bolt head or nut can be critical wit
h high-strength bolting. Care must be exercised in the compatibility of joint ma
terials and/or coatings to protect dissimilar metals.
machines can make bolts up to 1-1/2 inch diameter. For large quantities of bolts
, hot forging is more expensive then cold forging. Some materials, such as stain
less steel, are warm forged at temperatures up to 1000F. The heating results in t
wo benefits, lower forging pressures due to lower yield strength and reduced wor
k hardening rates. Machining is the oldest method and is used for very large dia
meters or small production runs. The disadvantage is that machining cuts the met
al grain flow, thus creating planes of weakness at the critical head-to-shank fi
llet area. This can reduce tension fatigue performance by providing fracture pla
nes. Fillets The head-to-shank transition (fillet) represents a sizable change i
n cross section at a critical area of bolt performance. It is important that thi
s notch effect be minimized. A generous radius in the fillet reduces the notch e
ffect. However, a compromise is necessary because too large a radius will reduce
load-bearing area under the head. Composite radii such as elliptical fillets, m
aximize curvature on the shank side of the fillet and minimize it on the head si
de to reduce loss of bearing area on the load-bearing surface. Critical Fastener
Features Head-Shank-Fillet: This area on the bolt must not be restricted or bou
nd by the joint hole. A sufficient chamfer or radius on the edge of the hole wil
l prevent interference that could seriously reduce fatigue life. Also, if the bo
lt should seat on an unchamfered edge, there might be serious loss of preload if
the edge breaks under load. Threads Threads can be produced by grinding, cuttin
g or rolling. In a rolled thread, the material is caused to flow into the thread
die contour, which is ground into the surface during the manufacture of the die
. Machines with two or three circular dies or two flat dies are most common. Thr
ead cutting requires the least tooling costs and is by far the most popular for
producing internal threads. It is the most practical method for producing thin w
all parts and the only technique available for producing large diameter parts (o
ver 3 inches in diameter). Thread grinding yields high dimensional precision and
affords good control of form and finish. It is the only practical method for pr
oducing thread plug gages. Both machining and grinding have the disadvantage of
cutting material fibers at the most critical point of performance. The shape or
contour of the thread has a great effect on the resulting fatigue life. The thre
ad root should be large and well rounded without sharp corners or stress risers.
Threads with larger roots should always be used for harder materials. In additi
on to the benefits of grain flow and controlled shape in thread rolling, added f
atigue life can result when the rolling is performed after heat treatment.
PROCESSING CONTROL
The quality of the raw material and the processing control will largely affect t
he mechanical properties of the finished parts.
MATERIAL SELECTION
The selection of the type of material will depend on its end use. However, the c

ontrol of the analysis and quality is a critical factor in fastener performance.

The material must yield reliable parts with few hidden defects such as cracks,
seams, decarburization and internal flaws.
FABRICATION METHOD
Head There are two general methods of making bolt heads, forging and machining.
The economy and grain flow resulting from forging make it the preferred method.
The temperature of forging can vary from room temperature to 2000F. By far, the g
reatest number of parts are cold upset on forging machines known as headers or b
oltmakers. For materials that do not have enough formability for cold forging, h
ot forging is used. Hot forging is also used for bolts too large for cold upsett
ing due to machine capacity. The largest cold forging
54

SCREW FASTENER THEORY & APPLICATIONS

This is the accepted practice for high fatigue performance bolts such as those u
sed in aircraft and space applications.
FASTENER POINT END
Fatigue tests on threaded fasteners are usually alternating tension-tension load
ing. Most testing is done at more severe strain than its designed service load b
ut ususally below the material yield strength. Shear testing, as previously ment
ioned, consists of loading a fastener perpendicular to its axis. All shear testi
ng should be accomplished on the unthreaded portion of the fastener. Checking ha
rdness of parts is an indirect method for testing tensile strength. Over the yea
rs, a correlation of tensile strength to hardness has been obtained for most mat
erials. See page 83 for more detailed information. Since hardness is a relativel
y easy and inexpensive test, it makes a good inspection check. In hardness check
ing, it is very important that the specimen be properly prepared and the proper
test applied.
0 1 2 3 4 RELATIVE INTERNAL STRESS AT FIRST ENGAGED THREAD FASTENER HEAD END
EVALUATING PERFORMANCE
Mechanical Testing In the fastener industy, a system of tests and examinations h
as evolved which yields reliable parts with proven performance. Some tests are c
onducted on the raw material; some on the finished product. There always seems t
o be some confusion regarding mechanical versus metallurgical properties. Mechan
ical properties are those associated with elastic or inelastic reaction when for
ce is applied, or that involve the relationship between stress and strain. Tensi
le testing stresses the fastener in the axial direction. The force at which the
fastener breaks is called the breaking load or ultimate tensile strength. Load i
s designated in pounds, stress in pounds per square inch and strain in inches pe
r inch. When a smooth tensile specimen is tested, the chart obtained is called a
Stress-Strain Curve. From this curve, we can obtain other useful data such as y
ield strength. The method of determining yield is known as the offset method and
consists of drawing a straight line parallel to the stress strain curve but off
set from the zero point by a specified amount. This value is usually 0.2% on the
strain ordinate. The yield point is the intersection of the stressstrain curve
and the straight line. This method is not applicable to fasteners because of the
variables introduced by their geomety. When a fastener tensile test is plotted,
a load/ elongation curve can be obtained. From this curve, a yield determinatio
n known as Johnsons 2/3 approximate method for determination of yield strength is
used to establish fastener yield, which will be acceptable for design purposes.
It is not recommended for quality control or specification requirements. Torque
-tension testing is conducted to correlate the required torque necessary to indu
ce a given load in a mechanically fastened joint. It can be performed by hand or
machine. The load may be measured by a tensile machine, a load cell, a hydrauli
c tensile indicator or by a strain gage.
Stress durability is used to test parts which have been subjected to any process
ing which may have an embrittling effect. It requires loading the parts to a val
ue higher than the expected service load and maintaining that load for a specifi
ed time after which the load is removed and the fastener examined for the presen
ce of cracks. Impact testing has been useful in determining the ductile brittle
transformation point for many materials. However, because the impact loading dir
ection is transverse to a fastener
s normal longitude loading, its usefulness fo
r fastener testing is minimal. It has been shown that many fastener tension impa
ct strengths do not follow the same pattern or relationship of Charpy or Izod im
pact strength. Metallurgical Testing Metallurgical testing includes chemical com
position, microstructure, grain size, carburization and decarburization, and hea
t treat response. The chemical composition is established when the material is m
elted. Nothing subsequent to that process will influence the basic composition.
The microstructure and grain size can be influenced by heat treatment. Carburiza

tion is the addition of carbon to the surface which increases hardness. It can o
ccur if heat treat furnace atmospheres are not adequately controlled. Decarburiz
ation is the loss of carbon from the surface, making it softer. Partial decarbur
ization is preferable to carburization, and most industrial standards allow it w
ithin limits. In summary, in order to prevent service failures, many things must
be considered: The Application Requirements Strength Needed Safety Factors Tens
ion/Shear/Fatigue Temperature Corrosion Proper Preload The Fastener Requirements
Material Fabrication Controls Performance Evaluations
55

AN EXPLANATION OF JOINT DIAGRAMS

When bolted joints are subjected to external tensile loads, what forces and elas
tic deformation really exist? The majority of engineers in both the fastener man
ufacturing and user industries still are uncertain. Several papers, articles, an
d books, reflecting various stages of research into the problem have been publis
hed and the volume of this material is one reason for confusion. The purpose of
this article is to clarify the various explanations that have been offered and t
o state the fundamental concepts which apply to forces and elastic deformations
in concentrically loaded joints. The article concludes with general design formu
lae that take into account variations in tightening, preload loss during service
, and the relation between preloads, external loads and bolt loads. The Joint Di
agram Forces less than proof load cause elastic strains. Conversely, changes in
elastic strains produce force variations. For bolted joints this concept is usua
lly demonstrated by joint diagrams. The most important deformations within a joi
nt are elastic bolt elongation and elastic joint compression in the axial direct
ion. If the bolted joint in Fig. 1 is subjected to the preload Fi the bolt elong
ates as shown by the line OB in Fig. 2A and the joint compresses as shown by the
line OJ. These two lines, representing the spring characteristics of the bolt a
nd joint, are combined into one diagram in Fig. 2B to show total elastic deforma
tion. If a concentric external load Fe is applied under the bolt head and nut in
Fig. 1, the bolt elongates an additional amount while the compressed joint memb
ers partially relax. These changes in deformation with external loading are the
key to the interaction of forces in bolted joints. In Fig. 3A the external load
Fe is added to the joint diagram Fe is located on the diagram by applying the up
per end to an extension of OB and moving it in until the lower end contacts OJ.
Since the total amount of elastic deformation (bolt plus joint) remains constant
for a given preload, the external load changes the total bolt elongation to lB +
and the tota joint compression to lJ . In Fig. 3B the externa oad Fe is divide
d into an additiona bot oad FeB and the joint oad FeJ, which unoads the com
pressed joint members. The maximum bot oad is the sum of the oad preoad and
the additiona bot oad: FB max = Fi + FeB If the externa oad Fe is an atern
ating oad, FeB is that part of Fe working as an aternating bot oad, as shown
in Fig. 3B. This joint diagram aso iustrates that the joint absorbs more of
the externa oad than the bot subjected to an aternating externa oad. The i
mportance of adequate preoad is shown in Fig. 3C. Comparing Fig. 3B and Fig. 3C
, it can be seen that FeB wi remain reativey sma as ong as the preoad Fi
is greater than FeJ. Fig. 3C represents a joint with insufficient preoad. Unde
r this condition, the amount of externa oad that the joint can absorb is imit
ed, and the excess

oad must then be appied to the bot. If the externa oad is aternating, the
increased stress eves on the bot produce a greaty shortened fatigue ife. Wh
en seating requires a certain minimum force or when transverse oads are to be t
ransformed by friction, the minimum camping oad FJ min is important. FJ min =
FB max Fe
Fig. 1 (above) Joint components
Fig. 2 Joint diagram is obtained by combining oad vs. deformation diagrams of b
ot and joints. Fig. 3 The compete simpe joint diagrams show externa oad Fe
added (A), and externa oad divided into an additiona bot oad FeB and reduct
ion in joint compression FeJ (B). Joint diagram (C) shows how insufficient preo
ad Fi causes excessive additiona bot oad FeB.
56

JOINT DIAGRAMS
Spring Constants To construct a joint diagram, it is necessary to determine the
spring rates of both bot and joint. In genera, spring rate is defined as: K= F
l From Hooks law: l = lF EA Therefore: K = EA l To calculate the spring rate of bo
lts with different cross sections, the reciprocal spring rates, or compliances,
of each section are added: 1 KB = 1 K1 1 E + 1 K2 + .... + 1 Kn When the outside
diameter of the joint is smaller than or equal to the bolt head diameter, i.e.,
as in a thin bushing, the normal cross sectioned area is computed: As = (Dc2 Dh2
) 4 where Dc = OD of cylinder or bushing and Dh = hole diameter When the outside
diameter of the joint is larger than head or washer diameter DH, the stress dis
tribution is in the shae of a barrel, Fig 5. A series of investigations roved
that the areas of the following substitute cylinders are close aroximations fo
r calculating the sring contents of concentrically loaded joints. When the join
t diameter DJ is greater than DH but less than 3DH;
Thus, for the bolt shown in Fig. 4: 1 = KB where d = the minor thread diameter a
nd Am = the area of the minor thread diameter This formula considers the elastic
deformation of the head and the engaged thread with a length of 0.4d each. Calc
ulation of the sring rate of the comressed joint members is more difficult bec
ause it is not always obvious which arts of the joint are deformed and which ar
e not. In general, the sring rate of a clamed art is: KJ = EAS lJ where As is
the area of a substitute cylinder to be determined.
60 80 -40 -35 40
(
0.4d + l1 + l2 + l3 + 0.4d A1 A1 A2 Am Am
)
0 20 -20 -40 -60
100
-30
-25
100 -25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0.4d I1
-30
-35 -40
I2
d
Ij

Fig. 4 Analysis of bolt lengths contributing to the bolt sring rate.

