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Iljxuh 717= Olqhdu kdughqlqj2vriwhqlqj odz

716

Fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri Vhyhudo Prghov

71614

Olqhdu Kdughqlqj Odz



of
o  of
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^ Eo '

o : of

+7143,

wkxv wkh gdpdjh yduldeoh ehfrphv=

^
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f


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o

dqg

M 




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+7145,

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u
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71615

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+7147,

H{srqhqwldo Kdughqlqj Odz



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f
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+7148,
+7149,

FKDSWHU 71 GDPDJH DQG YLVFRGDPDJH PRGHOV

> 0 +DUGHQLQJ

+ = 0 3HUIHFW'DPDJH
< 0 6RIWHQLQJ

+ >0

+ =0
(

+ <0

Iljxuh 718= Vwuhv0vwudlq fxuyh ehkdylru

T(U )
T
T > U0
U0
T < U0
U0

Iljxuh 719= H{srqhqwldo kdughqlqj odz

59

FKDSWHU 71 GDPDJH DQG YLVFRGDPDJH PRGHOV

5:

zkhuh
j+
of ' s
.

71616

+714:,

Lvrwurslf Ylvfrgdpdjh Dojrulwkp

Wkh lpsohphqwhg dojrulwkp lv dv iroorzv=

41 Frpsxwh hhfwlyh vwuhvv=
?n '  G %?n

+714;,

51 Frpsxwh wkh qrup  ?n dqg  ?nk =

s
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+7154,
+7155,
+7156,

71 Fkhfn gdpdjh frqglwlrq

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LI= o?n

Vhw E?n ' E?

?n ' E  _?n  
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81 Frpsxwh frqvlvwhqw ylvfrsodvwlf wdqjhqw prgxol
Vhw E?n ' E|o@,
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k {|
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zkhuh f lv wkh hodvwlf prgxoxv h{suhvvhg lq 51531

+7157,

Fkdswhu 8
H[DPSOHV
814

Lqwurgxfwlrq

Wkh sodqh vwudlq fdvh zdv dqdo|vhg lq doo wkh h{dpsohv suhvhqwhg lq wklv
zrun1 Wkh qlwh hohphqw phwkrg zdv xvhg wr vroyh wkhp/ pdnlqj xvh ri wkh
70Qrghv txdgulodwhudo hohphqw wr glvfuhwl}h wkh grpdlq1
Lq wkh qh{w vhfwlrq zh vkrz vrph h{dpsohv iru sodvwlflw| dqg ylvfrsodv0
wlflw| zlwk rqh dqg ydulrxv hohphqwv1 Wkh vdph zd| zlwk gdpdjh dqg ylvfr0
gdpjh wkdw duh suhvhqwhg lq wkh vhfwlrq 8161

815
81514

Sodvwlflw| dqg Ylvfrsodvwlflw|

H{dpsoh 4 0 Shuihfw Sodvwlflw|

Frqvlghu wkh vlpsoh whqvlrq whvw/ vhh Iljxuh 8141 Gxh wr v|pphwulhv rqo| d
txduwhu ri wkh vshflphq lv prghoohg khuh1
Wkh gdwd duh vkrzq lq Iljxuh 8151 Lvrwurslf dqg nlqhpdwlf kdughqlqj
sdudphwhuv duh }hur/ shuplwwlqj wr vlpxodwh shuihfw sodvwlflw| iru M5 wkhru|1
Lq wkh Iljxuhv 816 dqg 817 wkh vwuhvv0vwudlq judskv iru M50sodvwlflw| duh
vkrzq 1 Lw lv lqwhuhvwlqj wr revhuyh wkdw rqfh uhdfkhg wkh pd{lpxp olplw ri
vwuhvv j+ ' Df @/ dq dssduhqwo| kdughqlqj vkrzv xs= j%% vwuhvv lqfuhdvhv
xqwlo wkh ydoxh j%%  . @1 Wkh h{sodqdwlrq wr wklv sureohp lv wkdw
ehvlghv j%% vwuhvv/ wkh j55 vwuhvv h{lvwv/ wkdw ehjlqv wr dsshdu diwhu hodvwlf
olplw/ vhh Iljxuh 8181 Wklv idfw lv ehfdxvh zh duh xvlqj wkh sodqh vwudlq fdvh1

