Alfredo Espino

Alfredo Espino is undoubtedly one of the most prominent poets of El Salvador.

It is also popularly known as the child poet, because in his short life was always
dedicated to the letters. Alfredo Espino was born on January 8, 1900 in the
department of Ahuachapn.
It was the second of eight children of Alfonso Espino poet and educator
Enriqueta Najarro, which could be the basis for him to devote himself to poetry.
In academic suvida, Alfredo studied at the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of
the University of El Salvador, between 1920 and 1927. He also collaborated in
the Lumen magazines and student opinion, like newspapers The Press and
Journal Rescuer.
Alfredo Espino only wrote 96 poems gathered in Jcaras TRISTES in 1930,
divided into six parts: Casucas, Auras Bohio, sweetness, Panoramas and
Aromas, Birds of Legend and The Alma del Barrio. With a delicate poetic,
presented with a simple, easy style to capture. His poems expose the
landscape of El Salvador, lush.
The last years of his life were very unhappy because of the refusal of his
parents for him to marry. This caused some emotional imbalances that made
him fall into the vice of alcohol and lead a bohemian life, including bars and
brothels.
Alfredo Espino died in San Salvador, El Salvador, May 24, 1928 due to an
alcoholic crisis. He was buried in General Cemetery of San Salvador, his
remains rest in Jardines del Recuerdo, in place of the crypt of poets.

BIOGRAPHY ALBERTO MASFERRER

He was born on June 24, 1868 in Tecapa (now called Joy), department of
Usulutan, in the east of the Republic of El Salvador, died on September 4, 1932
in San Salvador. His name was Vicente Alberto Masferrer Mnico.
Master Teacher for some, debater, orator and journalist; thinker and defender
of the working class to others. His life was a constant, discussed and loved,
attacked and defended action, his work was always followed with interest never
went unnoticed.
He founded the "Patria" (1928-1930) newspaper in which he raised the best of
their thinking and their actions developed for El Salvador had a true
democracy, social, economic and political. At twenty he published his first book
called pages. Performance various public office from Archivist of the biggest

Accounting Office, through editor and Director of the Official Journal until
Consul in Costa Rica and Belgium
Poor health, as a part of your life is spent in a wheelchair, was a strong fortress,
a formidable journalist who served from vitalista view of Minimun Vital in the
Labour Party Engineer Arturo Araujo, who helped reach president of the
Republic, although it came to power did not keep their word for the people.
His work
Pages (1893)
Childishness (1900)
What should we know? (Epistolary essay, 1913)
Reading and writing (sociological essay, 1915)
A life in film (1922)
Essay on the destination (1925)
The seven strings of the lyre (philosophical essay, 1926)
The damn money (moral essay, 1927)
Helios (essay, 1928)
The universal religion (essay, 1928)
The vital minimum (political-social essay, 1929)
Studies and figurations of the life of Jesus (philosophical essay, 1930)
The leafless rosebush (verses published posthumously in 1935)
Selected Prose (prose published posthumously in 1968)

Salarru - Salarru
(1899/10/22 - 1975/11/27)
He was born on October 22, 1899 in Sonsonate.
He published his first stories at the age of ten years in the Journal of El
Salvador.

He painted with great skill and his family sent him to study with the Italian
professor Spiro Rossolino. After a grant to partly Corcoran Academy Washington
D.C., returning to San Salvador at the age of 20 years.
Multiple times exhibited his work in galleries and places of El Salvador, as well
as Costa Rica, Guatemala, New York, New Orleans and others.
It has been considered as the greatest exponent of cuzcatleca lanarrativa.
He co-founded the new Latin American narrative stream. In his "Cuentos de
Barro" and "Tales Cipotes" is the peasant world.
He also published novels, although his real mastery was in the story: it is one of
the authors who have given this genre, in Central America, universal projection.
Salvador Salazar died in San Salvador on November 27, 1975.
Bibliography:
The Black Christ (1927)
The Lord of the Bubble (1927)
Or Yrakandal (1929)
Mending the Ulun (1932)
Guesses the Penumbra (1934)
That and More (1940)
Cipotes Tales (1945)
The Trammel (1954)
Sword and Other Stories (1960)
Thistledown (1969)
ngrimo (1969)
Shadow and Other Reasons Literiarios (1969)
Thirst of Sling Bader (1971)
World Nomasito (Poetry -1975)

Miguel ngel Espino

Miguel ngel Espino was born on December 17, 1902 in Santa Ana and died on
October 1, 1967 in Mexico. It was a remarkable writer, journalist and
Salvadoran lawyer.
From an early age Miguel ngel Espino devoted himself to writing literary and
journalistic texts because he was born in a family dedicated to poetry and
among which we can highlight his father Alfonso Espino and his brother Alfredo
Espino.

