..

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REPORT "_- -_-

ITR-1345 Copy No.

139 A

~

~

~

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" May - July 1956

Class 1cation tealloaH:eA: (C~fU"l.ged to By Aut or~ty. f ~,.l~lAS_C_3. __

'. ~--1t..-1~ __ Date 7J.~-~-fj'-~------

By -- - ---

GAMMA RAYS FROM PLANE AND VOLUME SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONS

PRELIMINARY

_. __ . __ ._-. __ ._-----_J

PACIFIC

PROVING

GROUNDS

. I)

'_. r· -/'

19960702 081

HEADOUARTERS FIELD COMMAND, ARMED FORCES SPECIAL WEAPONS PROJECT SANDIA BASE, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO

DECLASSIFIED BY DNA ISTS PER NTPR REVIEW. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT "A" APPLIES

~~DATE/"',~~h'

.~~----. -.- ~- -.,_- -_---...-.__ --------~- .. -- .. -.- _-._-,_-._--_-- __ .. _ --_---_.----.-.-_._-

r,

THIS DOCUMENTI·S BEST QUALITY AVAILABLE. THE COpy FURNISHED· TO DTIC CONTAINED A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF PAGES WHICH DO NOT REPRODUCE LEGIBLY.

Defense bluclear Agency 6801 Telegraph Road Alexandria, Virginia 22310-3398

ISST

29 January 1996

MEMORANDUM FOR DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER ATTENTION: OCD/Mr. Bill Bush

SUBJECT: Declassification of ITR-1345

The Defense Nuclear Agency Security Office (OPSSI) has declassified the following report:

ITR-1345

Preliminary Report Operation REDWING Pacific Proving Grounds May-July 1956

Gamma Rays From Plane and Volume Source Distributions.

Distribution statement "A" applies.

Since this report does not have a final issue, this office has enclosed a copy for NTIS' system. Please inform DNA of the assigned accession number.

Enclosure:

A/S

Jj~ckt1~

~ JOSEPHINE B. WOOD

)I Chief, Technical Support Branch

-

DTrC QU/tiJTY nifSPECTED "

{' .;».

This is a preliminary report based on all data available at the close of this project's participation in Operation REDWING. The contents of this report are subject to change upon completion of evaluation for the final report. This preliminary report will be superseded by the publication of the final (WT) report. Conclusions and recommendations drawn herein, if any, are therefore tentative. The work is reported at this early time to provide ear-ly- test results to those con-

o· .' " ., .-, '~'" ',1' ...

cerned with the effects of nuclear weapons and

to provide for an interchange of information between projects for the preparation of final reports.

When no longer required, this document may be destroyed in accordance with applicable security regulations. When destroyed, notification should be made to

DO NOT RETURN THIS DOCUMENT

AEC Technical Information Service Extension P. O. Box 401

Oak Ridge, Tenn.

ITR-1345

_._~. __ ._. __ ._. . __ ~ ._' __ • .~ .• ._. __ • _ . __ ¥~ __ ~. ~.o__- ~_._. __ ... _ .. • __ '_. -- -'-- -'_ "_ •. _P'-- .~'-'-'- _.- '_. -_- _'_'_-"---'---'_'_'--- .- .... _' _"_ .- ..... ,----~ .... - .... -'-"" .. -~---.- ... '-"

,,'

This document consists of 38 pages ne, 1 S 9 of 265 copies, Series A

OFEBATION REDwmG - PRELlMINARY REroRL' SEPrEMBER 1956

GAMMA RAYS FROM PLANE AND VOLUME SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONS

Victor A. J. van Lint

App:'OVed:

Progrem 2 starf Weapons Effects Tests

Field CCIIJ!'&¥l j~ / A / /I /J

Armed Forces S~e1al Weapons Project ~ t5{. '{.,;(/ ~

Sandia Base ~ •

Alb.tquerque, Nev Msx:ico L. L. Woodward, Col, USAF Technical Director

K. D. Colenvm, Col, USAF CCIIIIaIlder, Task Unit 3

~

D. c. Campbell, CDR, USN

Director, Program 2

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JAMeS"

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4

-I

t

ABSrRACT

Calcula.tians have been performed for the gaJ1lIm-l'ay dose rate:

(1) inside a. tmifor.mly cantamine.ted volume, as in a radioactive cloud

or in contam1na.ted 'Water; (2) as a function of altitude above the center of a. uniformly contaminated. circular island; and (3) as a function of a1titllde above unifor.mly cantaminated water.

The calculations have been performed for monoenergetic sources of 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, 1.2, and 2.5 ¥.tev and for some exp3r:imentally observed. fallout spectra.

a

5

· -

FOREWORD

This report presents the results of a special study undertaken in connection with the fallout program of Operation REDWING to provide a theoretical basis for analysis of the experimental results of Projects 2.61 through 2.66. Since a field instrumentation effort was not involved, this report does not carry a project number, and will not be replaced by a WT-series final report.

For readers interested in other pertinent test information, reference is made to ITR-1344, Summary Report of the Commander, Task Unit 3. This summary report includes the following information of general interest: (1) an overall description of each detonation, including yield, height of burst, ground zero location, time of detonation, and ambient atmospheric conditions at detonation; (2) a discussion of all project results; (3) a summary of each project, including objectives and results; and (4) a complete listing of all reports covering the Military Effects Program.