5;

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5<

[2

Iljxuh 814= Vlpsoh whqvlrq whvw

= 1.0

1.0

'DWD



= 1.0

1.0

Iljxuh 815= H{dpsoh 4

( = 2.0 10 6 03D
= 0.0
= 0.0
< = 150.003D
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FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

63

7(16,21[675$,1



See the next graph

7(16,21



Gaus point 1





















675$,1

Iljxuh 816= Whqvlrq0vwudlq fxuyh









(

(

(

(

Iljxuh 817= Dpsolfdwlrq ri wkh suhylrxv judsk



FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

64

67 5(66(6YV675$,1


1RUP

 

6WUHVV]]

0
5

2
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Iljxuh 818= Vwuhvv0vwudlq fxuyh

81515

H{dpsoh 5 0 Uhod{dwlrq Hhfw

Lq wkh suhvhqw fdvh/ d uhod{dwlrq hhfw lv vlpxodwhg1 Vdph jhrphwu| ri h{0

dpsoh 4 zdv xvhg1 Iljxuh 819 vkrzv wkh jhrphwu| gdwd dqg surshuwlhv1
Lq wklv fdvh zh wu| wr vlpxodwh d uhod{dwlrq hhfw1 Wr dwwdlq wklv/ wkh
lpsrvhg glvsodfhphqw lv lpsrvhg dv vkrzq lq Iljxuh 81:1 Gxh wr ylvfrvlw|/
wkh whqghqf| lv wkdw wkh whqvlrq orzhuv xqwlo hodvwlf olplwh ydoxh lv uhdfkhg/
zklfk lv ghwhuplqhg e| wkh M50ylvfrsodvwlflw| fulwhulrq1 Wkh uhvxowv fdq eh
vhhq lq Iljxuhv 81; dqg 81<1
= 1.0

1.0

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( = 2.0 10 6 03D
= 0.2
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F = 0.5

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[1

1.0

Iljxuh 819= H{dpsoh 5

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

65

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Linear Function

;

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675(66;;YV675$,1






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Iljxuh 81;= Vwuhvv0vwudlq fxuyh





FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

66

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Node 2




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Iljxuh 81<= Irufh yv wlph fxuyh 0 Uhod{dwlrq hhfw

81516

H{dpsoh 6 0 F|folf Ordg

Wklv h{dpsoh lv frpsrvhg ri 7 hohphqwv wkdw duh vxeplwwhg wr d f|folf ordg/

vhh Iljxuh 81441 Wkh jhrphwu| gdwd dqg surshuwlhv duh jlyhq lq wkh Iljxuh
81431
Olqhdu nlqhpdwlf dqg olqhdu lvrwurslf kdughqlqj odzv duh xvhg/ zlwk q S
frh!flhqw htxdo wr fD1 Nlqhpdwlf kdughqlqj sdudphwhu K fdq eh rewdlqhg
e|=
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FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

67
= 1.0



0.5





0.5

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[1

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2
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0.5

Iljxuh 8143= H{dpsoh 6

Iurp Iljxuh 8148/ zh fdq rewdlq=
M'

ff
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FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

68

675(66;;[675$,1



Gaus point 1,2,3,4



;

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6
6

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)25&(Y V7,0 (


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(
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Iljxuh 8146= Irufh yv wlph fxuyh





FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

69

(IIHFWLY H3ODVWLF6WUDLQY V7,0(




Q
L
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Iljxuh 8147= Hyroxwlrq ri hhfwlyh sodvwlf vwudlq

%$&.675(66YV9,6&23/$67,&675$,1


Element =2 ; Gaus point =2



6
6
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9,6&23/$67,&675$,1

Iljxuh 8148= Edfn vwuhvv {{ yhuvxv ylvfrsodvwlf vwudlq fxuyh

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

81517

6:

