INTRODUCTION OF PETRONAS

Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) established in 1974, is Malaysias fully integrated

oil and gas multinational ranked among the largest corporations on FORTUNE Global 500.
As the custodian for Malaysias national oil and gas resources, we explore, produce and
deliver energy to meet societys growing needs.
The growing demand for energy inspires and strengthens our purpose to steadily drive for
new solutions and push boundaries towards a sustainable energy future.
Petronas apply innovative approaches to technology which helps us unlock and maximise
energy sources from even the most remote and difficult environments. Our fully integrated
value chain spans from exploration to marketing, logistics to technological infrastructures,
with operations in over 50 countries around the world.
Throughout our rapidly expanding network and steady growth trajectory, PETRONAS has
consistently and successfully implemented various social, environmental and community
programmes, guided by its larger Corporate Sustainability Framework, in carrying out
business in a socially responsible and holistic manner for the benefit of both the present and
future generations.
Since its incorporation, Petronas has grown to be an integrated international oil and gas
company with business interests in 35 countries. As of the end of March 2005, the Petronas
Group comprised 103 wholly owned subsidiaries, 19 partly owned outfits and 57 associated
companies. Together, these companies make the Petronas Group, which is involved in various
oil and gas based activities. The Financial Times has identified PETRONAS as one of the
"new seven sisters":[6] the most influential and mainly state-owned national oil and gas
companies from countries outside theOECD.
The group is engaged in a wide spectrum of petroleum activities,
including upstream exploration and production of oil and gas to downstream oil refining;
marketing and distribution of petroleum products; trading; gas processing andliquefaction;
gas transmission pipeline network operations; marketing of liquefied natural
gas; petrochemicalmanufacturing and marketing; shipping; automotive engineering; and
property investment.

PETRONAS provides a substantial source of income for the Malaysian government, with
45% of the government's budget dependent on PETRONAS' dividend, moreover in 2011
government actual balance has 5 percent deficit of Gross Domestic Product.[7]
The company is headquartered at the Petronas Towers which was officially opened on
Malaysia's 42nd National Day, 31 August 1998 in the corporation's 24th Anniversary year.
On 26 February 2015, Petronas cut its 2015 capital expenditures budget after reporting a $2
billion fourth quarter loss, the companys first loss since it began reporting quarterly results
five years ago.

Core business
PETRONAS has come a long way from managing the work of foreign production sharing
contractors. We have evolved our own upstream capabilities and ventured into the entire
spectrum of downstream activities to add value to our petroleum resources.
With our strategy of integration, adding value and globalisation, PETRONAS continues to
deliver excellence towards realising our vision of becoming a leading oil and gas
multinational of choice.
Our business strategy to drive long term corporate growth and profitability mandates a
holistic approach in responsibly managing the Health, Safety and Environment. The
Company takes proactive steps through product stewardship commitment to continually
comply with the global regulatory requirement and communicating safe management of our
products with our stakeholders.
The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) portal, developed as part of our chemicals management
programme, provides valuable information on hazard communication and safe handling of
our products.

The group is engaged in a wide spectrum of petroleum activities,

including upstream exploration and production of oil and gas to downstream oil refining;
marketing and distribution of petroleum products; trading; gas processing and liquefaction;
gas transmission pipeline network operations; marketing of liquefied natural
gas; petrochemical manufacturing and marketing; shipping; automotive engineering; and
property investment.
Upstream
Our goal is to make a difference in meeting energy needs. We explore, produce and develop
oil and gas resources in Malaysia and abroad to deliver long term value to all our
stakeholders.
With onshore prospects in Canada, exploration in South America and deepwater drilling in
Brunei, we are venturing into a broad portfolio of reserves and playtypes, applying innovative
technology and developing niche technical solutions to maximise our hydrocarbon potential.
Downstream
PETRONAS Downstream Business plays a strategic role in enhancing the value of
Malaysias oil and gas resources through its integrated operations in refining, trading and
marketing of crude oil and petroleum products locally and internationally, as well as through
the manufacturing and marketing of petrochemical products.
We own and operate three refineries in Malaysia and one in Durban, South Africa,
through our majority shareholding in Engen Petroleum Limited (Engen). The petroleum
produced from these refineries are marketed through our network of service stations around
the world. Aside from leading the petrochemical business in Malaysia, we are also one of the
largest producers in Southeast Asia.
As part of a global network of integrated solutions to synergise our value chain, PETRONAS
also engages in building the infrastructure for gas and power utilities in Malaysia and abroad.
We strive towards advancing technologies and developing niche technologies to enhance our
core businesses.