6

-------------

CONTENrS

ABSI'RACT. • • • • • • • • • • • • • ' 5
FOREWORD. • • • • • • • • • • • 6
CHAPl'ER 1 mrRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • 9
CHAPl'ER 2 BASIC THEORY • • • • • • • • • • • 10
2.1 Interactions of Gamma Rays • • • • • • • 10
2.2 Calculation of Dose Rate. • • • • • • • • 10
2.3 Dose Buildup. • • • • • • • • • • II
CHAPl'ER 3 FORHULAS • • • • • • • • • • • 14
3.1 Dose Rate in an Infinite Med1mn • • • • • • • 14
3.2 Dose Rate Above Center of Circular Disk • • • • • 15
3.3 Dose Rate in Air Above Conta.m1nated Water • • • • 17
CHAPl'ER 4 RESULTS CF CALCULATIONS • • • • • • • • 20
CHAPrER 5 DlmUSSION • • • • • • • • • • • 34
REFERENCES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35
TABLEs
3.1 Scattered Energy Flux Fractions, si • • • • • • 17
4.1 Assmned sractra• • • • • • • • • • • 20
4.2 Absolute onversion Factors • • • • • • • • 21
FIGURES
2.1 Buildup factor coefficients • • • • • • • • 12
4.1 Height conversion factors over land. Eo = 0.15 Mev • • 22
4.2 Height conversion factors over land. Eo= 0.3 Mev • • 23
4.3 Height conversion factors over land. Eo = 0.6 Mev • • 24
4.4 Height conversion factors over land. Eo = 1.2 Mev • • 25
4.5 Height conversion factors over land. Eo = 2.5 Mev • • 26
4.6 Height conversion factors over land. Spectrum I. • • 27
4.7 Height conversion factors over land. Spectrum II • • 28
4.8 Height conversion factors over land. Spectrum m • • 29
4.9 Conversion factors from finite plane to infinite
plane - monoenergetic sources • • • • • • • 30
7 4.10 Conversion factors from finite to infinite plane. Spectrum I, IT, and m. .

4.11 Heignt conversion factors over water -

monoenergetic sources • • • •

4.12 Height conversion factors aver \later.

Spectrum I, II, and III.. •

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CHAPrER 1

INTRODUCTION

There are tw basic techniques for a field determination of the distribution of radioe.ctive emitters in a medium: (1) securing ~s of radioactive mterial from various portions of the medium and analyzing these samples with standard laboratory counting equipnent am. (2) mldng a radiation survey near the actual distribution of emitters. The first technique is the more accurate, but it involves long time delays associated. with careful. collection of samples, transportation to a laboratory, and subsequent sta.nda.rd. geometry counting. The R'Ul'Vey technique bas been applied extensively during testa of' nucleax "oo.pons to the problem of delineating fallau.t areas on land and determining contamination levels for Radiological Safety pzrposes , It has e.JBo been applied. to determine the distribution of re.dioactive materia.l in the ocean a.nd in the radioactive cloud following a nuc:..ear detonation.

The plrpOse of' the calcmlations Wich follow is to establish the relation between the gaJIIIW. dose rate measured by a survey reading at a specified location and the density of radioactive emitters in the

assumed. distribution. In this presentation the dose rate will be de- ' fined as the radie.tion field measured. in r/hr - namely, the ionization r:~-C per unit volume of STP air. The actual situations under mich such measurements are perfC>l"IDed can be apprax:iIIated. by three ideal cases in which the dose rate is taken: (1) within an infinite medium uniformly pop.1l.ated with radioactive sources; (2) above the center of a circular disk containing a uniform surface distribution of' sources; or (3) in a semi-infin! te medium at various distances from the interface with the complementary semi-infinite medium, having a different composition,

which has radioactive sources uniformly distributed throughau.t its volume.

The first case corresponds to the measurement of the dose rate within a nuclear cloud or within yater in lofuich radioactive fallout has been mixed. The second applies appro:x:inately to the problem of determining the contamination of the surface of an island by a measurement of the dose rate above its center. The large land-source problem is that in \hich the radius of the disk is allowed to become infinite.

The third case corresponds to the lmasurement of the dose rate in the air above contaminated. ocean wter.

The actual calculations are performed for the following monoenergetic sources; 150 kev, 300 kev, 600 kev, 1.2 Mev, and 2.5 Mev. The data which my then be used to comprte the absorption relations for e:ny spsotrum, are applied. to some experimentally observed. fallout spectra.

9

L_ _

2.1 INl'ERACTIONS CF OOMA RAYS

CH.APrER 2 BASIC THEORY

Ga.mnll. rays of moderate energy interact 'With ne.tter by the following three mechanisms:

1. :Ehotoelectric Absorption. The gaJllIl'8 ray ejects BJ:l electron from an atom, :i.Inplrting its total energy to the electron. The ~ ray disappears, and the energy is locally distributed by ionizing and exciting collisions of the electron.

2. Canpton Scattering. The gamma ray ilIq:e.rts a portion of its energy to an electron and a scattered ga.mna ray of lower energy travels in a new'direction. The energy of the electron is locally distributed, but the scattered gamna ray contribtrtes to the resultBJ:lt gamma dosage elsewhere.

3. Pair Production. A hi~-energy (>1.02 Mev) gaJ:mm ray can interact 'With BJ:l electric field to produce an electron-positron pair. The ~ ray disappears, and the ldnetic energy of the electron and positron are locally distributed. The subsequent annihilation of the positron produces tw g'8.lIllJ8. rays of O.5ll-Mev energy 'Which travel in opposite but arbitrary directions and contribute to the tote.l ga.rrma dosage else~ere.