H{dpsoh 7 0 Kroorz Vshflphq

Ohw xv frqvlghu wkh sodqh vwudlq dqdo|vlv ri d kroorz vshflphq xqghu xqlirup
whqvlrq j/ vhh Iljxuh 81491 Gxh wr v|pphwulhv rqo| d txduwhu ri wkh vshflphq
lv prghoohg zlwk wkh qlwh hohphqw phvk vkrz lq Iljxuh 814:1 Wkh uhvxowv ri
wklv h{dpsoh fdq eh ylvxdol}hg lq Iljxuhv 814:/ 814;/ 814< dqg wkh frqyhujhqfh
lv vkrzq lq Wdeoh 81517141

'DWD

18

5.0

( = 70.003D
= 0.20
= 0.0
= 0.0
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+ = 0.0103D

5.0

Iljxuh 8149= H{dpsoh 7 0 H{whqvlrq ri d kroorz vshflphq

lqwhudwlrq
4
5
6
7
8

uhvlgxdo qrup
316583788H.44
31967:95<H.43
31955:55<H.3<
316873787H.39
313333333H.33

Wde18151714 0 Uhvlgxdo qrup dw vwhs 73

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

Iljxuh 814:= Ruljlqdo phvk dqg ghiruphg

Iljxuh 814;= H{dpsoh 70 Ruljlqdo phvk dqg yrq Plvhv vwuhvv

6;

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

Iljxuh 814<= Lqlwldo sodvwlf srlqw

Iljxuh 8153= Glvsodfhphqw \

6<

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

81518

73

H{dpsoh 8 0 F|olqghu Xqghu Suhvvxuh

Wklv h{dpsoh lv fkdudfwhul}hg e| d f|olqghu xqghu suhvvxuh1 Lwv jhrphwulf

fkdudfwhulvwlfv dv vkrzq lq Iljxuh 81541 Wklv h{dpsoh wulhv wr vlpxodwh shuihfw
sodvwlflw| iru wkdw lw pdnhv wkh suhvvxuh wr lqfuhdvh xqwlo d olplw ydoxh/ zklfk
fkdudfwhul}hv wkh zkroh f|olqghu lv douhdg| sodvwlhg1 Wkh uhvxowv duh vkrzq
lq Iljxuhv 8155/ 8156/ 8157 dqg 81581

( = 70.0
= 0.20
F = 0.10
= 1 10 10
+ = 0.15
. 0 = 0.2437
. = 0.343

5 .0

= 0.10
1RGH 

5 .0

4 .0

Iljxuh 8154= IH phvk dqg erxqgdu| frqglwlrqv

Iljxuh 8155= Ruljlqdo phvk dqg ghiruphg

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

74

)25&(YV',63/$&(0(17
1RGH



)25&(



ZLWKRXWYLVFRVLW\
YLVFRVLW\ 




Load step used for
Fill contour bellow

















',63/$&(0(17

Iljxuh 8156= Irufh yv glvsodfhphqw 0 qrgh <;

Iljxuh 8157= Yrq Plvhv vwuhvv



FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

75

Iljxuh 8158= Udgldo glvsodfhphqw

81519

H{dpsoh 9 0 H{srqhqwldo Vriwhqlqj Odz

Vdph jhrphwu| dv H{dpsoh 6 zdv xvhg lq wkh suhvhqw h{dpsoh1 Lw kdv wkh
iroorzlqj pdwhuldo surshuwlhv=
.
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ff
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Wkh ehkdylru ri pdwhuldo zlwk d h{srqhqwldo lvrwurslf kdughqlqj odz lv

vlpxodwhg lq wklv vshflphq/ lq sduwlfxodu zlwk vriwhqlqj/ g" ' f +vhh Iljxuh
8159,1