Organization chart

INTRODUCTION OF SONY

Sony began in the wake of World War II. In 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in
a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight
employees. In the following year he was joined by his colleague, [clarification needed] Akio
Morita

and

they

founded

company

called

Tokyo

Tsushin

Kogyo

(Tokyo

Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). The company built Japan's first tape recorder,
called the Type-G. In 1958 the company changed its name to "Sony". When Tokyo Tsushin
Kogyo was looking for a Romanized name to use to market them, they strongly considered
using their initials, TTK. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo
Kyuko was known as TTK. The company occasionally used the acronym "Totsuko" in Japan,
but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble
pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was "Tokyo
Teletech" until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using
Teletech as a brand name. The name "Sony" was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words.
One was the Latin word "Sonus", which is the root of sonic and sound and the other, was
"Sonny", a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan
"sonny boys", was a loan word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young
men, which Sony founders Akio Morita and Masaru Ibuka considered them to be. The first
Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955 but the company name
did not change to Sony until January 1958. At the time of the change, it was extremely
unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in
kanji. The move was not without opposition: TTK's principal bank at the time, Mitsui, had
strong feelings about the name. They pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries,
or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company name tied
to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Bank's chairman gave their
approval

SONY PRODUCT

Consumer electronics are electronic or digital equipment intended for everyday use, typically
in private homes. Consumer electronics include devices used for entertainment (flat screen
TVs, DVD players, DVD movies, iPods, video games, remote control cars, etc.),
communications (telephones, cell phones, e-mail-capable laptops, etc.) and home office
activities (e.g., desktop computers, printers, paper shredders, etc.). In British English they are
often called brown goods by producers and sellers, to distinguish them from "white goods"
such as washing machines and refrigerators. In the 2010s, this distinction is not always
present in large big box consumer electronics stores, such as Best Buy, which sell both
entertainment, communications and home office devices and kitchen appliances such as
refrigerators. Consumer electronics stores differ from professional audio stores in that the
former sells consumer-grade electronics for private use, whereas the latter sells professionalgrade electronics designed for use by audio engineers and audio technicians. Radio
broadcasting in the early 20th century brought the first major consumer product, the
broadcast receiver. Later products included telephones, personal computers, MP3 players,
audio equipment, televisions (first cathode ray tube TVs, then in the 2000s, flat screen TVs),
calculators, GPS, automotive electronics (car stereos), video game consoles, electronic
musical instruments, karaoke machines, digital cameras and players and recorders using
video media such as VCRs in the 1980s and 1990s, followed by DVDs andBlu-ray discs.
Stores also sell digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones and smartphones. In the 2000s, most
products have become based on digital technologies, and have largely merged with the
computer industry in what is increasingly referred to as the consumerism of information
technology.

SONY SERVICES
Financial services are the economic services provided by the finance industry, which
encompasses a broad range of businesses that manage money, including credit unions, banks,
credit-card companies, insurance companies, accountancy companies, consumer-finance
companies, stock brokerages, investment funds and some government-sponsored enterprises.

Organization Chart

Singapore
The countries background
Singapore officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the Lion City,
the Garden City, and the Red Dot, is a global city in Southeast Asia and the world's
only island city-state. It lies one degree (137 km) north of the equator, at the
southernmost tip of continental Asia and peninsular Malaysia, with Indonesias Riau
Islands to the south. Singapore's territory consists of the diamond-shaped main island,
Pulau Ujong or Singapore Island, and 62 islets. Since independence, extensive land
reclamation has increased its total size by 23% (130 km2), and its greening policy has
covered the densely populated island with tropical flora, parks and gardens.
The islands were settled from the second century AD by a series of local empires. In
1819, Sir Stamford Raffles founded modern Singapore as a trading post of the East
India Company, after the company collapsed, the islands were ceded to Britain and
became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826. During World War II, Singapore was
occupied by Japan. It gained independence from Britain in 1963, by uniting with other
former British territories to form Malaysia, but was expelled two years later over
ideological differences. After early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural
resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an one of the Four Asian
Tiger economies, based on external trade and its human capital.
Singapore is a global commerce, financial and transportation hub. Its standings
include: "Easiest place to do business" (World Bank) for ten consecutive years, most
"Technology-ready" nation (EIU), top "International meetings city" (UIA), city with
"Best investment potential" (BERI), 2nd-most competitive country (WEF), 3rd-largest
foreign exchange centre, 4th-largest financial centre, 3rd-largest oil refining and
trading centre and one of the top two busiest container ports since the 1990s.
Singapore's best known global brands include Singapore Airlines and Changi Airport,
both amongst the most-awarded in their industry; SIA is also rated by Fortune surveys
as Asia's "most admired company". For the past decade, it is the only Asian country
with the top AAA sovereign rating from all major credit rating agencies, including
S&P, Moody's and Fitch.