Each of the above interactions has a certain probability (;ll' ,u2'

,u3) of occurring per unit path length of a ga.mne. ray in a given iiiedium.

The probability that any of the interactions occurs per unit t:eth length is then,uO =,ul + ,u2 +r» and the probability that the ga.n:me. ray has not

interacted in a distance X = e-floX•

2.2 CALCULATION OF DOSE RATE

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The dose rate at a plrticulAr point in a radiation field is defined as the mnnber of ion pairs produced per unit volume of air (STP) located at that point. The number of ion pdrs produced is proportional to the energy lost per unit volume. Theref ore, if the fimc-L of p:lI.'ticles of

1nefined as the number of gamIIns per unit time crossing a unit area perpendicular to their direction of motion.

-~,=,- ~.-.~-.-.-."

~ .. ~.-~------------------------~-------------------------------- ---------------- -.---------

energy Eo at the point is F 0 and the average fraction of the energy lost per ~t distancel is ho, then the dose rate (in r/hr) is:

Do = C Eo ho Fo (2.1)

C = 0.058; factor tR convert from energy (Mev) deposited per unit volume (~) per second to roentgens per hour.

Where:

2.3 DOSE BtJID)UP

The dose rate at a distance R due to the unscattered nux from a monoenergetic point source of radiation emitting Ao Jbotons per mrl.t time can be calcuJ.a.ted to be:

_ Ao -f1oR

Dou - C Eo ho e (2.2)

4JrR2

<;

However, the dose rate is augmented by the contribution of the scattered

Plotons. The magnitude of this dose-rate buildup has been c()]l!.J;Uted for some speclal cases (Reference 1). The buildup factor in air bas been graphed as a function of energy for various source energies (f.oference 2). For the purposes of the numerical calcULations involved in this report, pd.nciI=8lly to avoid tedious mnnerica1 integrations, these curves have been apprcxx:ilrated by cubic equations:

(2.3)

•

The coefficients have been g:re.Ihed as a function of source energy Eo (Figure 2.1).

It v.tll be assuned that these same coefficients apply in the case of 'Water, since the density effect is incorporated 1nto/-Lo and the neen atomic number is not greatly different from that of air.

- The foregoing buildup factors were calculated ones and include contributions fram the entire ganaM. spectrum belOW' Eo. However, actual survey instruments usually do not detect ra.die.tion below a certain ~ ergy, usually 60 to 75 kev. Therefore, the fraction of the scattered dose contributed by such lm",-energy ga.mrras w.s estimated using the curves in Reference 1, and this amount was subtracted from the calculated. dose rate. Effectively, this procedure amounted to multiplying bo, 00' and do by a factor less than one representing the fraction of the scattered dose contributed by detectable gaxrItmS •

During the solution of Case 3, it is necessary to evaluate the actual scattered nux penetzratdrig the inte!"face, rather than the dose rate. The curves presented 1-'11 Reference 1 were again used to convert the scattered dose rate to flux as a function of energy. The method

th ot

.ad ed .e

~o = fL 1 + f 2 fL 2 + f 3 /-L 3 uhere f 2 and f 3 are the average fractio.'1S of the initial energy deposited loeaJ.ly for Ca:npton scattering and pUr production, respectively.

11

1.4

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12

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used was to apprax::i.nrlte the scatte:red spectrmn. by a sum. of monoenergetic sources of energies 0.15, 0.30, '0.60, 1.2, and 2.5 =~ere the rela.-

tive strengths of these scrnrces vere detei'mined by ting areas

under the energy-flux curves of Reference 1. Far this pn-pose the variation of h with energy_vas neglected, since it does, in fact, deviate fram an average value, h, by less than 15 percent.

13

CRAP.rER 3 FOOMOLAS

3.1 DOOE RATE m AN INFINrrE MEDIUM

The dose rate at P due to a monoenergetic volume density of activity, Avo, at (R,e,cp) is:

-~

e

(3.1)

dose dose

buildup factors

volUlll8

absorption solid angle

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Inserting thei as~ cubic equation for the buildup factor and integrating over all space variables, the total dose rate is derived to be:

fLo

When the sources emit a spectrum of' gaIlI!I8 rays, the above dose rate must be integrated aver the energy spectrum.

3.2 DOSE RATE ABOVE CENTER CF CIBCULAR DISK

The dose rate at point p due to a monoenergetic uniform surface

density, Aso' of isotropic sources at (R,¢) is: <

(3.3)

__ .. .'.

If the saarceS of the radiation do not emit isotropica.l.ly, the \qu&ltity

A <

so

J;; should be replaced by the number or J;i1otona emitted per unit time,

per unit surface area, per unit solid angle in the particular direction. f

15

For isotropic emitters, the dose rate integrat~ over rp and up to the edge of a disk of ra.d.ius P is:

Where: K(X) = -Ci (-X) -t e-X [(bo + Co + 20.0) + X (co + 2do) + X2 do ] ro

-[.i (-xl = J ft dt, is the usual exponential. integ:reJ..

X

For heights large compared to the radius of the source field (Z»p), this foI'l.m.1J.a. approaches the formuJ.a for a point source having the full strength of the disk at a distance Z, namely:

Aao p 2 -f1oZ [

e 1 + bo(,uoZ) +

4 Z2

coCuaZ)2+ do(J-loZ)3] (3.5)

One interesting and useful result demonstrated by the above derivation is related to the fact that the two K factors are functions of the slant range to the near and far points of the contaminated circle and

do not depend on any other distance. In particular, a calculation of the dose rate on the surface at the center of an uncontaminated circle of radius p amidst an infinite contaminated plane yields the same answer as the dose rate at a height p above an infinite contaminated plane, since both are proportional to K (;.lop).