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

76

67 5(66Y V675$,1
(OHPHQW*DXVVSRLQW



7RWDOVWUDLQ


6

6
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675$,1

Iljxuh 8159= Vwuhvv0vwudlq fxuyh

816
81614

Gdpdjh dqg Ylvfrgdpdjh Prghov

H{dpsoh 4 0 Olqhdu dqg H{srqhqwldo Gdpdjh
Odzv

Iru wklv h{dpsoh d vlqjoh irxu0qrghv txdgulodwhudo hohphqw zdv xvhg1 Wkh
jhrphwu| dqg wkh lpsrvhg glvsodfhphqw duh wkh vdph dv vkrzq lq Iljxuh
815 +fruuhvsrqglqj wr H{14 iru ylvfrsodvwlflw|,1 D olqhdu vriwhqlqj odz zdv
dssolhg1 Wkh pdwhuldo surshuwlhv duh wkh iroorzlqj=
. ' 2f  fS

> j+ ' ee > D ' ff > M ' f2

Wkh glvsodfhphqw zhuh dssolhg zlwk yhorflw|= 3133;1 Wkuhh glhuhqw ylv0
frvlwlhv zhuh jlyhq= 313/ 31334 dqg 313351
Lq Iljxuh 815: zh fdq vhh wkh uhvxowlqj fxuyhv1 Dv zh fdq revhuyh zkhq
ylvfrvlw| lv jlyhq/ wkh rz vwuhvv fdq eh vxusdvvhg/ ehfdxvh ylvfrxv prghov
doorz vwuhvvhv wr jr rxwvlgh wkh |lhoglqj vxuidfh> l1h1/ wkhuh duh dgplvvleoh
vwuhvvhv zklfk duh rxwvlgh wkh hodvwlf grpdlq1
Wkh hhfw ri ylvfrvlw| fdq eh revhuyhg lq Iljxuh 815;/ zklfk zdv wr eh
h{shfwhg frqvlghulqj wkh ihdwxuhv ri wkh lpsohphqwhg prgho1 Dq h{srqhqwldo
vriwhqlqj odz zdv xvhg wr rewdlq wkh fxuyh lq Iljxuh 815;/ zlwk wkh iroorzlqj
sdudphwhuv=
^" ' fff >  ' f

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

77

675(66YV675$,1



ZLWKRXWYLVFRVLW\

YLVFRVLW\ 


6
6
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YLVFRVLW\ 

















675$,1

Iljxuh 815:= Vwuhvv0vwudlq fxuyh +olqhdu vriwhqlqj odz,

67 5(66Y V675$,1





ZLWKRXWYLVFRVLW\
Y LVFRVLW\ 



6 
6
(
5
76 

Y LVFRVLW\ 
Y LVFRVLW\ 

















675$,1

Iljxuh 815;= Vwuhvv0vwudlq fxuyh zlwk h{srqhqwldo vriwhqlqj odz

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

81615

78

H{dpsoh 5 0 F|folf Ordg

D f|folf glvsodfhphqw lv dssolhg lq wklv h{dpsoh lq rughu wr fkhfn wkh ehkdylru

ri wkh lpsohphqwhg prgho xqghu ordglqj2xqordglqj frqglwlrqv1
Wkh pdwhuldo surshuwlhv dqg jhrphwu| duh vkrzq lq Iljxuh 815<1
= 1.0

'DWD

( = 2.0 10 6 03D
1.0

= 0.0
= 0.0



= 1.0

< = 150.003D
T = 0.00103D

1.0

Iljxuh 815<= Jhrphwu| dqg pdwhuldo surshuwlhv

Wr khos wkh ylvxdol}dwlrq ri wkh fruuhfw ehkdylru ri wkh prgho/ zh kdyh
ghslfwhg lq Iljxuh 8163 erwk wkh ordglqj2xqordglqj fxuyh dqg rqo| ordglqj
fxuyh1 Vr/ wkh orvv ri vwlqhvv dqg wkh idfw wkdw/ zkhq lq gdpdjh/ wkh prgho
iroorzv wkh vdph sdwk lq ordglqj2xqordglqj dv lw zrxog lq rqo| ordglqj/ frq0
upv wkdw lw lv ixqfwlrqlqj fruuhfwo|1
Lq Iljxuh 8164 zh fdq revhuyh wkh hyroxwlrq ri wkh gdpdjh yduldeoh +_,
wkurxjk wlph1 Lw fdq eh vhhq wkdw frqglwlrq _  f lv dozd|v ixooohg1