I3 0.4d
Fig. 5 Lines of equal axial stresses in a bolted joint obtained by the axisymmet
ric finite element method are shown for a 9/1618 bolt reloaded to 100 KSI. Posit
ive numbers are tensile stresses in KSI; negative numbers are comressive stress
es in KSI. 57

As = (DH2 Dh2) 4 + 8
Effect of Loading Planes DHlJ l2 + J 5 100
(
DJ 1 DH
)(
)
When the joint diameter DJ is equal to or greater than 3DH: As = [(DH + 0.1 lJ)2
Dh2] 4 These formulae have been verified in laboratories by finite element meth
od and by exeriments. Fig. 6 shows joint diagrams for sringy bolt and stiff jo
int and for a stiff bolt and sringy joint. These diagrams demonstrate the desir
ability of designing with sringy bolt and a stiff joint to obtain a low additio
nal bolt load FeB and thus a low alternating stress. The Force Ratio Due to the
geometry of the joint diagram, Fig. 7, Fe KB FeB = KB + KJ KB Defining = KB + KJ
eB = e and  , called the orce Ratio, = eB e or complete derivation of , see
ig. 7. To assure adequate fatigue strength of the selected fastener the fatigue
stress amplitude of the bolt resulting from an external load e is computed as
follows: B = FeB/2 or Am e B = 2 Am
The joint diagram in Fig 3, 6 and 7 i applicable only when the external load Fe
i applied at the ame loading plane a the preloaded Fi, under the bolt head
and the nut. However, thi i a rare cae, becaue the external load uually aff
ect the joint omewhere between the center of the joint and the head and the nu
t. When a preloaded joint i ubjected to an external load Fe at loading plane
2 and 3 in Fig. 8, Fe relieve the compreion load of the joint part between p
lane 2 and 3. The remainder of the ytem, the bolt and the joint part between
plane 1-2 and 3-4, feel additional load due to Fe applied plane 2 and 3, the
joint material between plane 2 and 3 i the clamped part and all other joint me
mber, fatener and remaining joint material, are clamping part. Becaue of the
location of the loading plane, the joint diagram change from black line to th
e blue line. Conequently, both the additional bolt load FB max decreae ignifi
cantly when the loading plane of Fe hift from under the bolt head and nut towa
rd the joint center. Determination of the length of the clamped part i, howeve
r, not that imple. Firt, it i aumed that the external load i applied at a
plane perpendicular to the bolt axi. Second, the ditance of the loading plane
from each other ha to be etimated. Thi ditance may be expreed a the rati
o of the length of clamped part to the total joint length. Fig. 9 how the eff
ect of two different loading plane on the bolt load, both joint having the am
e preload Fi and the ame external load Fe . The length of the clamped part ar
e etimated to be 0.75lJ for joint A, and 0.25lJ for joint B. In general, the ex
ternal bolt load i omewhere between FeB = 1e for loading planes under head and
nut and eB = 0e = 0 when loading planes are in the joint center, as shown in 
ig. 10. To consider the loading planes in calculations, the formula:

e 2
e 2
e 2
e 2
e 2
e 2

e 2
e 2
ig. 6 Joint diagram of a springy bolt in a stiff joint (A), is compared to a di
agram of a stiff bolt in a springy joint (B). Preload i and external load e ar
e the same but diagrams show that alternating bolt stresses are significantly lo
wer with a spring bolt in a stiff joint. 58

JOINT DIAGRAMS
e 2 e 2
1 2
nlj 3 4 e 2 e 2
Ij

ig. 7 Analysis of external load e and derivation of orce Ratio .

i i = KB and tan = = KJ lB lJ FeB FeJ FeB F = = = = eJ tan tn KB KJ FeJ = tn
d FeB = tn Since Fe = FeB + FeJ Fe = FeB + tn FeB Sustituting for produces: t
n tn = Fe = FeB + FeB tn tn
or
Fig. 8 Joint digrm shows effect of oding pnes of Fe on ot ods FeB nd
FB mx . Bck digrm shows FeB nd FB mx resuting from Fe ppied in pnes
1 nd 4. Ornge digrm shows reduced ot ods when Fe is ppied in pnes 2
nd 3.
A
Fe
Estimted:
Mutipying oth sides y tn : Fe tn = FeB (tn + tn ) nd Fe tn FeB = tn tn
Sustituting KB for tn nd KJ for tn FB FeB = Fe KB + KJ Defining = eB = e
 = eB e KB KB + KJ and it ecomes ovious why is caed force ratio.

e
B
e

e
ig. 9 When externa oad is appied reativey near ot head, joint diagram sh
ows resuting aternating stress B (A). When sme vue extern od is ppied
retivey ner joint center, ower ternting stress resuts (B). 59

F1
F1
Fig. 10 Force digrms show the effect of the oding pnes of the extern o
d on the ot od.
Fig. 11 Modified joint digrm shows noniner compression of joint t ow preo
ds.
60

JOINT DIAGRAMS
FeB = e must e modified to : eB = n e where n equas the ratio of the ength
of the camped parts due to e to the joint ength j. The vaue of n can range
from 1, when e is appied under the head and nut, to O, when e is appies at
the joint center. Consequenty the stress ampitude: B = e ecomes 2 Am B = n e
2 Am Genera Design ormuae Hitherto, construction of the joint diagram has ass
umed inear resiience of oth ot and joint memers. However, recent investiga
tions have shown that this assumption is not quite true for compressed parts. Ta
king these investigations into account, the joint diagram is modified to ig. 11
. The ower portion of the joint spring rate is noninear, and the ength of the
inear portion depends on the preoad eve i. The higher i the onger the i
near portion. By choosing a sufficienty high minimum oad, min>2e, the non-i
near range of the joint spring rate is avoided and a inear reationship etween
eB and e is maintained. Aso from ig. 11 this formua is derived: i min = 
J min + ( 1 ) e + Fi where Fi is the amount of preload loss to be expected. For a
properly designed joint, a preload loss Fi = (0.005 to 0.10) Fi should be expecte
d. The fluctuation in bolt load that results from tightening is expressed by the
ratio: a = Fi max Fi min where a varies between 1.25 and 3.0 depending on the t
ightening method. Considering a the general design formulae are: Fi nom = FJ min
= (1 ) e i max = a [ j min + (1 ) e + Fi ] FB max = a [ Fj min + (1 ) e + Fi
+ e Concusion The three requirements of concentricay oaded joints that must
e met for an integra oted joint are: 1. The maximum ot oad B max must e
ess than the ot yied strength. 2. If the externa oad is aternating, the
aternating stress must e ess than the ot endurance imit to avoid fatigue f
aiures. 3. The joint wi not ose any preoad due to permanent set or viratio
n greater than the vaue assumed for Fi .
SYMBOLS
A Am As Ax d Dc DH Dh DJ E F Fe FeB FeJ Fi Fi Fi min Fi max Fj nom Area (in.2) Ar
ea of minor thread diameter (in.2) Area of substitute cylinder (in.2) Area of bo
lt part 1x (in.2) Diameter of minor thread (in.) Outside diameter of bushing (cy
linder) (in.) Diameter of Bolt head (in.) Diameter of hole (in.) Diameter of Joi
nt Modulus of Elasticity (psi) Load (lb) External load (lb.) Additinal Bolt Load
due to external load (lb) Reduced Joint load due to external load (lb) Preload
on Bolt and Joint (lb) Preload loss (lb) Minimum preload (lb) Maximum preload (lb
) Nominal preload (lb) FB max Maximum Bolt load (lb) FJ min Minimum Joint load (
lb) K Spring rate (lb/in.) KB Spring rate of Bolt (lb/in.) KJ Spring rate of Joi
nt (lb/in.) Kx Spring rate of Bolt part lx (lb/in.) l Length (in.) l Change in le
ngth (in.) lB Length of Bolt (in.) lB Bolt elongation due to Fi (in.) lJ Length o
f Joint (in.) lJ Joint compression to Fi (in.) lx Length of Bolt part x (in.) Len
gth of clamped parts n Total Joint Length Tightening fctor orce ratio Bot and
Joint eongation due to e (in.) B Bolt tre amplitude ( pi)
61

TIGHTENING TORQUES AND THE TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP

All of the analyi and deign work done in advance will have little meaning if
the proper preload i not achieved. Several dicuion in thi technical ectio
n tre the importance of preload to maintaining joint integrity. There are man
y method for meauring preload (ee Table 12). However, one of the leat expen
ive technique that provide a reaonable level of accuracy veru cot i by me
auring torque. The fundamental characteritic required i to know the relation
hip between torque and tenion for any particular bolted joint. Once the deired
deign preload mut be identified and pecified firt, then the torque required
to induce that preload i determined. Within the elatic range, before permanen
t tretch i induced, the relationhip between torque and tenion i eentially
linear (ee figure 13). Some tudie have found up to 75 variable have an effe
ct on thi relationhip: material, temperature, rate of intallation, thread he
lix angle, coefficient of friction, etc. One way that ha been developed to red
uce the complexity i to depend on empirical tet reult. That i, to perform e
xperiment under the application condition by meauring the induced torque and
recording the reulting tenion. Thi can be done with relatively imple, calibr
ated hydraulic preure enor, electric train gage, or piezoelectric load ce
ll. Once the data i gathered and plotted on a chart, the lope of the curve ca
n be ued to calculate a correlation factor. Thi technique ha created an accep
ted formula for relating torque to tenion. T=K D P T = torque, lbf.-in. D = fa
tener nominal diameter, inche P = preload, lbf. K = nut factor, tightening factor,
or k-value If the preload and fatener diameter are elected in the deign proce
, and the K-value for the application condition i known, then the neceary to
rque can be calculated. It i noted that even with a pecified torque, actual co
ndition at the time of intallation can reult in variation in the actual prel
oad achieved (ee Table 12). One of the mot critical criteria i the election
of the K-value. Accepted nominal value for many indutrial application are: K
= 0.20 for a-received teel bolt into teel hole K = 0.15 teel bolt with ca
dmium plating, which act like a lubricant, K = 0.28 teel bolt with zinc plati
ng. The K-value i not the coefficient of the friction (); it i an empirically d
erived correlation factor. It i readily apparent that if the torque intended fo
r a zinc plated fatener i ued for cadmium plated fatener, the preload will b
e almot two time that intended; it may actually caue the bolt to break. Anoth
er influence i where friction occur. For teel bolt hole, approximately 50%
of the intallation torque i conumed by friction under the head, 35% by thread
friction, and only the remaining 15% inducing preload tenion. Therefore, if lu
bricant i applied jut on the
fatener underhead, full friction reduction will not be achieved. Similarly, if
the material againt which the fatener i bearing, e.g. aluminum, i different
than the internal thread material, e.g. cat iron, the effective friction may be
difficult to predict, Thee example illutrate the importance and the value of
identifying the torque-tenion relationhip. It i a recommend practice to cont
act the lubricant manufacturer for K-value information if a lubricant will be u
ed. The recommended eating torque for Unbrako headed ocket crew are baed o
n inducing preload reaonably expected in practice for each type. The value fo
r Unbrako metric fatener are calculated uing VDI2230, a complex method utiliz
ed extenively in Europe. All value aume ue in the received condition in te
el hole. It i undertandable the deigner may need preload higher than thoe
lited. The following dicuion i preented for thoe cae.
TORSION-TENSION YIELD AND TENSION CAPABILITY AFTER TORQUING
Once a headed fatener ha been eated againt a bearing urface, the inducement
of torque will be tranlated into both torion and tenion tree. Thee tre
e combine to induce twit. If torque continue to be induced, the tre alon
g the angle of twit will be the larget tre while the bolt i being torqued.
Conequently, the tre along the bolt axi (axial tenion) will be omething
le. Thi i why a bolt can fail at a lower tenile tre during intallation
than when it i pulled in traight tenion alone, eg . a tenile tet. Reearch