The foregoing solution actually corresponds to a contaminated plane in an Win! te isotropic medium and thus differs slightly from the groundair problem. in which the medium does differ on the two sides of the pl?ne. This fact affects the dose rate in the air through two mecha.ni.sms: (1) the effective atomic number of the ground is sOlmw.at different from

that of the air; therefore, the absorptiol1 and scattering cross sections are different and (2) the scale of the scattered trajectories is foreshortened by the greater density of the soil and thus affects the dose rate for finit&-size source fields. Actually the error caused by the isotropic-medium. assmnption is probably less than 15 percerrt ,

The fact that the above formula becomes logaritlunically infinite as the detector approaches the surrace is associated 'With the nathema.tical assumption that the vertical ddmensdon of the detector is smll compared

16

-----------

,0

to its distance from. the plane; hence I a fin! te number of sources are at distance zero from the detector.

3.3 DOSE RATE m AIR ABOVE CONTAMINATED WATER

) +

The solution of the a.ir-e.boV'&-'wter problem is performed in two steps: (1) the method of Section 3.1 is utilized to calcuJ.a.te the nux crossing the 'Water surface and (2) this flux is inserted into the differential fonaula. of Section 3.2 to calcul.a.te the effect of-the air absorption.

In both steps of this solution the same assumption as that discussed in Section 3.2 must be I!fl.de, i.e., the dose-buildup characteristics in a semi-infinite medium bcrunded by another different semi-infin!te medium are the same as in a homogeneous infinite ~um. In this case the errors shaul.d be small, because the effective atomic nmnber of air and water differ but slightly and there is al,m:)st always an essentially infinite bound.a.ry surface between.

Since the effective atomic numbers do not differ greatly, the :f'ulther assumption Vill be made that the same dose- buildup coefficients can be appliEKl to both madia. Actually, the qw.ntity desired from. the water calculation is the nux as a :f'Imction of energy - not the total dose rate. Therefore, the scattered dose rate I!II.l8t be allocated according

to the energy spectrum. of the scattered radiation. In the more-general problem, where the sources emi.t a spectrum of gaIIml. rays, this calccJ.ation can be represented as a modification to the prlnm-y energy spectrum.

1

.ng

TABlE 3.1 roATTERED ENERGY FLUI FRACTIONS, si

.e

~ 0.15 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.5 <,0.75
;
)
0.15 0.15 0.e5
0.3 0.55 0.2.0 0.25
0.6 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.20
1.2 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.10
2.5 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.35 0.25 0.05 .va·.he

Dna 'O'uooilane. 1)

I as :a.1 .red

The curves in Reference 1 have been used to allocate this dose rate among the various contribtrtiing energies. The energy-nux curves have been separated into interva1.scenterec1 at a series of energies Eo, Eo/2, Eo/4, Eo/S, etc., v.1.th the lovrest interval bounded by 75 kev. For the p.u:'pose of these calculations, the average fractiODal energy loss, h ,

is assumed. to have a constant va1ne of h = 0.33 X 10-4cml over the entire range; therefore, the area under the energy-am: curves 'Within each of the intervals measures their relative contributions to the scattered dose rate. The fraction of the total scattered. nux contributed • by ~ch energy, siJ comprted in this nanner is given in Table 3 .. 1. Agam, the re.rt 0010 .. t 75 kev will be ignored, s:Lnce instruments will not be sensitive to it •

.ons

:e

17

In the ensuing calculations, the scattered nux has been reintro- . duced as an effective uniformly distri'buted additional source such that only the unscattered nux from the ccmposd.te source need be calculated. In other words, the flux at the surface will be correctly evaluated by calculation of the unscattered radiation from the composite source distribution. From fol'ml.lJ..s,s derived before, the additional source strength at Ei due to a source of strength Avo at Eo is:

fj. An = si Eo JL i ho Avo I (bo + 2co +&do) (:3 .6)

Ei JLo h

*

The effective source strength AVj at energy Ejcan then be calcuJ..a.ted

by adding the> real source, Aj, to all terl!1S ts.!vj due to prinary ~ource

of energy Eo - Ej. .'

The angular distribution of the scattered radiation will be assumed to be the same as that of the unscattered radiation, since this corres-

ponds to isotropy' in the upper hemis!bere. .

Using the method of Section :3.1, the number of unscattered !botons due to a source ~o per unit time crossing a unit surface area at an angle e is:

([)

f

e cos e dR dD.

R=O

~o

=--

cos e dD.

(:3.7)

Where:

JL = Interaction coefficient of water

ow for ~s of energy Eo.

The factor cos e arises from. the fact that a unit area of the surface projects onto an area cos e perpendicular to the direction of flight of the }:botons.

As ~cated in Section :3.2, quantity!a(e) is to be inserted ir stead of so in the differential fom of the infinite plane formula.

47T

lnus expression IIlUSt be inserted into the differential fOl'lIIllla because the angular dependence of the radiation coming through the surface differs from the conta.m:tnated plane case by a factor cos e .

18

-

.t

..