His first work published at the age of 17 years and was known under the name
of Mythology of Cuscatln, which was from another point of view some of the
legends and popular myths of El Salvador as Siguanaba and Cipito. Its main
feature in his writings narrative prose was described in a bold way.
For around 20 years he worked as a journalist in some national newspapers of
the time.
Some do see the subtle differences with his brother, who despite having grown
up together, Miguel was more realistic in his writings that his brother Alfredo.
The twilight of his career came in 1953 due to a stroke that prevented him to
continue writing; later his family moved to Mexico where he lived the last years
of his life away from his country.
Works by Michelangelo Espino
Mythology of Cuscatln (1921)
As Cantan There (1926)
Trains (1940)
Men Against Death (1947)

Siguenza, Leon (1895-1942).

Narrator and Salvadoran politician, born in Cojutepeque (in the department of
Cuscatlan) on October 31, 1895, and died in San Salvador on 27 May 1942. For
the sharpness, simplicity and efficiency of his famous stories in verse, written
with an attempt to censure the worst behaviors of human beings, is considered
the first fabulist of Salvadoran literature.
Born into a wealthy family influential in the political, social and cultural
development of the nation -very, Leon Siguenza had access from an early age
to a thorough academic training, developed first in the schools of his

hometown, and later in the best educational institutions of the capital of El

Salvador. After completing his studies, he began a brilliant political career that
soon led him to grab the scepters of alderman and temporary mayor of his
native Cojutepeque, where he went on to hold the position of secretary of the
Salvadoran consulate in New York (1919- 1923).
During that period of residence in the United States he began to cultivate his
love of literature, for which he used the channel that afforded him the
mainstream media in his native country. Indeed, it took some American
correspondents as relevant rotating as La Prensa and Diario de El Salvador,
occupation spread its name in the Salvadoran cultural circles. Later, Leon
Siguenza was assigned to the Secretariat of the Salvadoran consulate in Tokyo
(Japan), where he covered the period from 1927 to 1931 and in a second stage,
from 1934 to 1941.
Back to Central America between the two missions in Japan, he was appointed
representative of the department of Cuscatlan, as a deputy in the National
Assembly (1933), an institution in which he was elected chairman of the
Legislative Committee on Foreign Affairs, Grace and Justice. When reoccupied
the position of secretary at the consulate in Tokyo, Leon Siguenza actively
involved in one of the most important episodes in the history of the Salvadoran
diplomacy of the twentieth century: the recognition by the government of
generalMaximiliano Hernandez Martinez, the existence of the newly proclaimed
empire Manchoukuo, created by the Japanese army in the Chinese region of
Manchuria. General Maximiliano Hernandez committed, with this support for
Japan's invasion and immediately after recognition of its imperialist ambitions
in China, international political stability of El Salvador, a fact which was further
aggravated when, on December 9, 1941, broke war in the conflict zone.
Most world governments strongly condemned the Japanese imperialism, which
isolated to El Salvador in its stance and assumed a unanimous censure against
the Salvadoran people. Leon Siguenza was inevitably involved in the talks
between the Salvadoran and Japanese governments, but the bright knew
mediation efforts done in this bizarre episode allowed washing image of El
Salvador to the international public opinion. Otherwise, this strange avatar of
the Salvadoran foreign policy caused deep shock to all citizens of the small
Central American republic, and raised a thick cloud of dust of voices and
written for and against support for Japanese troops, among which lucid analysis
published in book form, Dr. Ramon Lopez Jimenez.
During his long stays abroad, Leon Siguenza gave free rein to his passion for
literary creation, who was able to channel into a genre hitherto never cultivated
by the writers of his homeland: the satirical moral fable. Many of his writings,
written in both prose and verse, they were appearing in various media
worldwide, together with the numerous chronicles that sent his country as a