Singapore ranks high on its national social policies, leading Asia and 11th globally, on
the Human Development Index (UN), notably on key measures of education,
healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, housing. Although income
inequality is high, 90% of citizens own their homes, and the country has one of the
highest per capita incomes, with low taxes. The cosmopolitan nation is home to 5.5
million residents, 38% of whom are permanent residents and other foreign nationals.
Singaporeans are mostly bilingual, with English as their common language and a
second mother-tongue language. Its cultural diversity is reflected in its extensive
"hawker" cuisine and major ethnic festivals Chinese, Malay, Indian, Western which
are all national holidays. In 2015, Lonely Planet and The New York Times listed
Singapore as their top and 6th best world destination to visit respectively.
The nation's core principles are meritocracy, multiculturalism and secularism. It is
noted for its effective, pragmatic and incorrupt governance and civil service, which
together with its rapid development policies, is widely cited as the "Singapore model".
Gallup polls shows 84% of its residents expressed confidence in the national
government, one of the highest ratings recorded. Singapore has significant influence
on global affairs relative to its size, leading some analysts to classify it as a middle
power. It is ranked as Asia's most influential city and 4th in the world by Forbes.
Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system
of unicameral parliamentary government. The People's Action Party has won every
election since self-government in 1959. One of the five founding members of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Singapore is also the host of the
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat, and a member of the East
Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations.

Currency
Between 1845 and 1939, Singapore used the Straits dollar. This was
replaced by the Malayan dollar, and, from 1953, the Malaya and
British Borneo dollar which were issued by the Board of
Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo.
Singapore continued to use the common currency upon joining Malaysia in 1963, but
only two years after Singapore's expulsion and independence from Malaysia in 1965,
the monetary union between Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei broke down. Singapore
established the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore, on 7 April 1967 and
issued its first coins and notes. Nevertheless, the Singapore dollar was exchangeable
at par with the Malaysian ringgit until 1973, and interchangeability with the Brunei
dollar is still maintained.
Initially, the Singapore dollar was pegged to the British pound sterling at a rate of
S$60 = 7. This peg lasted until the demise of the Sterling Area due to the Nixon
Shock in the early 1970s, after which the Singapore dollar was linked to the US dollar
for a short time. As Singapore's economy grew and its trade links diversified to many
other countries and regions, Singapore moved towards pegging its currency against a
fixed and undisclosed trade-weighted basket of currencies from 1973 to 1985.
From 1985 onwards, Singapore adopted a more market-oriented exchange regime,
classified as a Monitoring Band, in which the Singapore dollar is allowed to float
(within an undisclosed bandwidth of a central parity) but closely monitored by the
Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) against a concealed basket of currencies of
Singapore's major trading partners and competitors. This, in theory, allows the
Singaporean government to have more control over imported inflation and to ensure
that Singapore's exports remain competitive.
Before 1970, the various monetary functions associated with a central bank were
performed by several government departments and agencies. As Singapore
progressed, the demands of an increasingly complex banking and monetary
environment necessitated streamlining the functions to facilitate the development of a
more dynamic and coherent policy on monetary matters. Therefore, parliament passed
the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act in 1970, leading to the formation of MAS
on 1 January 1971. The MAS Act gave the MAS the authority to regulate all elements
of monetary, banking, and financial aspects of Singapore.
On 31 March 2003, the Board of Commissioners of Currency Singapore (BCCS)
merged with the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), which took over the
responsibility of banknote issuance.