.6)

::e

ned

3-

,

.7)

3 of

r

use

._---------" ----------_ .. _-_._--

co

J J

R=Z cp=o ~o

=0 Eo ho Kw (f1oZ)

2J1m,

(3.8)

This dose-rete expression WUSt subsequently be summed over the effective source-energy spectrum, AVi, to obtain the total dose rate. The above expression does not approach infinity as the detector approaches the interface, since the volume distribution of sources pla.ces only an infinitesimal number of them at distance zero from the detector.

If a detector having a sensitive solid angle less than 27r is used, a finite circle becomes the effective source, rn the above integral should be taken to the finite upper limit L = _ I where C( is the aocos a:

ceptance angle of the detector. The finite field Kwr factor is then

given by the following expression:

Kwr (f1oz" «) = Kw (f1oz,) - cos ex: Kv ( fLOl )

coso:

(3.9)

19

CHAPrER 4 RESULTS CF CALCULATIONS

Calculations have been performed for monoenergetic sources of 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, 1.2, and. 2.5 Mev. In addition, they have been performed for three ptrticul.ar ga.Iml&-ray-source spectra. applicable to radioactive fallout fields resulting from nuclear detonationS. The ccmposition of these spectra in terms of the calculated. energies is s'UI1l!Iarized in

Table 4.1. They are applicable to: (1) fission-pt'oduct activity from a fission yreapon~ (2) early (one-day) activity :from. a thermonuclear weapon, and (3) JAter \2-to-7-day) activity from a thermonuclear wapon.

TAmE 4.1 ASSDl'lED SIECTRA
Eo (Mev) Relative !baton FIm:
Percent
Spectrum I :3peCtrLDIl II Spectrum III
- f-- ...... -- ---- .. -------
0.\5 15 25 50
0.3 20 25 25
0.6 45 24 20
1.2 15 24 4
2.5 5 2 1 Average Energy

0.66 Hav

0.59 Hev

0.34 }IOV

Table 4.2 summarizes the absolute conversion factors derived fr()1.n these calculations. The surface or volume density of activity is ~~osen to be one C'Ilrle per square meter or c .... lbic meter, respectively.

Figures 4.1 through 4.8 present the factor to convert a reading at a height Z above a finite contaminated plane to a reading at a height of 3 feet. Figures 4.9 and 4.10 present the conversion of the J-foot reading from a finit&-plane source to an infinite-plane source having the same surface density of activity.

Figures 4.11 and 4.12 present the altitude conversion factors for the air-ovel'-'W8.ter case.

20

15, for

la )On,

n :len

3.t of w.-

r

TABLE 4.2 ABSOWl'E CC!M::RSICll FACTCES

0.15 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.5

I n III

Infwua Voltme D:!.stribrt.10l InfWtea Volume Dilltr1but1cm Infinite Surface Distrll::ution

in I.8ter or 1 c:urie/lZte:3 in Air 01' 1 cur:1e/lIl9ter3 01' 1 curie/l!Ilter2

Dose P.e.te Dose P.ate at 3
in Ilater 1't Above Water
r!nr rthr
0.101. 0.05
0.60~ 0.29
1.'25 0.(.1
2.58 1.28
5.37 . 2.67
1.36 0.(,7
1.19 0.59
0.60 0.29 DOBe nat .. in Air

Dose Rate at 3 ft Above Surface

r"br r/hr ~ • '3S··<.j
96 . u:: .-')"
, 1.95
554 6.05 2·11
ll60 Inl..l~~l 121 ~ .. ('"
2360 i cnO ! 22:0 <.~)
5040 ~It J 39.e , , -)
, , "
_r ~:. ~"
1250 ._ 12.2
me 10.6 if·of
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52

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Factor

2

4

Figure 4.9 Conversion factors from finite plane to infinite plane - monoenergetic sources.

30

--------------_-----_._------

6








\\
\\
~
~

1\\
\\
\\
\\
\
4 I~
\\
2 ~
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.'\
III ~

"
8 "
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I ~ 2

4

6

8 10

2

4

8

4

2

8

...

~ 6

....

Q) U '::> o (f)

10

Foctor

Figure 4.10 Conversion factors from finite to infinite plane. Spectrum I, n, and ill.

31

J

·

..

..


N

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·

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N

~
..

t ..
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r--" ~ r-, ..
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t-- r+- r- - r--.
... . N . .. .. 32

, . . -.'"

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~ 33

, DIXUSSION

The pzrpoae of this repo..-t is to provide a caloulational background for the gEUIllDB.-attenu.a.tion problem. The calculations represent approxtmate solutions to certain idealized problems 'Which mayor lIl.8\1 not apply to practical field conditions. For e:xmnple, the distribution of radioactive material on la.nd may appear s~t as a plane distribution,

but it is prorebly modified by irregularities :in the surface and leaching into the soU. OnlyacCl.I1"l1te experimental measuremants can establish the 1mporta.nce of such effects and, hence, introduce mod.i.fications to the calC'Ulations.

The mmerical calculations have been performed with a desk calculator and were appropriately s1mpli:ried. The gross division of the e'IlBrgy spectrum could. easily be refined by the use of' more-elaborate computational equipnent. The use of cubic equations to appro:x:lma.te the buildup curves could also be eljnrlnated by the use of hi~-speed computers. However, in view of' the lack of sensitivity of the results to the energy spectrum. and the uncertainty in the correlation to prectica.l Situations, the curves presented in this report are probably sufficiiently accurate.