ha indicated the axial tenion can range from 135,000 to 145,000 PSI for indut
ry ocket head cap crew at torion-tenion yield, depending on diameter. Inclu
ding the preload variation that can occur with variou intallation technique,
eg. up to 25%, it can be undertood why ome recommended torque induce preload
reaonably lower than the yield point. Figure 13 alo illutrate the effect of
traight tenion applied after intallation ha topped. Immediately after topp
ing the intallation procedure there will be ome relaxation, and the torion co
mponent will drop toward zero. Thi leave only the axial tenion, which keep t
he joint clamped together. Once the torion i relieved, the axial tenion yield
value and ultimate value for the fatener will be appropriate.
Table 12 Indutrial Fatener Intitute Torque-Meauring Method
Preload Meauring Method Feel (operator judgement) Torque wrench Turn of the nut
Load-indicating waher Fatener elongation Strain gage Accuracy Percent 35 25 15
10 3 to 5 1 Relative Cot 1 1.5 3 7 15 20
62

THE TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP

Fig. 14
TORQUE VS. INDUCED LOAD UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW TYPICAL
Fig. 13 Torque/Tenion Relationhip Straight tenion Bolt tenion (lb.)
Straight tenion after torquing to preload Torque-induced tenion
Elongation (in.)
Fig. 15 Recommended Seating Torque (Inch-Lb.) for Application in Variou Materi
al UNBRAKO pHd (1960 Serie) Socket Head Cap Screw
mild teel Rb 87 cat iron Rb 83 note 1 UNC crew ize #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #8 #
10 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 plain *3.8 *
6.3 *9.6 *13.5 *20 *25 *46 *67 *158 *326 *580 *930 *1,420 *2,040 *2,820 *5,000 *
8,060 *12,100 *13,800 *19,200 *25,200 *33,600 UNF pin *2.1 *4.1 *6.8 *10.3 *14
.8 *21 *28 *48 *76 *180 *360 635 *1,040 *1,590 2,250 3,120 5,340 8,370 12,800 *1
5,400 *21,600 *28,800 *36,100 UNC pin *3.8 *6.3 *9.6 *13.5 *20 *25 *46 *67 136
228 476 680 1,230 1,690 2,340 4,000 6,280 9,600 13,700 18,900 24,200 32,900 r
ss R 72 note 2 UNF pin *2.1 *4.1 *6.8 *10.3 *14.8 *21 *28 *48 *76 136 228 476
680 1,230 1,690 2,340 4,000 6,280 9,600 13,700 18,900 24,200 32,900 UNC pin *
3.8 *6.3 *9.6 *13.5 *20 *25 *46 *67 113 190 397 570 1,030 1,410 1,950 3,340 5,23
0 8,000 11,400 15,800 20,100 27,400 uminum R 72 (2024-T4) note 3 UNF pin *2
.1 *4.1 *6.8 *10.3 *14.8 *21 *28 *48 *76 113 190 397 570 1,030 1,410 1,950 3,340
5,230 8,000 11,400 15,800 20,100 27,400
NOTES: 1. Torques sed on 80,000 psi ering stress under hed of screw. 2. Tor
ques sed on 60,000 psi ering stress under hed of screw. 3. Torques sed on
50,000 psi ering stress under hed of screw.
*Denotes torques sed on 100,000 psi tensie stress in screw threds up to 1" d
i., nd 80,000 psi for sizes 1 1/8" di. nd rger. To convert inch-pounds to
inch-ounces mutipy y 16. To convert inch-pounds to foot-pounds divide y 12.
63

STRIPPING STRENGTH OF TAPPED HOLES

Chrts nd smpe proems for otining minimum thred enggement sed on pp
ied od, mteri, type of thred nd ot dimeter. Knowedge of the thred st
ripping strength of tpped hoes is necessry to deveop fu tensie strength o
f the ot or, for tht mtter, the minimum enggement needed for ny esser o
d. Conversey, if ony imited ength of enggement is vie, the dt hep
determine the mximum od tht cn e sfey ppied without stripping the thre
ds of the tpped hoe. Attempts to compute engths of enggement nd reted f
ctors y formu hve not een entirey stisfctory-miny ecuse of sute di
fferences etween vrious mteris. Therefore, strength dt hs een empiric
y deveoped from  series of tensie tests of tpped specimens for seven common
y used mets incuding stee, uminum, rss nd cst iron. The design dt i
s summrized in the six ccompnying chrts, (Chrts E504-E509), nd covers  r
nge of screw thred sizes from #0 to one inch in dimeter for oth corse nd fi
ne threds. Though deveoped from tests of Unrko socket hed cp screws hving
minimum utimte tensie strengths (depending on the dimeter) from 190,000 to
180,000 psi , these stripping strength vues re vid for  other screws or
ots of equ or ower strength hving  stndrd thred form. Dt re sed o
n sttic oding ony. In the test progrm, ots threded into tpped specimens
of the met under study were stressed in tension unti the threds stripped. L
od t which stripping occurred nd the ength of enggement of the specimen wer
e noted. Conditions of the tests,  of which re met in  mjority of industri
 ot ppictions, were: Tpped hoes hd  sic thred depth within the rn
ge of 65 to 80 per cent. Threds of tpped hoes were Css 2B fit or etter. Mi
nimum mount of met surrounding the tpped hoe ws 2 1/2 times the mjor dim
eter. Test ods were ppied sowy in tension to screws hving stndrd Css
3A threds. (Dt, though, wi e equy ppice to Css 2A extern thre
ds s we.) Study of the test resuts reveed certin fctors tht grety sim
pified the compition of thred stripping strength dt: Stripping strengths 
re most identic for ods ppied either y pure tension or y screw torsion
. Thus dt re equy vid for either condition of ppiction.
Stripping strength vues vry with dimeter of screw. For  given od nd mte
ri, rger dimeter ots required greter enggement. Minimum ength of engg
ement (s  percent of screw dimeter) is  stright ine function of od. This
permits esy interpotion of test dt for ny intermedite od condition. Wh
en enggement is potted s  percentge of ot dimeter, it is pprent tht s
tripping strengths for  wide rnge of screw sizes re cose enough to e groupe
d in  singe curve. Thus , in the ccompnying chrts, dt for sizes #0 throug
h #12 hve een represented y  singe set of curves. With these curves, it ec
omes  simpe mtter to determine stripping strengths nd engths of enggement
for ny condition of ppiction. A few exmpes re given eow: Exmpe 1. C
cute ength of thred enggement necessry to deveop the minimum utimte ten
sie strength (190,000 psi) of  1/213 (Ntion Corse) Unrko cp screw in cs
t iron hving n utimte sher strength of 30,000 psi. E505 is for screw sizes
from #0 through #10; E506 nd E507 for sizes from 1/4 in. through 5/8 in.; E508
nd E509 for sizes from 3/4 in. through 1 in. Using E506  vue 1.40D is otin
ed. Mutipying nomin ot dimeter (0.500 in.) y 1.40 gives  minimum ength
of enggement of 0.700 in. Exmpe 2. Ccute the ength of enggement for th
e ove conditions if ony 140,000 psi is to e ppied. (This is the sme s us
ing  ot with  mximum tensie strength of 140,000psi.) From E506 otin vu
e of 1.06D Minimum ength of enggement = (0.500) (1.06) = 0.530. Exmpe 3. Sup
pose in Exmpe 1 tht minimum ength of enggement to deveop fu tensie stre
ngth ws not vie ecuse the thickness of met owed  tpped hoe of o
ny 0.600 in. Hoe depth in terms of ot di. = 0.600/0.500 = 1.20D. By working
ckwrds in Chrt E506, mximum od tht cn e crried is pproximtey 159,
000 psi. Exmpe 4. Suppose tht the hoe in Exmpe 1 is to e tpped in stee
hving n utimte sher strength 65,000 psi. There is no curve for this stee i
n E506 ut  design vue cn e otined y tking  point midwy etween curve
s for the 80,000 psi nd 50,000 psi stees tht re isted. Under the conditions

of the exmpe,  ength of enggement of 0.825D or 0.413 in. wi e otined.

64

STRIPPING STRENGTH OF TAPPED HOLES

THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW
S SIZES #0 THROUGH #10 COARSE AND FINE THREADS TYPICAL
THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW
S SIZES 1/4" THRU 5/8" DIAMETER COARSE THREADS TYPICAL
65

THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW
S SIZES 1/4" THRU 5/8" DIAMETER FINE THREADS TYPICAL
THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW
S SIZES 3/4" THRU 1" DIAMETER COARSE THREADS TYPICAL
66

STRIPPING STRENGTH OF TAPPED HOLES

THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW
S SIZES 3/4" THRU 1" DIAMETER FINE THREADS TYPICAL
THREAD STRIPPING STRENGTH IN VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW
S SIZES OVER 1" TYPICAL
67

HIGH-TEMPERATURE JOINTS
Boted joints sujected to cycic oding perform est if n initi preod is
ppied. The induced stress minimizes the extern od sensed y the ot, nd
reduces the chnce of ftigue fiure. At high temperture, the induced od wi
 chnge, nd this cn deversey ffect the fstener performnce. It is therefo
re necessry to compenste for high-temperture conditions when sseming the j
oint t room temperture. This rtice descries the fctors which must e consi
dered nd iustrtes how  high-temperture oted joint is designed. In high-t
emperture joints, dequte cmping force or preod must e mintined in spit
e of tempertureinduced dimension chnges of the fstener retive to the join
t memers. the chnge in preod t ny given temperture for  given time cn 
e ccuted, nd the ffect compensted for y proper fstener seection nd in
iti preod. Three princip fctors tend to ter the initi cmping force
in  joint t eevted tempertures, provided tht the fstener mteri retins
requisite strength t the eevted temperture. These fctors re: Moduus of e
sticity, coefficient of therm expnsion, nd rextion. Moduus Of Estici
ty: As temperture increses, ess stress or od is needed to imprt  given m
ount of eongtion or strin to  mteri thn t ower tempertures. This men
s tht  fstener stretched  certin mount t room temperture to deveop  gi
ven preod wi exert  ower cmping force t higher temperture if there is
no chnge in ot eongtion. Coefficient of Expnsion: With most mteris, the
size of the prt increses s the temperture increses. In  joint, oth the s
tructure nd the fstener grow with n increse in temperture, nd this cn res
ut,depending on the mteris, in n increse or decrese in the cmping force
. Thus, mtching of mteris in joint design cn ssure sufficient cmping for
ce t oth room nd eevted tempertures. Te 16 ists men coefficient of th
erm expnsion of certin fstener oys t sever tempertures. Rextion:
At eevted tempertures,  mteri sujected to constnt stress eow its yie
d strength wi fow psticy nd permnenty chnge size. This phenomenon is
ced creep. In  joint t eevted temperture,  fstener with  fixed dist
nce etween the ering surfce of the hed nd nut wi produce ess nd ess c
mping force with time. This chrcteristic is ced rextion. It differs fr
om creep in tht stress chnges whie eongtion or strin remins constnt. Suc
h eements s mteri, temperture, initi stress, mnufcturing method, nd d
esign ffect the rte of rextion. Rextion is the most importnt of the thr
ee fctors. It is so the most critic considertion in design of eevted-tem
perture fsteners. A oted joint t 1200F cn ose s much s 35 per cent of pr
eod. Fiure to compenste for this coud ed to ftigue fiure through  o
ose joint even though the ot ws propery tightened initiy.
If the coefficient of expnsion of the ot is greter thn tht of the joined m
teri,  predicte mount of cmping force wi e ost s temperture incr
eses. Conversey, if the coefficient of the joined mteri is greter, the o
t my e stressed eyond its yied or even frcture strength. Or, cycic therm
stressing my ed to therm ftigue fiure. Chnges in the moduus of esti
city of mets with incresing temperture must e nticipted, ccuted, nd
compensted for in joint design. Unike the coefficient of expnsion, the effect
of chnge in moduus is to reduce cmping force whether or not ot nd struct
ure re the sme mteri, nd is stricty  function of the ot met. Since t
he temperture environment nd the mteris of the structure re normy fixed,
the design ojective is to seect  ot mteri tht wi give the desired c
mping force t  critic points in the operting rnge of the joint. To do th
is, it is necessry to nce out the three fctors-rextion, therm expnsi
on, nd moduus-with  fourth, the mount of initi tightening or cmping forc
e. In ctu joint design the determintion of cmping force must e considered
with other design fctors such s utimte tensie, sher, nd ftigue strength
of the fstener t eevted temperture. As temperture increses the inherent
strength of the mteri decreses. Therefore, it is importnt to seect  fste
ner mteri which hs sufficient strength t mximum service temperture. Exmp
e The design pproch to the proem of mintining stisfctory eevted-tempe