Political system practices

Singapore is a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral
parliamentary government representing constituencies. The country's constitution
establishes a representative democracy as the political system. Executive power rests
with the Cabinet of Singapore, led by the Prime Minister and, to a much lesser extent,
the President. The President is elected through a popular vote, and has veto powers
over a specific set of executive decisions, such as the use of the national reserves and
the appointment of judges, but otherwise occupies a largely ceremonial post.
The Parliament serves as the legislative branch of the government. Members of
Parliament (MPs) consist of elected, non-constituency and nominated members.
Elected MPs are voted into the Parliament on a first-past-the-post (plurality) basis
and represent either single-member or group representation constituencies. The
People's Action Party has won control of Parliament with large majorities in every
election since self-governance was secured in 1959.
Although the elections are clean, there is no independent electoral authority and the
government has strong influence on the media. Freedom House ranks Singapore as
"partly free" in its Freedom in the World report, and The Economist ranks Singapore
as a "flawed democracy", the second best rank of four, in its Democracy Index.
Despite this, in the 2011 Parliamentary elections, the opposition, led by the Workers
Party, increased its representation to seven elected MPs. In the 2015 elections, PAP
scored a landslide victory, winning 83 of 89 seats contested, with 70% of popular
votes. Gallup polls reported 84% of residents in Singapore expressed confidence in
the government one of the highest ratings in the world.
Singapore's governance model eschews populist politics, focusing on the nation's
long-term interest, and is known to be clean, effective and pragmatic. As a small
nation highly dependent on external trade, it is vulnerable to geo-politics and global
economics. It places great emphasis on security and stability of the region in its
foreign policies, and applies global best practices to ensure the nation's attractiveness
as an investment destination and business hub.
The legal system of Singapore is based on English common law, but with substantial
local differences. Trial by jury was abolished in 1970 so that judicial decisions would
rest entirely in the hands of appointed judges. Singapore has penalties that include
judicial corporal punishment in the form of caning, which may be imposed for such
offences as rape, rioting, vandalism, and certain immigration offences. There is a
mandatory death penalty for murder, as well as for certain aggravated drug-trafficking
and firearms offences.

Economy system practices

a Pre-independence economy
Before independence in 1965, Singapore was the capital of the British Straits
Settlements, a Crown Colony. Because it held the main British naval base in East
Asia and the largest dry dock of its time, Singapore was commonly described in
the press as the 'Gibraltar of the East'. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 led
to a major increase in trade between Europe and Asia, helping Singapore become
a major world trade centre, and the Port of Singapore became the largest and
busiest ports in the world from the 1990s. Prior to 1965, Singapore had a GDP per
capita of $511. After independence, the combination of foreign direct investment
and a state-led drive for industrialization, based on plans by Goh Keng Swee and
Albert Winsemius, started the expansion of the country's economy.

b Modern-day economy
Singapore has a highly developed market economy, based historically on extended
entrepot trade. Along with Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan, Singapore is
one of the original Four Asian Tigers, but has surpassed its peers in terms of GDP
per capita. The Singaporean economy is known as one of the freest, most
innovative, most competitive, most dynamic and most business-friendly. The 2015
Index of Economic Freedom ranks Singapore as the second freest economy in the
world. According to the Corruption Perceptions Index, Singapore is consistently
ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, along with New Zealand
and the Scandinavian countries. For the past decade, Singapore has been the only
Asian country to receive the top-tier AAA sovereign ratings from all major credit
rating agencies, including Standard & Poor's, Moody's, Fitch. Globally, it is one of
only nine countries with AAA rating from the Big Three (credit rating agencies).
Singapore attracts a large amount of foreign investment as a result of its location,
corruption-free environment, skilled workforce, low tax rates and advanced
infrastructure. There are more than 7,000 multinational corporations from the
United States, Japan, and Europe in Singapore. There are also approximately
1,500 companies from China and a similar number from India. Foreign firms are
found in almost all sectors of the country's economy. Singapore is also the secondlargest foreign investor in India. Roughly 44 percent of the Singaporean
workforce is made up of non-Singaporeans. Over ten free-trade agreements have
been signed with other countries and regions. Despite market freedom,
Singapore's government operations have a significant stake in the economy,
contributing 22% of the GDP.

c Industry sectors

Globally, Singapore is a leader in several economic sectors, including 3rd-largest

foreign exchange centre, 4th-leading financial centre, 2nd-largest casino gambling
market, 3rd-largest oil-refining and trading centre, world's largest oil-rig producer
and major hub for ship repair services, world's top logistics hub. Moreover,
Tourism forms a large part of the economy, with over 15 million tourists visiting
the city-state in 2014. To expand the sector, casinos were legalized in 2005, but
only two licenses for "Integrated Resorts" were issued, to control money
laundering and addiction. Singapore also promotes itself as a medical tourism hub
is about 200,000 foreigners seek medical care there each year. Singapore medical
services aim to serve at least one million foreign patients annually and generate
USD3 billion in revenue. In 2015, Lonely Planet and The New York Times listed
Singapore as their top and 6th best world destination to visit respectively.
Singapore is an education hub, with more than 80,000 international students in
2006. 5,000 Malaysian students cross the JohorSingapore Causeway daily to
attend schools in Singapore. In 2009, 20% of all students in Singaporean
universities were international students, a majority from ASEAN, China and India.