REFERENCES

-------------- ---

1. . Gates, Jr., L. D., and. Eisenhauer, C.; Spectral Distribution of Ge.mma Rays in Air; AFSt-lP Report No. 502A, January 1954; UNCIASSIFIED .. 2. Borg, D.C., and Eisenhauer, C.; Spectrum and Attenuation of Initial Ga.miDa Radiation from Nuclear WeaponsJ ArM Report No. 5023, January 1955; SmRET-RESTRICTED DATA.

., ... ',,.. . " ,

1
2
3
4- 6
7
8- 9
10
11- 15
16
17- 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33- 34
35
36
37- 36
39- ~
41- 42
43
44
45
46 -.---------~--,- .... -.-.-~.- .... ~---,,_---. ~. - .

DISTRIBUTION

Military Distribution Categories 5-40 and 5-70

ARMY ACTIVITIES

Asst. Dep. Chief of Staff for Military Operations,

D/A, Washington 25, D.C. ATTN: Asst. Executi',e (RIS_)

Chief of Research and Development, D/A, Washington 25, D.C. ATrN: Special Weapons and Air Defense Di',is10" Chief of Ordnance, D/A. Washington 25, D.C. ATTN:

ORDl'X-AR

Chief Signal Officer, D/A, P&O Division, Washington 25, D.C. ATTN: SIGOP

The Surgeon Generall DIA, 'Washington 25, D.C. AT!'!;:

Chief, R&D Division

Chief Chemical Officer, D/A, Washington 25, D.C. The Quartermaster General, D/A, Washington 25, D.C.

ATrN: Research and Develop"",nt Div.

Chief of Engineers, D/A, Washington 25, D.C. ATTN:

ENGNB

Chief of Transportation, Military Planning and Intelligence Div., Washington 25, D.C.

Colll!tBllding General, Continental Arrzy Ceara a nd , Ft.

Monroe, v«.

Pree tdent., Board #1, Headquarters, Continental Arrrry Comand, Ft. Sill, Okla.

President, Board #2, Headquarters, Continental Arrrry Command, Ft. Knox, Ky.

President, Boerd #3, Headquarters, Continental Arrrry Com:mand, Ft. Benning, Ga.

Preafderrt , Board #4, Headquarters, Continental Arr:ry Cormnand, Ft. Bliss, Tex.

Commanding General, First Arr:ry, Governor's Island, New York 4, N.Y.

Commanding General, Second Army, Ft. George G. Meade, Md.

Commanding General, Third Arr:ry, Ft. McPherson, Ga.

ATrN: ACofS, G-3

Cotmnanding General, Fourth Arrrzy J Ft. Seta Eouston, Tex.

ATrN: G-3 Section

Commanding General, Fifth Arrrry, 1660 E. Ilyde Park Blvd., Chicago 15, Ill.

Commanding General, Sixth Arrrry, Presidio of San FranCiSCO, Calif. ATTN: AMGCT-4

Commanding General, U.S. Army Caribbean, Ft. Anodor, C .Z. ATTN: CnJ.. Off.

Commanding General, USARFANT & MDPR, Ft. Brooke, Puerto Rico

Commanding General, Southern European Task Force, APo 168, New York, N.Y. ATrN: ACofS, G-3 Commander-1n-Chief', Far East Command, APO 500, San FranCisco, Calif. ATTN: ACofS, J-3

Commanding General, U.S. Arrrry Forces Far East (Main), APo 343, San FranCisco, Calif. ATTN: ACofS, G-3 Commanding General, U.S. Arrrry Alaska, APO 942, Seattle, !laah.

Commanding General, U.S. Arrrry Europe, APO 403, New York, N.Y. ATrN: OPOT Div., Combat Dev. Br.

COmmanding General, U.S. Arrrry Pacific, APo 958, San Franciaco, Calif. ATrN: Cml. Off.

COmmandant, Co:nmand and General Staff College, F't , leavenworth, Kan. ATrN: ALIJ.S(AS)

Commandant, Arrrry War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa.

ATTN: Li br-ar-v

Commandant, Th~ Artillery and Guided Misaile School, Ft. Sill, Okla.

Secretary, The Antiaircraft Artillery and Guided Miaaile School, Ft. BliSS, Texas. ATTN: Maj. George D. Breitegan, Dept. of Tactics and Combined Arms

Commanding General, Arrrry Medical Service School,

_ Brooke Army Medical Center, Ft. Sam Houston, Tex.

47
48
49
50
;1- 52
53
54- 56
57
58
59
60
61- 62
63
64
65
66
67
68- 69
70
71
72- 78 79- 80 81 82

Director, Special Weapons I:evelopnent Office, geedquar-ter-e , COl~CJ Ft. Bliss, Tex. ATTN:

Capt. T. E. Skinner

CO~"1d.e.nt, Walter Reed Arrrry Institute of Research, \lalter Reed Ar:::y Medical Center, Washington .,25, D.C.

Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y, ATTN: Prof. of Ordnance

CO='''ldant, Cheaical Corps School, Chemical Corps Training Cotrrand , Ft. McClellan, Ala.

C0!:!:iBJ1d1ng General, Research and Engineering Connnand 1 Ar:zy Cheml cal Center, Md. ATrN: Deputy for RW and Non-Toxic V~ terial

Co:=.anding General, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Md. (inner envelope) ATTlI: RD Control Officer (for Director, Ballistics Research Laboratory) COI:!".A."1dlng General, 'Ihe Engineer Center, Ft. Be Ivof r , va . ATTH: ABet. Commandant, Engineer School Comzendfng Officer, Engineer Research and Development laboratory, Ft. Belvoir, ve , ATrN: Chief, Technical Intelligence Br-anch

Commanding Officer, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N.J, ATTN: ORDEB-7::

Co"""",,,ding Officer, Frankford Areenal, Philadelphia 37, Pa. ATTN: Col. Tewes Kundel

Com:re..:ndlng Officer, Arr:zy Medical Research laboratory, Ft. Knox, K;>'.