rture cmping force in  joint cn e iustrted y n exmpe. The exmpe c

hosen is compex ut typic. A cut-nd-try process is used to seect the right
ot mteri nd size for  given design od under  fixed set of operting o
ds nd environment conditions, Fig.17. The first step is to determine the ch
nge in thickness, t, of the structure from room to maximum operating temperature.
For the AISI 4340 material: t1 = t1(T2 T1) t1 = (0.50)(800 70) (7.4 x 106) t1 = 0.0
2701 in. For the AMS 6304 material: t2 = (0.75)(800 70)(7.6 t2 = 0.004161 in. The
total increase in thickness for the joint members is 0.00686 in. The total effec
tive bolt length equals the total joint thickness plus one-third of the threads
engaged by the nut. If it is assumed that the smallest diameter bolt should be u
sed for weight saving, then a 1/4-in. bolt should be tried. Thread engagement is
approximately one diameter, and the effective bolt length is: 106)
68

HIGH-TEMPERATURE JOINTS
F w Fc Fc F w
200
AISI 4340 Fb AMS 6304
T = 0.50 in. 1
150 Stress (1000 psi)
tre ss
T = 0.75 in. 2
100
M a m xi
um
S
M
i
m ni
um
r St
es
s
F w
Fc
Fc
F w
50
44,000 psi 21,000 psi 150 50 100 Mean Stress (1000 psi) 200
d = Bolt diam, in. E = Modulus of elasticity, psi Fb = Bolt preload, lb Fc = Cla
mping force, lb (Fb=Fc) Fw = Working load=1500 lb static + 100 lb cyclic L = Eff
ective bolt length, inc.
T1 = Room temperature= 70F T2 = Maximum operatng temperature for 1000 hr=800F t a
= Panel thickness, in. = Coefficient of thermal expansion
Fig. 18 Goodman diagram of maximum and minimum operating limits for H-11 fastene
r at 800F. Bolts stressed within these limits will give infinite fatigue life.
Fig. 17 Parameters for joint operating at 800F. L = t1 + t2 + (1/3 d) L = 0.50 +
0.75 +(1/3 x 0.25) L = 1.333 in. The ideal coefficient of thermal expansion of t
he bolt material is found by dividing the total change in joint thickness by the

bolt length times the change in temperature.  = t L t 106 in./in./deg. F Because o

f relaxation, it is necessary to determine the initial preload required to insur
e 1500-lb. clamping force in the joint after 1000 hr at 800F. When relaxation is
considered, it is necessary to calculate the maximum stress to which the fastene
r is subjected. Because this stress is not constant in dynamic joints, the resul
tant values tend to be conservative. Therefore, a maximum stress of 44,000 psi s
hould be considered although the necessary stress at 800F need be only 41,200 psi
. Relaxation at 44,000 psi can be interpolated from the figure, although an actu
al curve could be constructed from tests made on the fastener at the specific co
nditions. The initial stress required to insure a clamping stress of 44,000 psi
after 1000 hr at 800F can be calculated by interpolation. x = 61,000 44,000 = 17,
000 y = 61,000 34,000 = 27,000 B = 80,000 50,000 = 30,000 A = 80,000 C x = y A B
17,000 = 80,000 C 27,000 30,000
.00686 = = 7.05 (1.333)(800 70)
The mteri, with the nerest coefficient of expnsion is with  vue of 9,600
,000 t 800F. To determine if the ot mteri hs sufficient strength nd resis
tnce to ftigue, it is necessry to ccute the stress in the fstener t mx
imum nd minimum od. The ot od pus the cycic od divided y the tensie
stress of the threds wi give the mximum stress. For  1/4-28 ot, tensie
stress re,from thred hndook H 28, is 0.03637 sq. in. The mximum stress is
Smx = Bot od = 1500 + 100 Stress re 0.03637
C = 61,100 psi The ot eongtion required t this temperture is ccuted y
dividing the stress y the moduus t temperture nd mutipying y the effect
ive ength of the ot. Tht is: (61,000 1.333)/24.6 106 = 0.0033 Since the join
t must e constructed t room temperture, it is necessry to determine the stre
sses t this stte. Becuse the moduus of the fstener mteri chnges with te
mperture, the cmping force t room temperture wi not e the sme s t 800F
. To deterSmx = 44,000 psi nd the minimum ot stress is 41,200 psi. H-11 hs  yied st
rength of 175,000 psi t 800F, Te 3, nd therefore shoud e dequte for the
working ods. A Goodmn digrm, Fig. 18, shows the extremes of stress within w
hich the H-11 fstener wi not fi y ftigue. At the mximum ccuted od
of 44,000 psi, the fstener wi withstnd  minimum cycic oding t 800F of 
out 21,000 psi without ftigue fiure.
69

mine the cmping stress t ssemy conditions, the eongtion shoud e mutip
ied y the moduus of esticity t room temperture. .0033 30.6 106 = 101,145
psi The ssemy conditions wi e ffected y the difference etween th ide
nd ctu coefficients of expnsion of the joint. The ide coeffienct for the
fstener mteri ws ccuted to e 7.05 ut the cosest mteri H-11 hs 
coefficient of 7.1. Since this mteri hs  greter expnsion thn ccuted,
there wi e  reduction in cmping force resuting from the increse in temp
erture. This mount equs the difference etween the ide nd the ctu coef
ficients mutipied y the chnge in temperture, the ength of the fstener, n
d the moduus of esticity t 70F. [(7.1 7.05) [30.6
6
used to ppy preod (the most common nd simpest method vie),  pus or
minus 25 per cent vrition in induced od cn resut. Therefore, the mximum
od which coud e expected in this cse woud e 1.5 times the minimum, or: (1
.5)(102,635) = 153,950 psi This vue does not exceed the room-temperture yied
strength for H-11 given in Te 19. Since there is  decrese in the cmping
force with n increse in temperture nd since the stress t operting tempert
ure cn e higher thn originy ccuted ecuse of vritions in induced o
d, it is necessry to scertin if yied strength t 800F wi e exceeded (mx
stress t 70F + chnge in stress) E t 70F [153,950 + (1490)] 24.6 30.6 106 E t 80
0F
10 ][800 70][1.333]
6
10 ] = 1,490 psi
106 = 122,565
The resut must e dded to the initi ccuted stresses to estish the min
imum required cmping stress needed for sseming the joint t room tempertur
e. 101,145 + 1,490 = 102,635 psi Finy, the method of determining the cmping
force or preod wi ffect the fin stress in the joint t operting conditi
ons. For exmpe, if  torque wrench is
This vue is ess thn the yied strength for H-11 t 800F, Te 19. Therefore,
 1/4-28 H-11 ot stressed etween 102,635 psi nd 153,950 psi t room temper
ture wi mintin  cmping od 1500  t 800F fter 1000 hr of opertion. A
cycic oding of 100 , which resuts in  ot oding etween 1500 nd 1600
 wi not cuse ftigue fiure t the operting conditions.
Te 16
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED TO MANUFACTURE ALLOY STEEL SHCSS
Coefficient of Therm Expnsion, m/m/K1
20C to 68F to Mteri 5137M, 51B37M2 41373 4140
3

Te 19 - Yied Strength t Vrious Tempertures

500 932 600 1112 Aoy Stiness Stees Type 302 Type 403 PH 15-7 Mo Temperture (F)
00 1200 35,000 145,000 220,000 35,000 34,000 110,000 95,000 149,000 101,000 30,0
00 38,000
100 212
200 392
300 572

400 752
11.2 12.3 11.7 11.6
12.6 11.8 12.7 12.4 12.2 12.2
13.4 12.4 12.8 12.8
13.9 13.0 13.7 13.6 13.5 13.5
14.3 13.6
14.6 14.5 14.5 14.1 14.1
43403 8735
3
High Strength Iron-Bse Stiness Aoys A 286 95,000 95,000 90,000 85,000 AMS 5
616 113,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 Unitemp 212 150,000 140,000 135,000 130,000 Hig
h Strength Iron-Bse Aoys AISI 4340 200,000 130,000 75,000 H-11 (AMS 6485) 215
,000 175,000 155,000 AMS 6340 160,000 100,000 75,000 Nicke-Bse Aoys Icone X
115,000 Wspoy 115,000
87403
Moduus of Eongtion (Youngs Moduus) E = 30,000,000 PSI/in/in NOTES:
98,000 106,000 100,000
1. Deveoped from ASM, Mets HDBK, 9th Edition, Vo. 1 (C = K for vues isted)
2. ASME SA574 3. AISI 4. Mutipy vues in te y .556 for in/in/F.
70