Culture

a Languages, religions, and cultures

Singapore is a very diverse and young country. It has many languages, religions,
and cultures for a country its size. Languages, religions and cultures among

Singaporeans are not delineated according to skin colour or ancestry, unlike many
other countries. Among Chinese Singaporeans, one in five is Christian, another
one in five is atheist, and the rest are mostly Buddhists or Taoists. One-third speak
English as their home language, while half speak Mandarin Chinese. The rest
speak other Chinese varieties at home. Most Malays in Singapore speak Malay as
their home language with some speaking English. Singaporean Indians are much
more religious. Only 1% of them are atheists. Six in ten are Hindu, two in ten
Muslim, and the rest mostly Christian. Four in ten speak English as their home
language, three in ten Tamil, one in ten Malay, and the rest other Indian languages
as their home language. Each Singaporean's behaviors and attitudes would
therefore be influenced by, among many other things, his or her home language
and his religion. Singaporeans who speak English as their native language tend to
lean toward Western culture, while those who speak Chinese as their native
language tend to lean toward Chinese culture and Confucianism. Malay speaking
Singaporeans tend to lean toward the Malay culture, which itself is closely linked
to the Islamic culture.

b Attitudes and beliefs

At the national level in Singapore, meritocracy, where one is judged based on
one's ability, is heavily emphasized. Racial and religious harmony is regarded by
Singaporeans as a crucial part of Singapore's success, and played a part in
building a Singaporean identity. Singapore has a reputation as a nanny state. The
national flower of Singapore is the hybrid orchid, Vanda 'Miss Joaquim', named in
memory of a Singapore-born Armenian woman, who crossbred the flower in her
garden at Tanjong Pagar in 1893. Many national symbols such as the Coat of
arms of Singapore and the Lion head symbol of Singapore make use of the lion, as
Singapore is known as the Lion City. Other monikers by which Singapore is
widely known is the Garden City and the Red Dot. Public holidays in Singapore
cover major Chinese, Western, Malay and Indian festivals.

c Cuisine
Dining, along with shopping, is said to be the country's national pastime. The
focus on food has led countries like Australia to attract Singaporean tourists with
food-based itineraries. The diversity of food is touted as a reason to visit the
country, and the variety of food representing different ethnicities is seen by the
government as a symbol of its multiculturalism. The "national fruit" of Singapore
is the durian. In popular culture, food items belong to a particular ethnicity, with
Chinese, Malay, and Indian food clearly defined. However, the diversity of cuisine
has been increased further by the "hybridisation" of different styles (e.g., the
Peranakan cuisine, a mix of Chinese and Malay cuisine).

d Arts

Since the 1990s, the government has been promoting Singapore as a centre for arts
and culture, in particular the performing arts, and to transform the country into a
cosmopolitan "gateway between the East and West". One highlight was the
construction of Esplanade Theatres on the Bay, a performing arts centre opened
in October 2002. The national orchestra, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, plays at
the Esplanade. The annual Singapore Arts Festival is organized by the National
Arts Council. The stand-up comedy scene has been growing, with a weekly open
mic. Singapore hosted the 2009 Gene International Ballet Competition, a
classical ballet competition promoted by London's Royal Academy of Dance.

e Sport and recreation

Popular sports include football, basketball, cricket, swimming, sailing, table tennis
and badminton. Most Singaporeans live in public residential areas (known as
"HDB flats") near amenities such as public swimming pools, outdoor basketball
court indoor sport complexes. Water sports are popular, including sailing,
kayaking and water skiing. Scuba diving is another popular recreational sport. The
southern island of Pulau Hantu, particularly, is known for its rich coral reefs.

Media
Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in
Singapore. MediaCorp operates most free-to-air television channels and free-toair radio stations in Singapore. There are a total of seven free-to-air TV channels
offered by Mediacorp. The channels are Channel 5 (English channel), Channel
News Asia (English channel), Okto (English channel), Channel 8 (Chinese
channel), Channel U (Chinese channel), Suria (Malay channel) and Vasantham
(Indian channel). Starhub Cable Vision (SCV) also offers cable television with
channels from all around the world and Singtel's Mio TV provides an IPTV
service. Singapore Press Holdings, a body with close links to the government,
controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.