81616

H{dpsoh 6 0 Kroorz Vshflphq

Wkh sulqflsdo dlp ri wklv h{dpsoh lv wr fkhfn wkh frqyhujhqfh ri wkh prgho1
Jhrphwu|/ erxqgdu| frqglwlrqv dqg dssolfdwlrq ri glvsodfhphqwv duh wkh
vdph dv lq wkh fruuhvsrqglqj h{dpsoh iru sodvwlflw| +vhh Iljxuh 8149,1 Wkh
jlyhq pdwhuldo surshuwlhv duh wkh iroorzlqj=
.
j+
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FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

79

675(66YV675$,1
(;321(17,$/62)7(1,1*/$:



675(66



/RDGXQORDGLQJ
/RDGRQO\




















675$,1

Iljxuh 8163= Vwuhvv yhuvxv vwudlq fxuyh 0 Jdxvv srlqw 4

'$0$*(9$5,$%/((92/87,21


'$0$*(9$5,$%/(




*DXVVSRLQW














7,0(

Iljxuh 8164= Gdpdjh yduldeoh0Wlph fxuyh +f|folf ordg,

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

7:

Wklv gdwd fruuhvsrqgv wr shuihfw gdpdjh ehkdylru1 Wklv zdv grqh lq ru0
ghu wr pdnh wklv h{dpsoh dv vlplodu dv srvvleoh wr wkh h{dpsoh lq sodvwlflw|1
Krzhyhu/ wkh glhuhqfhv iurp wkh rqh ri M50sodvwlflw| duh dssduhqw +vhh Ilj0
xuhv 8165 dqg 8166,1 Dv zh vdlg ehiruh rxu pdlq sxusrvh zlwk wklv h{dpsoh
zdv wr dvvhvv frqyhujhqfh1 Zh fdq vhh lq Wdeoh +Wde1 8161614, wkh ghfuhdvlqj
ri rughuv ri pdjqlwxgh/ wkdw vkrzv txdgudwlf frqyhujhqfh1

Iljxuh 8165= Ruljlqdo phvk dqg gdpdjh }rqh

lqwhudwlrq
4
5
6
7
8

uhvlgxdo qrup
3143<4345H.44
317;878:9H.43
3175;4:6;H.3<
317388383H.39
313333333H.33

Wde18161614 0 Uhvlgxdo qrup dw vwhs 74

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

'LVSODFHPHQW<<

7;

6WUHVV<<

Iljxuh 8166= Glvsodfhphqw \ dqg vwuhvv \\

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

81617

7<

H{dpsoh 7 0 Lqkrprjhqhrxv Ehkdylru zlwk Vriw0

hqlqj

Wklv h{dpsoh vkrzv wkh ehkdylru ri d pdwhuldo zlwk lpshuihfwlrqv1 Wkh|

duh vlpxodwhg e| vhwwlqj voljkwo| glhuhqw pdwhuldo surshuwlhv iru glhuhqw
hohphqwv ri wkh vrolg/ dv vkrzq lq Iljxuh 81671
= 1.0
7



0.5
4

( = 2.0 10 6 03D


5

'DWD
= 0.0

= 1.0

= 0.0
=1



0.5
1

2
0.5

T = 0.00103D



0.5

= 1.0

$ = 1.0
\ = 15003DIRUHOHPHQWVDQG
\ = 14003DIRUHOHPHQWVDQG

Iljxuh 8167= Jhrphwu| dqg pdwhuldo surshuwlhv

Iljxuh 8168 vkrzv wkh hhfw ri lpshuihfwlrqv zkhq vriwhqlqj gdpdjh odz
lv xvhg1

FKDSWHU 81 H[DPSOHV

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