CORROSION IN THREADED FASTENERS

A fstened joints re, to some extent, sujected to corrosion of some form dur
ing norm service ife. Design of  joint to prevent premture fiure due to c
orrosion must incude considertions of the environment, conditions of oding ,
nd the vrious methods of protecting the fstener nd joint from corrosion. Th
ree wys to protect ginst corrosion re: 1. Seect corrosion-resistnt mteri
 for the fstener. 2. Specify protective cotings for fstener, joint interfce
s, or oth. 3. Design the joint to minimize corrosion. The soution to  specifi
c corrosion proem my require using one or  of these methods. Economics oft
en necessitte  compromise soution. Fstener Mteri The use of  suity co
rrosion-resistnt mteri is often the first ine of defense ginst corrosion.
In fstener design, however, mteri choice my e ony one of sever import
nt considertions. For exmpe, the most corrosion-resistnt mteri for  prt
icur environment my just not mke  suite fstener. Bsic fctors ffectin
g the choice of corrosion resistnt threded fsteners re: Tensie nd ftigue
strength. Position on the gvnic series sce of the fstener nd mteris to
e joined. Speci design considertions: Need for minimum weight or the tenden
cy for some mteris to g. Susceptiiity of the fstener mteri to other
types of ess ovious corrosion. For exmpe,  seected mteri my minimize d
irect ttck of  corrosive environment ony to e vunere to fretting or str
ess corrosion. Some of the more widey used corrosion-resistnt mteris, ong
with pproximte fstener tensie strength rtings t room temperture nd othe
r pertinent properties, re isted in Te 1. Sometimes the nture of corrosion
properties provided y these fstener mteris is suject to chnge with ppi
ction nd other conditions. For exmpe, stiness stee nd uminum resist co
rrosion ony so ong s their protective oxide fim remins unroken. Aoy stee
 is most never used, even under midy corrosive conditions, without some sor
t of protective coting. Of course, the presence of  specific corrosive medium
requires  specific corrosion-resistnt fstener mteri, provided tht design
fctors such s tensie nd ftigue strength cn e stisfied. Protective Cotin
g A numer of fctors infuence the choice of  corrosionresistnt coting for 
threded fstener. Frequenty, the corrosion resistnce of the coting is not 
princip considertion. At times it is  cse of economics. Often, ess-costy
fstener mteri wi perform stisfctoriy in  corrosive environment if giv
en the proper protective coting. Fctors which ffect coting choice re: Corro
sion resistnce Temperture imittions Emrittement of se met Effect on f
tigue ife Effect on ocking torque Comptiiity with djcent mteri Dimensi
on chnges Thickness nd distriution Adhesion chrcteristics Conversion Cot
ings: Where cost is  fctor nd corrosion is not severe, certin conversion-typ
e cotings re effective. These incude  ck-oxide finish for oy-stee scr
ews nd vrious phosphte se cotings for cron nd oy-stee fsteners. Fr
equenty,  rust-preventing oi is ppied over  conversion coting. Pint: Bec
use of its thickness, pint is normy not considered for protective cotings
for mting threded fsteners. However, it is sometimes ppied s  suppement
 tretment t insttion. In speci cses,  fstener my e pinted nd ins
ted wet, or the entire joint my e seed with  cot of pint fter inst
tion.
TABLE 1 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF CORROSION RESISTANT FASTENER MATERIALS
Mteris Stiness Stees 303, pssive 303, pssive, cod worked 410, pssive 4
31, pssive 17-4 PH 17-7 PH AM 350 15-7 Mo A-286 A-286, cod worked Tensie Stre
ngth (1000 psi) 80 125 170 180 200 200 200 200 150 220 Yied Strength t 0.2% of
fset (1000 psi) 40 80 110 140 180 185 162 155 85 170 Mximum Service Temp (F) 80
0 800 400 400 600 600 800 600 1200 1200 Men Coefficient of Therm Expn. (in./
in./deg F) 10.2 10.3 5.6 6.7 6.3 6.7 7.2 9.72 Density (s/cu in.) 0.286 0.286 0
.278 0.280 0.282 0.276 0.282 0.277 0.286 0.286 Bse Cost Index Medium Medium Low
Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High Position on Gvnic Sce 8 9 1
5 16 11 14 13 12 6 7
71

Eectropting: Two rod csses of protective eectropting re: 1. The rri

er type-such s chrome pting-which sets up n impervious yer or fim tht is
more noe nd therefore more corrosion resistnt thn the se met. 2. The s
crifici type, zinc for exmpe, where the met of the coting is ess noe
thn the se met of the fstener. This kind of pting corrodes scrificiy
nd protects the fstener. Noe-met cotings re genery not suite for
threded fsteners-especiy where  cose-toernce fit is invoved. To e eff
ective,  noe-met coting must e t est 0.001 in. thick. Becuse of screw
-thred geometry, however, such pting thickness wi usuy exceed the toer
nce ownces on mny csses of fit for screws. Becuse of dimension necessi
ty, threded fstener cotings, since they operte on  different principe, re
effective in yers s thin s 0.0001 to 0.0002 in. The most widey used scrif
ici ptings for threded fsteners re cdmium, zinc, nd tin. Frequenty, th
e cdmium nd zinc re rendered even more corrosion resistnt y  post-pting
chromte-type conversion tretment. Cdmium pting cn e used t tempertures
to 450F. Aove this imit,  nicke cdmium or nicke-zinc oy pting is recom
mended. This consists of ternte deposits of the two mets which re het-dif
fused into  uniform oy coting tht cn e used for ppictions to 900F. The
oy my so e deposited directy from the pting th. Fstener mteris
for use in the 900 to 1200F rnge (stiness stee, A-286), nd in the 1200 to 180
0F rnge (high-nicke-se super oys) re highy corrosion resistnt nd norm
y do not require protective cotings, except under speci environment conditi
ons. Siver pting is frequenty used in the higher temperture rnges for ur
iction to prevent ging nd seizing, prticury on stiness stee. This p
ting cn cuse  gvnic corrosion proem, however, ecuse of the high noi
ity of the siver. Hydrogen Emrittement: A serious proem, known s hydrogen
emrittement, cn deveop in pted oy stee fsteners. Hydrogen generted d
uring pting cn diffuse into the stee nd emritte the ot. The resut is o
ften  deyed nd tot mechnic fiure, t tensie eves fr eow the the
oretic strength, high-hrdness structur prts re prticury susceptie t
o this condition. The proem cn e controed y crefu seection of pting
formution, proper pting procedure, nd sufficient king to drive off ny re
sidu hydrogen. Another form of hydrogen emrittement, which is more difficut
to contro, my occur fter insttion. Since eectroytic ce ction ier
tes hydrogen t the cthode, it is possie for either gvnic or concentrtion
-ce corrosion to ed to emritting of the ot mteri. Joint Design Certi
n precutions nd design procedures cn e foowed to prevent, or t est mini
mize, ech of the vrious types of corrosion ikey to ttck  threded joint.
The most importnt of these re:
For Direct Attck: Choose the right corrosionresistnt mteri. Usuy  mter
i cn e found tht wi provide the needed corrosion resistnce without scri
fice of other importnt design requirements. Be sure tht the fstener mteri
is comptie with the mteris eing joined. Corrosion resistnce cn e incre
sed y using  conversion coting such s ck oxide or  phosphtese tretm
ent. Aterntivey,  scrifici coting such s zinc pting is effective. For
n inexpensive protective coting, cquer or pint cn e used where condition
s permit. For Gvnic Corrosion: If the condition is severe, eectricy insu
te the ot nd joint from ech other.. The fstener my e pinted with zinc c
hromte primer prior to insttion, or the entire joint cn e coted with c
quer or pint. Another protective mesure is to use  ot tht is cthodic to t
he joint mteri nd cose to it in the gvnic series. When the joint mteri
 is nodic, corrosion wi spred over the greter re of the fstened mteri
s. Conversey, if the ot is nodic, gvnic ction is most severe. Stee Ins
ution wsher Insution gsket
Copper
Stee

FIG. 1.1 A method of eectricy insuting  oted joint to prevent gvnic

corrosion.
For Concentrtion-Ce Corrosion: Keep surfces smooth nd minimize or eiminte
p joints, crevices, nd sems. Surfces shoud e cen nd free of orgnic m
teri nd dirt. Air trpped under  speck of dirt on the surfce of the met
my form n oxygen concentrtion ce nd strt pitting. For mximum protection,
ots nd nuts shoud hve smooth surfces, especiy in the seting res. F
ushhed ots shoud e used where possie. Further, joints cn e seed with
pint or other sent mteri. For Fretting Corrosion: Appy  uricnt (usu
y oi) to mting surfces. Where fretting corrosion is ikey to occur: 1. Spe
cify mteris of mximum prctice hrdness. 2. Use fsteners tht hve resid
u compressive stresses on the surfces tht my e under ttck. 3. Specify m
ximum preod in the joint. A higher cmping force resuts in  more rigid join
t with ess retive movement possie etween mting services.
72

CORROSION IN THREADED FASTENERS

For Stress Corrosion: Choose  fstener mteri tht resists stress corrosion i
n the service environment. Reduce fstener hrdness (if reduced strength cn e
toerted), since this seems to e  fctor in stress corrosion. Minimize crevic
es nd stress risers in the oted joint nd compenste for therm stresses. Re
sidu stresses resuting from sudden chnges in temperture cceerte stress c
orrosion. If possie, induce residu compressive stresses into the surfce of
the fstener y shot-peening or pressure roing. For Corrosion Ftigue: In gene
r, design the joint for high ftigue ife, since the princip effect of this
form of corrosion is reduced ftigue performnce. Fctors extending ftigue perf
ormnce re: 1. Appiction nd mintennce of  high preod. 2. Proper ignme
nt to void ending stresses. If the environment is severe, periodic inspection
is recommended so tht prti fiures my e detected efore the structure is
endngered. As with stress nd fretting corrosion, compressive stresses induced
on the fstener surfces y thred roing, fiet roing, or shot peening wi
reduce corrosion ftigue. Further protection is provided y surfce coting. If
the soution consists of sts of the met itsef,  metion ce is formed,
nd corrosion tkes pce on the surfces in cose contct. The corrosive souti
on etween the two surfces is retivey more stgnnt (nd thus hs  higher c
oncentrtion of met ions in soution) thn the corrosive soution immeditey
outside the crevice. A vrition of the concentrtion ce is the oxygen ce in
which  corrosive medium, such s moist ir, contins different mounts of diss
oved oxygen t different points. Acceerted corrosion tkes pce etween hidd
en surfces (either under the ot hed or nut, or etween oted mteris) nd
is ikey to dvnce without detection. Frettingcorrosive ttck or deteriortio
n occurring etween contining, highy-oded met surfces sujected to very s
ight (virtory) motion. Athough the mechnism is not competey understood, i
t is proy  highy cceerted form of oxidtion under het nd stress. In t
hreded joints, fretting cn occur etween mting threds, t the ering surfc
es under the hed of the screw, or under the nut. It is most ikey to occur in
high tensie, high-frequency, dynmic-od ppictions. There need e no speci
 environment to induce this form of corrosion...merey the presence of ir pus
virtory ruing. It cn even occur when ony one of the mteris in contct
is met. Stress Corrosion Crckingoccurs over  period of time in high-stressed,
high-strength joints. Athough not fuy understood, stress corrosion crcking
is eieved to e cused y the comined nd mutuy cceerting effects of st
tic tensie stress nd corrosive environment. Initi pitting somehow tes p
ce which, in turn, further increses stress uid-up. The effect is cumutive 
nd, in  highy stressed joint, cn resut in sudden fiure. Corrosion Ftiguec
ceerted ftigue fiure occurring in the presence of  corrosive medium. It di
ffers from stress corrosion crcking in tht dynmic ternting stress, rther
thn sttic tensie stress, is the contriuting gent. Corrosion ftigue ffects
the norm endurnce imit of the ot. The convention ftigue curve of  nor
m ot joint eves off t its endurnce imit, or mximum dynmic od tht c
n e sustined indefinitey without ftigue fiure. Under conditions of corros
ion ftigue, however, the curve does not eve off ut continues downwrd to  p
oint of fiure t  finite numer of stress cyces.
TYPES OF CORROSION
Direct Attckmost common form of corrosion ffecting  mets nd structur fo
rms. It is  direct nd gener chemic rection of the met with  corrosive
mediumiquid, gs, or even  soid. Gvnic Corrosionoccurs with dissimir met
s contct. Presence of n eectroyte, which my e nothing more thn n indivi
du tmosphere, cuses corrosive ction in the gvnic coupe. The nodic, or
ess noe mteri, is the scrifici eement. Hence, in  joint of stiness
stee nd titnium, the stiness stee corrodes. One of the worst gvnic join
ts woud consist of mgnesium nd titnium in contct. Concentrtion Ce Corros
iontkes pce with mets in cose proximity nd, unike gvnic corrosion, doe
s not require dissimir mets. When two or more res on the surfce of  met
 re exposed to different concentrtions of the sme soution,  difference in

eectric potenti resuts, nd corrosion tkes pce.