correspondent for newspapers and magazines Salvadorans. In these fables, the

writer of Cojutepeque poured his sharp poignancy against vanity, arrogance
and corruption of politicians and senior officials, to extract the end a moral that
just censoring generally vices and widespread deprivations in any specimen of
mankind.
Installed again in El Salvador, and released from diplomatic missions, Leon
Siguenza conceived the project of bringing together in one volume all these
moral satirical writings; however, his sudden death, which occurred in the
Salvadoran capital when the author had not yet fifty years old, prevented him
from seeing print this compilation. Fortunately for the history of American
letters, relatives of Leon Siguenza, aware of the illusion that the recently
deceased writer had deposited in this publishing project, finished gathering
their texts and given to the press before the end of the same year of his death.
Thus, collected under the generic title of Fables, these writings of Leon
Siguenza saw the light posthumously to the delight of critics and readers, amid
such widespread acceptance that necessitated its reissue on multiple occasions
(1955, 1977, 1996 and 1998) .

BIOGRAPHY
CLAUDIA LARS
Claudia Lars, was born in Armenia, Sonsonate, El Salvador, on 20 December
1989. It is the Salvadoran writer who has achieved national recognition for its
high quality and refined lyricism. He published in American Repertoire, led by
those years by the Costa Rican writer Joaqun Garca Monge and Zig-zag, Chile.
It has always placed him on par Gabriela Mistral, with whom he had close
friendship, and Joan of Ibarborou. It was for many years director of the
Magazine Culture, Ministry of Education. He won several awards, including
include: the Fourth Centenary of the City of San Salvador, National Competition
of Culture and the Floral Games of Quezaltenango.
Work published: Stars in the well, 1934; Song round, 1937; The Glass House,
1942; Romances north and south, 1946; Sonnets, 1947; City under my voice,
1947; Where they get the steps, 1953; Birds School, 1955; Fable of a truth,
1959; Land of childhood, 1958; Songs, 1960; Sunflower; Presence in time,
1962; On the angel and man, 1963; Fine dawn, 1966; Our pulsating world,
1969; Selected Works (selection of Matilde Elena Lpez), 1973-1974; last
poetry, 1975; His best poems (David Escobar Galindo selection), 1976;
Complete Poetry I, II, (Selection of Carmen Gonzlez Huguet), 1999.

BIOGRAPHY OSCAR ARNULFO ROMERO

Oscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdamez was born on August 15, 1917 in Ciudad
Barrios, San Miguel Department. His father was a telegrapher and her mother
from domestic trades.
After completing his basic studies he devoted himself to learning carpentry and
music. In 1930 and at thirteen years old, Oscar received his call to serve God.
He entered the minor seminary in San Miguel and then in 1937 moved to Rome
where he completed his theological studies at the Gregorian University on April
4, 1942. He returned to El Salvador in 1943, to his native San Miguel and
Bishop entrusted Anamors parish, a town near San Miguel where the patron
saint of El Salvador, Our Lady of Peace is worshiped.
Monsignor Oscar Arnulfo Romero
In 1966, he was appointed Secretary of the Conference of Bishops in El
Salvador, which remains in office for eleven years. During this time, Oscar
released hundreds of emotional and spiritual sermons through the radio across
the country, earning the respect of the Catholic community. In 1970, he was
appointed Bishop Oscar and exercises beside the then Archbishop of San
Salvador, Monsignor Chvez and Gonzlez. He also played his office in 1974 in
the parish of Santiago de Maria, in the Department of Usulutan.
On February 3, 1977, the Catholic Church in the Vatican under the command of
Paul VI, granted the title of Archbishop of San Salvador, just weeks before the
presidential elections that brought General Carlos Humberto Romero to the
presidency of the republic. Blood, torture and persecution frame the three
years he served as Bishop of San Salvador
During the civil war in this country that was beginning in 1979, Monsignor
Romero became the "voice of the voiceless" and "the shepherd of the flock that
God had entrusted to him" for his strong defense of the rights of the poor and
marginalized. After the murder of his colleague and good friend, Father Rutilio
Grande, Monsignor Romero cites the teachings of the Pope's favorite, Pius XI:
"The mission of the Church is certainly not political, but when politics touches
the altar, the Church He defends the altar. "this is why Monsignor intervened in
the social conflict that was destroying his country and his people. Monsignor
Romero turned to the words of St. Augustine and St. Thomas to justify who
rises against oppressive laws. The defense of the poor was always his criteria
for judging politics.
Monsignor Romero, after fighting for human rights of the poor and oppressed
by the government, is assassinated by a clever kick 25 gauge straight to the
heart, on March 24, 1980, while celebrating Mass in the chapel of the Hospital
of Divine Providence in San Salvador.