Com::.anding Officer, Chemical Corps Chemical and Radf clogical Laboratory, Army Chemical Center, Md. ATTN:

Tech. Library

Cot::l!lB.!ld1ng Officer, Transportation R&D Station, Ft.

Eustis, v«,

Commandant, The Transportation School, Ft. Euatis, ve .

ATTN: Sec'J.rity and--Information Officer

Director, Technical Docwnents Center, Evans Signal Laboratory, Bellnar, N.J.

Director, Waterways Experiment Station, PO Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. ATrN: Library

Director, Operations Research Office, Johns Hopkins Universi ty, 7100 Connecticut Ave., Chevy Chase, Md. Washington 15, D.C.

Cot:mll3Jlding General, Quartermaster Research and DeveloI?ment, Comrend , Quartenraster Research and Development Center, Natick, Mass. ATTN: CBB Liaison Officer Commandant, The Arrrry Aviation School, Ft. Rucker, Ala. PreSident, Board #6, CONARC, Ft. Rucker, Ala.

Technical Infomation Service Extension, Oek Ridge,

Tenn.

NAVY ACTIVITIES

83 84 85

86- 87

88

Chief of Naval Operations, DIN, Waehington 25, D.C.

ATTN: OP-36

Chief of Naval Operations, DIN, Washington 25, DoC.

ATTN: OP-03EJ

Director of Naval Intelligence, D/N, Washington 25, D.C. ATTN: OP-922V

Chief, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, DIN, Washington

25, DoC 0 ATTN: Special Weapons Defense Div.

Chief, Bureau 0:' Ordnance, DIN, Washington 25, D.C. Chief of NavaL Personnel, D/N, Washington 25, D.C. Chief, Bur-eau of Ships, D/N, Washington 25, D.C. ATTN:

Code 348

Chief) BUTeau of Yards and Docks, DIN, Washington 25,

D.C. ATTl;: n-440 /

Chief, Bureau of Supplies end Accounts, D N, Washing-

ton 25, D.C.

Chief, Bureau of Aer-onautd ca , DIN, ~Tashington 25, D.C. Chief of Neya1 Research, Department of the Navy Washington 25, D.C. ATTN: Code 811

90- 91 92

_1:
r
,t
.1
'>1
• ! 93
-r.
1i 94
95- 98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
III
112
113
111;
115-118
119
120
121
122
123-129 134-135 136 137

142 11;3-1.4

Comander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Fleet Poet Office, San Francisco, Calif.

Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, U.S. Naoral Base, Norfolk 11, v«.

Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, lIashington 25, D.C.

ATTN: Code A031!

PreSident, U.S. Naval liar College, Nevport, R.I. Superintendent, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif.

Commanding Officer, U.S. Naval Schools Comand, U.S.

Naval Station, Treasure Island, San Francisco, Calif.

Commanding Officer, U.S. Fleet Training Center, Naval Baae , Norfolk 11, Va. ATTN: Speciallieapons School Comca.nding Officer, U.S. Fleet Training Center, Naval Station, San Diego 36, Calif. ATTN: (SFWP School) Commanding Officsr, Air tevelopment Squadron 5, VX-5, U.S. Naval Air Station, Moffett Field, Calif.

Commanding Officer, U. S. Naval lla=ge Control Training Center, Naval Base, Philedelphia 12, Pa , ATTN: ABC Defense Course

Commanding Officer, U.S. Naval Unit, Chemical Corps School, A.rtny Chemical Training Center, Ft. McClellan, Ale.

Commander, U.S. Naval Ordnance IAboratory, Silve" Spring 19, Md. ATTN: Ell

Commander, U.S. -Naval Ordnance IAboratory, Silve" Spring 19, Md. ATTN: R

Commander, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test S~ation, Inyokern, China lAke, Calif.

Officer-in-Charge, U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Res. and Evaluation IAb., U.S. Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port I!ueneme, Calif. ATTN: Code 753 Commanding Officer, U.S. Naval Medical Research Inst., National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda 11;, Md.

Director, U.S. Naval Research Lebore'tory , Washington 25, D.C. ATTN: Mrs. Katherine H. Cess

Director, The Material IAboratory, Nev York Naval Shipyard, Brook.qn, N. Y.

Commanding Officer and Director, U.S. Navy Electronics laboratory, San Diego 52, Calif.

Gommanding Officer, 'J.S. llaval Radiological Def'enae Labcre'tory , San FranCisco 2., Calif 0 ATTN: Technical Infor..ation Division

Commanding Officer and Director, David II. Taylor Model Basin, Waehington 7, DoC 0 ATTN: Library

Commander, U.S. Naval Air Davelopment Center, JohneVille, Fa.

Commanding Officer, Clothir.g Supply Office, Code lD-0, 3rd Avenue and 29th St., Br-ook.lyn , N.Y.

COImllWldant, U.S. Coast Guard, 1300 E. St. N.W., \lash'ington 25, D.C. ATTN: Capt. J. R. Stevart

Technical Information Service Extension, Oak Ridge, Tenn. (Surplus)

AIR FORC:!; ACTIVITIES

130

Asst. for Atomic Energy, Headquarters, USAF, Washington 25, D.C. A'iTN: DCs/o

Director of Opere't Iona , Headquarters, USAF, Washing'ton 25, D.C. ATTN: Operations Ana Iya t s

Director of Plana, Headquarters, USAF, Washington 25, D.C. ATTN: War Plans Div.