73

GALVANIC CORROSION
Mgnesium Cdmium nd Zinc Pte, Gvnized Stee, Beryium, Cd Auminum Au
minum, 1100, 3003, 5052, 6063, 6061, 356 Stee, (except corrosion-resistnt type
s) Auminum, 2024, 2014, 7075 Led, Led-Tin Soder Tin, Indium, Tin-Led Soder
Stee, AISI 410, 416, 420 Chromium Pte, Tungsten, Moydenum M M M M M M N B
M M N N M N N M N N M N T M M B N N B M M N T M M N N M N B M M N N M N N M N M
B M
M M
M B
B B
T N
T T M M N T N B
T N
B N
M M B B B B
M M B B B B
M M B B B B
M M B B B B
M M B B B B
M M N N B B
M M N N T B
M M N T B B
M M N B N B
M M N N N
M M N
M M
M
Stee, AISI 431, 440; AM 355; PH Stees Leded Brss, Nv Brss, Leded Bronze
Commerci yeow Brss nd Bronze; QQ-B-611 Brss
Copper, Bronze, Brss, Copper Aoys per QQ-C-551, QQ-B-671, MIL-C-20159; Siver
Soder per QQ-S-561
B B B B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B B B
B B B B B B B B

B B B B B B N
B B B B B N
B B B B N
B N N N
N N N
N N
N
KEY: M B B B B B N M B B
Stee, AISI 301, 302, 303, 304, 316, 321, 347, A 286 Nicke-Copper Aoys per QQ
-N-281, QQ-N-286, nd MIL-N-20184 Nicke, Mone, Cot, High-Nicke nd High Co
t Aoys Titnium
Siver, High-Siver Aoys Rhodium, Grphite, Pdium God, Ptinum, God-P
tinum Aoys
LEGEND: N Not comptie B Comptie T Comptie if not exposed within two mi
es of st wter M Comptie when finished with t est one cot of primer
FIG. 19 Mets comptiiity chrt
74

IMPACT PERFORMANCE
THE IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF THREADED FASTENERS
Much hs een written regrding the significnce of the notched r impct testi
ng of stees nd other metic mteris. The Chrpy nd Izod type test rete
notch ehvior (ritteness versus ductiity) y ppying  singe overod of s
tress. The resuts of these tests provide quntitive comprisons ut re not con
vertie to energy vues usefu for engineering design ccutions. The resut
s of n individu test re reted to tht prticur specimen size, notch geom
etry nd testing conditions nd cnnot e generized to other sizes of specimen
s nd conditions. The resuts of these tests re usefu in determining the susce
ptiiity of  mteri to ritte ehvior when the ppied stress is perpendic
ur to the mjor stress. In externy threded fsteners, however, the oding
usuy is ppied in  ongitudin direction. The impct test, therefore, whi
ch shoud e ppice woud e one where the ppied impct stress suppements
the mjor stress. Ony in sher oding on fsteners is the mjor stress in the
trnsverse direction. Considere testing hs een conducted in n effort to d
etermine if  retionship exists etween the Chrpy V notch properties of  mt
eri nd the tension properties of n externy threded fstener mnufctured
from the sme mteri. Some concusions which cn e drwn from the extensive
impct testing re s foows: 1. The tension impct properties of externy th
reded fsteners do not foow the Chrpy V notch impct pttern. 2. Some of the
vries which effect the tension impct properties re: A. The numer of expo
sed threds B. The ength of the fstener C. The retionship of the fstener sh
nk dimeter to the thred re. D. The hrdness or fstener utimte tensie st
rength Foowing re chrts showing tension impct versus Chrpy impct properti
es, the effect of strength nd dimeter on tension impct properties nd the eff
ect of test temperture. Pese note from figure 21 tht whie the Chrpy impct
strength of socket hed cp screw mteris re decresing t su-zero tempert
ures, the tension impct strength of the sme screws is incresing. This compre
s fvore with the effect of cryogenic tempertures on the tensie strength of
the screws. Note the simir increse in tensie strength shown in figure 22. I
t is recommended, therefore, tht ess importnce e ttched to Chrpy impct p
roperties of mteris which re intended to e given to impct properties for t
hreded fsteners. If ny considertion is to e given to impct properties of 
ots or screws, it is dvise to investigte the tension impct properties of
fu size fsteners since this more cosey pproximtes the ctu ppiction.
75

TABLE 20 LOW-TEMPERATURE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ALLOY STEELS

het temperture* composition, % AISI no. C Mn Ni Cr Mo quenching tempering temp
. temp. Hrdness F+ F Rc 300F 200F impct energy, ft.- 100F OF 100F trnsition temp
50% ritte) F
4340
0.38
0.77
1.65
0.93
0.21
1550
400 600 800 1000 1200 800 1000 1200 800 1000 1200 300 800 1000 1200 800 1000 120
0 800 1000 1200 300 800 1000 1200 800 1000 1200 800 1000 1200 800 1000 1200
52 48 44 38 30 48 40 30 49 42 31 42 34 29 19 42 37 29 46 41 31 43 36 29 21 41 34
27 46 38 30 47 41 30
11 10 9 15 15 5 9 12 4 8 5 14 11 16 17 16 17 17 5 11 11 11 8 25 10 7 11 18 5 11
18 4 10 16
15 14 13 18 28 6 10 15 5 8 11 20 16 34 48 17 22 30 8 12 13 16 13 33 85 12 20 28
10 15 22 6 12 18
20 15 16 28 55 10 13 25 8 10 19 28 33 55 103 20 35 55 13 15 17 23 20 65 107 17 4
3 74 14 24 49 10 15 25
21 15 21 36 55 11 18 42 9 12 33 35 55 78 115 25 39 97 15 19 39 35 35 76 115 25 5
3 80 20 40 63 13 20 54
21 16 25 36 55 14 23 43 10 15 38 35 55 78 117 27 69 67 16 22 43 35 45 76 117 31
54 82 23 40 66 16 30 60

130 185 10 110 60 50 190 180 20 150 195 0 155 165

4360
0.57
0.87
1.62
1.08
0.22
1475
4380
0.76

0.91
1.67
1.11
0.21
1450
4620
0.20
0.67
1.85
0.30
0.18
1650
4640
0.43
0.69
1.78
0.29
0.20
1550
4680
0.74
0.77
1.81
0.30
0.21
1450
8620
0.20
0.89
0.60

0.68
0.20
1650
8630
0.34
0.77
0.66
0.62
0.22
1575
8640
0.45
0.78
0.65
0.61
0.20
1550
8660
0.56
0.81
0.70
0.56
0.25
1475
76

IMPACT PERFORMANCE
TYPICAL TENSION IMPACT AND CHARPY IMPACT STANDARD UNBRAKO SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS
TENSION
3/8" SIZE SCREWS TESTED FULL SIZE
UNBRAKO ENGINEERING Chrt No. Dte:
180 TENSION IMPACT FASTENER 160 TENSION IMPACT LBF.-FT.
140
120
100
80
60
40 CHARPY V NOTCH SPECIMEN 20
300
200
100
0
100
200
TEMPERATURE, F
FIG. 21 77

TYPICAL TENSION IMPACT STRENGTH, EFFECT OF FASTENER STRENGTH AND DIAMETER

UNBRAKO ENGINEERING
ROOM TEMPERATURE
Chrt No. Dte:
180
160 TENSION IMPACT LBF.-FT.
140 3/8 120
100
80 5/16 60
40
20 1/4
120
140
160
180
200
220
FASTENER RATED ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH KSI
FIG. 22 78

PRODUCT ENGINEERING BULLETIN

UNBRAKO PRODUCT ENGINEERING BULLETIN
Stndrd Inch Socket Hed Cp Screws Are Not Grde 8 Fsteners
There is  common, yet resone, misconception tht stndrd, inch, oy stee
 socket hed cp screws re Grde 8. This is not true. The misconception is reso
ne ecuse Grde 8 is  term genery ssocited with high strength fsteners. A
person desiring  high strength SHCS my request  Grde 8 SHCS. This is technic
y incorrect for stndrd SHCSs. The term Grde 8 defines specific fstener chr
cteristics which must e met to e ced Grde 8. Three of the most importnt ch
rcteristics re not consistent with requirements for industry stndrd SHCSs: t
ensie strength, hrdness, nd hed mrking. Some sic differences etween seve
r fstener cssifictions re isted eow. The ist is not comprehensive ut
intended to provide  gener understnding. SHCSs cn e mnufctured to meet
Grde 8 requirements on  speci order sis.
Fstener Designtion Appice Stndrd Strength Leve, UTS KSI, min. Hrdness,
Rockwe Gener Mteri Type Identifiction Requirement Typic Fsteners
Grde 2 SAE J429 74 (1/4-3/4) 60 (7/8 - 1 1/2) B80-B100 B70-B100 Low or Medium C
ron Stee None Bots Screws Studs Hex Heds
Grde 5 SAE J429 120 (1/4 - 1) 105 (1 1/8 - 1 1/2) C25-C34 C19-C30 Medium Cron
Stee Three Rdi Lines Bots Screws Studs Hex Heds
Grde 8 SAE J429 150 (1/4 - 11/2)
Industry SHCS ASTM A574 180 (1/2) 170 (> 1/2) C39-C45 C37-C45 Medium Cron Aoy
Stee SHCS Configurtion Socket Hed Cp Screws
Unrko SHCS ASTM A574 SPS-B-271 190 ( 1/2) 180 (> 1/2) C39-C43 C38-C43 Medium C
ron Aoy Stee Mfrs ID Socket Hed Cp Screws
C33-C39 Medium Cron Aoy Stee Six Rdi Lines Bots Screws Studs Hex Heds
79

THREADS IN BOTH SYSTEMS

Thred forms nd designtions hve een the suject of mny ong nd rduous t
tes through the yers. Stndrdiztion in the inch series hs come through mny
chnnes, ut the present unified thred form coud e considered to e the st
ndrd for mny threded products, prticury high strength ones such s socket
hed cp screws, etc. In common usge in U.S.A., Cnd nd United Kingdom re
the Unified Ntion Rdius Corse series, designted UNRC, Unified Ntion Rd
ius Fine series, designted UNRF, nd sever speci series of vrious types, d
esignted UNS. This thred, UNRC or UNRF, is designted y specifying the dimet
er nd threds per inch ong with the suffix indicting the thred series, such
s 1/4 - 28 UNRF. For threds in Metric units,  simir pproch is used, ut
with some sight vritions. A dimeter nd pitch re used to designte the seri
es, s in the Inch system, with modifictions s foows: For corse threds, on
y the prefix M nd the dimeter re necessry, ut for fine threds, the pitch
is shown s  suffix. For exmpe, M16 is  corse thred designtion representi
ng  dimeter of 16 mm with  pitch of 2 mm understood. A simir fine thred p
rt woud e M16 x 1.5 or 16 mm dimeter with  pitch of 1.5 mm. For someone who
hs een using the Inch system, there re  coupe of differences tht cn e 
itte confusing. In the Inch series, whie we refer to threds per inch s pitc
h; ctuy the numer of threds is 1/pitch. Fine threds re referenced y  
rger numer thn corse threds ecuse they fit more threds per inch. In Metric
series, the dimeters re in miimeters, ut the pitch is rey the pitch. Co
nsequenty the corse thred hs the rge numer. The most common metric thred
is the corse thred nd fs genery etween the inch corse nd fine serie
s for  compre dimeter. Aso to e considered in defining threds is the to
ernce nd css of fit to which they re mde. The Interntion Stndrds Org
niztion (ISO) metric system provides for this designtion y dding etters n
d numers in  certin sequence to the cout. For instnce,  thred designte
d s M5 x 0.8 4g6g woud define  thred of 5 mm dimeter, 0.8 mm pitch, with 
pitch dimeter toernce grde 6 nd ownce g. These toernces nd fieds re
defined s shown eow, simir to the Feder Stndrd H28 hndook, which defi
nes  of the dimensions nd toernces for  thred in the inch series. The c
out ove is simir to  designtion css 3A fit, nd hs  ike connottion
.
COMPLETE DESIGNATIONS
Metric Thred Designtion Nomin Size Pitch Toernce Css Designtion M5 X 0.
8 4g6g Toernce Position (Aownce) Toernce Grde Toernce Position (Aow
nce) Toernce Grde ) ) ) ) ) )
Crest Dimeter Toernce Symo
Pitch Dimeter Toernce Symo
80