For many, the image of Monsignor Romero is the country's largest religious
symbol and, since his assassination, his legacy has crossed borders and has
become a universal symbol of justice and peace. His process of beatification
and canonization began on 24 March 1994 by the priest Rafael Urrutia, pastor
of the same chapel where Bishop was killed. Now they know him as "The
Prophet and Martyr of the Americas."

BIOGRAPHY OF PRUDENCIA AYALA

Prudencia Ayala was a woman of humble character in 1930, without any
academic preparation but aware of their rights as women, challenged the
political social system of his time to launch himself as a candidate for President
of the Republic becoming the first woman in Salvador and Latin America to
qualify for the investiture, when women were not recognized the right to enter
politics.
Prudencia Ayala was born in Sonzacate, Sonsonate, on April 28, 1885; It was a
Salvadoran writer and social activist, who fought for the recognition of women's
rights in El Salvador. It was a feisty woman of Indian origin, that lack of
economic resources failed to complete their primary education. Then he
learned the trade of a seamstress, which continued to develop in parallel with
other activities performed.
He also claimed that he had the ability to "hear voices" and to predict the
future, because it became famous because their predictions appeared in
newspapers of Santa Ana and some of them were right. Later its name would
take enhancement because of her feminist approaches and the esoteric of his
figure, when from 1913 began publishing opinion articles in the Journal of the
West, a newspaper circulating in the western region of El Salvador.
Prudencia Ayala said in favor of anti-imperialism, feminism and the Central
American unionism, and to express their rejection of the US invasion of
Nicaragua. He also published poems in several newspapers.
In 1919 he was jailed for criticizing one of his columns, the mayor of Atiquizaya
and then in Guatemala, was jailed for several months on charges of
collaborating with planning a coup. In 1921 he published the book "Escible.
Adventures of a trip to Guatemala "which chronicled his trip to that country in
the last months of the dictatorship of Manuel Estrada Cabrera. He also
published books "Immortal, loves Crazy" (1925) and "smoked speck" (1928). In
the late 1920s, he founded and directed the female Redemption newspaper,
where he expressed his stance in defense of citizens' rights of women.

In 1930, he tried to run as a candidate for the presidency of the republic,

although Salvadoran law at that time did not recognize the right of women's
suffrage, ie that women could not vote or could not seek public office.
Among the main points of his platform of government included:
Support for unions.
Honesty and transparency in public administration.
Limiting distribution and consumption of liquor.
Respect for freedom of religion (religions).
Recognition of "illegitimate children" (children out of wedlock).
a public legal and political debate for and against arguments began his claim.
One of the supporters of his candidacy was the philosopher, teacher, writer and
deputy Alberto Masferrer.
Finally, his request was rejected by the Supreme Court, but the debate that
followed his attempt nomination, gave impetus to the women's movement that
allowed the women's suffrage was recognized in 1939, and that the
Constitution of 1950 under the approval of President Oscar Osorio, legal
recognition of women's rights in El Salvador was given.
Prudencia Ayala died on July 11, 1936, out of politics, but about mass work and
social movements; thus becoming the forerunner of the struggle for human
rights of women the El Salvador.

General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez (1931-1944)

President of El Salvador:
He ruled as Vice President:
December 4, 1931 to August 28, 1934
As President of the Republic:
March 1, 1935 to March 1, 1939
Republic president:
March 1, 1939 to May 9, 1944
(SALVADORAN)