Director of Research and Development, Headquarters, USAF, Washington 25, D.C. ATTN: Combat Components Divo

Director of Intelligence, Headquarters, USAF, Washington 25, D.C. ATTN: AFOIN-IB2

-the Surgeon General, Headquarters, USAF J Washington 25, D.C. ATTN: si«. De:'. Br., Pre. Med. D1·r.

.Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence, Headquarters, U. s.

Air Forces Europe, APe 633, New York, N.Y. ATTN:

Directorate of Air Targets

Commander, 1;97th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron (Aug:oented), APe 633, Nev York, N.Y.

Commander, Far East Air Forces, APe 925, San FranCiSCO, C3lif.

Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Air Commend, Offutt Air Force Base, Omaha, Nebraska. ATTN: Special Weapons Branch, Inspector Div., Inepector General COIIll%&1der, Tactical Air Coeeend , langley AFB, Va.

ATTN: Documents Security Branch

Commander, Air Defense COmm8.Ild, Ent A..~, Colo. Research Directorate, Edqe , Air Force Special Weapons Center J Kirtland Air Force Base, Nev Mexico. ATrN: Blast Effec'";s Research

131 132 133

138 139 11<0

11<1

11;5 11;6 147

11;8-149 150-157

158

159-160 161-163 161;-165

166-168

169-170 171

172-173 174 175 176

177 178-184

189-194

195-196

197-201 202-208

209-211

212-213 214-218

219-221

222 223-264

38

Assistant Chief of Staff, Installations, Eeadquarters, USAF, lIashington 25, D.C. ATTN: AFCIE-E

Commander, Air Research and Dave10pment comand, PO Box 1395, Baltimore, Md. ATTN: RDDN

Commande!', Air Proving Ground Command, Eglin AFB, Fla.

ATTN: Adj. ITech. Report Branch

Director, Air University Library, Maxvell AFB, Ale. Commander, Flying Training Air Force, lIaco, Tex.

ATTN: Director of Observer Training

Commander, Crew Training Air Force, Randolph Field, Tex. ATTN: 2GTS, txs]»

Commandant, Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph AFB, Tex.

Commander, Wright Air tevelopment Center, WrightFatterson AFB, Dayton, O. ATTN: \lCOSI

Commander, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, LG Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass. ATTN: CRQST-2 Commander, Air Force SpeCial Weapons Center, Kirtland AFB, N. !'.ex. ATTN: Library

Commander, Lovry AFB, Denver , Colo. ATT:l: Department

cr. Armament Training .

Commander, lOO9th SpeCial lIeapons Squadron, Headquarters, USAF, lIashington 25, D.C.

The RAND Corporation, 1700 Main Street, Santa Monica, Calif. ATTN: Nuclear Energy Division

Commander, Second Air Force, Bari:tsdale AFB, Louisiana.

ATTN: Operations Analysis Office

Commander, Eighth Air Force, lIestover Ar"'ll, Mass. ATTN:

Operations Analysis Office

Commander, Fifteenth Air Force J March AFB, Calif. ;,,::"C'N: Operations Analysis Office

Commander, Western Development Div. (ARDC), PO Box 262, Inglewood, Calif. ATTN: IIDSIT, !'.r. R. G. lIeitz Technical Infornation Service ExtenSion, Oak Ridge, Tenn. (Surplus)

OTHER DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ACTrrITIES

185 186

Asst. Secz-ete ry of Defense, Research and r.evelopmant, DID, lIashington 25, D.C. ATTN: Tech. Library

U.S. Documents Officer, Office of the U.S. National Military Representative, S!!APE, APe 55, New York, N.Y.

Director, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, OSD, Rm 2E1006,. Pentagon, Washington 25, D.C.

Commandant, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk 11, s«, ATTN: Secretary

Commanding General, Field Command, Armed For-cea Special Weapons Project, FO Box 5100, Albuquerque, N. Max.

Commanding General, Field Command, Armed Forces, Special lIeapons Project, PO Box 5100, Albuquerque, N. Max. ATTN: Technical Training Group

Chief, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Washington 25, D.C. ATTN: Documents Library Branch

Technical Information Service ExtenSion, oak Ridge, Tenn. (Surplus)

187 188

ATOMIC ENERGY CO~1MISSIQN ACTIVITIES

U.S. Atomic Energy ColIlIllission, Classified Technical Library, 1901 Constitution Ave., lIaehington 25, D.C. ATTN: Mrs. J. M. O'leary (For !)MA)

Los Alamos Scientific IAboratory, Report Library, PC Box 1663, Los Alamos, N. Max. ATTN: !relen Redman Sandia Corporation, Classified Document Division, Sandia Baae, Albuquerque, N. Mex. A'ITN: Martin Lucero

University of California Radiation IAboratory, PO Box 808, Livermore, Calif. ATTN: Margaret Edlund

Weapon I8.ta Section, Technical Information Service Extension, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Technical Information Service Ext.ena Lon , oak Ridge, !ann. (Surplus)

ADDITIONAL DISTRIIlUTION

Commander, 1352 Motion Picture Squadron, Lookout Mountain IAboratory, 8935 Wonderland Ave 0' Los Angeles 1;6, Calif.

AEC, Oak Ridge. Tenn.