METRIC THREADS
Exmpe of thred toernce positions nd mgnitudes. Comprision 5/16 UNC nd M
8. Medium toernce grdes Pitch dimeter.
m +200 +150 +100 +50 0 2B
NUT THREAD 5/16 UNC M8
DEVIATIONS
extern h g e intern H G sic cernce none sm rge
6H
Aownce 50 2A 100 160 200 m NOTE:
Lower cse etters = extern threds Cpit etters = intern threds
Aownce = 0 6g 6h After pting
5/16 UNC
Pin
BOLT THREAD
81

THROUGH-HOLE PREPARATION
DRILL AND COUNTERBORE SIZES FOR INCH SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS
Note 1 Cose Fit: Normy imited to hoes for those engths of screws threded
to the hed in ssemies in which: (1) ony one screw is used; or (2) two or m
ore screws re used nd the mting hoes re produced t ssemy or y mtched
nd coordinted tooing. Note 2 Norm Fit: Intended for: (1) screws of retive
y ong ength; or (2) ssemies tht invove two or more screws nd where the
mting hoes re produced y convention toerncing methods. It provides for t
he mximum owe eccentricty of the ongest stndrd screws nd for certin
devitions in the prts eing fstened, such s devitions in hoe strightness;
ngurity etween the xis of the tpped hoe nd tht of the hoe for the sh
nk; differneces in center distnces of the mting hoes nd other devitions. No
te 3 Chmfering: It is considered good prctice to chmfer or rek the edges of
hoes tht re smer thn F mximum in prts in which hrdness pproches, equ
s or exceeds the screw hrdness. If hoes re not chmfered, the heds my not
set propery or the shrp edges my deform the fiets on the screws, mking th
em susceptie to ftigue in ppictions tht invove dynmic oding. The chm
fers, however, shoud not e rger thn needed to ensure tht the heds set pr
opery or tht the fiet on the screw is not deformed. Normy, the chmfers d
o not need to exceed F mximum. Chmfers exceeding these vues reduce the effecti
ve ering re nd introduce the possiiity of indenttion when the prts fst
ened re softer thn screws, or the possiity of rinneing of the heds of th
e screws when the prts re hrder thn the screws. (See F pge 6).
A dri size for hoe A nomin size 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 5/
8 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 sic screw dimeter 0.0600 0.0730 0.0860 0.0990 0.1120
0.1250 0.1380 0.1640 0.1900 0.2500 0.3125 0.0375 0.4375 0.5000 0.6250 0.7500 0.8
750 1.0000 1.2500 1.5000 cose fit nom. 51* 46* 3/32 36* 1/8 9/64 23* 15* 5* 17/
64 21/64 25/64 29/64 33/64 41/64 49/64 57/64 1-1/64 1-9/32 1-17/32 dec. 0.0670 0
.0810 0.0937 0.1065 0.1250 0.1406 0.1540 0.1800 0.2055 0.2656 0.3281 0.3906 0.45
31 0.5156 0.6406 0.7656 0.8906 1.0156 1.2812 1.5312 norm fit nom. 49* 43* 36*
31* 29* 23* 18* 10 2* 9/23 11/32 13/32 15/32 17/32 21/32 25/32 29/32 1-1/32 1-5/
16 1-9/16 dec. 0.0730 0.0890 0.1065 0.1200 0.1360 0.1540 0.1695 0.1935 0.2210 0.
2812 0.3437 0.4062 0.4687 0.5312 0.6562 0.7812 0.9062 1.0312 1.3125 1.5625
X counterore dimeter 1/8 5/32 3/16 7/32 7/32 1/4 9/32 5/16 3/8 7/16 17/32 5/8
23/32 13/16 1 1-3/16 1-3/8 1-5/8 2 2-3/8
C countersink dimeter D
Mx. + 2F(Mx.)
hoe dimensions tp dri size UNRC 1.5mm #50 #47 #43 #38 #36 #29 #25 #7 F 5/16
U 27/64 35/64 21/32 49/64 7/8 1-7/64 34mm UNRF 3/64 #53 #50 #45 #42 #38 #33 #29
#21 #3 I Q 25/64 29/64 14.5mm 11/16 20.5mm 59/64 1-11/64 36mm **ody dri size
#51 #46 3/32 #36 1/8 9/64 #23 #15 #5 17/64 21/64 25/64 29/64 33/64 41/64 49/64 5
7/64 1-1/64 1-9/32 1-17/32 counterore size 1/8 5/32 3/16 7/32 7/32 1/4 9/32 5/1
6 3/8 7/16 17/32 5/8 23/32 13/16 1 1-3/16 1-3/8 1-5/8 2 2-3/8
0.074 0.087 0.102 0.115 0.130 0.145 0.158 0.188 0.218 0.278 0.346 0.415 0.483 0.
552 0.689 0.828 0.963 1.100 1.370 1.640
** Brek edge of ody dri hoe to cer screw fiet. 82

DRILL AND COUNTERBORE SIZES

DRILL AND COUNTERBORE SIZES FOR METRIC SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREWS
Note 1 Cose Fit: Normy imited to hoes for those engths of screws threded
to the hed in ssemies in which: (1) ony one screw is used; or (2) two or m
ore screws re used nd the mting hoes re produced t ssemy or y mtched
nd coordinted tooing. Note 2 Norm Fit: Intended for: (1) screws of retive
y ong ength; or (2) ssemies tht invove two or more screws nd where the
mting hoes re produced y convention toerncing methods. It provides for t
he mximum owe eccentricty of the ongest stndrd screws nd for certin
devitions in the prts eing fstened, such s devitions in hoe strightness;
ngurity etween the xis of the tpped hoe nd tht of the hoe for the sh
nk; differneces in center distnces of the mting hoes nd other devitions. No
te 3 Chmfering: It is considered good prctice to chmfer or rek the edges of
hoes tht re smer thn B mximum in prts in which hrdness pproches, equ
s or exceeds the screw hrdness. If hoes re not chmfered, the heds my not
set propery or the shrp edges my deform the fiets on the screws, mking th
em susceptie to ftigue in ppictions tht invove dynmic oding. The chm
fers, however, shoud not e rger thn needed to ensure tht the heds set pr
opery or tht the fiet on the screw is not deformed. Normy, the chmfers d
o not need to exceed B mximum. Chmfers exceeding these vues reduce the effecti
ve ering re nd introduce the possiiity of indenttion when the prts fst
ened re softer thn screws, or the possiity of rinneing of the heds of th
e screws when the prts re hrder thn the screws.
A Nomin Dri Size Nomin Size or Bsic Screw Dimeter M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5
M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 Cose Fit [Note (1)] 1.80 2.20 2.7
0 3.40 4.40 5.40 6.40 8.40 10.50 12.50 14.50 16.50 20.50 24.50 30.75 37.00 43.00
49.00 Norm Fit [Note (2)] 1.95 2.40 3.00 3.70 4.80 5.80 6.80 8.80 10.80 12.80
14.75 16.75 20.75 24.75 31.75 37.50 44.0 50.00
X
Y Countersink Dimeter [Note (3)] 2.0 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.7 5.7 6.8 9.2 11.2 14.2 16.2
18.2 22.4 26.4 33.4 39.4 45.6 52.6
B
Counterore Dimeter 3.50 4.40 5.40 6.50 8.25 9.75 11.25 14.25 17.25 19.25 22.25
25.50 31.50 37.50 47.50 56.50 66.00 75.00
Trnsition Dimeter, Mx. 2.0 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.7 5.7 6.8 9.2 11.2 14.2 16.2 18.2 22
.4 26.4 33.4 39.4 45.6 52.6
83

HARDNESS TENSILE CONVERSION

INCH ROCKWELL BRINELL TENSILE CONVERSION
Rockwe C sce 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 Brine hrdne
ss numer 654 634 615 595 577 560 543 524 512 500 488 476 464 453 442 430 419 te
nsie strength pprox. 1000 psi 336 328 319 310 301 292 283 274 265 257 249 241
233 225 219 212 206 Rockwe C sce 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29
28 27 Brine hrdness numer 408 398 387 377 367 357 347 337 327 318 309 301 29
4 285 279 272 265 tensie strength pprox. 1000 psi 200 194 188 181 176 170 165
160 155 150 147 142 139 136 132 129 126 Rockwe C B sce sce 26 25 24 23 22 21 2
0 (19) (18) (17) (16) (15) (14) (13) (12) (11) (10) 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92
Brine hrdness numer 259 253 247 241 235 230 225 220 215 210 206 201 197 193
190 186 183 tensie strength pprox. 1000 psi 123 120 118 115 112 110 107 104 10
3 102 100 99 97 96 93 91 90
METRIC ROCKWELL BRINELL TENSILE CONVERSION
Rockwe C sce 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 Brine hrdne
ss numer 654 634 615 595 577 560 543 524 512 500 488 476 464 453 442 430 419 te
nsie strength pprox. MP 2,317 2,261 2,199 2,137 2,075 2,013 1,951 1,889 1,827
1,772 1,717 1,662 1,606 1,551 1,510 1,462 1,420 Rockwe C sce 43 42 41 40 39 3
8 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 Brine hrdness numer 408 398 387 377 367 3
57 347 337 327 318 309 301 294 285 279 272 265 tensie strength pprox. MP 1,37
9 1,338 1,296 1,248 1,213 1,172 1,138 1,103 1,069 1,034 1,014 979 958 938 910 88
9 869 Rockwe C B sce sce 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 (19) (18) (17) (16) (15) (14) (1
3) (12) (11) (10) 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 Brine hrdness numer 259 253 24
7 241 235 230 225 220 215 210 206 201 197 193 190 186 183 tensie strength ppro
x. MP 848 827 814 793 772 758 738 717 710 703 690 683 669 662 641 627 621
84