General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez, was born in San Matias, department

of La Libertad on October 21, 1882 and was killed in Jamastrn, Honduras, on
May 15, 1966.
His parents were: Don Raymundo Hernandez and Petronila Martinez, married
Dona conception Monteagudo.
They were his sons, Alberto, Carmen, Hope, Navy, Eduardo, Rose, Gloria and
Maximiliano.
He studied in San Salvador and after obtaining the title of Bachelor, with the
help of his uncle, Ing. Guadalupe Martinez, admission to the Polytechnic School
of Guatemala, where he obtained brilliantly the degree of Sub Lieutenant and
returned to El Salvador when he was President of the Republic General Tomas
Regalado, on his return study at the Faculty of Law and Social sciences at the
National University, most do not finish the race, devote himself to the weapons
where I conquer the following promotions :
Lieutenant cash, on November 17, 1903; Captain, August 23, 1906; Captain
Mayor, in the year of 1906 (war with Guatemala, where General Martinez
fought under the command of General Tomas Regalado); Lieutenant Colonel on
May 6, 1909; Colonel on June 15, 1914 and Brigadier General, on June 27,
1919.
General Martinez served numerous positions of importance within the 1st Army
and in March 1931, the Labor Party raised him as Vice President of the Republic
in the elections held in the same year.
Decorations:
General Maximiliano Hernandez was awarded: Order of Quetzal;
Award: Order of Kuang Lung and the Chukuo.
He was nominated Benefactor of the Fatherland
On December 2, 1931, the President of the Republic, Ing. Arturo Araujo, was
deposed by a coup and the military director who had assumed the Supreme
Command, handed over the presidency to Vice President and Minister of War,
Navy and aviation, General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez.
PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD
The General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez ruled El Salvador 13 years.
Maximilian ruled in a period in which the world was a world economic crisis.
The Salvadoran economy throughout history center in the agro-export model,
the coffee kept the economy of the nation.

The agrarian elite of El Salvador, had no confidence in Arturo Araujo and led
the coup which took place on December 2, 1931, this situation was common at
the time, Maximilian took up the reins of the country, this decision they
reported in the Zapote Barracks, Maximilian accepted. In the month of January
1932 were held municipal elections, one of the political groups (Communist
Party) claimed that there had been electoral fraud in some municipalities,
prepared an insurrection on January 22, 1932 in order to pressure the incoming
government had no about 2 months in power. The indigenous uprising took
place in the west of the country, peasants and indigenous people armed
themselves with sticks and machetes and took several towns of the West, the
response of the president was extreme, ordered the army to capture and kill
the rebels, killing You do not have precise data on the number of people who
died, but some sources mention that killed between 10,000 and 30,000 people.
The government of Maximiliano was characterized by being firm and
progressive, in February 1932 declared in arrears to the State, forced the banks
to extend the terms and refinance debt, by 1938 the government had already
canceled the debt, Maximilian was the only President of El Salvador in its
history that has not had debts in its administration. I think the (BCR) Central
Reserve Bank of El Salvador, enacted the Law Moratorium, Vagrancy Act,
among others.
Maximiliano to stay in power, violent the principle of political plurality, creating
his own political party Pro Patria. This practice performed on 2 occasions (19341939) when I try a third time, the agro-industrial sector and the people, joined
in a sit-down strike in 1944. Maximilian has been magnified by some and hated
by others, but no one can deny that its mandate existed positive and negative
things.

FARABUNDO MARTI
(Agustin Farabundo Marti; Teotepeque, h 1893 - San Salvador, 1932.)
Salvadoran revolutionary. Having participated in the social struggles of the
post-revolutionary period in Mexico, he collaborated in the founding of the
Central American Socialist Party (Guatemala, 1925). Between 1928 and 1930
he joined forces deAugusto Cesar Sandino, who fought against US intervention
in Nicaragua; soon he became a confidant of Sandino, who made him name his
army colonel.
Farabundo Marti
Upon returning to El Salvador found a climate of economic and social crisis
caused by the collapse of coffee prices following the crash of 1929; That was
when he founded the Salvadoran Communist Party (1930).
After the military coup of 1931, which foiled the hopes of democratizing the
country, Mart prepared a revolutionary action; but their plans were discovered
and he stopped. Summarily tried by the military, Mart was executed and his
outlawed party (1932) as part of a crackdown known as the Slaughter.
In 1980 the Communist Party of El Salvador joined with four other formations to
create a guerrilla group called Frente Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front
(FMLN), in memory of this pioneer of the socialist revolution in Central America;
Front, Marxist-Leninist and supported by the Sandinista Front in Nicaragua
triumphant ideology, had a long civil war against the governments of the
Salvadoran oligarchy until 1992.
Since that year the peace accords that allowed their reintegration into civilian
life were signed, the FMLN became a political force on the left, with wide
presence in the Salvadoran Parliament.
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