THREAD STRESS AREAS

Inch nd Metric
STRESS AREAS FOR THREADED FASTENERS INCH
Threds Per in. Dimeter (in.) #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #8 #10 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2
9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-1/2 1-3/4 2 2-1/4 2-1/2 2-3/4 3 0.06 0.0
7 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.63 0.75 0.8
8 1.00 1.13 1.25 1.38 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 Dimeter (mm) 1.52 1.85
2.18 2.51 2.84 3.18 3.51 4.17 4.83 6.35 7.94 9.53 11.11 12.70 14.29 15.88 19.05
22.23 25.40 28.58 31.75 34.93 38.10 44.45 50.80 57.15 63.50 69.85 76.20 UNRC 64
56 48 40 40 32 32 24 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 5 4-1/2 4-1/2 4 4 4 UN
RF 80 72 64 56 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 24 20 20 18 18 16 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
12 12 12 UNRC 0.00263 0.00370 0.00487 0.00604 0.00796 0.00909 0.0140 0.0175 0.0
318 0.0524 0.0775 0.1063 0.1419 0.182 0.226 0.334 0.462 0.606 0.763 0.969 1.155
1.405 1.90 2.50 3.25 4.00 4.93 5.97 Squre Inches Tensie Stress Are Per H-28 U
NRF 0.00180 0.00278 0.00394 0.00523 0.00661 0.00830 0.01015 0.01474 0.0200 0.036
4 0.0580 0.0878 0.1187 0.1599 0.203 0.256 0.373 0.509 0.663 0.856 1.073 1.315 1.
581 2.19 2.89 3.69 4.60 5.59 6.69 Nomin Shnk 0.002827 0.004185 0.005809 0.007
698 0.009852 0.012272 0.014957 0.021124 0.028353 0.049087 0.076699 0.11045 0.150
33 0.19635 0.25 0.31 0.44179 0.60132 0.79 0.99402 1.2272 1.4849 1.7671 2.4053 3.
1416 3.9761 4.9088 5.9396 7.0686
STRESS AREAS FOR THREADED FASTENERS METRIC
Nomin Di. Thred nd Pitch (mm) 1.6 x 0.35 2.0 x 0.4 2.5 x 0.45 3.0 x 0.5 4.0
x 0.7 5.0 x 0.8 6.0 x 1 8.0 x 1.25 10 x 1.5 12 x 1.75 14 x 2 16 x 2 Thred Tens
ie Stress Are (mm2) 1.27 2.07 3.39 5.03 8.78 14.2 20.1 36.6 58.00 84.3 115 157
Nomin Shnk Are (mm2) 2.01 3.14 4.91 7.07 12.6 19.6 28.3 50.3 78.5 113 154 2
01 Nomin Di. Thred nd Pitch (mm) 18 x 2.5 20 x 2.5 22 x 2.5 24 x 3 27 x 3 3
0 x 3.5 33 x 3.5 36 x 4 42 x 4.5 48 x 5 Thred Tensie Stress Are (mm2) 192 245
303 353 459 561 694 817 1120 1470 Nomin Shnk Are (mm2) 254 314 380 452 573
707 855 1018 1385 1810
85

ENGINEERING PART NUMBERS INCH

Unrko provides  stock numer for every stndrd, stocked item in its price i
st. However, there my e prticur sizes or option fetures the user my des
ire. The foowing prt numering system ows the engineer or designer to reco
rd  prticur description for ordering.
Aoy Stee 20097
Dried Hed (3) H3
#4 -94
UNRC C
1 1/2" -24
Cdmium Pte C
FINISH B Chemic Bck Oxide C Cdmium Pte Siver D Cdmium Pte Yeow
S Siver Pte U Zinc Pte Siver Z Zinc Pte Yeow
No etter
ssivtion
ETER*
DIA. DASH
94 #5 95

indictes stndrd ck finish (Therm Oxide) for oy stee nd p
for stiness stee. LENGTH in 16ths THREAD TYPE C corse, F fine DIAM
NO. DIA. DASH NO. #0 90 5/8 10 #1 91 3/4 12 #2 92 7/8 14 #3 93 1 16 #4
#6 96 #8 98 #10 3 1/4 4 2 32 5/16 5 3/8 6 7/16 7 1/2 8 3 48 9/16 9

1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 3/4 18 20 22 24 28

2 1/4 2 1/2 2 3/4 36 40 44
OPTIONAL FEATURES Cross Dried Heds: H1 1 Hoe Thru H2 2 Hoe2 Thru H3 3 Hoes
Thru
Sef-Locking: E LOC-WEL to MIL-DTL18240 L LOC-WEL (Commerci) P Nyon Pug TF T
RU-FLEX K Nyon Pug to MIL-DTL18240
BASE NUMBER 20097 socket hed cp screw oy stee 20098 socket hed cp screw
stiness stee 72531 ow hed cp screw 12705 shouder screw 16990 ft hed c
p screw oy stee 16991 ft hed cp screw stiness stee 38030 utton hed
cp screw oy 38031 utton hed cp screw stiness stee 05455 squre hed c
p screw knured cup 05456 squre hed cp screw hf dog Set Screws Aoy Stee
28700 28701 28704 28702 28705 28706 Stiness Stee 28707 28708 28709 28710 2871
1 28713
ft point cup point knured cup point cone point ov point hf dog point
* Shouder screws re designted y shouder dimeter
86

OPTIONAL PART NUMBERING SYSTEM

PRESSURE PLUG PART NUMBERS
Bsic Prt No. Mteri 29466 A 1/4" -4 Finish C
FINISH

B Chemic Bck Oxide C Cdmium Pte-Siver D Cdmium Pte-Yeow S Siver P

te U Zinc Pte Siver Z Zinc Pte Yeow A Austenitic Stiness D Auminum E
Brss No etter oy stee
NOMINAL SIZE IN 16ths OPTIONAL FEATURES BASIC PART NUMBER ** Stndrd stock vi
e in ustenitic stiness stee, rss, nd oy ony ** Stndrd stock v
ie in ustenitic stiness stee, nd oy ony
29466 dry se *38194 LEVEL-SEAL **69188 PTFE/TEFLON coted
DOWEL PINS PART NUMBERS
dowe pin 28420 1/4" 250 .001 oversize B 1/2" 8
The Prt numer consists of (1)  sic prt numer descriing the item; (2)  d
sh numer nd etter designting dimeter nd oversize dimension; (3)  dsh nu
mer designting ength. LENGTH in 16ths OVERSIZE A-.0002, B-.001, C-.002 (see 
eow) DIAMETER in thousndths BASIC PART NUMBER 28420 Stndrd Dowe Pins 69382
Pu-Out Dowe Pins
HEX KEYS PART NUMBERS
ong rm 05854 1/4" 13
The Prt numer consists of (1)  sic prt numer descriing the item; (2)  d
sh numer designting size nd  etter denoting finish. FINISH Stndrd Bck
Finish (Therm Oxide)
See dsh numer in dimension te pge 32 BASIC PART NUMBER 05853 short rm wre
nch 05854 ong rm wrench 78950-6" ong rm wrench
87

ENGINEERING PART NUMBERS METRIC

Aoy Stee 76000
Dried Hed (3) H3
4MM Di. -M4
Thred Pitch -0.7
Length -12
Cdmium Pte C
FINISH B Chemic Bck Oxide C Cdmium Pte Siver D Cdmium Pte Yeow
S Siver Pte U Zinc Pte Siver Z Zinc Pte Yeow
No etter indictes stndrd ck finish (Therm Oxide) for
ssivtion for stiness stee. LENGTH in mm THREAD TYPE STATE
TER in mm* OPTIONAL FEATURES Cross Dried Heds: H1 1 Hoe
H3 3 Hoes Thru Sef-Locking: E LOC-WEL to MIL-DTL-18240
P Nyon Pug TF TRU-FLEX K Nyon Pug to MIL-DTL-18240

oy stee nd p

THREAD PITCH DIAME
Thru H2 2 Hoe2 Thru
L LOC-WEL (Commerci)

BASE NUMBER 76000 metric socket hed cp screw oy stee 76001 metric socket h
ed cp screw stiness stee 76002 metric ow hed cp screw oy 76032 metric
ow hed cp screw stiness stee 76005 metric ft hed cp screw oy stee
76006 metric ft hed cp screw stiness stee 76003 metric utton hed cp s
crew oy 76004 metric utton hed cp screw stiness stee 76007 metric shou
der screw oy Metric Set Screws Aoy Stiness Stee Stee 76010 76016 76011
76017 76012 76018 76013 76019 76014 76020 76015 76021
ft point cup point knured cup point cone point ov point hf dog point
* Shouder screws re designted y shouder dimeter
88

METRIC
HEX KEYS PART NUMBERS (METRIC)
ong rm 76023 5mm 5
The Prt numer consists of (1)  sic prt numer descriing the item; (2)  d
sh numer designting size.
FINISH Stndrd Bck Finish (Therm Oxide)
Key size in mm BASIC PART NUMBER 76022 short rm wrench 76023 ong rm wrench
DOWEL PINS PART NUMBERS (METRIC)
dowe pin 76024 6mm 6 .0275 oversize B 8mm 8
The Prt numer consists of (1)  sic prt numer descriing the item; (2)  d
sh numer nd etter designting dimeter nd oversize dimension; (3)  dsh nu
mer designting ength. LENGTH in mm OVERSIZE A-.0055, B-.0275mm DIAMETER in mm
BASIC PART NUMBER 76024 Stndrd Dowe Pins 76035 Pu-Out Dowe Pins
89

Advntges uit into every deti.

THE UNBRAKO DIFFERENCE Your ppiction demnds  fstener which outperforms 
others. We uid our products for ife, to hep you uid your products for if
e. Whts hoding your product together?
HIGHER MIN ULT TENSILE 10,000 PSI stronger thn industry stndrd COMPOUND FILLE
T RADIUS Doues ftigue ife t critic hed-shnk juncture WIDE RADIUS THREAD
S Mximizes ftigue resistnce where its needed most 3R (RADIUSED ROOT RUNOUT) TH
READ Increses ftigue ife up to 300% E CODE LOT CODE MARKINGS The utimte in f
stener trceiity
CALL FOR A SAMPLE AND EXPERIENCE THE UNBRAKO DIFFERENCE FOR YOURSELF.
SPS Technoogies Limited Unrko Division Grovends Industri Estte Exh, C
oventry CV7 9ND, Engnd Phone: 44-247-658-5050 Fx: 44-247-658-5055
FORM 5519 REV. D-15M-08-04
BUILT FOR LIFE.
SPS Interntion Ltd. Shnnon Industri Estte Shnnon, County Cre, Irend
Phone: 353-61-716-500 Fx: 353-61-716-584 Emi: unrko.europe@spstech.com Unr
ko Pty. Limited Norc Rod, Nunwding Victori 3131 Austri Phone: 61-3-989
4-0026 Fx: 61-3-9894-0038 Emi: info@spstech.com.u Unrko North Americ SPS
Technoogies 4444 Lee Rod, Cevend, Ohio 44128-2902 Phone: 216-581-3000 Fx:
800-225-5777 Emi: unrkoses@spstech.com
Printed in USA

THREAD CONVERSION CHARTS

DIAMETER/THREAD PITCH COMPARISON
INCH SERIES Size #0 Di. (In.) 0.060 TPI 80 M1.6 #1 0.073 64 M2 #2 0.096 56 M2.5
#3 #4 0.099 0.112 48 40 M3 #5 #6 0.125 0.138 40 32 M4 #8 #10 0.164 0.190 32 24
M5 M6 1/4 5/16 0.250 0.312 20 18 M8 3/8 0.375 16 M10 7/16 0.437 14 M12 1/2 0.500
13 M14 5/8 0.625 11 M16 3/4 0.750 10 M20 7/8 0.875 9 M24 1 1.000 8 M27 1.063 3
8.5 0.945 3 8.5 0.787 2.5 10 0.63 2 12.5 0.551 2 12.5 0.472 1.75 14.5 0.393 1.5
17 0.315 1.25 20 0.196 0.236 0.8 1.00 32 25 0.157 0.7 36 0.118 0.5 51 0.098 0.45
56 0.079 0.4 64 0.063 0.35 74 Size Di.(In.) METRIC Pitch (mm) TPI (Approx)
34

* MUST BE OF SECONDARY PREFERANCE

*
*
*
*
*
*
PREPARED BY: B.ARTHANAREESWARAN